Report NO. P-30 · The Lunar Exploration Program will require an increasingly sophistieated...

Report NO P-30

C R I T E R I A FOR LUNAR SITESELECTION

A B Binder D Lo Roberts

Astro Sciences Center

IIT Research Institute Chicago Illinois

Apollo Lunar Exploration Office

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington D C

Contract No NASW 1861

APPROVED BY

D E Roberts Manager Astro Sciences Center

January 1970

I l T R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

ii

The Lunar Explorat ion Program w i l l r equ i re an increas ingly

soph is t i ea ted exp lora t ion capab i l i t y In t imate ly r e l a t e d t o t h i s

i s t h e enhanced importance of t he s e l e c t i o n of lunar landing s i t e s

This s tudy t a s k has taken an overview of t he lunar s i t e s e l ec t i on

problems and has developed a log ic and methodology not only f o r

t he t imely and e f f e c t i v e s e l e c t i o n of s i t e s bu t a l s o f o r t he

s p e c i f i c a t i o n of key r e l a t e d mission design parameters

The ba s i c framework f o r lunar explora t ion which has been

assumed i s that Apollo missions w i l l v i s i t si tes t h a t a r e

represen ta t ive of t h e major provinces of t h e Moon and w i l l have

a s a p r i nc ipa l funct ion t he c o l l e c t i o n of samples from the

regions v i s i t e d A b r i e f c r i t i q u e of t h e s e l ec t ed Apollo si tes

i s included and w i th in t he context s t a t e d above seven of t h e t e n

s i t e s conform extremely w e l l The c r i t i c i s m of t he o the r th ree

s i t e 5 ( recycle) ~ i m a Bode I1 and Descartes i s t h a t they a r e

t o o complex t o al low unambiguous i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e co l l e c t ed

samples

For f u r t h e r lunar explorat ion t he p r inc ip l e t a s k i s taken

t o be understanding t he individual processes t h a t have operated

on the Moon over i t s l i f e t ime By def in ing t he poss ib le processes

comprehensively a long l i s t of some 34 type s i t e s containing

f ea tu r e s t h a t a r e unambiguously represen ta t ive of individual

processes has been defined These a r e not i d e n t i f i e d as s p e c i f i c

locat ions on t he Moon but simply a s type s i t e s

A matrix a s shown i n Figure S1 has been developed

which def ines t he requirements f o r adequate explora t ion of each

type s i t e Such requirements include t he s tayt ime number of men

and lunar sc ience s p e c i a l i s t s required t he ex ten t of mobil i ty

(hor izonta l and v e r t i c a l ) e t c The matrix i s generated t o show

I I T R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

iii

- - - --- - ---- --

C4

a

SPECIFIC PROCESS TYPE SITE -- ---- ---- A------- --- - -

LAVA FLOW EMPLACEMENT LAVA FLOW V iF4 0 8 V 500 M 0 7 0 5 0 lo lo2 ASH OEPOSlTlON ASH DEPOSIT V v V 8 6 ~ $ o R 0 I03 DltE 8 S I L i fMPLACEMFNT V V V 15 4 - 2 0 0 M 104 3 0

CRDiTER WALL V V 2 0 4 100 R lo4 3 0 0 0 $ DpE FORMbTIOH CONE

VV V I V 25 8 VIP 5 0 R 3x103 100 100 1 3 x lo2

BULBOUS DOME V 25 8I V ~ P 5 0 R 3x108 IOQ 100 I 3~ 10

I I $1 I 1 V V

I LOW OOME V V V 2 5 8w VIP 5 0 R 10 100 I00 I 1 0 2 RECENT VOLCANISM LTP SITE - V i V I 0 3 Vl 3 0 R I 0 0 03 ~ 1 0 ~ 0 VOLCANIC ASSIMILATION I MARE-UPLAND V V I V 30 6PS I00 100 100 10 lo2CONTACT I GAS CORING DIATREME V V V I 5 5 V 3 0 R 3x10 10 100 1 10 COLLAPSE RIMLESS CRATER V Y V 10 4 V I0 R 0 3 0 3 0 1 4 102

SOFTM MARE CRATER V V V 10 4 V 10 R 0 3 0 3Q 4 lo2 -GRID FAULTING GRID LINEAMENT V V 40 5 S 300 M 3x10~ 0 0 0 lo2

RADIAL LINEAMENT OUTSIDE YOUNG W I N V V 40 5 $ 300 M 3xtOS 0 0 10CONCENTRIC FAULTING I O N T R S A P V 1 V 601 5 S 1 5 0 M I $ 0 0 10

GRABEN FORMATION LINEAR RILLE - V 4 0 5 S 1 2 0 0 M I 0 1 0 0 102 ISOSTAT lC ADJUSTMENT CRATER FLOOR I - V 25 4 Sp j I00 M 0 0 300 I 0

THERMAL EXFOLIATION V - 3 2 - - 0 10 0 0 10 M T S WATING I KiTm w u v - - 20 4 - 30 I 3 x 1 0 ~ 10 50 3 3 x 1 0 ~

1 PATTERNEDGROUNO

V - - 5 3 -

I I II SHALLOW SLOPE -DRAINAGE DIMPLE CRATER 1 - DEPOSITION 1 EJECT BLANKET V ____T_--

MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION VARIETY DOMES 0 FLOWS - V l - 1 10 4 P 10 R 3x10 100 100 I 10 CONTACT BETWEEN I FLOW UNITS V V V i 7 4 P 5 0 j M 0 I00 30 10 10

DIFFERENTIATION LOWEST SCARP

I I IEXPOSURE - V - 40 4 P 100 300 1 10 I I DIATREME V - 3

3 P 100 0 0 102 -I I I YOUNG BASIN EJECTA - V -- 3 0 4 P I00 0 0 lo2 II 1 ANYWHERE - - V l 1 2 - - 0 0 I0 3x10

I CONVE$TION RIFT AREA V V V 3 0 4 Sp 30 10

1 0

V V V l 3 0 4 Sp 30 10 100 0

stNUous RILLE V v v 1 25 ejys+s 150 1 1 0 30 I 5 0 ~ I O lo2 WRINKLE RIDGE FORMATION WRINKLE RIDGE v v v 45 6Issp 150 I RM 0 W 0 I 102M - V V 108 6 SpP M O4 100MASCON ORlG lN MARE 1000~1 1000 0 CENTRAL PEAK FORMATION CENTRAL PEAK V V V 45 5 ST 200 M 10 X) 203 10 01EXPOSED RING FORMATION EXPOSED RING V V V 3 0 4 100 RM 3x10 30 I00 5 10 MANTLED RING FORMATION MANTLED RING V V V 1 30 4 -- 100 RM 3r102 30 100 5 lo3 GHOST RING FORMATION GHOST RING v v V l 3 0 4 100 RM 3 x 1 9 3 0 100 5 lo3 GAS EMISSION 1 LTP GTES - - v 1 2 - - 0 1 0 0 0 0 ATMOSPHERIC ESCAPE ANYWHEREORBIT - - -- 1 2 - - 0 0 j O 0 O

1 2 - - - 0 0 Q O O

SECONDARY CRATERING MICROMETEORITE EROSION ANYWHEREI - - - -GARDEN1 k G REGOLITH

--

BLEACHING DARKE NlNG

_----c- ----- ---

PERCENTAGE USE O F REQUIREMENT (I 6 8 q 66 100 100 64 75 45 51 75 64 64 79

K E Y-3t = EXCEED$ UPPER L I M I T P = PETROIOGIST Sp = SELENOPHYSlClST ST STRATIGRAPWR

S =I SELENOLOGIST (StRUCTJRAL) V VOLCANOLOGIST

TABLE SI POST APOLLO MISSION DESIGN MATRIX

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e mission des ign requirements and t h e

type s i t e s It i s used i n an i t e r a t i v e methodology t o d e f i n e

pos t Apollo mission des ign s p e c i f i c a t i o n s and t o provide f o r

e f f e c t i v e s i t e s e l e c t i o n

F igure S2 shows t h e proposed l o g i c f o r s i t e s e l e c t i o n

us ing t h e matr ix

( i ) S i t e S e l e c t i o n Board a c t i n g a s a working group

developsa mat r ix of type s i t e s and requirements

( i i ) Use mat r ix t o e s t ima te mission des ign p o i n t s

( i e s tay t ime mobi l i ty e t c ) and t o i d e n t i f y a

long l i s t of i n t e r e s t i n g type s i t e s

( i i i ) The Site S e l e c t i o n Board s o l i c i t s t h e s c i e n t i f i c

community f o r experiments and t h e r e l a t e d s p e c i f i c

s i t e requirements using a s a guide t h e type s i t e s

and mission des ign p o i n t s from t h e matr ix

( i v ) The response from t h e s c i e n t i f i c community i s used

t o r e v i s e t h e da ta i n t h e o r i g i n a l matr ix

(v) Analysis of t h e next mat r ix w i l l provide f o r

a ) hardened mission des ign p o i n t s

b ) t h e exc lus ion of type s i t e s c l e a r l y

beyond t h e mission des ign specifications

c ) t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of Advanced Technology

and Development requirements f o r candida te

experimens

d) a long l i s t of p o t e n t i a l s i t e s and type

s i t e s f o r pos t Apollo missions

e ) enough des ign d a t a t o perform a phase A

s tudy of mission concepts t o meet t h e

s c i e n t i f i c requirements

( v i ) The remaining t a s k s a r e t o r e f i n e t h e l i s t of s i t e s

t h e mission des ign and t h e experiment requirements

These s t e p s a r e i t e r a t i v e and should await t h e

r e s u l t s of t h e phase A study

DEVELOPMENT OF A MATRIX OF TYPE SITES 4ND EXPLORATION REQUIREMENTS

h

a

ESTIMATION OF MISSION DESIGN POINTS AND LONG LIST OF TYPE SITES OF INTEREST

+ SOLICITATION OF SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY USING TYPE SITES AND DESIGN POINTS AS GUIDELINE

