..
Thts report not be clted wlthout prior reference to the Councll *
Internatlonal Counctl for theExploration on the Sea
C.M. 1983/F:23 (E.V.)MarIne Envl ronmenta I QualltyCommltteeRef. Marlculture Commtttee
REPORT OF THE WORKI NG GROUP
"Pathology and Dlseases In Martne Organtsms"
llsboa. PortugalApril 18-22, 1983
C. ~1AURt N. ChairmanJ.McARDLE. Rapporteur
General SecretaryI.C.E.S.
'Palaegade 2-4DK Copenhagen KDenmark
•
REPORT or THE ICES WORKING GROUP ON PATHOLOGY AND DISEASES
IN MARINE ORGANISMS.
LISSON, PORTUGAL 18-22 APRIL 1983
1. INTRODUCTION
The meeting convened at 10 am. The Director of the National Fisheries
Institute, Lisbon Commandqnte J.C. de Ataide gave abrief address and
welcomed the ICES delegatcs lo Portugal and to the Institute. The
Chairman Professor Maurin then welcomed all the:participants and
particularly the new participants from Spain"and Sweden. A number
of researchers from varlous institutes and'universities in Portugal
also attended the meeting as observers. Unfortunately adelegation
from Poland was unable to attend the meeting but a written report was
received end has been includ~d in lhia report. A number of changes in
the agenda were proposed end accepted end these were es follows: that
the working group would give consideration to the setting up of a
world wide fish end shellfish health end inspection programme
under the auspices of ICES; that the working group would discuss
standardization of methods in the study of disease in relation to
environmental quality (ta be considered as part of agenda item No. 5);
that the working group would consider the use of Ammodytes ~D a
target species in the study of disease in relation to environmental
quelity.
- 2 -
CURRENT STATUS or DISEAS( IN MARINE SPECIES
1. Viral Diseases of fieh
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN)
Although IPN han been isolaled from wild salmon in Scotland the
numbers of fish from which virus has been isolated has always been
9mall ond wild fish ure not considered to be an important or nalural
reservoir for the virus. In Norway IPN virus is being isolated
m~ch more frequently lhan. in lhe pest however these isolations have
not been associated with disease. The disease is being eonlrolled
there by prohibiting movements of fish from infected to uninfecled
farms. Inthe ease of fish for direct eonsumption being moved from
infected farms lh~re is obviously 00 such reslriclion.
An IPN type virus was isolaled from see bass al a halehery in Martinique
where heavy morlalilies were occurring (80-90%). The maximum mortalities
were seen when lemperetures.reached 17-1BoC and raising the water
temperalure lo 24°C appeared lo·be useful in reducing losses. The
pancrealie lesions were not os pronounced es those described in
salmonios ond it i5 not yel known whether the virus is pathogenic
for salmonids. In Brittany virus was not isolaled from an IPN-like
disease of See boss.
Viral Haemorrhagic Seplicaemia·(VHS)
VHS of sea eoge reared rainbow traut was recorded from Drnmark and
in rrance,Turbot have been shown lo be susc~plible la the
disease. Experimental vaccination of sea reored trout using an
inaclivaled vaccine has been found to be effeclive in france.
•
- J -
LymphocystiS:
Lymphocystis disease was reported from a number cf countries in
1982. The disease was found frequently in common dabs from the
North of Scotland but only rarely in lang rough dabs end plaice
in the northern North See. The prevalence of the disease varied
but levels of over 10% werc recorded from most areas sampled with
an upper level cf 23% being recorded. The disease was also re&orted
from plaice from the east coast of Ireland but the prevalence was
1ess than the previous year. German workers also reported high
levels of lymphocystis during a cruise along the German, Danish
and British coasts end from flounder in the Bal~ic. In America
lymphocystis was most often observed in flatfish from waters les5
than 6m in depth and only in winter flounder end, American plaice.
Combined prevalence in both these species was 0.01%. A survey carried
out in Liverpool Bey in England showed the disease to be most prevalent
in flounder although the levels observed were lesB than the 14.2%
~ levels recorded from the same ares in 1972.
Papiliomas:
Papillomas were found on common dabs only from the northern North
Sea and north of Scotlend. In most sreas the levels were between
1-2% although occasionally higher levels were recorded. German workers
have demonstrated the presence of virus likeparticles from
papilloma lesions. From Holland a prevalence cf 2~ was recorded
with evidence of seasonal variation from the south and central North
Ses.
- 4 -
BAC1ERIAL DISEASES.OF fI5H:
Vibriosis
Problems due to vlbriosis outbreaks were reported from several countries
in farmed salmon, rsinbow trout end cod. In Norway Hitra disease
ie now e seriOU5 problem end i8 not only seen in the colder months
of the year 9S previously but at.other times also. The Vibrio isolaled
from enses of the disease eon reproduce the condition experimentally
however the organism can not bc isolated from all field cases.
A palhogenie s.lrain of Vibrio wns isoleled from eels in franee which
showed differences to the salmonid slroins. Vaccines have or are
being developedin Canads, USA, Dcn~ark,UK ond Norway. Oxolinic
acid which haG recently been licensed for use in fish the UK has
been found to be cffective in treating the disease.
ruruneulosis:
lhis discase has been identi fied os one of the most serious disease
. thrcots to salmon farming in Scallend, bath frcshwater end marine.
A small number of outbreak~ oecurr~d there in 1982 but were successfully
lreated using antibioticn. Although this disense has been a problem
in salmon farmingin Ireland no serious problems due to the disease
were recordcd in 1982. Achromogenic strainscaused disease in Norwegian
salmon end astrain resistent to sulphonamides was reported from
Denmark. A vaccine a98in5t the disease is showing promise in Canada.
•
•
- 5 -
BACTERIAL KIONEY OISEASE
5ince 1980 over 1,000 wild salmon kelts from 5cottish rivers have been
tested for BKD with negative results. A farmed population with
60% preva1ence of clinical disease suffered 20% mortality over a
two month period after transfer to seawater. However following this
initial mortality the disease rapidly regressed end the fiuh grew
satisfactorily to merket size. The cousal organism could not be
detected in survivors. In Canada the disease is widespreod
on the west COBst but only causes clinical disease at one Ioeation
on the east cosst. In rrance only eoho salman shawed:serious problems
with BKD. Only one eBse of BKD was observed in Atlantic salmon
end in this ease a miliary form affecting the liver oceurred.
In Ireland BKD hos never been recorded but an organisn reaembling
Renibecterium selmoninus was isolated fram osymptomatic salman emalts
in 1902. However baclerioiogical tests showed this organism to
be probably a lectobacillus sp
Hycobacteriosis
Mycobacteriosis had a prevalence of 100% in 5 ring and oider meckerel
in Uv. waters with lower levels of infection in younger fish. The
southern Norlh ses, western English channel, narthern Bey of Biscay
end S.W. IreJend showed higher levels of infectian in mackerel
than the soulhern Bay of Biscay, NW 5cotland end northern Narlh
See. The disease may offccl growlh rates of mackerel as there was
an indication wilhin year classes of a relationship betwecn smaller
aize end increasing inlensity of infection. Approximately 5% of
eod in the Little Bell ares off Denmark were infcctcd end ebout
6% in the English channel in lhe region of lhe German Bight. So
rar i1 has nol been possible to culture the acid fast bacteria responsible
- 6 -
A high prevalence of nodules in bleck scabbard fish
from Hadeira was reported but no acid fasl bacteria were observed.
Caution was advised in diagnosing nodules os mycobacteriosis as
many cf lhe histological changec in such nodules are non specific
end can be due to a variet~'of conditions.
Photobacterium sp.
This organism was isolated from a new condition which'ceused mortolities
in cultured turbot in france but it was not possible Lo develop
an effective vaccine.
Redmouth diseose
This disease hes been identificd the first time in trout in freshwatcr
(Yersinia Type 1D in rrenc~.
in turbol.
It has also been recognised as a disease
An effeclive vaccine
h89 been dcveloped. The finding of antibodies in fish to
verious fich pelhogenic bacterie end human palho~enic bacteria
was described from USA. These studies can indicate cantact
betwcen fish end potentiall) palhogenic microorganisms which could
affect their health,survival and their suitability far ~ccnsumption.
•
rungal diBeases of fish
Icthvophonus: .
Continuing high levels of infection were reported in plaice end
haddock from Norther~ ScotlBnd snd although mosl of thc norlhern
North Ses had levels similar to that found since 1977, three
slatislical rectangles esst qf Sh~llana showed high levels far the first lime>40~
- 7 -
The market quality of fish in the same ares showed 8 simulteneous
deterioration but it is not known whether a new epidemie foeus haB
oceurred.
A fungel eondition of eod as revealed by the presence of bleck mycelial
aggregations in the flesh was noted in Ireland. Similar isolated
observations were made by other countries.". "
4It In very low sslinity conditions Saprolegnia has eaused disease problems
in see bass in rrance.
Psrasitic diaeases of fish
Proliferative Kidney Diseases (PKD) was reported from see cage reared rainbow trout
in Irelend end the disease was thought to be earried over from
freshwater. irichodina ~ of lhe gillc was also recognised as.
an important eause of mortalities in cage reared rainbow trout in
•Ireland •
In lhe USA quantitative studies are being performed on the mortality
in winter flounder due to Glugea slephani (a blood parasite} Studies are'
also being carried out on the effects of Haemotractidium scombri in
meckerel in which high prevalence levels in young fish, may be
associated wilh a decline in the hast population.
