1

A REPORT

ON

CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL TOWER

BY

MAYANK WALECHA 12STUJPCE0010

AT

An Internship Program-II station of

IcfaiTech

THE ICFAI UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR

(JAN-JULY,2016)

2

A REPORT

ON

CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL TOWER

BY

Mayank Walecha 12STUJPCE0010

Prepared in partial fulfillment of the

IUJ 401 Internship Program-II Course

AT

EXOTICA DREAMVILLE,

Greater Noida

An Internship Program-II station of

IcfaiTech,

THE ICFAI UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR

3

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

“BECAUSE BEAUTIFUL DESTINATIONS ARE ACHIEVED THROUGH DIFFICULT PATH, BUT

SOMEONE SHOULD BE THERE TO SHOW THAT PATH”

Every project big or small is successful largely due to the effort of a number of

wonderful people who have always given their valuable advice or lent a helping

hand. I sincerely appreciate the inspiration; support and guidance of all those

people who have been instrumental in making this project a success.

I, Mayank Walecha, the student of ICFAI UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR am extremely

grateful to EXOTICA HOUSING for the confidence bestowed in me and

entrusting my project entitled.

At this juncture I feel deeply honored in expressing my sincere thanks to Mr. K.

Sharan (Skill Development Head)for making the resources available at right time

and providing valuable insights leading to the successful completion of my project.

I express my gratitude to my college for arranging the summer training in good

schedule. I also extend my gratitude to all the members of QUALITY LAB, who

assisted me in compiling the project.

I would also like to thank all the faculty members of ICFAI UNIVERSITY for

their critical advice and guidance without which this project would not have been

possible.

Last but not the least I place a deep sense of gratitude to my family members and

my friends who have been constant source of inspiration during the preparation of

this project work.

Mayank Walecha

Dated: 15/06/2016

Place: Delhi NCR

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IcfaiTech, THE ICFAI UNIVERSITY JAIPUR Internship Program Division

Station: EXOTICA HOUSING

Centre: Greater Noida

Duration: 5 Months 15 Days

Date of Start: 4th January, 2016

Date of Submission: 18th June, 2016.

Title of the Project: Construction Of Residential Building

Name: Mayank Walecha

ID: 12STUJPCS0010

Name of the IP Faculty: Prof. R. Ranjan

Project Area: Dreamville

5

Abstract

As a part of the academic requirements, an Industrial Training Program was undergone from Jan 4 to June 18, 2016. During the training period, the different stage in the construction of the Foundation of Non Tower was closely studied. The construction was undertaken by the firm EXOTICA HOUSING, and the construction site is at Greater Noida. The work was completed in a span of two-five years. Due to the low bearing capacity of the soil, and since the tower height ranges from 40m to 75m, usually Reinforced Raft Foundation are used for such tall structures. Raft foundations are used to distribute heavy column and wall loads across the entire building area, to lower the contact pressure compared to conventional spread footings. The raft footing constructed in the site was of dimension 7.7mx7.7mx3m. The first step in the construction was plot-leveling, followed by marking and excavation of soil according to the engineering drawings. PCC was laid to a thickness of 0.15m to level the base of the trench. Bar bending, placing and tying of rebar are also done. The foundation consists of two reinforcement mats. The raft is of 0.35m thick. The reinforcements are also made for the connecting beams (0.55m thick) and the four columns that are to be raised. Shuttering is also done. Concreting is carried out in three stages. On the first day of concreting, the bottom slab and the connecting beams are concreted. The next day concreting is done for the first 1.5m lift of the column. Since the tower is made of steel, the foundation is to be connected to the tower using tower bolts. So the tower bolts are fastened to their positions by using templates. On the next day the final stage of concreting is carried out. Shutters are removed and plastering is done. Continuous curing for seven days is compulsory for any concreting works. As a last step, backfilling of soil and leveling are done which gives required strength for the foundation to resist overturning due to seismic and wind loads.

