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8/8/2019 Report in Philo
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SCHOOL OF EDUCATIONALSCHOOL OF EDUCATIONAL
PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY
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What Is An EducationalWhat Is An Educational
Philosophy?Philosophy?refers to a comprehensive and consistent
set of beliefs about the teaching-learning
transaction.
the application of philosophical ideas to
educational problems
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help "educators recognize the need to think help "educators recognize the need to think
clearly about what they are doing and to clearly about what they are doing and to see what they are doing in the larger see what they are doing in the larger context of individual and social context of individual and social development simply "to get people thinking development simply "to get people thinking
about what they are doing"about what they are doing"
"provide a valuable base to help us think
more clearly"
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PRAGMATIC NATURALISMPRAGMATIC NATURALISM
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PRAGMATISMPRAGMATISM
only those things that are experienced or only those things that are experienced or observed are real observed are real
believe that reality is constantly changing
and that we learn best through applying our
experiences and thoughts to problems, as
they arise
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There is no absolute and unchanging There is no absolute and unchanging
truth, but rather, truth is what workstruth, but rather, truth is what works
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that thought must produce that thought must produce
action, rather than linger in the action, rather than linger in the mind and lead to indecisiveness.mind and lead to indecisiveness.
By: Charles Sanders PierceBy: Charles Sanders Pierce
PRAGMATISMPRAGMATISM
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John Dewey (1859John Dewey (1859--1952)1952)
applied pragmatist philosophy in his progressive applied pragmatist philosophy in his progressive approaches. He believed that learners must approaches. He believed that learners must adapt to each other and to their environment. adapt to each other and to their environment.
Schools should emphasize the subject matter of Schools should emphasize the subject matter of social experience. All learning is dependent on social experience. All learning is dependent on the context of place, time, and circumstance. the context of place, time, and circumstance. Different cultural and ethnic groups learn to Different cultural and ethnic groups learn to work cooperatively and contribute to a work cooperatively and contribute to a
democratic society. The ultimate purpose is the democratic society. The ultimate purpose is the creation of a new social order. Character creation of a new social order. Character development is based on making group development is based on making group decisions in light of consequences.decisions in light of consequences.
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For PragmatistsFor Pragmatists
teaching methods focus on handsteaching methods focus on hands--on problem on problem solving, experimenting, and projects, often solving, experimenting, and projects, often
having students
work
in
groups.
Curriculum
having
students
work
in
groups.
Curriculum
should bring the disciplines together to focus on should bring the disciplines together to focus on solving problems in an interdisciplinary way. solving problems in an interdisciplinary way. Rather than passing down organized bodies of Rather than passing down organized bodies of knowledge to new learners, Pragmatists believe knowledge to new learners, Pragmatists believe
that learners should apply their knowledge to that learners should apply their knowledge to real situations through experimental inquiry. real situations through experimental inquiry. This prepares students for citizenship, daily This prepares students for citizenship, daily living, and future careers.living, and future careers.
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ProgressivismProgressivism
believe that education should focus believe that education should focus on the whole child, rather than on the on the whole child, rather than on the
content or the teachercontent or the teacher Learning is rooted in the questions of Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through experiencing learners that arise through experiencing the world the world
It is active, not passive It is active, not passive
The emphasis is on processThe emphasis is on process--how one how one comes to knowcomes to know
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The learner is a problem solver and The learner is a problem solver and thinker who makes meaning through his thinker who makes meaning through his or her individual experience in the physical or her individual experience in the physical and cultural context and cultural context
Effective teachers provide experiences so Effective teachers provide experiences so
that students can learn by doing that students can learn by doing Curriculum content is derived from student Curriculum content is derived from student interests and questions interests and questions
The scientific method is used by The scientific method is used by progressivist educators so that students progressivist educators so that students can study matter and events can study matter and events systematically and first hand systematically and first hand
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One of his tenets was that the school One of his tenets was that the school
should improve the way of life of our should improve the way of life of our citizens through experiencing freedom and citizens through experiencing freedom and democracy in schools. Shared decision democracy in schools. Shared decision
making, planning of teachers with making, planning of teachers with students, student students, student --selected topics are all selected topics are all aspects. Books are tools, rather than aspects. Books are tools, rather than authority. authority.