From Ca~ada continued emphasis was placed on codworm which shows
an increased infection with increasing hast age. It i5 intended
to use the infection in 3S-40cms plaice as an indicator of the prevalence
of the disease.
lernaeocera branchialis• F·
- 8 -
in Sweden causes lesions similsr
to tumours on the innersurface of the operculum opposite the parasite.
Consequently caution was edvised when such lesions are being classified.
Off Portugal 2B.5% of pout were infected with lernaeocera branchialis.
Porasilic copepods; occasionally common on cod in Sweden were
reported to couse skin damage, which, following seco~dary infection could
lead to the formation of ulcers end be possibly confused with other
conditions.
In Germany high lernaeocera infestations of cod.ond haddock have
been found to be ossocialed with high popu~ations of flounder, the
intermediate host. Il has also been found that fat storage levels
are reduced in infected fi;h end that infecled fish are more susceptible
to low oxygenlevels in aquarip than uninfecled fish.
Diseases of crustaceans
Virus diseases: 60th France end the USA reported the finding of
virus diseases in penaeid shrimps from the Pacific end Soulh America.
One of the viruse~ designaled Infectious hypodermal and haemelopoietic~ryS .
necrosisitlHHNV) has been fa und in th~ blue shrimp P.styliroslris
The olher virus reported from P. Mondon, P. Stylirostris and
P. Vannam~i is known as Monadon baculovirus (t~BV) and has been
shown to be a serious disease agent of cultured shrimp. IHHN may
be difficult to diagnose end [M studies are usually necessary. Two
types of virus particles (one 27~m and the other 5Onm) have
recently been observed in conneclion with mortalities of P.Japonicus
in rrance. Mortalili~s in larwQc hove been particularly serious and
B study of these virusfs i8 in progress in france.
•
r-------- -- ----
- 9 -
The3l!. reports are of particular lnterest as they are
•
the first documented cases of disease being transferred by movement
of exotic species.
Because of these reports the importance of co-operation between
the Pathology working group and the Working group on introductions
and transfers was emphasised. Also the necessity for guidelines
on hea1th inspections prior to transfers of fish was emphasised.
The possibillty of viruses belng spread from finfish to shellfish
and vice versa was also discussed (Se'!. R.~<:.. -d. .e-e) •
Bacterial diseases
Mortalities of Artemia due to chitinolytic bacteria were reported
form Portugal. An outbreak ofG~ffK~eMjoS~ was reported from lobsters
in the .channel islands.
fungal diseases
The most important rungel disease of crustaceans reported i9
Fusarium sp particularly in p. japonicus. In the Mediterranean
regIon this fungus, which develops in the gi119 of the adult shrimp
and spawners~ouses necrosis end destruction and praduces the characteristic
symptom af bleck 91119. Because the traditional fungicides used
in aquaculture block the development of the ovaries they cannot
be used es 8 treatment. Other substances are belng tried in France.
- 10 -
Diseases of Molluscs
Viral discBses - the isolation of IPN like viruses from shellfish
was egaln reported.
Bacterial diseases
Vibriosis was reporled as causing mortalities in O.edulis larvae
in hatcheries in the U;{. The infections have been successfully controlled
using öxciJinic acid. A rickettsiel infection of Ru1:L:tar t.5 t'~':{l.·r~~1\aru..Wl.....
france was also decribed and' illustrated.
Parasitic diseases
Bl1namia
,"
, ,
In Holland the disease is~ow consideredto have virtually disappeared
as a result of the er8dicati~n measures which were outlined'at last .'
year's meeting. Only one of the locations in which indicator oysters
were laid down wos still positive for the parasite end this was
al a low level'. All other sites were negativ~ for the parasite.
In france the disease i5 still found on a regular basis except for
same creos Hilh natural s::?t tlernent especially in the Beys of Cancale
and St.' Brieuc .The Hedi teranean has also remained free of the
•
disease. The produetio~of flot oysters in france has fallen drastically
as a' result of the disease, being less than 1mo or' production prior
lo the lo lhe start of the epidemie. A plan to combat the disease
has been recently developed which involves elimination of oysters
from infected areas exposed by the tide, seeding of new areas with
clean oyslefs end conlrols on tran~fcrn of oysters.
.,
- 11 -
In Spain the discase has been reported both in hatcheries and natural enViro~
~ent Mortalities varied from 20-100% depending on the type of
culture involved with e lower mortolity occurring in hanging culture.
Imports of O.edulis intoSpain were .found to be infected after aboul
15 days. The imports were reported es coming from lreiand but discussion
showed the origin of these oysters was uncerloin. In Ireland the
disease has not been identified end no unusual mortaiities were
reporled from lhere. Greek, Italien end yugosiavian oyslers
., (O.edulis)imporled into Spain were found lo be negative for lhe disease
allhough they did become infccled afler 4-6 months in contaminated.' .
areas lhere.·
In England the disease was diagnosed for the first time in September
1982 in Sampies of oysters, O.eduIis from two areas; the river rar
ares of Cornwall ond West ~rsea in Essex. Oyelers had been moved:
from the ra1 area to West Mersea in Spring and Summer of 1982.
The degree of infeclion varied from 2~26% depending on the area
end mortalities were only reporled from areas with a high
4It level of infection. Oysters from the known infected areas end from
olherareas are currently being examined. The disease is being
controlled by restrietion on the movements of shellfish from infected
ateas.
Attempts to culture the parasite in tissue culture are in progress
in rrance. lhe parasile multiplies extracellularly in cultures
derived from gi11 tissue in Eagles medium after 48 hours at zooe.
Wilh one infecled culture it has been possible to further infect
8 other cultures. Transmission experiments carried out in france
have shown that clean oysters when leid in contaminated areas first
becorne infected in about three month~~d m~rtalities be~in
(H &aty..~ \M.tJd.tCI.o ~(rtl.AMJ.; Uu~,O
- 12 -
about three months later. Infection with the parasite can
occur at any time of the year. The use of Ozone and Peracetic acid
to treat effluent water from infected oysters has been found effective
in eliminating the paresite. The parasite has not been observed
in C.gigas or eig~t other species of shellfish examined including
cockles, clams and scallops.
In the USA 2 protozoan di5ee5es are of concern Bt present. lhe
microcell parasite of C.gig05 15 believed not to be the same parasite
mortalities of C.virginica in Chesapeake Bey due to Hinchinia nelsoni
es Bonamia disease in [urope öf O.edulis.Recently there have been major
eInterestingly, these mortalities are being seen in'Upper Chesapeake
Bay where mortalities had not been reported before.'
MarteiliaRecently there hos been an'increase in the prevalence of Marteilia
~efringens in certain parts of Brittany particularly in the north
of 8rittany. In the Rade de Breal a disease prevalence of 80-90%
has been noled.
•Another Marleilia species has been observed in blue musseIs (Mytilus
galloprovencialis). The life cycle appears to be similar to M.refringens
but lhe spores appear to be different. It is proposed to designate
this new parasite Marteilia maurini. The imporlance of Marleilia
as a group capable of affecting a variety of sh~llfish on a world
wide basis was emphasised.
•
•
- 13 -
3. Workshop: study of microscopic sIldes end pholographic transpareneies
A variety of both pholographic transparencies and microscopic slides
of a number ofpathological conditions were studied by members of
the working group.
Phatographic transparencies of nadular lesions from internaIorgans of
fish caught in french wüters were shwwn end a classification
for such lesions was proposed. The non specific nature of the histological
changes was emphasised.
Transparencies of Bonamia discase fro~ the mostrecent outbreak of the disease
in England were shown. Although the condition generally resembles the disease
as described in other countries som~ minor differences were referred
to. American end french workers seem generally agreed that Bonamia
oslreatof O.edulis and microcell disease of C.gigas are not the
same orgonism •
Sections of ,8 number of different types of nodular
lesions from the livers of debs from·the Irish See were also shown
end discussed.
,The sequential pathology of ß pancreatic condition of see reared
Atlantic salmon in Scotland was described end research on the cause
of the condition is continuing. The condition differs from IPN in that
a more generalised destruction of pancreatic cells occurs than in IPN.
lhe condition which is often seen about 6-8 weeks afler transfer of
emolts to seawater causes low level mortalities but a severe retardation
~ growth occurs for several months until regeneration of the pancreas occurs.
- 14 -
Vibriosis disease of cod farming in Norway i5 becoming a serious
p~oblem and slides illustrating the condition werc presented. Grossly
the condition is characterised by haemorrhages which are particularly
prominent around the head and eyes. Severe infestation of cod with
Cryptocotyle. 'lead'ing to "Black Spot'" was also illustrated.
Eye lesions of herring in Finland were demonstrated from fish caught
in the"area of flÖZ dumping grounds. The lesions were mainly seen'
in the corneas and in some cases colonization of the cornea with
flexibacter ~ type hacteria occ~rred.
"
A number of other conditions such es unusual ulcers in plaice from
DenmarI< and ulcera in eels from Portugal werc also presented and
discussed. A list of some of the slide material studied is contained
in Appendix I of this report.
4. IMPACTS OF OISEASE ON COMMERCIAlLY IMPORTANT FISH STOCKS
.. l
•
Although there was litUe new information presented at the meeting~l ~
the worl<ing group feIt it would be useful to gather all the available ~~~~~ ~
information on thc diseases of commercially important species of ~
wild flsh and also in nquaculture. It was decided that this information
would be Gent to the chairman of the worl<ing group on an area basis
by the working group me~bers in July 1983. The worl<ing group were
informed that a special mini·· symposium would be held at the 1983
Statutory meeting of leES on the quantitative assessments of dlsease
impacts on natural stocks of'commercial1y important fish species.