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INDEX

Chapter 1: Introduction Page no.

1.1 Project Overview 7

1.2 Location Details 8

Chapter 2 Quality Control

2.1 Building materials 9

2.2 Ready mix Concrete 14

2.3 Concrete Mix Design 15

Chapter 3 Structure Work

3.1 Foundation 18

3.2 Layout 19

3.3 Bar bending Schedule 21

3.4 Concreting 23

3.5 Formwork 25

3.6 Curing 25

Chapter 4 Finishing

4.1 Plastering 27

4.2 Brickwork 27

4.3 Flooring 27

4.4 Doors & Windows 28

4.5 Waterproofing 28

Chapter 5 Construction Safety

7

5.1 SOR 29

5.2 Conclusion 30

5.3 Appendix 30

5.4 References 32

5.5 Glossary 33

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

The Dreamville City located on the Yamuna Expressway, spread over 5000 acres, is the latest

project launched by EXOTICA HOUSING and residential flats, tennis court, badminton court

gym, yoga center, club house and much more. The development will be divided into various

thematic districts offering commercial, residential and institutional facilities. The Commercial

zone will offer well defined areas for elaborate financial and civic centers, along with this

Residential Districts which will have a vast range of products including villas, town homes,

residential plots and mid to high rise apartment blocks, with regular water supply and 24 hours

electric power supply, to suit the requirements of all. A new residential community of high rise

apartments –. The luxurious apartments are set amidst a healthy and pollution free neighborhood

with numerous other facilities like a pitch & putt golf course, various themed gardens, children

play areas etc. Dreamville is a limited edition personal suite amidst a fascinating landscape

parks. A home designed to value your own space, where style meets elegance and delights you

with a warm friendly living. Facing a serene water body and a boulevard running along to so

then your senses. Dreamville revolutionize your lifestyle with its unique architectural designs.

Dreamville comes as a marvel of living in style where homes are available in the option of

1/2/3/4 bedroom personal floors as well as breathtaking duplex apartments.

Figure 1 Exotica front view

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Figure 2 Purposed View

1.1 Location Details:

The project site will be well connected with the Taj Expressway and NH24 along its eastern boundary.

Noida City Center Metro Station- tiime taken is 20mins.

0 Points Greater Noida- time taken is 15 mins

Crossing Republic-time taken is 10 mins.

South Delhi- time taken is 40mins.

10

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CHAPTER 2 : QUALITY CONTROL LAB

2.1 BUILDING MATERIALS:

2.1.1 Cement:

Portland cement is composed of calcium silicates and aluminate and aluminoferrite It is obtained

by blending predetermined proportions limestone clay and other minerals in small quantities

which is pulverized and heated at high temperature – around 1500 deg centigrade to produce

‘clinker’. The clinker is then ground with small quantities of gypsum to produce a fine powder

called Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). When mixed with water, sand and stone, it combines

slowly with the water to form a hard mass called concrete. Cement is a hygroscopic material

meaning that it absorbs moisture In presence of moisture it undergoes chemical reaction termed

as hydration. Therefore cement remains in good condition as long as it does not come in contact

with moisture. If cement is more than three months old then it should be tested for its strength

before being taken into use. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three

different grades The classification is mainly based on the compressive strength of cement-sand

mortar cubes of face area 50 cm2 composed of 1 part of cement to 3 parts of standard sand by

weight with a water-cement ratio arrived at by a specified procedure. The grades are

(i) 33 grade (ii) 43 grade (iii) 53 grade The grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement sand mortar in

N/mm2 at 28 days, as tested by above mentioned procedure.

Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is obtained by either intergrading a pozzolanic material with

clinker and gypsum, or by blending ground pozzolana with Portland cement. Nowadays good

quality fly ash is available from Thermal Power Plants, which are processed and used in

manufacturing of PPC.