John Dewey John Dewey
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ROMANTIC NATURALISMROMANTIC NATURALISM
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JeanJean--JacquesJacques Rousseau Rousseau
human beings are good by nature human beings are good by nature
claim that the goal of education should be claim that the goal of education should be to cultivate our natural tendencies to cultivate our natural tendencies
someone who has been properly educated someone who has been properly educated will be engaged in society, but relate to will be engaged in society, but relate to
his or her fellow citizens in a natural way his or her fellow citizens in a natural way
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If human beings are not social by If human beings are not social by nature, how can one properly nature, how can one properly
speak of more or less natural speak of more or less natural ways of socializing with others? ways of socializing with others?
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The t wo forms of self The t wo forms of self --love love
Amour d e soi Amour d e soi i s a natural form who of self i s a natural form who of self --love i n that i t d oes not d epend on others. love i n that i t d oes not d epend on others.
Rousseau clai ms that by our nature, each Rousseau clai ms that by our nature, each of u s has thi s nat u ral feeli ng of love of u s has thi s nat u ral feeli ng of love toward ou rselves toward ou rselves
amou ramou r--proprepropre i s an u nnat u ral self i s an u nnat u ral self --love and love and
i s a negat i ve produ ct of the soci ali zat i on i s a negat i ve produ ct of the soci ali zat i on process. Love of self that d epend s on process. Love of self that d epend s on compari ng oneself wi th others compari ng oneself wi th others
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Rousseaus philosophy of education, Rousseaus philosophy of education, therefore, is not geared simply at particular therefore, is not geared simply at particular
techniques that best ensure that the pupil will techniques that best ensure that the pupil will absorb information and concepts. It is better absorb information and concepts. It is better understood as a way of ensuring that the understood as a way of ensuring that the pupils character be developed in such a way pupils character be developed in such a way
as to have a healthy sense of self as to have a healthy sense of self --worth and worth and morality. This will allow the pupil to be morality. This will allow the pupil to be virtuous even in the unnatural and imperfect virtuous even in the unnatural and imperfect society in which he lives. His education relies society in which he lives. His education relies on the tutors constant supervision. The tutor on the tutors constant supervision. The tutor must even manipulate the environment in must even manipulate the environment in order to teach sometimes difficult moral order to teach sometimes difficult moral
lessons about humility, chastity, and honesty. lessons about humility, chastity, and honesty.
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ORGANICISMORGANICISM
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Knowledge is organic; the "body" of it Knowledge is organic; the "body" of it grows, and this growth creates change. grows, and this growth creates change. Thus, it is not finite, it is not final, for Thus, it is not finite, it is not final, for
while we may view it in some particular while we may view it in some particular point in time as a static entity, over time it point in time as a static entity, over time it will not appear so will not appear so
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Organicism:Organicism:
The organicist assumes that there is a grand The organicist assumes that there is a grand
story evolving, in which all apparently story evolving, in which all apparently contradictory elements will be found to be part contradictory elements will be found to be part of the evolving whole. Such a changing, of the evolving whole. Such a changing, developing organic system "tells a story" that developing organic system "tells a story" that
can either be read correctly or not.can either be read correctly or not. Truth is the removal of all apparently Truth is the removal of all apparently
contradictory elements so that they are seen tocontradictory elements so that they are seen tobe part of the evolving whole: in a word, be part of the evolving whole: in a word,
coherence.coherence. The organicist assumes, without question, theThe organicist assumes, without question, the
ontological reality of the evolving whole.ontological reality of the evolving whole.
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REALISMREALISM
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Becaus e humans ar e th e only B ecaus e humans ar e th e only cr eatur es endowed with th e a bility to cr eatur es endowed with th e a bility to think, th eir purpos e is to us e this think, th eir purpos e is to us e this a bility . a bility .
By Aristotl eBy Aristotl e
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Aristotle's Golden Mean Aristotle's Golden Mean::
The person who follows a true The person who follows a true
purpose leads a rational life of purpose leads a rational life of moderation, avoiding extremes: the moderation, avoiding extremes: the extremes of too little or too much.extremes of too little or too much.