I

i

REVISION OF INIT IAL MATRIX BASED ON RESULTS FROM SClENtlFlC COMMUNITY

I

h -+ SPECIFICATION OF MISSION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND SHORT L I S T OF TYPE SITES

I

c

SELECTIQN OF CANDIDATE ACTUAL SITES AND MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS AS INPUT TO PHASE A MISSION STUDY

m

ANNOUNCEMENT OF FLIGHT OPPORTUNITY FOR SPECIFIC EXPERIMENTS AT SPECIFIC SITES

4

FINAL MISSION SPECIFICATION AND SITE AND TRAVERSE ROUTE SELECTION

PROPOSED OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR SlTE SELECTION BOARD

FIGURE S2

The preceding methodology provides a number of e s s e n t i a l

i ng red ien t s i n t o t h e mission des ign and s i t e s e l e c t i o n process

F i r s t i t t akes f u l l cognizance of t h e ve ry c l o s e coupl ing between

t h e mission c a p a b i l i t y and t h e s i t e s e l e c t i o n It provides t h a t

they be def ined and r e f i n e d i t e r a t i v e l y and cohesively It i n s i s t

t h a t t h e b a s i c mission concepts and requirements be der ived from

t h e viewpoint of t h e s c i e n t i f i c exp lo ra t ion of t h e Moon However

a l l o t h e r o b j e c t i v e s a r e introduced i n t h e f i n a l s t a g e s a s

1 1o b j e c t i v e s of opportuni ty and a s such w i l l p l ay an important

r o l e i n maximizing t h e va lue of t h e missions Perhaps most

important of a l l i s t h a t i t requ i res genuine advanced planning

of t h e luna r e x p l o r a t i o n program using t h e b e s t information

a v a i l a b l e a t t h e time It enforces a c a r e f u l d e f i n i t i o n of what

has t o be achieved i n t h e program and s y s t e m a t i c a l l y and l o g i c a l l y

ob ta ins and ana lyses t h e necessary inpu t s from t h e s c i e n t i f i c

community and from t h e phase A mission a n a l y s t s

A s a r e s u l t of t h e a n a l y s i s performed i n t h i s s tudy a

l i s t of c r i t e r i a have been developed which i s e s s e n t i a l l y a check-

o f f l i s t which can be used during t h e s i t e s e l e c t i o n process It

c o n s i s t s of s i x major c a t e g o r i e s of c r i t e r i a and i s shown i n

Table S2 These c r i t e r i a provide t h e b a s i s f o r t r a d e - o f f s and

dec is ions i n t h e s e l e c t i o n methodology descr ibed above

The ques t ion of t r a v e r s e rou te s e l e c t i o n has been considered

here but no c r i t e r i a have been developed The t r a v e r s e requirements

i n Level 3 exp lo ra t ion a r e s i t e r e l a t e d and w i l l normally be w i t h i n

t h e f e a t u r e of i n t e r e s t A s such they w i l l be l a r g e l y an ope ra t iona l

requirement p a r t i a l l y preplanned and p a r t i a l l y r e a l time planned

The more complex Level 4 exp lo ra t ion w i l l r e l y heav i ly on long

d i s t a n c e t r a v e r s e s over and between provinces The c r i t e r i a f o r

-1ection of t h e s e t r a v e r s e rou tes a r e a s complex as f o r t h e s i t e s e l e c t i o n t r e a t e d here They a r e recommended f o r f u t u r e s tudy

v i i

TABLE S2 - CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION

e ESTABLISHMENT OF SCIENTIFIC PRIORITY OF TYPE SITES

1) level of exploration 2) expected results 3) contribution to understanding of Moon 4) significance of unexpected results

e DEFINITION OF EXPLORATION REQUIREMENTS AT TYPE SITES

5) staytime 6) number of men (including specialists) 7) mobility requirements 8) sample analysis or return 9) drilling and trenching requirements 10) lunar time of day 11) experimental payload

o SPECIFICATION OF REQUIRED CAPABILITY

12) range for each measurement requirement 13) nominal design point for each parameter 14) subsystem support requirements (power data handling

communications etc )

IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF TYPE SITES

15) longitude 16) latitude 17) area of interest at site 18) complexity of site 19) ambiguity of data interpretation 20) closeness to other type sites

ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY

21) trajectory compatibility (landing launch rendezvous) 22) weight class of payload 23) compatibility with anticipated logistic systems 24) safety 25) mission schedule and availability 26) cost 27) photo reconnaissance of site

s AVAILABILITY OF SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

28) principle investigators 29) flight ready experiments 30) astronaut (specialist) availability

I l f R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

viii

The methodology as developed here is exemplary It can and should be modified to fit the specific conditions which will

exist at the time it has to be implemented Nevertheless it is

felt that the essential steps will remain and that there is

enough supporting analysis in this report to permit its modification

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION

OVERALL FRAWWORK FOR LUNAR EXPLORATION

21 Level 2 - Sampling of Homogeneous Systems 22 Level 3 - Determination of Feature Related

Process

EVALUATION OF APOLLO LANDING SITES

31 Landing Site 2 - Tranquility Base

32 Landing Site 7 - Surveyor I11 and Apollo 12

32B Landing Site 5 - (recycle) 33 Fra Mauro Formation 34 Rima Bode I1 or Littrow Area 35 Censorinus (Northwest) 36 Tycho (rim)

37 Copernicus (peak) 38 Descartes 39 Marius Hills

310 ~adleyApennine

POST APOLLO (LEVEL 3) TYPE SITES

LUNAR SITE SELECTION

THE MISSION DESIGN MATRIX 61 Mapping Petrography Selenophysics 62 Staytime

63 Number of Men 64 Specialists 65 Horizontal Mobility

66 ~over~olab 67 Vertical Mobility 68 Sample Return

I l l R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

TABLE OF CONTENTS ( C o n t )

P a g e

69 D r i l l D e p t h

6 1 0 Number of D r i l l H o l e s

6 1 1 T r e n c h i n g

SITE SELECTION METHODOLOGY AND CRITERIA

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

xi

CRITERIA FOR POST APOLLO SITE SELECTION

INTRODUCTION

It i s an understatement t o say t h a t t h e va lue of t h e luna r

exp lo ra t ion program i s c r i t i c a l l y dependent on t h e s p e c i f i c s i t e s

t h a t a r e chosen f o r luna r landings This has been shown t o be

true f o r t h e Apollo program With t h e g r e a t l y increased s o p h i s t i -

c a t i o n of t h e pos t Apollo program s i t e s e l e c t i o n w i l l r e l a t e even

more c r i t i c a l l y t o t h e mission worth However t h e problems of s i t e

s e l e c t i o n a r e no t i s o l a t e d b u t a r e i n t i m a t e l y entwined w i t h t h e

planned e x t e n t of luna r exp lo ra t ion wi th t h e s p e c i f i c measurements

t h a t w i l l have t o be made and wi th t h e p a r t i c u l a r exp lo ra t ion

c a p a b i l i t i e s t h a t can be made a v a i l a b l e a t t h e s i t e s This r e p o r t

p resen t s an overview of t h e s i t e and t r a v e r s e s e l e c t i o n problems

f o r t he pos t Apollo per iod It develops a comprehensive l i s t of

type s i t e s which w i l l r e q u i r e s tudy and it de f ines t h e e s s e n t i a l

mission requirements t h a t w i l l be needed a t each type s i t e

Fur the r i t u t i l i z e s t h e s e requirements t o s p e c i f y a l o g i c o r

methodology by which NASA can perform s i t e s e l e c t i o n s i n con-

junc t ion w i t h an eva lua t ion of mission requirements It was no t

t h e i n t e n t of t h i s s tudy t o s e l e c t s p e c i f i c pos t Apollo s i t e s

us ing only pre-Apollo information b u t r a t h e r t o develop t h e

f o r t h e s i t e s e l e c t i o n

Sec t ion 2 of t h i s r e p o r t d i scusses an o v e r a l l framework

f o r Apollo luna r e x p l o r a t i o n and i d e n t i f i e s g r o s s l y t h e type s i t e s

t h a t should be included a t each l e v e l Sec t ion 3 d i scusses and c r i t i q u e s t h e Apollo s i t e s a l r eady s e l e c t e d by t h e NASA S i t e

S e l e c t i o n Board Sec t ion 4 d i scusses a comprehensive l i s t of

type s i t e s and f e a t u r e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of l u n a r processes

Sec t ion 5 develops a philosophy f o r s i t e s e l e c t i o n f o r pos t Apollo

exp lo ra t ion Sec t ion 6 develops a ma t r ix of measurement and mission requirements a s a b a s i s f o r t h e s i t e s e l e c t i o n l o g i c which

i s presented i n Sec t ion 7 I I T R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