2.1.2 Coarse Aggregate: Coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone .It should be hard, strong,

dense, durable, clean, and free from clay or loamy admixtures or quarry refuse or vegetable

matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical, or rounded shaped and should have granular

or crystalline or smooth (but not glossy) non-powdery surfaces.Aggregates should be properly

screened and if necessary washed clean before use.

Coarse aggregates containing flat, elongated or flaky pieces or mica should be rejected. The

grading of coarse aggregates should be as per specifications of IS-383.

After 24-hrs immersion in water, a previously dried sample of the coarse aggregate should not

gain in weight more than 5%.Aggregates should be stored in such a way as to prevent

segregation of sizes and avoid contamination with fines.

Depending upon the coarse aggregate color, there quality can be determined as:

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Black => very good quality

Blue => good

Whitish =>bad quality

Figure 3 20mm Aggregate

Table No 1 Fineness Modulus

Max size of Aggregate Fineness Modulus Max. Min.

Fine aggregate 2.0 3.5

Coarse aggregate : 20mm 6.0 6.9

40mm 6.9 7.5

75mm 7.5 8.0

150mm 8.0 8.5

2.1.3 Fine Aggregate:

Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 IS Sieve is termed as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is

added to concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformity in mixture. Usually, the natural

river sand is used as fine aggregate. Important thing to be considered is that fine aggregates

should be free from coagulated lumps.

Grading of natural sand or crushed stone i.e. fine aggregates shall be such that not more than 5

percent shall exceed 5 mm in size, not more than 10% shall IS sieve No. 150 not less than 45%

or more than 85% shall pass IS sieve No. 1.18 mm and not less than 25% or more than 60% shall

pass IS sieve No. 600 micron.

2.1.4 Bricks: A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry

construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used

to denote any rectangular units lay in mortar. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand

13

and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and

sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic

categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks. Brick is generally classified into two main

categories which are :

1) Traditional Bricks-The dimension if traditional bricks vary from 21 cm to 25cm in length,10

to 13 cm in width and 7.5 cm in height in different parts of country .The commonly adopted

normal size of traditional brick is 23 * 11.5*7.5 cm with a view to achieve uniformity in size of

bricks all over country.

2) Modular Bricks- Indian standard institution has established a standard size of bricks such a

brick is known as a modular brick. The normal size of brick is taken as 20*10*10 cm whereas its

actual dimensions are 19*9*9 cm masonry with modular bricks workout to be cheaper there is

saving in the consumption of bricks, mortar and labor as compared with masonry with traditional

bricks.

2.1.5 Reinforcement Bars: Steel reinforcements are used, generally, in the form of bars of circular cross section in concrete

structure. They are like a skeleton in concrete body. Plain concrete without steel or any other

reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension. Steel is one of the best forms of

reinforcements, to take care of those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads.

Mild steel bars conforming to IS: 432 (Part I) and Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars

conforming to IS:1786 (grade Fe 415 and grade 500, where 415 and 500 indicate yield stresses

415 N/mm2and 500N/mm2respectively) are commonly used. Grade Fe 415 is being used most

commonly nowadays. This has limited the use of plain mild steel bars because of higher yield

stress and bond strength resulting in saving of steel quantity. Some companies have brought

thermos mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosion resistant steel (CRS) bars with added

compression but weak in tension. Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcements, to take care of

those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads. Mild steel bars conforming to

IS: 432 (Part I) and Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars conforming to IS:1786 (grade

Fe 415 and grade Fe 500, where 415 and 500 indicate yield stresses 415 N/mm2and

500N/mm2respectively) are commonly used. Grade Fe 415 is being used most commonly

nowadays. This has limited the use of plain mild steel bars because of higher yield stress and

bond strength resulting in saving of steel quantity. Some companies have brought thermos

mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosion resistant steel (CRS) bars with added features.

Bars range in diameter from 6 to 50 mm. Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars start

from 8 mm diameter. For general house constructions, bars of diameter 6 to 20 mm are used.