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Aims of EducationAims of Education
Understanding the material world through inquiryUnderstanding the material world through inquiry
A study of science and the scientific methodA study of science and the scientific method
A need to know the world in order to ensure survivalA need to know the world in order to ensure survival
Basic, essential knowledge with a noBasic, essential knowledge with a no--nonsensenonsenseapproachapproach
IntellectuallyIntellectually--gifted student is a precious resourcegifted student is a precious resource
Should use the Great Books of the Western WorldShould use the Great Books of the Western World Adler'sAdler's Paideia Proposal: Paideia Proposal: school should be a oneschool should be a one--
track system, general (nontrack system, general (non--specialized), and nonspecialized), and non--vocationalvocational
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Methods of EducationMethods of Education
Not only facts, but method of arriving at facts Not only facts, but method of arriving at facts
Emphasis on critical reasoning through observationEmphasis on critical reasoning through observation
Supports formal ways of teachingSupports formal ways of teaching
Children should be given positive rewards (Locke)Children should be given positive rewards (Locke)
Precision and order: ringing bells, time periods,Precision and order: ringing bells, time periods,
daily lesson plans, prepackaged curriculumdaily lesson plans, prepackaged curriculummaterialsmaterials
Supports accountability and performanceSupports accountability and performance--based basedteachingteaching
Scientific research and developmentScientific research and development
M
ost recent development: computer technologyM
ost recent development: computer technology
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Curriculum
Practical and usefulPractical and useful
Physical activity has educational value (Locke)Physical activity has educational value (Locke) Attention to the complete person (Locke) Attention to the complete person (Locke)
Extensive use of pictures (John Amos Comenius)Extensive use of pictures (John Amos Comenius)
Use of objects in education (Maria Montessori)Use of objects in education (Maria Montessori)Highly organized and systematicHighly organized and systematic
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R ole of the Teacher R ole of the Teacher
R ealists emphasize the role of the teacher R ealists emphasize the role of the teacher
Should teach students what they need toShould teach students what they need to
survivesurvive At the very least, should teach the essentialsAt the very least, should teach the essentials
Material presented in a systematic andMaterial presented in a systematic andorganized wayorganized way
Humanities should be taught in ways that areHumanities should be taught in ways that areconducive to cognitive developmentconducive to cognitive development
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COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM
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What is communism?What is communism?
Economic system.Economic system.
Believes in collective (group) ownership Believes in collective (group) ownership
and a planned economy. and a planned economy.
The theory is that everybody pools their The theory is that everybody pools their resources and labor to evenly distribute resources and labor to evenly distribute
everything. everything. Karl Marx is the communist. Karl Marx is the communist.
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Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto
Abolition of property Abolition of property
Heavy, progressive taxesHeavy, progressive taxes
Abolition of inheritance Abolition of inheritance Confiscation of property of all emigrants and Confiscation of property of all emigrants and
rebelsrebels
Central bankingCentral banking
StateState--controlled communication and controlled communication and transportationtransportation
StateState--controlled education of the childrencontrolled education of the children
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"Free education for all children in "Free education for all children in
public schools; conform education public schools; conform education with industrial productions".with industrial productions".
Y ou are taxed to pay for "free" Y ou are taxed to pay for "free"schools that teach our workers to schools that teach our workers to be slave workers in the coming be slave workers in the coming
police state as part of the police state as part of the Freemason education conspiracy. Freemason education conspiracy.
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Communist Education SystemCommunist Education System
It emphasized the role of schools and It emphasized the role of schools and youth organizations in educating students youth organizations in educating students
by indoctrination by indoctrination There had been great confidence that There had been great confidence that schools would be a major instrument for schools would be a major instrument for
building the "New Communist Man"building the "New Communist Man"
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According to Communist According to Communist
Educational Philosophy Educational Philosophy a good, modern education is one that is a good, modern education is one that is polytechnic polytechnic
Central to such an education is teaching Central to such an education is teaching about production and providing labor about production and providing labor training and work experience to training and work experience to
youngsters while they are in secondary youngsters while they are in secondary and higher education and higher education
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the duty of the school include the job of the duty of the school include the job of
teaching young people the leading role of teaching young people the leading role of material conditions of production in material conditions of production in shaping social and political events shaping social and political events
Y oung people should be given an Y oung people should be given an understanding and some experience of the understanding and some experience of the way production processes are organized; way production processes are organized; the social consequences of different ways the social consequences of different ways of organizing production; and the of organizing production; and the importance of technological change importance of technological change
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MarxismMarxism--Leninism also Leninism also
stresses atheist education and antistresses atheist education and anti--religious propaganda in the schools. religious propaganda in the schools. The main approach taken is to The main approach taken is to
emphasize the superior quality of emphasize the superior quality of the answers which science, as the answers which science, as
opposed to religion, can give to the opposed to religion, can give to the basic questions of human existence. basic questions of human existence.