OVERALL FRAMEWORK FOR LUNAR EXPLORATION

In a previous report (Sullivan et a1 1970) four distinct

levels of lunar exploration are developed based principally on the

scientific requirements of lunar exploration but leading to the

requirements for exploitation of the Moon Briefly the four levels

are

(i) Reconnaissance - the purpose of this level is to survey the moon via photography and remote

sensing in order to provide base maps and maps of

the distribution of lithologic mineralogic and

structural units over the lunar surface

(ii) Sampling of homogeneous systems - this level will

provide ground truth for level 1 and generally characterize both large provinces of the moon and

the whole moon in terms of their physical and chemical properties

(iii) Determination of feature related processes - at the

completion of this level all process which are or

have been active on the Moon will have been studied

and characterized in single cycle areas This will enable the process to be recognized readily in areas

of complex selenology

(iv) Comprehensive region exploration and exploitation -this level utilizes the information gathered in the

three earlier levels for the purpose of total lunar

exploration colonization and exploitation

Of these 4 levels only the levels 2 and 3 are of interest in the present study These are discussed in greater detail below

2

Level 2 - of Homoeeneous Svstems Sam~lin~

This level requires point landings at sites selected as

being representative of the entire Moon or of lunar provinces

and important features The science objectives are entirely met

by means of limited exploration of and sample retrieval from the

immediate areas of the landing in-situ selenophysical measurements

and particle and field measurements Specifically this activity

will permit the identification and classification of representative

surface materials according to composition age biological content

and physical properties The primary accomplishments of this level

resulting from missions to numerous carefully selected sites will be the provision of representative ground-truth data to calibrate

orbital and astronomical data a good probabilistic determination

of the past or present existence of biological or prebiological

forms a further determination of the homogeneity or extent of

heterogeneity of lunar systems a first-order determination of

the presence of water and exploitable minerals an evaluation of

restrictions on future mobility and shelter emplacement and a

considerable body of new lunar theories and hypothesis

The information will prove or disprove current theories

regarding the origin and evolution of the Moon and its similarities

to and differences from the ~arths characteristics This level

will provide the most useful data regarding the possibilities of

life-forms in that it will relate any biologic evidence with

compositional and structural features and thereby greatly increase

the probability of selecting the most promising biological sites

for later levels

According to the rationale of level 2 the individual mission sites must be chosen to represent homogeneous provinces

andor scientifically significant features The homogeneous sites

must have characteristics in so far as can be determined from the orbital reconnaissance of level 1 which are typical of the province in

which they lie so that the information obtained from each site is

I f f R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

of significance regarding a large portion of the Moan or hopefully

the entire Moon By this definition it is to be understood once such a homogeneous province has been defined that the actual

location of the landing site within the province is not critical

and that from a gcientific standpoinf extensive traverse

capability is not required Large fractions of the various lunar

maria the majority of exposed ejeeta from Imbrium or Oriental

and portions of the cratered upland plains between Maurolycus and Janssen are examples of areas where level 2 landing sites would yield the desired scientif ic information

In contrast to the horn~geneous site a second class of

level 2 sites is representative o f significant features These

individual features will definitely lack internal homogeneity

but each feature must represent a homogeneous class o f features In this case the actual touch down point is of importance in that it must be very close to the specific feature of interest The

purpose of this second type of mission is to characterize the general properties of a particular type of feature Examples of

such sites include one or more of the Marius hills a fresh impact

center a central peak and a sinuous rille This exemplifies the difference between level 2 and the later level 3 exploration Even

at the same site level 2 relies heavily on sample analysis to characterize the site whereas level 3 would require a detailed exploration to investigate the processes of formation and its time

history

In either case the common characteristic of level 2 sites is that they are representative of major portions of the Moon and

therefore provide general knowledge of its physical characteristics

Level 2 activity requires the capability to land on the Moon and return to earth at least two men a minimum of 1 km inability for one man life support for 1-to-3 day staytimes and selenophys ical experiments The experimental payload should

include provision for sample collection and return seismometry

life detection and measurement of heat flow atmospheric pro-

perties and environmental particles and fields Clearly the

l l T R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

presen t Apollo system s a t i s f i e s t h e mission need f o r l e v e l 2

explora t ion Table 1 summarizes t h e above d e f i n i t i o n of l e v e l 2

2 2 Level 3 Determination of Fea ture Related Processes

This l e v e l of a c t i v i t y provides f o r understanding of t h e

ind iv idua l processes t h a t have shaped t h e luna r su r face I t s

primary d i s t i n c t i o n s from l e v e l 2 a r e t h a t it a p p l i e s t o f e a t u r e s

t h a t w i l l unambiguously r e v e a l t h e processes which formed them

and t h a t it r e q u i r e s an extended s t a y time and manned t r a v e r s e

c a p a b i l i t y It w i l l provide ground-truth da ta t o c a l i b r a t e t h e

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of t h e processes i n d i c a t e d i n t h e o r b i t a l survey of l e v e l 1 and t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of l e v e l 2 and it w i l l provide f o r

an ex tens ive pruning of t h e t h e o r i e s of luna r evolu t ionary events

I n c o n t r a s t t o Apollo s i t e s l e v e l 3 s i t e s w i l l most

probably a l l l a c k any p h y s i c a l l y homogeneous c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

s i n c e t h i s phase i s devoted t o t h e examination i d e n t i f i c a t i o n

and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of s i g n i f i c a n t lunar processes I n t h i s

case t h e s i t e s and f e a t u r e s a r e t o be s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s i s of

t h e i r formation by a s i n g l e luna r process I n concept then it

should no t be d i f f i c u l t t o determine unambiguously t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

s igna tu res of t h e processes s igna tu res t h a t w i l l be r equ i red f o r

a de terminat ion of t h e developmental h i s t o r y of complex a reas

where many such processes have ac ted Examples of process s i t e s

a r e a reas where maria f i l l m a t e r i a l has o r i g i n a t e d and been

depos i ted ( i e f r e s h lava f lows) r e c e n t impact c r a t e r s a reas

of r e c e n t mass wast ing and dimple c r a t e r s

The accomplishment of l e v e l 3 w i l l r e q u i r e what amounts

t o an order of magnitude ex tens ion of l e v e l 2 c a p a b i l i t i e s Greater

payloads w i l l have t o be landed on t h e su r face Staytime w i l l

have t o be extended t o 2-6 weeks Mobil i ty w i l l have t o be

increased t o some 100-km r a d i i and t h r e e dimensional ( inc luding depth) i n v e s t i g a t i o n s must be included Greater c a p a b i l i t y w i l l

be r equ i red f o r mobile experiments and i n s i t u a n a l y s i s Among

t h e more important c a p a b i l i t i e s a r e those r equ i red f o r mul t ip l e I I T R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

5

TABLE 1

LEVEL 2 - SAMPLING OF HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS

-Rationale Provide ground t r u t h f o r Level 1 da ta Charac te r i ze homogeneous systems

Resu l t s- S e l e c t i o n from major o r i g i n t h e o r i e s

Gross c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of Moon

Confirm o r deny hypotheses from Level 1 Generation of hypotheses on l u n a r processes

Bound range of v a r i a b l e s

Poin t landing

S i t e s t y p i c a l of luna r provinces

Sample c o l l e e ti o n from homogeneous a rea

Limited mobi l i ty

Emplaced selenophys i c a l experiments

Candidate Concepts Apollo LM Manned ROVER

PROVINCES FEATURES

7kOf des t mare Diatreme

Youngest mare Young c r a t e r Upland f i l l kVolc a n i c s

Basin e j e c t a b lanke t Ring dike Fa r s ide mare Central peak

F a r s i d e uplands 2Ginuous r i l l e s

Median age mare

Upland o l d c r a t e r i n t e r i o r

Upland I n t e r c r a t e r Chaos

Included i n Current 9 Apollo S i t e s

measurements over 100s of km a c t i v e seismic experirrients shal low

d r i l l i n g gravimetry magnetometry hea t f low and electromagnet ic

probing We a r e equat ing t h i s l e v e l 3 w i t h pos t Apollo missions

f o r t h e purpose of providing a sc i ence b a s i s f o r t h i s s tudy

Table 2 g ives a b r i e f summary of t h e above d e f i n l t i o n of

l e v e l 3

Since t h e Apollo system provides c a p a b i l i t i e s which a r e

ve ry c l o s e t o those r equ i red by our l e v e l 2 we have eva lua ted

t h e 10 proposed Apollo s i t e s based on t h e l e v e l 2 d e f i n i t i o n s

given above A complete d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e 10 s i t e s can be

found i n s e v e r a l NASA documents (Bellcomm 1969) and thus only a

b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n and our eva lua t ion of t h e s i t e s a r e given here