This session is being organised byDr. P rce, Chairman of t1EQC.
It 15 likely that some members of the worl<ing group would prepare
presentations for the session. Bote.. P~. Ha.vr«M C1.~ 1H." Ro.c"e"- (I'd,iW'a.ft coÖ\t"H /-eA. Lt\ l/je w Co c.oc..I\c1ir ,../l, s~\,,'~:~t "'" rO~I'",,," "
- lS -
5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEE~ POLLUTION & OISEASE
Federel Republic rlf Germany
A presentation wa:: made whieh emphasised that great esre must be
used in interpret I ion of data on disease rates. Based on examination
of data on cauli ':~wer disease In the River EIbe over a long time
it was apparent that disease rates had remained unchanged for many
years. from lurther studies earried out In the River EIbe lhe most"
significant finding was that laximum disease rates occurred in brackish
waters. It was feIt that them(st important factor in explaining
the disease rates observed was Cl e changing salinity which may aet
as a stress on fish. Also fisr i~ the brackrs~ water areas where,
disease rates were highest sho~erl a lower condition faetor thon
fish in the outer estuary where d .sease rates were lower, indicating
theimportanee of nutrition in jeterming disease rates.
finland:
Studies earried out in the BaI! ie, in conn~ction with T10Z dumpi~g
areas, were reported. Eye 1€3ions in herring were the predominant
~ le9ions recorded. It i9 possible that the high iron levels (fe+++)
in the water in these areas mal be a significant fector in the
development of these lesions and further studie9 are being carried out.
France:
Beeause B~ittany Is a relatively unpolluted area the Amoco Cadiz
oil spill in 1978 offered a good opportunity to study the relationship
between ~olluaa~ end disea~e. Mullet showed quite deep ~ecrosis
and flatfish such as flounder"and sole showed skin ulcers and fin
erosion. The abers were the worst affected arena although other
areas were affecled to a lesser extent. The lesions
- 16 -
observed were found for 18 months after the spill had occurred. The
effects on shellfish were particularly importanl und significant levels
afhydrocarbons, could be found in oysters even after 3 years although
histologically they appeared normal.
Details of a five y~ar french study which has now been completed were
presented. The work was carried out by a number of laboratories
end con9isted of twoparts; the first par~ involved epidemiological
studies and the secend laboratory studies. Mest of the diseased" , , '. ; Q.lAt! l'W"wl Öi.tfVtyS • '
fish examined came from commer~~al catchesV In total 1216 diseased fish•
were examined out of catchof 117 tonnes. A variety of lesions were identified, .
including ulcers, fin rot! lymphocyst~s and internal nodules. The various
stages observed on his~ological examination of skin ulcers was described~
tour distinct stages could be recognised which consisted of spongiosis
and vascularization,leucocytic itnfiltration end fibrin deposition. ,.fibrosis ' and repair. These changes are largely non specific end typicel of an
inflammatory response. Attempts to experimentally reproduce lesionsin
trout using "phosp~ogips" have been largely unsuccessful.
The results of a french study on the role of the Corpuseies of Stannius was. " .
also presentcd. The study showed that environmental changes could result
in hyperstimulation and ultimately degeneration of the gland and
thus the gland could be a useful indicator of environmental changes.
Sweden:
•
A major project using disease in fish as a possible pollution indicator was
outlined. Th~ first part of the project involves a base-line study of,the major
dlseases and t~e second involves looking for "l1otspots". Also the ef~ects
bf;warm water effluent from nuclear power stations are belng studied•.
I
- 17 -
Polend: <Coffirnunieated by written report)
High morbidity rotes of disease were observed in eod, flatfish end'eels in the
Ballic in 1981 end 1982. The diseuse lesions observed were predominantly
uleers. In eelo hiytl mortalities were mainly observed in the Spring.
The disease rate in eod was cstimated at between 2-3%. Because a
vsriety of baeleria could be isoleted from lhese lesions including
Aeromonas, Pseudomonas end Vibrios it i5 thought thai these
•
may be secondary invaders. The conditions observed are thought to be
related lo pollution of boltom sediments or possibly excess hydrogen
sulphide in thc water re::.>ul ting from prolonged stagnation.
I
Thc Working Group considared.the tWD eloGely related questions 1) docs
pollution C8use diseases among aquatic lire forms end 2) can fish patho.1ogy
be used to monitor the biological effccts of marine po~lution. The
~Jorking Group believcs that the questions cast in these terms lead to
ß dangerously nislcading over-silT'pli fication cf highly complex interactions.
lt should be clearly understood that diseases, defined broadly or narrowly,
are multifaclorinl in origin nnd/or development. turthermorc clinical signs
are oflen not specific to on~ disease. Similarly pollution is also a collective
term w~ich by its usc how~ver lends Lo suggest a single entity equivalent
to s31inily, oxygcn or ambient temperatures. In rcality, pollution covers a
complex range of agents or e\ents ~hich includes among others, such diverse
elem~nts as waste heat, a lcnglhy list of both organic nnd inorganic chemieals,
microbiol agenls, turbidity, fncreased sedi~ent burdens etc. in highly
- 18 -
varied combinations end concentrations which either singly or in
combination may influence fish health.
There are exampleswell documented in experimental situations where
external agents or man induced changes have been shown to impair or
eliminale resislanee, inlerfere sufficiently with metabolie processes
or otherwise pre-dispose animals to disease. Undoubtedly this, on
oceasion also occurs in nature but the sweeping assertion thal pollution
necessarily causes disease i6 too all encompassing to be acceptable
or useful.
It must be pointed out that the mere presence of disease st high or
low levels coincident with the presence of pollutants i5 not
neeessarily indicstive of a cause end effect relationship because,diseases are multifeclorial.in origin end/or development. A
linkage would not be suspected unless lhere has been a sudden
or dramatic change in background levels or. characteristics of the
diaeases consistent wilh changes in pollution. A comparison of
two areas one showing a high frequency of diSC8se with another showing
a low level should not be laken to indicate that the high disease
rate area i5 necessarily highly polluted or polluted at all; there are
many causes for discase end many fectars controlling the levels.
It must be remembered also thal disease studies are dealing with the .
more subtle end cf the life scale rather lhan with those areas of
dramotic cr major change which result in massive kills and th~ major
reductionof numbers or the creation of biological deserts. Effeets
on these scales are observable cr determinably by the population
•
- 19 -
scientists; the massive reduction or elimination of important
species will not remain undetected.
The Working'Group also wishes to make the observation that pollution i9
not studied for it5 own sake but rather because it has or rnay have an impact
on the biological cntities or a reduction in the aesthetic value of
an area. These biological effects include 8 reduction o~ elimination of
stocks of aquatic life forms of commercial or recreational value or an
interference with various elements of the food web. An answer to
those concerned with environmenta1 qua1ity i5 that unti1 the underlying
causes of disease are clcarly understood we should use diseascs as an
indicator of pollution with the greatest degree cf caulion. We should
se1ec~ on the basis of first principle~ those features which serve best
the studies of man induced changes as weIl as'tbbee studies concerned with the•
more fundamental aspecls pr diseases and their impacts on populations.
Footnole: The lerm fish is used here interchangeably with lhe term,
invertebrates, finned fish, marine plants etc •
aquatic lire forms, end inclu~esal1 lire forms mammals
•6. Professor Carvalho Varela
.of the Li sbon Veter inar)' u.'h.\II!r~~
prcsented a paper on the hast parosite relationship which provoked an
interesting discussion.
7. Methodology in Pathological research (inoculations, vaccination etc).
A number of participants emphasised the need to standardize techniques in
the study of fish diseases. The suggestion was put forward that Ammomodytes
shou]d be the prime target species in lhe study of disease in relation to
- 20 -
pollution. However for a variety of reasons, such as low 8\ailability
of this species in same areas it was feIt that this would be
impractical. Consequently most people were of the opinion the best
approach is to focus attention on fish species appropriate to a
particu~ar aree.
The need for standardization of parasitological methods was also
suggesled and a scoring system or necrotic index for quantitative
assessing of disease severity in molluscan shellfish was proposed.
In the UK the use of smears and conventlonal histological techniques,
in the diagnosis of Bonamie disease of oysters was compared. Although
both techniques appeared to be equally sensitive in detecting the
disease there were advantages end disedvantages in both techniques.
Besides the more conventional techniques in studying disease it was proposed
that other ways should be considered in a~sessing health and disease
such as serum enzyme levels. However one of the problems associated
with the use of such methods was the lack of avoilable information on the •normal p~rameters in fish.
It was pointed out that disease reports seldom give information on the
intensity or severity of the condition in individual specimens. Disease
~onditions may be regarded as minimal, moderate or marked. Because of this the
Working group suggests that a more uniform approach be given to recording the
quan~ative end qualitative, relotivities of disease and propose to produce
aseries of examples on the common diseases. These would be pul forward
for discussion at the next working qroup meetinq.
- 21 -
B. Surveys and research et see
The working group were informed of 8 proposal to hold 8 see 90in9 workshop
for those involved in carrying out disease surveys in either Hey 1983
or January 1984. The working group strongly support the idee
of holding e see going workshop on board lhe research vessel Anton Dohrn
in January 1984. The objectives would be to bring together scientists
8ctivelY,involved in the field of marine fish disease surveys to discuss
relevant problems. The final aim of the workshop would be to produce
proposals for standardized methodologies which could be followed in,disease
work incorporated into routine stock asscssment surveys end also special
disease surveys.