Transverse reinforcements are very important. They not only take care of structural requirements

but also help main reinforcements to remain in desired position. They play a very significant role

while abrupt changes or reversal of stresses like earthquake .They should be closely spaced as

per the drawing and properly tied to the main/longitudinal reinforcement .Steel has an expansion

coefficient nearly equal to that of modern concrete. If this were not so, it would cause problems

through additional longitudinal and perpendicular stresses at temperatures different than the

temperature of the setting. Although rebar has ribs that bind it mechanically to the concrete, it

14

can still be pulled out of the concrete under high stresses, an occurrence that often precedes a

larger-scale collapse of the structure. To prevent such a failure, rebar is either deeply embedded

into adjacent structural members (60-80 times the diameter),or bent and hooked at the ends to

lock it around the concrete and other rebar. This first approach increases the friction locking the

bar into place; while the second makes use of the high compressive strength of concrete.

Common rebar is made of unfinished tempered steel, making it susceptible to rusting.

2.1.6 Water: Water is one of the most important elements in construction but people still ignore quality aspect

of this element. The water is required for preparation of mortar, mixing of cement concrete and

for curing work etc during construction work. The quality and quantity of water has much effect

on the strength of mortar and cement concrete in construction work. It has been observed that

certain common impurities in water affect the quality of mortar or concrete. Many times in spite

of using best material i.e. cement, coarse sand, coarse aggregate etc. in cement concrete, required

results are not achieved. Most of Engineers/Contractors think that there is something wrong in

cement, but they do not consider quality of water being used.

2.1.7 Admixtures: Water Reducing Admixtures: The water reducer admixture improves workability of concrete/mortar for the same water cement

ratio. The determination of workability is an important factor in testing concrete admixture.

Rapid loss of workability occurs during first few minutes after mixing concrete and gradual loss

of workability takes place over a period from 15 to 60 minutes after mixing. Thus relative

advantages of water reducing admixture decrease with time after mixing. These admixtures

increase setting time by about 2 to 6 hrs. During which concrete can be vibrated. This is

particularly important in hot weather conditions or where the nature of construction demands at

me gap between the placements of successive layers of concrete.

ADVANTAGES:

It can reduce 10% of water consumption.

It can improve mixture of cement concrete for workability.

Compression strength improves by more than 15 %.

It can reduce initial stage of cement heat hydration by large margin.

It has no function of corrosion reinforcing bars.

It increases workability, density and strength without increasing the quantity of cement.

15

TABLE 2 TYPE OF ADXMIXTURE

Type of admixture Performance Water reducing Water reduction at equal consistence

Water reduction ≥5%

High-range water reducing/super plasticizing

Water reduction at equal consistence Increase in consistence at equal w/c ratio Water Reduction≥12%Slump increase≥120 mm

Water retaining Reduction in bleeding Shrinkage Reduction≥50%

Water resisting Reduction in capillary absorption Reduction≥50% by mass

Air entraining Air void characteristics in hardened concrete. Spacing factor≤0.200 µm

Set accelerating Reduction in initial setting time Initial setting time Reduction≥40%at 5°C

2.2 Ready Mix Concrete: Ready-mix concrete is a type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant,

according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted transit mixers. This

results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and

implemented on construction sites. Concrete itself is a mixture of Portland cement, water and

aggregates comprising sand and gravel or crushed stone. In traditional work sites, each of these

materials is procured separately and mixed in specified proportions at site to make concrete.

Ready Mixed Concrete is bought and sold by volume - usually expressed in cubic meters. RMC

can be custom-made to suit different applications.