Landing S i t e 2 - T r a n q u i l l i t y Base t h e s i t e of mans f i r s t

s t e p on t h e Moon i s s i t u a t e d on t h e Western s i d e of Mare

T r a n q u i l l i t a t i s This s i t e proved t o be an e x c e l l e n t example

of a l e v e l 2 s i t e i n t h a t i t i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e o l d

mare f i l l which covers most of T r a n q u i l l i t a t i s

Landing S i t e 7 - Surveyor 111 and Apollo 12 landing s i t e s

a r e included i n t h i s a rea Southof Copernicus which i s

l o c a t e d i n o l d mare m a t e r i a l An e x c e l l e n t l e v e l 2 s i t e

s i m i l a r t o Landing S i t e 2

Landing S i t e 5 ( recycle) - A young mare s i t e south of t h e

Kepler This s i t e i s a contingency s i t e f o r S i t e 7 above

and t h e choice i s cons t r a ined by t h e S i t e 7 mission

requirements It seems t o c o n t a i n bo th young mare f i l l

and m a t e r i a l from Kepler Thus t h e s i t e l acks t h e

homogeneity r equ i red f o r a l e v e l 2 s i t e and it probably

w i l l be d i f f i c u l t i f n o t impossible t o be s u r e of t h e

7

TABLE 2

LEVEL 3 - DETERMINATION OF FEATURE-RELATED PROCESSES

Rationale

Results

Requirements

Mission Concepts

Type Processes

Analyze structural stratigraphic

petrographic and other physical relationships of individual features

to indicate process of formation

Identification and characterization of individual processes

Confirm or deny theories and hypotheses

Mobile science payload (100 km) Man is essential Staytime 2-6 weeks Extensive leave behind science

to monitor activity Shallow and medium drill Sites exemplifying individual processes

3 men - 14 day crew capsule (using orbital base) 3 men - 90 day shelter (using orbital base) Manned ROVER LFU (vertical mobility)

Volcanism

Tectonics Gradation Lithologic Differentiation

Interior Processes Unique Features Atmospheric Processes Impact Cratering Solar Wind and Radiation

8

origin of samples from this mixed environment

Fra Mauro Formation - The F ra Mauro i s a s t r a t i g r a p h i c

u n i t which c o n s i s t s of t h e m a t e r i a l e j e c t e d from t h e

Imbrienm b a s i n This s i t e his e x e e l l e n t in terms of t h e

l e v e l 2 c r i t e r i a

R ima Bode $1o r L i t t r o w Area - Rima Bode $1i s a l i n e a r

d l l e a s soc ia t ed w i t h t h e young f r e s h c r a t e r s of a c r a t e r

chain The Rima Bode I1 s i t e i s a good l e v e l 2 s i t e i n

t h a t a d i s t i n c t i v e young volcanic u n i t i s p resen t a t t h e

s i t e and t h a t t h e r e i s reason t o b e l i e v e t h a t deep s e a t e d

m a t e r i a l nay a l s o be p resen t a t t h e su r face However

t h e r e i s some concern t h a t t h e s i t e lacks homogeneity

i n t h a t t h e r e a r e a t l e a s t t h r e e p o s s i b l e sources of

vo lcanic m a t e r i a l and t h e r e f o r e t h e r e may be u n c e r t a i n t y

a s t o t h e o r i g i n of any m a t e r i a l c o l l e c t e d T h i s s i t e

probably would make a b e t t e r processvg s i t e

The L i t t row Area which occurs i n Mare S e r e n i t a t i s i s a

complex mare-upland t r a n s i t i o n a l a r e a complicated by

f r e s h e j e c t a and t h e r e f o r e lacks t h e necessary q u a l i f i -

c a t i o n s f o r a l e v e l 2 s i t e Though i n t e r e s t i n g t h i s

s i t e r e a l l y r e q u i r e s a l e v e l 3 exp lo ra t ion c a p a b i l i t y

Censorinus (Northwest) - An e x c e l l e n t example of a l e v e l 2

f e a t u r e i n t h i s case a s m a l l (38km) f r e s h impact c r a t e r

w e l l s u i t e d f o r l e v e l 2 explora t ion It may a l s o se rve a

dua l r o l e a s an e x c e l l e n t l e v e l 3 process s i t e f o r a Later mission

Tycho (rim) - Another e x c e l l e n t example of a l e v e l 2 f e a t u r e

i n t h i s case a l a r g e young c r a t e r It might a l s o provide

s e v e r a l process s i t e s f o r l e v e l 3 and should be

s t u d i e d i n g r e a t d e t a i l eventua l ly

I I T R E S E A R C H l N S T l T U T E

9

Copernicus (peak) - Simi la r t o Tycho r i m s i t e Main f e a t u r e of t h e c e n t r a l peak s i t e i n terms of the l e v e l 2 missions

l i e s i n t h e promise of ob ta in ing deep s e a t e d m a t e r i a l This

s i t e i s a l s o a good l e v e l 3 s i t e i n t h a t t h e e x p l o r a t i o n of

c r a t e r f l o o r formations i s a major p a r t of the s t a t e d

ob jec t ive

Descartes - A complex upland a rea near Mare Nec ta r i s t h e

a rea may be vo lcan ic i n na tu re I f o r b i t a l reconnaissance

could more c l e a r l y d e f i n e t h e n a t u r e of t h e r eg ion and

i t s s i g n i f i c a n c e it might prove t o be a f a i r l e v e l 2 s i t e However t h e p resen t d e f i n i t i o n of t h e s i t e r e q u i r e s

it t o be c l a s s i f i e d a s a l e v e l 3 s i t e

Marius R i l l s - These volcanic h i l l s l oca ted i n Oceanus

Procellarum provide many e x c e l l e n t l e v e l 2 s i t e s I n

a d d i t i o n they provide an e x c e l l e n t a rea f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n

dur ing t h e 3rd l e v e l of exp lo ra t ion

IIadleyApennine - The Hadley r i l l e occurs a t t h e f o o t of

t h e Apennine Mountains a t t h e e a s t e r n edge of Mare Imbrium

i n Palus P u t r e d i n i s This s i t e r e a l l y c o n s i s t s only

of Rima Hadley which i s an e x c e l l e n t l e v e l 2 f e a t u r e

It i s a l s o noted t h a t t h e mission p l a n f o r this s i t e c a l l s

f o r some 30 km of t r a v e r s e c a p a b i l i t y which i f a c t u a l l y

r equ i red would remove t h i s s i t e from our l i s t of l e v e l 2

s i t e s It i s f e l t however t h a t a n e x c e l l e n t l e v e l 2

mission could be done here

Thus according t o our eva lua t ion S i t e 5 Rima Bode I1 o r

L i t t row Area and Descar tes a r e n o t good s i t e s f o r Apollo missions

i n t h a t t h e p resen t system does no t provide enough c a p a b i l i t y t o

f u l l y c a p i t a l i z e on t h e information a v a i l a b l e a t t h e s i t e Thus

we would r a t h e r s e e t h e s e t h r e e missionsand any Apollo rebuy be l l T R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

10

flown t o a reas where sample c o l l e c t i o n and emplaced experiments

would f u l l y e x p l o i t t h e s i t e and add t o our genera l knowledge of

t h e Moon Such s i t e s could be s e l e c t e d from t h e type a reas

l i s t e d i n Table 1 We suggest t h a t s u b s t i t u t e a reas f o r t h e

t h r e e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y s i t e s might be t h e upland f i l l near

Maurolycus t h e Flarnsteed r i n g Mare S e r e n i t a t i s (young mare)

and t h e dark ha lo c r a t e r s i n Alphonsus

4 POST APOLLO (LEVEL 3) TYPE SITES

Level 3 exp lo ra t ion a s def ined above w i l l provide an

understanding of t h e i n d i v i d u a l processes t h a t have occurred on

t h e Moon over t h e course of i t s evolu t ion Furthermore i t r e q u i r e s

t h a t wherever p o s s i b l e s i n g l e cyc le a r e a s (where only one type process

has ac ted) be chosen t o c h a r a c t e r i z e each process unambiguously

A t o t a l of n ine major groups of processes t h a t appear t o

have been a c t i v e on t h e Moon have been i d e n t i f i e d as

i ) Volcanism

i i ) Tectonics

i i i ) Gradation

i v ) L i tho log ic d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n

vgt I n t e r i o r processes

v i ) Formation of unique f e a t u r e s

v i i ) Atmospheric processes

v i i i ) Impact c r a t e r i n g and

i x) Sola r wind and r a d i a t i o n e f f e c t s

The above l i s t i s no t i n order of e i t h e r importance o r

e x t e n t on t h e Moon I n most in s t ances t h e process groups a r e

s e l f d e s c r i p t i v e but t h e one group needing some explanat ion

r e l a t e s t o unique f e a t u r e s This i s a c a t c h a l l f o r those

f e a t u r e s on t h e Moon which apparent ly a r e n o t analogous t o those

on Ear th and t h e r e f o r e f o r which no formation process has been

c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d I n t h e l a s t a n a l y s i s it may w e l l be t h a t t h e s e I I T R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

a 1

f e a t u r e s were formed by processes w i t h i n t h e o t h e r groups b u t f o r

t h e p resen t a t l e a s t they must s t and on t h e i r own

The s p e c i f i c processes t h a t c o n s t i t u t e each of t h e process

groups a r e then i d e n t i f i e d which leads d i r e c t l y t o t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n

of type s i t e s A complete d e r i v a t i o n of t h e s e type s i t e s i s shown

i n Table 3 It i s important t o no te t h a t by ensur ing t h e complete-

ness of t h e l i s t of process groups and by f u r t h e r ensuring t h e

completeness of t h e s p e c i f i c processes comprising each group

a f u l l y comprehensive l i s t of type s i t e s has been generated

It remains then t o i n t e r p o l a t e such a l i s t i n t o a s i t e s e l e c t i o n

methodology

Given a t o t a l l i s t of type s i t e s t h a t should be included

i n t h e Level 3 e x p l o r a t i o n program it i s necessary t o develop

a l o g i c a l and progress ive system f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e most appropr i a t e

landing s i t e (which may c o n t a i n more than one type s i t e ) f o r each

s p e c i f i c mission I t i s e s s e n t i a l t o inc lude i n t h e s e l e c t i o n

process a cognizance of bo th t h e measurement requirements of t h e

s i t e and t h e exp lo ra t ion c a p a b i l i t y t h a t can be d e l i v e r e d t o t h e

s i t e The methodology proposed here by r e q u i r i n g a c a r e f u l

development of t h e e x p l o r a t i o n needs a t each type s i t e provides

a b a s i s f o r spec i fy ing t h e des ign parameters f o r Lunar missions and allows a respons ive s e l e c t i o n of landing s i t e s