9. Publicalions
riches The first 10 fiches onppecific disease conditions will be published
shortly end a further 10 will be published later this year. Ten more
fiches are also in preparation end it i5 ~oped to publish these in 1984.
As these fiches are a very concrete example of the v8~ue of the working
group,some disappointment was expressed thal the fiches did not stete
clearly thal they were prepared under the auspices of leES working
graupe Therefore it was proposed thai this shauld be clearly
stated in future fiches.
Index:
Because the fiches had deall with many of the areas to be covered in the
index same members af the working graup feIt thal production of the index
- 22 -
was no longer necessary. However others feIt thal the index would
still have a value end should be produced. following the discussion it
was decided that the index should be produced es a considereble amount
of work had been Blready pulinto this project •. However a number
oj:i~accuracies in the geographical distribution of a·number of.
diseases in the index require correction berore publication.
10. Co-operation ~ilh MPBM W.G.
Dr. Egidius reported on the meeting of the MPBM WG which she end
Dr. Nounou allended this year. Because of attendinglhis_meeling ehe
feIt that the feers expressed by lhe Pathology Working Group 8t
last years meeting about'possible overlap belween the two groups were
unwarranted. The MPBM working group recognised lhe prime
responsibility of the Pathology and Disease WG in the collection and
interpretation of date on fish diseon~but were obviously interested, .
in receiving results ofotpese cruises end the views and comments
of the pathologists on such results.
11~ Miscellaneous: Regislry
The value of national registries of slides end other informationqn .
pathological conditions was recognis~d by the Wo:king Group. Th~ use of
computors in the storing of relevant pathological dataw8s discussed and
details of a number of different sysLema used in different countries
were presented Lo the group. Some of the different systems used are
conteined in appendix 11 of this report. lt WAS decided that an) new
information on computerised systems.of sloring pathologicol information
should be sent ta Dr. Egidius who would report back on this to the
Working Group at next year's meeting.
•I
- 23 -
12. Recommendations:
Arising out of the meeting the working group made a number of recommendations:
1. In spite,of the lCES code of proclice on introductions end transfers both
the Working group on Palhology llnd dis~ages of tiar ine organisms end the
working group on Introductions and transfers are seriously concerned about the
possible spreading of diseose agents.
Whilst acknowledging the early work of the FAD/OIE government consultation
on the control of the spread of major communic8ble ,Fish Diseases, the
establishment of an EIFAC code of practice last ,yenr for fresh water
organisms and the FAD involvement in estoblishing similer codes in
ather regions the working groups still feel it is of the greatest
importance far leES ta Urg~~delCgates, t~e government member~ af
ICES, to take all possi~le stepc ta avoid the spread of disease agents
among all marine organisms:
2. Following the discovery of viruses cIosely related to known fish pathogens
end crustacea,s e.g.1PN-like viruses from oystere and crabs, the
working group recommend the implementalion of studies to investigate the
pathogenic potential of these agents against fish. This potential of
pathagens to spread fram fish ta invertebrates should be sludied
carefully especially where they are farmed in elose proximity.
3. The Working Group on Patholog~ and Oiseases in Marine organisms
will meet in Halifax, Nova Seotia, Canada from 14th to 10th May 1984 with
Professor C. Haurin es Chairman. Ta eonlinue their work they should: co11ect
n~w information on disease status in nalural stocks and aquaculture, consider
experimentalstudies (Inoculation, vaccination ete.) hold a workshop on the,t
_ ?lJ. -
preparation end identification of disease agents (photographic slides,' leble etc.)
consider the effects of pollution on disease; the qualitative effects of
dssease on fish heal thj the quontitot.i ve effects of disease on fish stocks
end results of new aurveys.
15. Acknowledgements:
The working group chairman thnnked the Oirector of the National Fisheries
Institute, Commander Atoide for hosting the meeting end for the
warm hospitality extended to the working group members. Professor Maurin
also thanked Dr. Menezes for all his work end effort in ensuring lhe success
of the meeting.
,
•
•
APPENDIX I
•
Slide inlercalibralion workshop - slides and lransparencles examined
Slides and transpareneies of Bonamia disease relating to the disease
situation in England.
Slides end ·transparencies of fish from Liverpool Bay, England (Dab,
plaice, whiting, cod, solS etc.)
Slides relating to research in Dab Iivers
Mycobacteriosis of fish.
Slides of Bonamia for comparison with slides form other European countries.
Slides show haemolcylicinfiltration and intrace)lular parasite
Marteilia refringens in cockles and musseIs
Parasitic multicellul~r for~3 in digzstive tract identical to those
observed in ostrea eduiia.
Skin nodules from dab (Limanda lima rida">. Slides show histocytic
nodules. with presence of fungi (82-100 19).
Nodules in Iiver, heart and digestive tract of Meckerel (Scomber
scombrus). Slides show helminth infection with granulomatous
reaetlon to eggs?
Skin tumour of the skin of cheek in a cod (gadus morhua). Slides show
infiltrative sarcomatoid lesions. Probablyon achromie melanotic
tumour, .
Li ver tumour from flounder (PlatiChth1jS flesus). Slides show vascular
proliferation. Haemangiopericytoma? (82-100 2S).
...
- 26 -
Eye tumour from flounder (Platichth~sflesu9). Angiome of the choroid?
(82-100 42).
Pseudobranch tumoUf from Cod. German Bight. July 1979. Bilateral
swellings. from the region of the pseudobranch.
Epidermal papilloma from Dab (Limanda Iimende). Germen Bight July 1980.
Hacroscopic examination showed white opaque swellings of the
~pidermis from '-20mm in diameter. Associated with dumping of T,02 waste.
eWhitish swellings on the fin~ of deb (Limanda limenda) Dogger Bank 1979
Slide shows inflammation of connective tissue. Possibly protozoan
infection.
Kudoe infestation of mackerel (Seamber seombrus). SIide shows presence
of spores in museie. Huscle shows extensive liquifaetion.
•rungal infection of museie of eod (Gadus morhua). Maeroscopically dark
brown _ black areas seen throughout muscle. Siides shown presence of
fungal hyphae, muscle necrosis end granulomatous reaetion.
Triehodina infestation of gil1s of rainbow traut. Slides shows
hyperplasla of gill lamellae and presence of parasite between adjacent
gi11 seeondary lamellae.
Unidentified amoeboid parasite of the gi11s of rainbow traut. Silde
shows hyperplasie end fusion of secondary gil1 lamella
.., .
Seetions of nodules oblained during the Thalassa eruise
Seetions of nodules from a natural eBse of BKD in reinbow trout
Seetions of nodules obtained from experimental anligen inoeulalion
Photographs end sections of papules from the sunmer disease of rainbow
trout in Brittany
Seetions of Panslealis and pancreatic necrosis in rainbow trout
Slides end photographs of the indirect fluorescent antibody test for
detection of Aerococcus viridens
Slides demonstraling use of the indirect fluoreseenl antibody lechnique
for detection of Aerococcus viridens ver Homeri.
Slides of Denimsn island disease in oysters from the USA
• "
"
"
"
crustacean viral diseases from the USA
various fish diseases frorn lhe USA
•
APPENDIX I'
•
rrullce
PROPOSITIONS CONCERNANT L'ELABORATION O'UNE
BANQUE OE DONNEES SUR
. LA PATlIOLOGIE DES ANIMAUX AQUATIQUES
OBJECTIF========
I1 s'agit de centraliser. pour cn assurer In disponibilite, acs
informations et matericls concernant des cns pathologiques observes chez
les Animeux Aquatiques.
Un effort particulier serait fait pour reunir autour de cheque cas
des precisions concernant l'nnimal examine (biometrie, hematologie, symp
tarnes, lesions, etc ••• ) et par ailleurs les donnees concernant le groupe
dont l'individu est iSBU (epidemiologie, resultats therapeutiques. etc ••• ).
Rcposant sur une observation conceete assez precise. chaque ces
presente ppporterait plus que le oeul materiel histopathologique habituelle
mcnt propose.dans les registreo. 11 ne se sUbstituerait pas a une description. . .
merne sommairc, d'une malodie deju referenclee (type index ou fiches CIEM) ,
n'cn il1ustrant DU mieux qu'un aspect particulier. 11 pourrait, par contre,
apporter les elements d'une situation pathologique non encorc pUbliee •.I
PRATIQUE DU FONCTIONNEMENT
- Chaque chcrch~ur d6sirant npporter les cl~ments d'un·cas patho
logique. rempllt le formulaire ~d hoc pour y consigner le m~ximum de rensei
gnements conccrnant le cas, et preciser le materiel disponible. Le formulaire
est adresse cu Laboratoire ccntralisateur, ains1, ~ventuel1ementt que le
materie1 "d'illu~tration" (photoa, lames histo-pathologiques, souches micro
blenn~s, parasites, etc ••• ), si le lnborato1re d'or1g1ne le souha1te.
entrees
- 2 -"
_ Le laboratoire c~ntralisateur etsblit un catalögue ä plusieurs
.. .
• cas numerotcs arbitrairement, avec description succinte
Espece, environnement
Importance dans la population
Geographie
Diagnostic
Materiel disponible.
• Espece
• Type de pathologie (infectieuse,; n~tritionnelle, etc ••• ).
,
'. "
- Les demandes d'information et de pret de materiel sonte adresser
au 1aboratoire centralisateur qui degage 1a fiche de renseignements corres
pondante.