I n t h e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e requirements it i s e s s e n t i a l

t o no te t h a t it i s t h e s c i e n t i f i c ob jec t ives of Lunar

exp lo ra t ion t hat a r e used It i s s t r o n g l y f e l t t h a t a l though

u t i l i z a t i o n and o t h e r o b j e c t i v e s w i l l n e c e s s a r i l y form a p a r t

of a l l l una r missions t hey should no t be used a s t h e b a s i s f o r

mission des ign o r s i t e s e l e c t i o n They should be considered a s 11o b j e c t i v e s of opportuni tyv i n t h a t given a s p e c i f i c mission

scheduled t o a s p e c i f i c landing s i t e and meeting s p e c i f i c luna r

ob jec t ives t hen a concerted e f f o r t should be made t o maximize t h e

a2

TABLE 3

DEVELOPMENT OF LEVEL 3 TYPE SITES

G E ~ M L PROGE S S

VOECAIJEM

m

SPECIFIC PRQCES S

Lava flow emplacement

TYPE S113

Lava flow

Ash deposition Ash

Diatreme activity

Dome format ion

Recent volcanism

Active volcanism

flow

Dark halo crater

Cone

Gentle dome

Rough bulbous dome

Confirmed LTP sites

ActTve site (if found)

0BSERVATIONS TO PlbBKE OR KVPQTIEESES TO TEST

-

Was i t fluid basalt Was it highly frothed Look for source Differences from earth Subsurface cavities Subsurface flow units

Verttsal fall or hori- zontally moving fluidized system

Nature of particles in halo - is it ash Collapse or entirely gas coring

Exact analog of ter- restrial cinder cone

Basaltic Exact analog of terres- trial shield volcano

More andesitic than rough dome Resurgent

Nature of activity Flows Gas eruptions

Kature of eruption Temperature of effluents Gas content

I l l R E S E A A C H I N S T I T U T E

a w a z SPECIFIC OBSERJx7ATEOPJS TO mm PROCE S S mOCE S S OR WPOTPESES TO TESF

VOECAHISM VgsIeanTc Mare- Melting at contacts assimilation tlpBard Metamarphfsm

ecmtacts Cause o f destruction (a= damaged s t r~ c tu res )

Seare11 for exlt~~mpEes emp lacemert scarp or dikes amp s l l l s

fresh c ra te r

Dike amp st11 Fau-It o f

wall

[ETB$TTrC Collapse Can crater be ident i fTedS Rim1es s c ~ a ~ e r r as eoP11apse feature

What i s cature o f sub-surface cavity -

Radia l Lfneament Sources o f Itneaments lineament f i e l d out- Look f o r exposed f a u l t formatfasn s i d e young scarps

basn Fap j sinting Separate tectonic l inea-ments from exogenic striatisns ( e amp gouges from f ly ing fragments)

ConcentrTc- Concentric Confirm normal fauBtzs Faulting scarps Eoak f o r exposed outerops

around Look f o r dfkes s i l l s basits I y ~ ~ kfor flows

I s bedding qturned Extent o f t a lus slopes at bases

Due to sagging as basin f5l led with extruded

Graben amp Llnear Evidence f o r doming Barst fo r - rZle DirecZion s f stresses matton NaCure o f f l o o r s t rue-

ture (up l i f t s ) Look for dikes sills in walls

Look for flows 3-n walls A r e wall beds upeurned

TABLE 3 (Cont )

GENERAL SPECIFIC WPE OBSERVATIONS TO MKE PROCE SS PROCESS SITE OR lTYP0TmSES TO TEST

TECTONICS Isostasy Medium Has there been i sos ta t i c old cra ter adjustment floor Determine effect ive

viscosity Relation of isotasy t o central peak

GRADATION Thermal Any Has diurnal thermal cycle exfoliation outxcrop caused exfoliation

Any evidence for action of waterice or other vola t i les

Mass Large Interplay of slumping 6r wasting cra ter faul t ing

walls Extent of downs lope motions Effect i n smoothing cra ters

Patterned Extent of downslope motions ground Relation of motion t o

patterning Ident i f icat ion of ta lus a t base

Isostasy Fault Extent of downslope motion scarp Extent of covering or

baring of bedrock ~den tF ficat ion of ta lus a t base

Drainage Dimple Evidence for cavity crater underneath

Deposition Ejecta Evidence for base surge processes blanket Evidence for turbulent i n ejecta (basin amp motion

large Estimate of density and cra ter ) mass transport r a t e i n

e j ecta cloud

15

TABLE 3 (Cont)

SPECIFIC TYPE OBSERVATIONS TO MAKE PROCESS slcm OR HUPOTlEESES TO TEST

LITHQLOGTC Differen- Variety Are d i f f e r e n t dome forms BIFFEWN- t i a t i o n i n of dome of dome d i f f e r e n t rock TIATION magma morphamp- types

Are more craggy domes more a c i d i c

V i c i n i t y What a r e d i f f e r e n c e s i n of c o n t a c t lava composition t o between account f o r change i n lblue amp c o l o r IIr edvv maria ood9s Is c o l o r i m e t r i c anomaly spot1 o r r e l a t e d t o d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n srimilar c o l o r anomaly

INTERIOR D i f fe ren- Zowest Any evidence f o r v e r t i c a l PROCESSES t i a t i o n exposure g r a d i e n t s i n composition

i n l a r g e s c a r p

Diatreme Evidence f o r u l t r a b a s i c s from depth

E jec ta Evidence f o r u l t r a b a s i c s from young from depth b a s i n C o r r e l a t i o n of r a d i a l

range from b a s i n wi th depth v a r i a t i o n s

Any s i t e Detect s t r u c t u r e deep f o r s e l e - w i t h i n moon amp i n d i c a t i n g nophys i c a l presence o r absence of measures d i f f e r e n t a t i o n

Convection Poss ib le Poss ib le connect ion between r i f t o r wr inkle r i d g e s and midocean spreading r idges a r e a s

1 6

TABLE 3 (Cont)

GENERAL PROCESS

FORMATION OF UNIQUE LUNAR STRUCT1LTRES

- T

SPECIFIC PROCESS

Sinuous r i l l e format i o n

Wrinkle r i d g e

Mascon format i o n

Formation of I I exposed pre- mare r i n g s

TYPE SITE

Sinuous r i l l e

Wrinkle r i d g e

Mascon r e l a t e d mare

OBSERVATIONS TO MAKE OR HYPOTHESES TO TEST

Confirmation of e r o s i o n and t r a n s p o r t by flow Nature of f lowing m a t e r i a l Poss ib le r e l a t i o n t o water o r v o l a t i l e s Poss ib le r e l a t i o n t o Lava Nature of c r a t e r a t head of r i l l e

Confirmation of lava flow sources a t r idges I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of com-p r e s s i o n o r r i f t i n g Search f o r f o l d i n g

Are mascons due t o l a y e r s of dense lava on su r face O r bu r i ed bo l ides O r o t h e r anomalies Is n i c k e l - i r o n involved

~ x ~ o s e d Are they t h e tops of pre- pre-mare

(e g Flams t eed r i n g )

Formation of mantled r ing (eg Ptolemaeus B)

Formation of ghost r ings (e g i n O r b i t e r mare photos)

r i n g

Mantled r ing

Ghost r ingl

mare c r a t e r s exposed above lava Are they r ing-d ikes Evidence f o r a s s i m i l a t i o n

Cause of r e l i e f Are they bur i ed impact c r a t e r s Has o r i g i n a l s t r u c t u r e been completely assimi- l a t e d o r j u s t bur ied I s r e g o l i t h d i f f e r e n t t han i n surroundings

Cause and e x t e n t of r e l i e f Are they bur i ed c r a t e r s Are they melted o r i s o s t a t i c a l l y destroyed c r a t e r s t h a t formed i n molten flows

17

TABLE 3 (Cant ) GENERAL SPECIFIC TYPE OBSERVATIONS TO MAKE PROCESS PROCE S S SITE OR IIYPOTHEXES TO TEST

UNIQUE Formation Cen t ra l Are they igneous e x t r u s i v e STRUCTWS of c e n t r a l peak f e a t u r e s

peaks (youngc r a t e r )

Are they rebound s t r u c t u r e s Re la t ion t o w a l l slumping Re la t ion t o c r a t e r fo r -mat ion

ATMOSPHTEm Gas Confirmed Composition of gases PROCESSES E m i s sion LTP s i t e Associa t ion wi th hea t