• 'Si le materifl complementaire est conserve par le laboratoire
centralisateur, l'ensemble fiche et materiel est directement
expedle au demandeur.
• Dans le cas contraire. 19 fiche est adressee au laboratoire
d'origine, avec le double de la demande. Le laboratoire d'origine
expcdie au demandeur l'ensemble fiche et materiel complementaire •
•"' ,
~ L.N.P.A.A.~ qui diBpOSC da moycns informatiB~8# propoee de scrvir au
dtpart-de t~boratoi~c oentralisateur.
r\i'~'BAN;JUE OE lX:NNEfS SUR I.A PATHOLO:iIE D.ES A.~UX 1lQtlt4'IQUES
1 - Classement par numero dtordre ';;"p.:
2 - RepertoIre par espece - p.
3 - Repertoire par type de pathologie - p.
tide presentatiOn". ~ ....
. 6
e.
•
J - CLASSF..MENT PAR NUMERO DI ORDRE
90 001 - Sa"Lmo gairdne2>1, - Elevage marin
nix pour cent dela population atteinte pendant l'ete.Rade de Brest
PanfJtt~atite (?)
Section de caeca pyloriques}.avec pancreas et graisse
peripancreatique (1 tame)"
90 002 - SaÜ110 gail'dneri -. Elevage marin
50% de ls·populstion estivale
Brest, sortie de rade (camaret)
Papules cutanees
Macroscopie : J photo
Microscopie : ~ aßction de 1a lesion cuta~e
90 003 - Ostrea edu~iB -
lmp~ct~dans In populatio~ ineonnu
R.c'lde da Breat
Parasitose a Minohinia arn10Picana1 lame : infiltration par plssmqdes multinuclee, +
20 photos (microscopic)
,
90 004 -. Osu-ea eduZis
150 cas collectcG en , ans
Bretagne Nord
Hemocytosarcome da type hyalin
Proliferation da ceUules Mmocytaires
+ materiel d'inclusion + photos
..
atypiques 3 lamcs
I ~.
! 1
,2°- REPERTOIRE PAR ESPECE
..
Ostretl edulis •. 90 003, 90 004
. SaZmo gairdneri: 90 OOJ f 90 002
3 - REPERTOIRE PAR T'lPE DE MALADIE
- Maladies d'origine virale
- Maladies d'origin~ bactirienne
- Maladies parasitaires
90003
- Maladies tumorale.
90 004
- Maladies d'origine inditermin'e
90 001, 90 002
•
•
.'
DhNQu·..~nE. DOUNEFS SUfi LA PhTllOLOOIE DES hNlHhUX hQUhTIQUES
11'[CIIJ~ m~ nENSEIGNE~IENfS]
1 - IDENTlTE·- ßIOHhiRIEN° definiti.f:~.. Date ~xamcn (jour mois annc~)~]
Groupe. : m:lmmlrere, reptile, poisson, crustace '. mol~sque J autre ·u* 0 i •
~boratoire d'origine* (en clair) : n.N.p.A.A. E:J *N· du cas 3U laboratoirc cl 'origine : 11~
.~ ·SALMO.". Esp,cce: GAffiDli'ERI CO *Animal p'rClcvcvivp'ntiH}.: ag~ique - non agonique
Animal p'rCleve moft* : etat de conservation : bon- t'loyen- rnauvnis
OridnciHf sartvage - d' elev~ge'.
Poids (en g) :
Longucur :(a In fourche pour poissonsl (en mm)
roids du foie ou hep,:ltop,ancreas (cn cg) :
roids de Ja rate (cn eg) :
reids des gonades (en eg)
lndice de condition (pour les Hol.lusqucs, .selon UALNE)
.~:. Male .•faturite: 1
Parr ou smol t·:~* t pour lcs :Salmonidcs) ,
Agc** mo{ns dc 2 mois (en jours)d~2 mois a 1 an, (en mois)d'l an et plus (en annees): 1 an +
2 -ENVIRO~~~ffiNT - EPIDEMIOLOGIE - SYMPTOMATOLOGIE
.~
• Qualite de l'eau~ Duretc:ITJ Salinite:{pour mille) I!JIJ':Oxygc-ne (dixÜ~me de ppm): ITJ pli (cn dixiCme): rn
Ammoni~quc .~cn 1/100 ppm d'N~: ~ ...
Nitrite (en 1/100 ppm d'N): ..~Tcmpcraturc (au dixicme dc dcgre): {J[!I!]
Existcncc d'unc pollution (en clair) :
Evnluation du norobre d'nnimnux c~ncernes lot rnal..de 294
Hortnlite jcmrnnl1cl'c (cn nombre)
Hortalitc dcp.uis : (cn jours)
Hortnli tc cumulCc :
4
GO r
SSG
..
Hanipulations effcctuces~ cn relation avcc ln p.thologic obscrvcctr<lnsport, tri.' tr<lltemcllt •. ctc... : (cn clnir). Prcciscr le tcmp~
par rarport mtx premiers symptomes obscrvcs·. .
RAS
3 - EXAHI':N - AUTOPSIE, ANATOHIE PATIIOLOOTQUE
J';stoma'c'~*"'; plcin"dc matiCl~c - dc 'liquide - mi-plei~ vidcIntc:<otiniHl- . plein de mat.icre - de liquide - mi-pleirl - vidc
, ·Cou) CIlt' du fl.'i!:. (cn clair): " dc In bHc (en clair) :Grnisse mcsentcriquc*':l- : cnorD!'cmcnt ..: bCofuCOUP ,,~,moYahnement - pe<t
- pas du tout - ' ",Aspcct general (rnaigrcur, ctc ... ) : Extreme maigrteur
. . . ..Observntions macroscopigucs .': ensemble des lesions', observces
,(si photos, preciser ce qu'elles conccrnent et lcur nombre)(ex. : cavite nbdominalc con~cstivo-hemorragique : 2 ph) .,
L4g~re congeotion intestinaleqpacit~ de Za vcssic natatoire
}'"
Observati~ns microscor.i~~cs : en"sembie des lesions observces(si ~lotoS ou larnes, preciser'ce qu'cllcs concernent ct leur'nombre)(ex. : Nccrosc dc l'epithclium branchial ,: 1 ph, 2 lames) .
Pancr~ao : infiltrat d cct..tul6s mononucZd4~s ,J~,~~) ,'.Absence de gZycog~ne Mpatiquc (f!!S n4gqtif) • " ' • '.Branchies ·,t~G congcati..vc8 : N~"rooe de 1. 'q,1,tMhum lamet:la1,re l1.t.~~~.•
Observations ultra microscopigues •Histochimie , .
4 - IIEMA~LOGIE - ßlocnIHIE SAh'Gunm ET TISSULAIRE : (t~us resultats ~v~nl~;ls). Val.eurs plaomatiquco : Pt : 16 ; eh : 4 ; PO.: 378; CL. ;,
. Al : 17 % ; "02" : 25 % '.
5 - SEnOLOOIE - PATlIOOENES
SEROLOOIE : Hcthode, antigene) resultat(cx.:Seroa~glutination,Vibrio type r - 128).
·b • t 1 lL' C;' ·b" - 2 mois apr~s vaccination).S~roaggl.utination. Vt. r1-0 ype : U J a1, ,f,(J,
• .' I ,~.,'........•• ".,":'.f •• .......
PATIJOOEt\ES Prcdser ·1 'organe Do~ner une notion : beaucoup - peu Si ·la· souche o~ le parasite est disponible. indiquer M(ex •. :" Estomac - Ascaris sp. - beaucoup - M)
Aucun pathogb1e.,
Essai de transmission' cxpcrimcntalc'et rCS\ll~
6 - ESSAIS nIF:MPEUTIQUES - ET RESULTATS (cn clair)
•
1 - DIhGNOSTIC RIITENU OU IIYPOTIIESE (cn clair)
Stlatite, maZadie nutritionnoZZ.e ?
8 - RF.FJ~mmCI~ ESSENTIELLES (2 ou 3 maximum)ROEERTS R.,J., RIClIARDS R.ll., BULLOCX·Jf,.M.. J. ~8h Dioeaeeoi ! (2) : 85-92
** Rnycr l~s mcntions inutilcs
_ Banoteatitis in RGi~ traut •••(19'19) •
DANQUE DE DONNl::I~ SUR LA PATIIOLOOIE DFS MUHAUX AQUATIQUES
I ErCIll~ 1l1~ nENSEIGNl~IENTS J
1 - IDENTITE - DIOHETRIE
N° dcfinitif~~ Date r-xnmen (jour mois annee)~ *Groupe :'mammtfcrc; rC'pillc", poisson, crusiace, llto1iIu~quc, ,'autre 'IB~ 0 *Laboratoirc 'cl 'originc* (cn clair) : Facu'Ltd ~ i14dscino - Anatomo/ 0 *
- Patholorrz,B - BREST (Francs).N· du ens an laboratoirc dtorigine : '1'/ 101:ilIIJ]
~ : OSTREA .&H1eee: EDULIS m *, Animal p'rclcvc vjYilnt** : a'go.dique - non agonique
Anima} prCIevc Moft* : etat clc conscrvation : bon- moyen- mauvais
Originc'~*' : saulagc - d' cSlevagc
Licu geographique (cn c1air) :CarunfC07BretagniiNoro)
roids (en g) ;
Longucur :(n 1a fourchc pour po~ssonsl (en mm)
roids du foie on hC'P.ntop,ancrca.s (cn cg) :
roids dc la rat~ (cn cg) ~
roids des gonndc5 (cn ~g)
Indice dc cotldition (pour les Hollusques, selon WALNE)
Sexc : Haturite
Par,. ou smolt** (pour lcs :Salmonidcs) :
Agc'}* : moirts dc 2 mois (cn jc~r~)de i mois a 1 an (CD mois)
-: d'1 an ct 'plus (cn armees): 3 ans
2 -ENVIRONNEHENT - EPIDEMIOLOGIE - SYHPTOHhTOLOGIE
• Qualite dc l' cau: Duretc:m Salinite: (pour mille) mOxygcnc (dblCrnc de ppm): m 1'11 (en dixiCme): m·
. Ammoniaque (co ,1/100 ppm cl IN): ITrIJ ...Nitrite (cn 1/100 ppm d IN) : CII:DTcmpcrnture (au dixiCrac de degre): ITTI
Existencc d1unc pollution (cn clair) :
Eva lnation du nombrc d' ilni rnamc cOllccrncs .. lot malade
obscrvcelc temps
]
150 aas coUectos sn ? ano par 1.elaboratoiro •.:rncidenoo <1 %. Augmentation en automne '
HOl·taHt{~ c\lmt11~c :
Hanipulntions effcctuccs " en relation avec la pathologietransport. tri. trai tcmcnt ~ ctc.. . : (cn clair). Prcciscrrar rapport .mx premiers SyniptOClCS obscrvcs·.
~fortali tc journn] Ure (cu Hombre)
Hortalitc d.sP'ui~ : (eil jours)
.§Y..!llp.tom('~ (sauf lcsiolls) den chir). , . ",
3 - EXI\HEN - AUTOPSII~, hUATOHIß pl\TIror.,{XHQUE
Estomacn* : plein de m..ltiCre - de liquide - mi-plein ,- videIntestin{~':< . plein de matiCre - de liquide - mi-plein - vidc
.Co'llcur du foi~ (en clair) : dc In bile. (en clair)Graisse mcsentcdque*-:l" : enormement ..; beaucoup - moyenncment - peu
- pas du tout -.Aspect gencral.(maigrcur, ctc ... ) :
Observations macroscopigues : ensemble des lesions observees :. (si- photos, prcciscr ce qu'ellcs concernent ct leur nombre)
(ex. : cavitc abdominale congestivo-hcmorragique : 2 ph)
RAS
Observations microscop'i~ues ; ensemble des lesions observees(si ~10toS ou lamcs, prcciscr ce qU'elles concerncnt et leur norobre)(ex,· ; Necrose de l'cpithclium branchial ; 1 ph, 2 lames)
ProlifJration da cellules h6mo~Jtairos atypiqucs -da type hya~n aveatinfiZtration intol'stitiell-e des. vaisscaw:, deo branchieo, des gon os. 3 ameB +mat4riel d'i110!usion + p~tOgraphi08.
Observations ultra nicroscopigur.s :~Id(Jntification deo atypies 71uc1,6airGB (mcmbl~anes).
lIistochimic
.'
4 - HEHATOLOGIE - DIOCIIIHIE SM;'GUINE ET TISSULAlRE (tous resultats evcntucls)
5 - SEROLOGIE - PATHOGENES
SEROUXHE : Hethodc. antigene, result~t
(ex.:Seroagglutination, Vibrio ~ype I - 128).
PATIIOGEN~~ Preciscr l'organe Donner une notion : beaucoup - peu Si 1a· souche ou le parasite est disponible. indiquer }{(ex. : Estomac - Ascaris sp. - beaucoup - M)
Paß de parasitee visiblen. . ,J
Essai de tl':msmission ~xpcrir.lentnle et resvltats
6 - ESSAIS TIIJmAPEUTIQUES - ET RESULTATS (cn clair).
7 - DIAGNOSTIC ruITENU OU IlVPOnlESS (cn clair)
H~mo(,."Yto(Ja;rtaome
8 - REFER~NCES f~SENTIELLI~ (2 ou 3 ~aximum)
Haliotio (1978) - 9 (1) : 99-102.
M' R.'\YCI· les mcntions inutilcs
..
•
..Jl
'..'
....'"•
Canada
. ..... ,:.;
" . :
........' ...
Fish Health Unit - Maritimes RegionFisheries and Environmental Sciences Dlv.Government of CanadaDept. of Fishories and OccansBox 550, Halifax, N.S. B3J 2S7
','. ~ , .: . ',' ".:
Please f111 in availabfo information. 00 NOT USE SHADED AREAS. Please prlnt clcarly. Return completed form toabove address. ' .
1 8 11
'Case Number~ Reforence Numbor G~E]~ Date Collectcd'~11 27 0 . M y
~ :..-.. Age· ~. .Specles·~, ~ _~4 ~
Wild or Culture' Gil General ArealProvlnce'~• ~1
Specific Sampling Site' ~lliJ
-~------'-. ~'Contributor"~
Mailing Address _______________________ Phone Number _
--------------_.-~---15
Reason for Examination' [iJ7~
PrlmBry Diagnosis l3JiIZJ7'
Water Supply' IEJ
1M
_. .Percent Mortality/Affectod~ %
Fecd Application • dB _(pertent of body weight per day)
Water Dats:~ 83 M
Tcmperature~ C Dlssolved 0..~ ppm , __ pH~~ 9.
,nlty ~. ppt Hardness IEd~En mg CaCO:/litro
Feed Osts
6iet" ä, 91
Feeding Rate~ %: 99
Total Stock Size~
J3ehavlor (plaase provido information on behavlor of 'hcalthy' and 'aillng' animals)t
. Remarks (plesso provide anyadditlonallnformation you feel is pertinent to this CDse -:- uso reverse side if necessary) ..
al 1100
• >f.... \ •••••.:" .
. -
Case Number _ Date Examlned _
Observations Sub Sampie #1 Sub Sampie #2 Sub Sampie #3
110
Health Status -0 _11\.40 _ 2'"D_· _
111
Sllmple slzo-0:0 _1&5
Sampie slzo 0:0 _210
Sampie Size 0:0 _
Blood
. : 114
Homatocritl:IIJ% _. 117
R.B:d.:o:rJ X10" _120 .
Hemoglobln CI] g/100mt __
,63
Hematocrit IT1J%----111
R.B.C IT1Jx 10" _174
Hemoglobln[I] 9/100ml__
222 . ":
Hematocrlt IT1J%---225
R:B.c;IT1J X10& _228
HemOgloblnaJ g/100ml._
'"Blood Smesr 0:1 ...,.-__~---
[d'_''_"_' ' _1280:1 _
158CD _",1)CD _lULD _
128 "Qo 0:1__131 '132o D:J _
"~;" 134 ,,~ .... 135O······'··(::·,·;··CO__
131 133o CD__140 14'o ITJ__
Organ Disoase Sign143 ,.40 __1Il__148 141o [0__14g ISOo CD _152 153o CD__,55' 'ISOo CD__
.'30
0:1232
0:1'34 •OJOrgan Disease Sign238 231
0 CD23~ 240
D CIJ:142, .' 243
0' 0:1,245 1248'
D [TI24$ '249'
0 [TI
Organ DiseaseSI.251 252 ..
0 CD254 255
,
0 CD251 253
0 CD260 281
0 ITJ 'l
:83· 264
0 CD'86
CD2M
CD27D
CD
Oisease Sign
212CD _rn _"8CD _
Organ
0 m _m 201o ITJ _203 :104o CD_.'Oll 207o [1]_.. __2011 210o CD__
Organ Disease Sign'82 183D__ ITJ _185 188o [0__188- 10;.
D'" 'CO__101 192'o CD__104 ,lOSo CD _
176
CD. 178 c-' _
CD --.-;.._180[0 _
Discsse SignOrgan
.'".
InternatDisease
Signs
Behavior
ExternatOlsease: Signs
,' .... . ..._~.-- .. ' I .
DIAGNOSES272 275
1. IID----------------------- -IID% affected279 231
2. IID----------- --<IID%2M 2~
3.1ID IID% ..290 293
4.' CD:L- 0:::0% "296 :IiIQ
s.1ID IID% ":102
6. LD:.L-.-------------------.-----3Q5
7. c:r::D.-- _308
8. IID _311
9. IID'--- _314
1w:m.~---------
TREATMENTS
Treatments Route317
1. 0--'-------3212.Di . _3253.0- _
WORK DONE
Treatment:\16
ITJ------------321
D:L--------321\ITL. .
Success3:l0
0----_324DL... _326DL... _
319
SerologyD333
Parisitology D337
• Vivo.O3.'
Photography 0
REMARKS
3:10
Culture 0:134
Hlstology 03:ui
Vitra 03-'"
Biochemistry 0
331
Bacterlology 033~
Hematology 03]9
AgencyD343
OtherO'-- _
332
Virology 0336
E.M.D~o
Mlcroscopy 0
""":'?""'~•...
\·....."...,.. .
,..OSAicf. No. ,2 Special D~~ease Meeting lCES, Copenhagen, 1980.
I
Figurc 1. Denor submission record used by' thc Rcgistry of Harine Pathology.
Registry ·of f·'arine Pathology .Donor's Submission Rccord
Date:
Donor and Title:
Address:
Disease:: ;
Pathogen or Parasitc:
Host (Generic and Common):
Form of Submission:Tissue:Preparation Date:Donorts Code:
Stain:
Description nnd Comments:
•Principal Citation(s):
:
:.,
..: .... ":. :. "
, ~" .