(o r a c t i v e anomalies s i t e i f Associa t ion w i t h found) volcanism

Search f o r subl imates and s u r f a c e depos i t s

Escape of Anywhere Tes t t ime r a t e of change atmosphere on s u r f a c e

and i n of composit ion a s c o r r e l a t e d wi th known

orbit inpu t s from rocke t exhausts and o t h e r man-made sources Tes t r a t e of l o s s a g a i n s t atomic mass Tes t mob i l i ty and t r a n s p o r t from l i g h t t o dark s i d e

IMPACT CRATERING

Primary c r a t e r i n g

Large (Dgt50 km) youngc r a t e r

Confirm primary impact o r i g i n Nature of b o l i d e (Ni-Fe Chondrite Cometary) Modif icat ion proeesses

I n t e r - Confirm primary impact mediate o r i g i n (D-10 km) Nature of b o l i d e (Ni-Fe Young c r a t e r

Chondrite Cometary) Modif icat ion processes

Small ( b l km)

Confirm primary impact o r i g i n

Youngc r a t e r

Nature of b o l i d e (Ni-Fe Chondrite Cometary) Modif icat ion processes Or ig in of inne r ring-bench i n some c r a t e r s due t o t h i n r e g o l i t h Diagnost ic f e a t u r e s

TABLE 3 (Cont)

GENERAL SPECIFIC TYPE OBSERVATIONS TO MAKE PROCESS PROCESS SITE OR HYPOTHESIS TO TEST

IMPACT CRATERING

Gardening Any Surface on

Rate of turnover Mixture of cosmic

r e g o l i t h m a t e r i a l (pick s i t e s Rate of deepening of d i f - Net mass l o s s o r mass fe r e n t gain aged r e g o l i t h )

Micro-meteor i t e

Anys u r f ace

Rate of microerosion and turnover

e ros ion s i t e Mass l o s s o r mass gain Admixture of cosmic m a t e r i a l

SOLAR Bleaching Any E f f e c t s of s u r f a c e WIND darkening s u r f ace exposure AND s p u t t e r i n g s i t e RADIATION EFFECTS

19

usefu lness of t h e mission by inc luding a d d i t i o n a l experiments f o r e x p l o i t a t i o n of e i t h e r t h e Moon o r space sc i ence i n genera l A s

an e s s e n t i a l c o r o l l a r y t o t h i s s c i e n t i f i c b a s i s f o r s i t e s e l e c t i o n

it i s important t h a t t h e s c i e n t i f i c community a t l a r g e be included

i n and involved i n t h e process which leads t o t h e f i n a l mission

des ign and s i t e s e l e c t i o n

A p re l iminary s p e c i f i c a t i o n of t h e requirements needed a t

each type s i t e a r e t a b u l a t e d i n t h e form of a mat r ix i n t h e next

s e c t i o n A system f o r developing mission des ign parameters from

t h e matr ix i s d iscussed F i n a l l y a l o g i c f o r a f u l l pos t Apollo

s i t e s e l e c t i o n scheme i s proposed

A t t h i s po in t however it i s important t o p lace t h e luna r

t r ave r se and i t s i n t o pe r spec t ive By

u t i l i z i n g t h e lunar e x p l o r a t i o n d e f i n i t i o n s of l e v e l s 2 and 3 above ex tens ive t r a v e r s e c a p a b i l i t i e s a r e no t r equ i red a s p a r t of

the Apollo program al though a case has been made f o r a w e l l

instrumented geophysical t r a v e r s e t o examine boundaries between

luna r provinces For l e v e l 3 missions a manned t r a v e r s e

c a p a b i l i t y i s e s s e n t i a l a s a means of s i t e exp lo ra t ion bu t n o t a s

a means of luna r exp lo ra t ion Thus t h e t r a v e r s e r o u t e s e l e c t i o n

i s l a r g e l y an ope ra t iona l ( p a r t i a l l y pre-planned and p a r t i a l l y

r e a l time planned) requirement and i s secondary t o t h e base s i t e

s e l e e t i o n For l e v e l 4 missions t h e t r a v e r s e r o u t e becomes

c r i t i c a l s i n c e it i s then a major c o n t r i b u t o r t o l u n a r exp lo ra t ion

and e x p l o i t a t i o n The c r i t e r i a f o r t r a v e r s e r o u t e s e l e c t i o n w i l l

be a s important t o l e v e l 4 a s s i t e s e c t i o n i s t o l e v e l 3 It is

however beyond t h e scope of t h e p resen t s tudy I n t h e development

of t h e requirements i n t h e next s e c t i o n only t h e t o t a l t r a v e r s e

d i s t ances (hor i zon ta l and v e r t i c a l ) a r e s p e c i f i e d f o r each type

s i t e toge the r w i t h an i n d i c a t i o n of whether a manned roving v e h i c l e

(Rover) o r a mobile s h e l t e r (Molab) i s requi red

6 TEE MSSION DESXGIJ MATRIX

Table 4 i s a mat r ix of the mission and measurement requi re-

ments f o r each of t h e type s i t e s i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e previous s e c t i o n

The requirements a r e those es t imated by a group of Ast ro Sciences

Center s c i e n t i s t s based on t h e s c i e n t i f i c o b j e c t i v e s descr ibed i n I I T R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

- --

SPECIFIC PROCESS TYPE SITE

LAVA FLON EMPLACEMENT ASH DEPOSITION DIPIE 8 S l L i EMPLACEMFNT

DOPE FORMtTION

I1 I1

RECENT VOLCANISM VOLCANIC ASSIMILATION

GAS CORING COLLAPSE

GRID FAULTING RADIAL LINEAMENT CONCENTRIC FAULTING GRABEN FORMATION ISOSTATIC ADJUSTMENT

THERMAL EXFOLIATION MASS WA87ING

11

I 1 II

DRAINAGE DEPOSITION

-

MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION

DIFFERENTIATION I

CONVECTION I

SINUOUS RILLE FORMATION WRINKLE RIDGE FORMATION

MASCON ORIGIN CENTRAL PEAK FORMATION EXPOSED R lNG FORMATION MANTLED RlNG FORMATION GHOST RlNG FORMATION

I--- --- LAVA FLOW ASH DEPOSIT FAULT SCARP CRATER WALL CONE BULBOUS DOME

I I LOW DOME

LTP SITE MARE-UPLAND CONTACT DIATREME RIMLESS CRATER

1 SOFT MARE CRATER I

GRID LINEAMENT I OUTSIDE YOUNG BASIN i CONCENTRIC SCARP 1 LINEAR RILLE CRATER FLOOR

OUTCROPS LARGE CRATER WALL PATTERNED GROUND SHALLOW SLOPE DIMPLE CRATER EJECTA BLANKET

I VARIETY OF DOMES 8 FLOWSI CONTACT BETWEEN 1 FLOW UNITS

i LOWEST SCARP EXPOSURE DIATREME YOUNG BASIN EJECTA

1 WRINKLE RIDGE + - - - - I - - SINUOUS RILLE

i WRINKLERIDGE j MARE

CENTRAL PEAK

GHOST RlNG p--

GAS EMISSION L T P SITES ATMOSPHERIC ESCAPE ATMOSPYERIC TRANSPORT

I

PRIMARY CR1TERING

GARDElulhrG _I_I__T__----

BLEACHING DARKENING ANYWHERE -- - -- - p--- - -+

PERCENTAGE USE OF REQUIREMENT

-KEY

V V V- - I E 100 300 1 100 0 0 t o o 0 0

-r

3 0 100

10 0 0

-

$ 1

I - V V 1 15 - I

1 - i - 1 - j 1--Tt--f--

I68j+ 661 100~100~ 7564 1I

= EXCEEDS UPPER L I M I T P = PETROI-OGIST

S p SELENOPHYSICIST ST= STRAT iGRAPHER

S = SELENOLOGIST (STRUCTJRAL) V = VOLCANOLOGIST

TABLE 4 POST APOLLO MISSION DESIGN MLITRIX

d e t a i l i n a previous r e p o r t (Su l l ivan e t a 1 1970) and t h e i r

knowledge and experience of luna r exp lo ra t ion techniques It

i s included here a s an example I t s p a r t i c u l a r v i r t u e i s t h a t it

allows t h e s i t e s e l e c t i o n process t o be considered a s an i n t e g r a l

p a r t of t h e mission des ign process a s w i l l be d iscussed i n t h e

next s e c t i o n

I n Table 4 t h e l i s t of type s i t e s i s taken from Table 3

above The requirements a r e d iscussed b r i e f l y below

6 l Mapping Petrography Selenophysics - These columns

i n d i c a t e t h e need f o r t h e respective c l a s s of exp lo ra t ion

a c t i v i t y a t t h e type s i t e s It i s a l s o implied t h a t t h e r e

w i l l be a need f o r r e a l time planning of t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s

based on t he r e s u l t s of t h e previous days work and a n a l y s i s

62 Staytime - The es t ima te of s tay t ime i s based on t h e s c a l e and e x t e n t of t h e s i t e on t h e amount of d r i l l i n g t renching

and mapping and on t h e amount of t r a v e l r equ i red t o explore

t h e s i t e I n a d d i t i o n t h e expected complexity of t h e type

s i t e weighs heav i ly i n t h e e s t ima te of t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e

mission Fig 1 shows t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of s tay t ime requi re-

ments amongst t h e type s i t e s The f i r s t peak r e p r e s e n t s

t h e time j u s t t o s e t up emplaced s t a t i o n sc i ence a t a few

type s i t e s The more genera l requirement i s shown i n t h e

main peak On t h e b a s i s of t h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n an at tempt

i s made t o provide an upper l i m i t t o t h e s tay t ime requi re-

ments t h a t should be designed i n t o pos t Apollo missions

This e s t ima te of 45 days then rep resen t s a zero o r d e r

des ign p o i n t which can be r e f i n e d l a t e r i n t h e s e l e c t i o n

process

Number of Men - The es t ima te of t h e number of men i s

s t r o n g l y dependent on t h e need f o r i n - s i t u s c i e n t i s t s a t

t h e type s i t e F i r s t it i s assumed t h a t each mission

w i l l have a t l e a s t one s e l e n o l o g i s t on board I n a d d i t i o n

many of t h e type s i t e s (63) r e q u i r e a d d i t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c

s p e c i a l i s t s

The crew then c o n s i s t of t h e s p e c i a l i s t s p lus a t l e a s t one

s e l e n o l o g i s t and an es t imated one t echn ic ian pe r s c i e n t i s t