Figurc 2.
ROHP No. :
Format for entcringuscd by thc
inform.tion in c.t.loguc of ~icroS:i~c 'Cc.SSion~Registry of 1-farinc rathology. \.
...
Anima1:
Place/Date of Collect(on:
Disease: ------_._--------------Etiology:
Leslon:
Donor: ----------_-:.-._------Stain (s) :
Accession Date:
.'
•C~
Figure 3. Format of abstracts contained in thc biblionrnphy of North Amcricanmarine fish and shcIlfish. •
ACCESSIO~ NUMBER 2356AU11lOR :NC CAIN. B.B. l-t.S. HYERS 1'1'.0. GRONLUNDTITLE :TIlE FREQUENCY. DISTRIBlITIO~, AND PATHOLOGY OF THREE OISEASES OF
DEl>lERSAL FISHES IN TUE ßERING SEAJOUR.~AL :J- FISII BIOL 12(4) :267-276 (1978)HOST SPECIES:LEPIDOPSEITA BILINEATA LlH-\NDA ASPERA GADUS HACROCEPHALUSPATHOGEN :VIRUS UNKNOh'NPREVALENCE :DISCUSSEDPATlIOLOGY :EPIDERNAL PAPILLQr.fAS AND n.r.-tORS LYNPHOCYSTISHOST HABITAT:BERING SEA. ALTYPE STUDY ~FIELDKEY \mRDS :AL; NEOPLASr.li LYHPHOCYSTIS; SOLE; PI.EURONECTIFOR1-IES; COD;
OSTEICHTHYES; GADIFOJU.lES; ULTRASTRUCTURE; CYTOLOGV; VIRUS
.,.-I
Norway
11l/1ll endeA: se}J!)E~
Sykdocslaboratoriet,Havforskningsinstltuttet,C. Sundtsgate 37..5000 Bergen
P.rep.nr.:
0.
111~IOLOGISK UNDERSfJKELSE
Species:
\ bGVii ~I U'tTlotJEv. identifikasjon:AfO e; se", ,Alder: Kj~nn:
'Ne:I~kr UiHJIOThVekt:" Lcngde:
..
/191
..
c.OIJ~lno""
Kondisjon:._----------------------------~--~--------------------------------------------------------_.o.ll:. t-I R..i\<:.E Thl'\ VJ L. 5 TA"llctJFestste"'/Trälstasjon:
CA.Tc.'"' DATe:,Fangst.dato:
\VATen. ,eH?'Vanntemperötur:
OT\o\en. INF:ol2.H. Q..) \lJAtTel1..lUldre op?l. om vannet: ,
':AD.t1I~C>
Oppdrett .
rl'lG.e- Lh.Jl""c.,Frittlevende
!:.E.:,", wAreQ..Saltvann "
l=Q.f:~Ii W,,"Te 12.Fersk.....ann.
o
c
c
c
=F\ >(ArTIc,,",Fiksert i:
c6rt. sykehistorie, funn 09 evt. diagnose:~\-tOl'2.T Cf\-Soe tt\ ::>TOn.y I F tI'JDING>~ At UD
~V. DI~blJOS.I..!.
l'~.ialet bestar av:
PlioroFoto/Dia? c
"'~eA.1l1 elJl eGFOCl e (-1)(,,\ TlolJ \c'iC'J:>
Behnndl. f~r fiksering: Iset.,' c"i'f10tl1';",f:.rosset Pf~~~tt 0
[:)A,T~Dato:Kl. :no..>R-
DEI\D (~Te)D~d (dato):
Kl. :1to,",-i'l.
-{ u-l;=lCi;e-c:;-rrJ -ß'f-L-P;\ßÖ~-~=row. -:- ~~'-:,-J --- ---- ------ --------;i;"l:;;w-ij}·-;:.-------- ---------------~ 6yUC'Ä' .' ',' Pr~.?arat mot:ta'tt::
1 ,
Suprarenal glandcortex -U":- ÖC)32-}.::::--t------------
T - 93narrow • N - OO}}.-.Ao~cIidi-x------Ll.l~"'-....".,=--------1 N - 002.3. ---+~'l'~-~6:-:6::--------
i Cu'i-tilaae N - 003~__t--==-T~-__:1'_::'iE_------- 1 fin N - 0026 Y - 8r.. hr1 ....m in;'\1 e f in N - 002{;:·)---I:-o?-:y-_-..:::-Q-------
SNOPl-----:---------------i------·..----t---""'--...;....;;:;..-:-------Bone tissue
Anus/Cloacca N - 001 f T - 6Q...··x N - 0004 T - 601\n~1 Finr::.::ll1-blnn-1pGil1-1cimellil
N - (");:>"')..
N - 0010 T - 2Z --
Pancreas
Pseudobranch
T - ?1
T - 62
T - OZT - 59
T - (h·S? I T - 78
T - 63
T - 3?
T - 71
'1' - ')2 ( T - I)'t )
T - ')6 .~
'T - 07
N - oooe;N - 002'1
N - OO??
N - 00le
N - 0017N - 0011tJ - ooo~
N - 0029
N - 0006,N - 0007 lN - 0008 JN - OOO<}.
N - OOV;
N -. 0016N - 0001
-·N - 0028testen)
fincranialmiddlecaudal(Entestine)
MuscleNose
Stomac
SpleenStomac
Pro'nephros
OesophagusKidney (Mesonephros)
Skin
I Liver~.::l"n.::l'
I Brain
· (' ilnm
!Lios (+ teeth)
· Heart
i Cloacea/Anun _
· Gonade (ovarv.
Transversal. sepcumhii,r~-::::-::-:::------=--------------ongue
Dorsal f~n
La ter al. l.~ne
'feeth (+ ~1ps)
T - 64
N - 0021 T - 98 "N - 0001 T - Sq ( T - 52 )
N - 0021~
N - 0010,N i..- 0011 LN - 0012N - 0013N - DOll!N - 001')
N - n
N - 0027
N - 00~ 5.:--_--t_-:1;:-'_-~2~9~(--P...;;;1..;;;e...:;;u;.;.l".-;a:.....):.--N - 0002 T - ~~
.
.> <.l.uJ.m<.l.J.
Entestine. 1 .23456
Svlimbladder
'rhymus
::>ect.l.on,
N - 00-;6
, ,
h.~·i! ru" Fa;:: ri!:.D1SII~S·. BIOLOGI._-I~,lV=RSITE1ET I TROl1S0
t'.OF.rOLOCISK SEICSJOIJ EisPb. 97~, 9001 Tromsc
i
IHISTOLOGISK UHDERSDKELSE***********~************
h' b3I
Prep.:lr.: P02~191/ 31
I :t . ...Species:. ttakrell
Ev. 1dentifik~sjon: E 492
,------......;...----------,
lil;:~~;;;;~~~oratets~:vforskn.;nst.C. Sundtsgt.\ 315011 BERGEjJ-iIORO:lf.S :
Alder:
Vekt:
Kj~nn:
r..engde
(22)
Sf::.iv tJjdeU.g ~ b!W.ll .t>luuvema.bIU.J'l Kondisjon:
~~:::~:~~~:~~::::;:~:----------------_.~--------:::~::::--------:---------------~---------
R~~angstdcto: F.rittlevende ~
~~e oppl. om vannet:t,:ort s:,.'kehistorie, funn og evt. diagnose:
Saltvar.n
Ferskvann
Foto/Dia?·
(]
Behandl. f~r fikscring: Iset (] tFrosset 0 OSFersk 0
4It~~~ialet bestar av:
()p 024/81 - P )20/01 b1e mottatt sanmen.
:lyre med hv;te klumper.
Fiksert i:
. ;~o1tra1 forma 1in
DtJd (dato):Klo:
Dato:Kl. :
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------_.---Preparat mott.att.: 30·0"1_ ß4
S"","ar :
Makroskopisk;beskrive1se:;Det b1 e rllotta h en vevsfi it ~ C C::l 1ö r,g t r.!co ~. 2,5c.n,5 hvltaktige or.1ri.uer p:' hel e biter.. Disse f:l~...Al\Jp:~~er ikke klart av~;n:n~et mot {jet el1ers 7'1......... 1':""1f1 Imorkbrun-svarte vev. ~2B1.-t1 . . -I' 1~\hYil
;"OlB-ß -81
-.
. ( -2- )
Mikroskopisk beskrivelse:
Det ses 'nyrevev med rneget grove patol~iske forandringer.
lleH~ organet er tett gjennomvokst av granulomatose dannelser. Oet som er igjenav nyrevevct er l':1es t lyrafoi d vev. Uel an; npi ~ment er hel t forsvunnet fra nyrevevet09 liggcr kun inne i noen av granulD~ene. Disse finnes i alle storrelser ogstadier. enuä fyl1t med celler. til -ful1stendig nekrotisert. Til lIels med ,kaikavleiringer. Ved en del (de mindre sterkt nekrotiserte) finnes epite10ideceller. Kjer:lpecel1er kan heller ikke her pAvises. Ziehl-Uielsen farging .·vistetal1rike syrefaste staver. .
.Diagnose:
Granu1omatos infla~wasjon for~rsaket aV.mYkobakterier.
7-":/AOO I M-lftiOO ! G" - A?-SO, .
Tromsc, 23. september 1931
/~.1?t/t'ZJ7-//t? Il~Rosem~rie Braun-Nesje .' .
, .
•f
•
• 't ,
•• f. '-" •• ,'::1-- ..... ,0.,,0.