I n some cases ( i e l a v a flow) t h e s i z e of t h e f e a t u r e and

t h e need t o t r a v e l q u i t e ex tens ive ly d i c t a t e s t h e need f o r

one o r two a d d i t i o n a l t echn ic ians It i s assumed t h a t a

two man a s t r o n a u t (non s c i e n t i f i c ) crew w i l l a l s o se rve a s

t echn ic ians F ig 2 shows the d i s t r i b u t i o n of number of men

amongst t h e type s i t e s The primary requirement leads t o

a mission s p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r 5 men There i s a secondary

requirement f o r more men which could presumably be achieved

us i n g two 5- man modules

S p e c i a l i s t s - The types of s p e c i a l i s t s needed on t h e mission

a r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o the sc i ence t a s k t o be performed a t

t h e type s i t e The s p e c i a l i s t s i d e n t i f i e d a r e vo lcano log i s t s

(v)s e l e n o l o g i s t s (S) se lenophys ic i s t s (Sp) s t r a t i g r a p h e r s

(St) and p e t r o l o g i s t s (P) A t o t a l of 63 of t h e type s i t e s

w i l l r e q u i r e s p e c i a l i s t s

Horizontal Mobil i ty - The mobi l i ty requirements a r e of

course heav i ly dependent on t h e s i z e of t h e a rea t o be

explored t h e complexity of t h e s i t e and t h e number of

t r a v e r s e s and s i d e t r i p s which a r e requi red This

h o r i z o n t a l mob i l i ty i s exc lus ive ly w i t h i n t h e boundaries

of t h e type s i t e s Fig 3 shows t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of

h o r i z o n t a l mob i l i ty requirements f o r t h e 75 of t h e type

s i t e s t o which it i s app l i cab le A des ign p o i n t of 400 km

has been es t imated as a major requirement Many o b j e c t i v e s can be s a t i s f i e d w i t h a smal le r 25 km mobi l i ty

67

6 6 ~ o v e r ~ o l a b- The rover i s t o be used f o r smal l s i t e s where

the men can l i v e and do l abora to ry work i n t h e LM s h e l t e r

and have need only f o r l o c a l (-10 km) t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r

themselves and t h e i r equipment The rnolab is a mobile u n i t

which provides l abora to ry and l i v i n g space I n eases where

b o t h rnolab and rover a r e used toge the r about 10 of t h e

t o t a l t r a v e l i s assumed t o be rover t r a v e l Fig 4 shows

the d i s t r i b u t i o n of mobi l i ty requirement f o r t h e rover

f o r t h e 45 of type s i t e s t h a t r e q u i r e one The curve

is 5imodal and t h e higher requirement f o r 110 km rover

mobi l i ty has t o be taken a s t h e pre l iminary des ign po in t

Fig 5 shows t h e r e s p e c t i v e d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r t h e molab

The es t imated des ign p o i n t of some 450 km i s n a t u r a l l y

much higher than f o r t h e rover

- The es t ima te of t h e t o t a l amount of

v e r t i c a l movement (assuming a device s i m i l a r t o a Lunar

F ly ing Unit) i s based on an e s t ima te of the topography of

the f e a t u r e t o be explored and t h e number of t r i p s up

and down which w i l l be needed t o explore it

Fig 6 shows t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of v e r t i c a l mob i l i ty

requirements over t h e 51 of - type s i t e s t o which it

app l i e s A des ign p o i n t which w i l l provide a t o t a l of

104 meters of v e r t i c a l mob i l i ty has been est imated

- From many o f t h e type s i t e s more complete

a n a l y s i s of t h e sample w i l l be r equ i red than can be

performed i n t h e LM s h e l t e r o r molab I n t h e s e eases t h e

e s t ima tes of t h e mass of t h e r e t u r n samples i s based on i

the sc ience requirements and the need f o r accura te

pe t rographic chemical and d a t i n g a n a l y s i s

Fig 7 shows t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of sample r e t u r n requirements

as a func t ion of t h e 75 of type s i tes t h a t can u s e f u l l y

t ake advantage of it The curve has no p a r t i c u l a r form

26

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 40 80 160 320 640 1280

RETURN SAMPLE (KG) DRILL DEPTH (METERS)

FIGURE 7 LEVEL 3 REQUIREMENT FOR SAMPLE RETURN

FIGURE 8 LEVEL 3 REQUIREMENT FOR DRILLING

and an a r b i t a r y design po in t of 100 Kg has been se lec ted

69 D r i l l Depth - The es t imate of t he d r i l l depth i s based

only on est imates of t he v e r t i c a l dimension of t he sub-

su r face s t r u c t u r e of t he f ea tu r e s

Fig 8 shows t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of requi red d r i l l depths

The major requirement i s f o r holes on t h e order of

200 meters deep

610 Number of D r i l l Holes - The es t imate f o r t h e number of d r i l l holes i s r e l a t e d t o t h e need f o r p r o f i l e sampling

and t o the su r face ex ten t of t he fea tu re Some of the

holes (lOm i n depth) a r e needed i n l a r g e numbers (-100)

f o r thermal probes The d i s t r i b u t i o n i s shown i n Fig 9

f o r t h e 64 of t he type si tes t o which it appl ies

611 Trenching - Trenching i s required f o r two reasons

1) t o provide v e r t i c a l c ross s ec t i on information s i nce

it is un l ike ly t h a t t he r e w i l l be n a t u r a l banks and

c l i f f s needed f o r these type of s t ud i e s and 2 ) t o c l e a r

of f t h e r e g o l i t h so t h e s o l i d rocks can be s tudied The

average c l ea r ing operat ions a r e estimated t o requ i re t h a t

some 100 m3 of mate r ia l be removed

Fig 10 shows t he d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r both r e g o l i t h removal

and f o r v e r t i c a l exposure f o r t h e 79 of type s i t e s

requ i r ing trenching A design po in t of some 2 x 103

cubic meters has been estimated

I n add i t ion t o the above s c i e n t i f i c requirements s eve ra l

engineering requirements must a l s o be considered i n t he f i n a l form

of t he matrix These include weightpower volume communication

t r a j e c t o r y and mission cons t r a in t s each of which w i l l impact t he

f i n a l design of t h e l e v e l 3 mission c a p a b i l i t i e s They have not

29

been included i n t h i s sample mat r ix because of t h e genera l l ack

of d e f i n i t i o n of t h e s e parameters t h a t c u r r e n t l y e x i s t s

7 SITE SELECTION METHODOLOGY AND CRITERIA

The s e l e c t i o n of s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n s on t h e Moon a t which

Lunar missions w i l l l and has no t been attempted i n t h i s s tudy

That e x e r c i s e must r i g h t l y be l e f t u n t i l a mission des ign has been

s p e c i f i e d and t h e l a t e s t l una r da ta from a l l t h e Apollo missions

i s a v a i l a b l e The more important t a sk which has been t h e s u b j e c t

of t h e s tudy i s t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of a methodology and s e l e c t i o n

c r i t e r i a which w i l l permit t h e b e s t choice of such s i t e s The key

t o t h e proposed methodology i s t h e matr ix of F ig 4 The l o g i c

i s shown i n F ig 11 and i s b r i e f l y a s follows

(i) S i t e S e l e c t i o n Board a c t i n g a s a working group genera tes a mat r ix of type s i t e s and requirements

( i i ) Use mat r ix t o e s t ima te mission des ign p o i n t s ( i e

s tay t ime mobi l i ty e t c ) and t o i d e n t i f y a long l i s t

of i n t e r e s t i n g type s i t e s

( i i i ) The S i t e S e l e c t i o n Board s o l i c i t s t h e s c i e n t i f i c

( iv ) The response from t h e s c i e n t i f i c community i s used

(v) Analysis of t h e new matr ix w i l l provide f o r

b) t h e exc lus ion of type s i t e s c l e a r l y

beyond t h e mission des ign s p e c i f i c a t i o n s

c) t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of Advanced Technology

experiments

e ) enough des ign d a t a t o perform a phase A I I T R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E

32

DEVELOPMENT OF A MATRIX OF TYPE SITES AND EXPLORATION REQUIREMENTS- D

J

SOLICITATION OF SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY USING TYPE SITES AND DESIGN POINTS AS GUIDELINE

3

L +

REVISION OF INIT IAL MATRIX BASED ON RESULTS FROM SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY

b

r SPECIFICATION OF MISSlON DESlG N REQUIREMENTS AND SHORT L IST OF TYPE SITES

b

SELECTION OF CANDIDATE ACTUAL SITES AND MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS AS INPUT TO PHASE A MISSION STUDY

C -

ANNOUNCEMENT OF FLIGHT OPPORTUNITY FOR SPECIFIC EXPERIMENTS AT SPECIFIC SITES -

4

i i

PROPOSED OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR SITE SELECTION BOARD

FIGURE I I

s tudy of mission concepts to meet the

scientific requirements

(vi) The remaining tasks are t o refine the l i s e of s i t e s t h e mission des ign and the experiment requirements These s t e p s a r e iterative and should

await the resulrs o f the phase A study

(wif) A f t e r the phase A s tudy the s c i e n t i f i c community

should be s o l i c i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a newmore

f i r m l y s p e c i f i e d s e r i e s o f missions w i t h candidate

s i t e s s p e c i f i e a l l y i d e n t i f i e d

The s p e c i f i c s i t e s which a re suggested by the scientific

coninraj2icy a re to be ecvaluated by checking their mission needs

aga5ast t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s of the pos t Apollo system It is assumed

that se~gerals p e c i f i c s i t e s w i l l be suggested a s examples of each

type s i t e and rha t out of t h e s e a few may require more e a p a b c l i t y

t h a n the Level 3 system can provide Assuming tha t a11 o f the

sugges ted s i t e s en t i r e ly s a t i s f y the science objectives for that

type s i t e t hen the s p e c i f i c s i t e s r e q u i r i n g excessive c a p a b i l i t i e s

would be r e j e c t e d --s eve ra l

c o n s t r a i n t s

Since by the way in which the mission d e f i n i e i o n was

derTveved a neunber of missions would not r e q u i r e the full e a p a b i l i t i e s

of the level 3 system it should be poss ib le to conibine two or more

missions into one by the proper selection of s i t e s i e i f two o r

more type sites can be found which a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y c l o s e together

then a s ing le mission would a l l ow bo th s i t e s t o be explored t o t he

r equ i red degree FOP example a diatreme might require 5 men for 2 weeks and an exposed r i n g might r e q u i r e 4 men f o r 4 weeks then

a suitable area would allow both s i t e s to be explored w i t h one

f u l l mission t o t he dua l s i t e provided that a c a p a b i l i t y o f 5 men

f o r 6 weeks was a v a i l a b l e Alternatively according t o Tab le 4 the r e g u l a r cone bulbous dome and low dome each r e q u i r e 8 men

w i t h 25 day s tay t ime and a minimal t r a v e r s e Thus a double mission

of 5 men each would provide say 10 men f o r 90 days w i t h enough

t r a v e r s e t o go between t h e t h r e e f e a t u r e s even i f they were

400 km a p a r t A s u i t a b l e s i t e could be found i n t h e Marius H i l l s

A t t h e po in t a t which t h e mission can be def ined and a

s p e c i f i c s i t e s e l e c t e d t h e experimental payload should be opened

up t o accept a s many o the r experiments a s poss ib le The so -ca l l ed

experiments of opportunity a l though not used t o de f ine t h e

mission must be included on t h e a c t u a l f l i g h t s

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e methodology descr ibed above it i s

important t o i d e n t i f y t h e c r i t e r i a by which judgements a r e made

a t each of t h e s t e p s o r d e c i s i o n p o i n t s Table 5 conta ins a t o t a l

of t h i r t y such c r i t e r i a t h a t have been i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e s i t e

s e l e c t i o n a n a l y s i s and they f a l l i n t o s i x major groups

The f i r s t group of c r i t e r i a r e l a t e s t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c

p r i o r i t y which should be a t t ached t o t h e type s i t e s The c r i t e r i a

r e l a t e t o t h e worth of t h e r e s u l t s i f t h e type s i t e i s adequately

explored I n t h i s context t h e importance of bo th t h e expected and

t h e unexpected r e s u l t s must be considered

The group r e l a t i n g t o measurement requirements i s

included t o ensure t h a t an adequate understanding has been obtained

of what it w i l l t a k e t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e type s i t e The measurement

requirements range from t h e s tay t ime t o a d e f i n i t i o n of t h e experi-

mental payload t h a t must be included i n t h e mission

The t h i r d group requi res an i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e mission

c a p a b i l i t y t h a t must be a v a i l a b l e a t t h e type s i t e This c a p a b i l i t y

has t o be t r aded o f f a g a i n s t t h e measurement requirements t o ensure

t h a t t h e mission concept i s adequate It i s proposed t h a t t h e

mission des ign p o i n t s d iscussed i n t h e methodology above be used a s t h e b a s i s f o r spec i fy ing t h e mission c a p a b i l i t y where no hard

m i s s i o n des ign i s a v a i l a b l e

The next group of c r i t e r i a r e l a t e s t o t h e t r a n s l a t i o n of

type s i t e s i n t o a c t u a l l o c a t i o n s on t h e Moon The important

c r i t e r i a must s p e c i f y t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e s i t e and how w e l l i t

TABLE 5 CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION

ESTABLISHMENT OF SCIENTIFIC P R I O R I m OF TYPE SITES

o DEFINITION OF EXPLORATION REQUIREMENTS AT TYPE SITES

5) staytime 6) number of men (including specialists) 7) mobility requirements 8) sample analysis or return 9 ) drilling and trenching requirements

10) lunar time of day 11) experimental payload

Q SPECIFICATION OF REQUIRED CAPABILITY

12) range for each measurement requirement 13) nominal design point for each parameter 14) subsystem support requirements (powerdata handling

communications etc)

ENEMERIRING FEASIBILITY

21) trajectory compatibility (landing launch rendezvous) 22) weight class of payload 23) compatibility with anticipated logistic systems 2 4 ) s a f e t y 2 5 ) mission sehedule and availability 26) cost 2 7 ) photo reconnaissance of site

e AVAPEABILITP OF SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

principle investigators flight ready experiments

30) astronaut (specialist) availability

meets t h e type s i t e requirement Normally more than one l o c a t i o n

would be s e l e c t e d f o r t h e more i n t e r e s t i n g type s i t e

The above c r i t e r i a a r e b a s i c t o t h e s e l e c t i o n and

eva lua t ion of candida te s i t e s bu t i t i s t h e phase A s tudy which

e s t a b l i s h e s t h e mission and engineer ing f e a s i b i l i t y These

c r i t e r i a must embrace a l l aspec ts of t h e mission from t r a j e c t o r y

c o m p a t i b i l i t y t o s i t e reconnaissance

F i n a l l y given a f e a s i b l e mission t o a s e l e c t e d s i t e it

i s e s s e n t i a l t o v e r i f y t h e s c i e n t i f i c support f o r t h e d e s i r e d

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s I n p a r t i c u l a r t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of t r a i n e d

a s t r o n a u t s c i e n t i s t s i s c r u c i a l t o l e v e l 3 exp lo ra t ion

The above c r i t e r i a a r e s e p a r a t e from b u t no t independent

of t h e methodology It i s u s e f u l t o cons ider t h e methodology a s

i d e n t i f y i n g i n a l o g i c a l manner t h e key d e c i s i o n p o i n t s i n t h e

process of s i t e s e l e c t i o n The c r i t e r i a r ep resen t t h e cons ide ra t ions

and t r a d e o f f parameters on which t h e dec is ions a r e based

CONCLUSIONS

The preceding methodology and c r i t e r i a provide a number

of e s s e n t i a l i ng red ien t s i n t h e pos t Apollo mission des ign and

s i t e s e l e c t i o n process F i r s t i t t akes f u l l cognizance of t h e

ve ry c l o s e coupl ing between t h e mission c a p a b i l i t y and t h e s i t e

s e l e c t i o n It provides t h a t they be def ined and r e f i n e d

i t e r a t i v e l y and cohes ive ly It i n s i s t s t h a t t h e b a s i c mission

concepts and requirements be der ived from t h e viewpoint of t h e

s c i e n t i f i c e x p l o r a t i o n of t h e Moon However a l l o the r o b j e c t i v e s

a r e introduced i n t h e f i n a l s t ages a s objec t ives of opportunity

and a s such w i l l p l ay an important r o l e i n maximizing t h e va lue

of t h e missions Perhaps most important of a l l i s t h a t i t

r e q u i r e s genuine advanced planning of t h e pos t Apollo program

us ing t h e b e s t information a v a i l a b l e a t t h e t ime It enforces

a c a r e f u l d e f i n i t i o n of what has t o be achieved i n t h e program

and s y s t e m a t i c a l l y and l o g i c a l l y ob ta ins and a n a l y s i s t h e necessary

inputs from the scientific community and from the phase A mission analysts

The methodology as developed here is exemplary It can

and should be modified to fit the specific conditions which will

felt that the basic criteria and essential steps will remain and that there is enough supporting analysis in this report to permit

its modification

38

REFERENCES

Su l l ivan R J Binder A B Hartmann W K Roberts D L

Logic f o r Lunar Science Ob j ectives ASCIITRI

Report P-29 January 1970

Bellcomm 1969

Apollo Lunar Explora t ion Program Science Objec t ives

and Mission P lans Bellcomrn Inc September 1969

39

Cover
Title
Summary
Contents
Introduction
Overall framework for lunar exploration
Evaluation of Apollo Landing Sites
Post Apollo type sites
Lunar site selection
Mission design matrix
Site selection methology and criteria
Conculsions
References