"' ...~. .. "'. ' .. ..... "'·'0 .'. ' .
.:: , .."::""',,,, ..
[lIOlOGY -IlUI~fRICAL (continued)
1680
16ft 1
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
e
•
1690
1691
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1710
1711
1720
1721
1730
1731
1732
IG8 - fit rcptococ'cus
Strel'tococcus, !\OSStieptococcuS pyoccn~~
StreptococCllS, beLn hernol ytic,·,,,Streptoc~ccus Group A
Streptococcus viridansStreptococcus foccalis
EnlerococcusStrcrtococcus Group D
Streptococcus lactisStrcptococc~s Group N
Streptococcus MGStrcptococcus, anaeroLic
Microaerophilic streptococcusPeptostreptococcus
169 - tactobacill us
LactobacillusLactobacillus acidophilus
Doderlein's bacillusßoas-Oppler bacillus
170 - Co rynebac te r i um
Corynehacteri umCoryneLncterium diphtheriae
Oiphtlleria had llusKlehs-Loeffler bacillus
Di phtheroi ds, NOSDiphthcroids, annerobicDiphtheroids, aerobic
111 -Listeria
ListcriaListeria monocytogenes
ßacteria monocytogenes
172 - Er~'sfpclothrix
Erysipclotlarix, NOSErysipelothrix insidiosa
Erys'ipelothrix rhusiopathiae
173 -nacillus
DDci 11 us, NOSDacillus nnthracis
Anthrax bacillusßacillus suLtilis
J 741
174 2
J743
1744
1'7 ~o
lH 1
17~2
J7~3
1754
1755
1'760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1710
1771
1772
1773
17741775
Clostridium seplicumVibrion septiquc
Clostridium Lotulinumßacillus Lotulinus
Clostridi~m perfringensClostridium welcltiiWelch La ci 11,u s
Clostridium tetaniTetanus bacillus
175 - M)'cobnctcrium '
~'ycoL8cterium, r\OSAcid-fast bacillus
Mycobaetcrium tuberculosisTuLercle bacillus, humanKoth 's Laci 11 us
~ycoba~terium bovisTubereIe bacillus, bovine
Mycöbnctcri um Q'vi umTubercle bacillus,avian
Myeobaeterium piratuberculosis. Johnc's bacillus
MycoLncteri um j olanei, ,Mycohactcrium leprae
lInnscn's Lacillus'Leprosy bacillus
17G -Ml'cobacterium, Atl'pfclli
MycoLacterium, atypicalAnonymous mycohacterium
Mycohnctcrium, plaotochromogenic~tycobQctcrium luciIlavum' '....
Mycobaeterium kansasiiMycobacterium, scotochromogenicMycoLnc ted um, nonphotoehromo-
genieMycobneterium, ßattey typeMyeoLacterium, rapid growersMycoLncterium fortuitum
177 -Nocardia
Nocardin, NOSNocnrdia asteroidesNoeardia maduraeNocardia pelletieri
Strcptomyccs pelletieriNocardin LrasilicnsisNocardia tenuis
174 -Clostridium
1740 Clostridium, NOS
1716 Nocardia minutissima
-129 -
•• _ •• I
.... --: :~~ .' ". '.\.," ....
..',- ,:' .. ' .... :.:., .. : .....:: ........ ' :', i .... .... ': ':.... ' ' .. ' ' ... ',
111 ,,,; 11
, .
ETIOlOGY-HUMERICAL (contlnued)
179 Myxobacteria
1780
1781
1"182
1810
1811
1812
1820
1821
1822
1823
178 -Actlnomyccs
Actinomyces, ~OS
Actinomyces bovisActinomyces israelii
18 - SPIHOCHETALES
181 - Borrel ia
Borrel ia t NOSBorrelia recurrentisBorrelia vincentii
182 - Treponcma
Treponema, NOSTreponema pallidum
Spirochaeta pallidaTreponema pertenueTreponema carateum
1790
1791
Flnxibacter (Cytophaga)
Cytophaga prychroph11ia
183 _Lcptospira
1830 Leptospiro.1831 Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae
19 - MYCOPLASMATALES
1940
194 - Mycopl asma
MycoplasmaPleuropneumonia-like organism
-130 -
GROUPS: Ol- TRAVAll "PAn~ULOGIF. cf tv1AlAUIF~ OF~
ORGANIS4ES MARINS"PATImWGY ANO OISF.ASF.~ IN MARINES ORGANIS~S"
\'lORK I NG GROUP
lIste des partlctpantsAttendees lIst
"
dar. Unlversltfit V-Iol
~llomaone (R6puhllq~Q f~d~role ~t)
Dr H. t·'lOLlEI~
Institut fUr l1eoreskundeOUsterbrookor Weg 200.2300 KIEL
F'soaano
r.4. TORR!:.InstltutoAlcala 27MADR rn 14
.... ;
espanol da Oceanografta4°
Dr !3. HATERt·1I\NNInstitUt fUr KUsten und 01nnenffschcrel der
.-ßurdesfor:schuncpnsta ItfUr FI schc>rel
..,Toxlkologlschcs L~borato~lum
NfedersachscnstrJsse .0.219 CUXHAVEN .
Sra Dr I. GARCIA OE LA BANDAInstituto espanol de Oceanoarafia-odo. 240S1\1'!TJ\"'DEP.
Be Igl Q'!,!t
Or' O. o'::ClERCJ<Rlhksstatl0n voorAnkerstra3t: 1OOSTENnE
Zo~wlserllw.
'. S~a Dr POLANCO 'TORRES'Rcpublica' Arqent!na 9.::2d· ,.
. SANTIAGO da COMPOSTELA(Ga11cia)
CaniJda
Or J. E. STF.\-//\RTOlroctor
.' Rasource ßrünchFisherles ~ananement
MaritImes Rogiön~
•DePt.Of Flsherlcs'and
.0. Box 550HAll FAX N. s. n3J 7.57
Oceans
FlnlandoDr G•. BYLUND . t
In$titute of ParasitologyABO 1'.kademiport~~nsg~tan 3, sr 20500 ABO 50
Franc&
Dr Stiq m:rJLE'l:'.C:AA~
Laboratory for Fish Di5ea~es~
The nanish Institut for ?ishcr.,r and ?!arine ResearchC/O ~oyal Veterinarv ~nd Agric~ltural UniversityBülowsvej 13 -DK 1870 COPENHAGEN V
Prof. N.O. CHRISTENSENLaboratory of Aquattc PathoblologyRoy~ r Vetertnary and Agrtcurtura I tJnlvcrs Jty6lH osvoJ, 13OK 1870 COPENHAGEN V
'..-..
Prof. G. eALOUr:TL~boratctr~ da Pathologiefacult~ de M5declneB.P. 81529279 ~RESI CEOEX
Or BAUOIN LAURENCINLaboratolre national '~e PathologJ.dos Anlmnux aquatlques ) .Mlnlst~ro de ItA~rfculturG
ServIces v6t0rJnQlrosC.O.B.B.P. 3372927~ 8REST CErEX
"1. M. BONAMIlaboratolro da PathologIe comparo.Unlverslte dos Sclenccs ct:TcchnlqU(lSdu ltln1Uadoc IPiece F.. BoteIlion:5·~060 ~LLIJTI. CEDEX
Francs
M.M. COMPSlaboratolre de Path010gteCentra da roeharehcs I.S.T.p.!1.1-3, rue Jean Vllar34200 SEiT
M. H. GRIZELlaboiatolre de Cultures ~artnos
Centra da iecherchcs I.S. TS1)t.12. rua des R6sfstnnts56470 lJ\ TRINITE··SUR r·1ER
M. C. MAURIN CPresldent)81, rue dos Chalatrc544300 NI\f\lTES
M. P. ~UNOU
C.N.E~X.O.66, avenue dtl~na
75116 p~-,~
Rovaumc-·Un.1
Or A. ~-1c VICr".R·tar t ne Labori!toryP.O. Box 191Vtetorta r10ad~P.FROEE~ Aß9 909(Seot i~;nd)
Dr D. BUCKEFtsh Dfscnsos L=boratoryM.A.A.F.The Notht"\.'IEY~~(lUTH
Dorsot DTIf 8UB
Sueco
Dr Jan T!:HJL!P.....he Ilil tion?l SwecUshProtection BoardORBGp.lEm
"'.adame E. LOPEZMuseum national d'Histoire naturelleLaboratolre de Physiologie comparee .47, rue Cuvier .75005 PARIS
Irfande
B. I,. OYl::lfRNNatIonal ~3rd
eox 5"~.50n LYSFI<IL
of FIsherTes
, ".'
Or J. Me f.rmlEOQpert~ont of FtshartesCASTLEKf\lOCI<Co. Dubl In
Dr E. EGWIUSInstitute cf Mörlne ~eseürch
P.O. Box 2006N. 5011 ßERGEN-t~RGNES. -Pays-8as
. Dr P. VAN BANNINGRIJkslnstftut vorr VisserljondcrzoekHarl ngkade 1PosTbus 68NL 1970 An I'::·:U 1DE:-!
Or J. ~F.f'.:EZES
Instltuto nnclonül d~ fnvcstig~c~os PcsqucrasAvenlda da P.rDsllfaP 1400 LI SeOA
........ --.. ..
U.S.A...-Or A. ROSENFIELOOlr~ctor
NatIonal f~arlne Flshertes ServICE.N.O.A.A.Oxford laboratoryRallroad ~venuo ~
OXFORO •Maryland 216::,:',.
.'.'
o·