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Table 3 Mix Design Adopted at RMC plant

S.No GRADE SAND CEMENT WATER GRIT (10mm)

GRIT (20mm)

ADMIXTURE

1 M-15 626.00 310.00 169.88 627.00 627.00 0.00

2 M-20 630.00 350.00 189.00 579.25 579.25 0.00

3 M-25 580.35 365.00 169.88 627.30 627.80 4.20

4 M-30 450.00 400.00 172.00 487.00 730.00 0.00

5 M-35 601.70 436.00 174.00 571.00 571.00 3.50

6 M-40 465.50 470.00 174.00 632.15 632.15 5.17

7 M-45 414.00 488.00 179.00 599.00 732.00 4.80

2.3 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION Concrete is the basic engineering material used in most of the civil engineering structures. Its

popularity as basic building material in construction is because of, its economy of use ,good

durability and ease with which it can be manufactured at site. The ability to mould it into any

shape and size, because of its plasticity in green stage and its subsequent hardening to achieve

strength, is particularly useful. Concrete like other engineering materials needs to be designed for

properties like strength, durability, workability and cohesion. Concrete mix design is the science

of deciding relative proportions of ingredients of concrete, to achieve the desired properties in

the most economical way. With advent of high-rise buildings and pre-stressed concrete, use of

higher grades of concrete is becoming more common. Even the revised IS 456-2000 advocates

use of higher-grade of concrete for more severe conditions of exposure, for durability

considerations. With advent of new generation admixtures; it is possible to achieve higher grades

of concrete with high workability levels economically. Uses of mineral admixtures like fly ash,

slag, met kaolin and silica fume have revolutionized the concrete technology by increasing

strength and durability of concrete by many folds. Mix design of concrete is becoming more

relevant in the above-mentioned scenario. However, it should be borne in mind that mix design

17

when adopted at site should be implemented with proper understanding and with necessary

precautions. Dolerite mix design manual is an attempt to increase the awareness among the users,

about concrete mix design. It is made with intention of serving as ready beckoner for personnel,

implementing mix design at site.

2.3.2 ADVANTAGES:

a) Good from economic point of view. b) Better strength. c) Better imperviousness and durability. d) Dense and homogeneous concrete.

2.3.3 FACTORS TO CONSIDER:

The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of concrete.

Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as possible

within the limits prescribed by IS 456:2000.

The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.

The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the size

and shape of section, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used for

transportation, placing and compaction.

2.3.4 PROCEDURE:

1) Determine the mean target strength ft from the specified characteristic compressive

strength at 28-day fck and the level of quality control.

ft = fck + 1.65 S

2) Obtain the water cement ratio for the desired mean target using the empirical relationship

between compressive strength and water cement ratio so chosen is checked against the

limiting water cement ratio. The water cement ratio so chosen is checked against the

limiting water cement ratio for the requirements of durability given in table and adopts

the lower of the two values.

3) Estimate the amount of entrapped air for maximum nominal size of the aggregate from

the table.

4) Select the water content, for the required workability and maximum size of aggregates

(for aggregates in saturated surface dry condition) from table.

5) Determine the percentage of fine aggregate in total aggregate by absolute volume from

table for the concrete using crushed coarse aggregate.

6) Adjust the values of water content and percentage of sand as provided in the table for any

difference in workability, water cement ratio, grading of fine aggregate and for rounded

aggregate the values are given in table.

7) Calculate the cement content form the water-cement ratio and the final water content as arrived after adjustment. Check the cement against the minimum cement content from the requirements of the durability, and greater of the two values is adopted.

18

8) From the quantities of water and cement per unit volume of concrete and the percentage

of sand already determined in steps 6 and 7 above, calculate the content of coarse and

fine aggregates per unit volume of concrete from the following relations:

19

CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURE WORK

3.1 FOUNDATION

3.1.1 Raft Foundation

Raft foundations (sometimes known as Mat Foundations) are a large concrete slab which can

support a number of columns and walls. The slab is spread out under the entire building or at

least a large part of it which lowers the contact pressure compared to the traditionally used strip

or trench footings. Because of the speed and volume of houses required after the Second World

War, the raft foundation was widely used. The raft foundation was cheaper, easier to install and

most importantly, did not require as much excavation as the usual strip foundations. When the

Building Regulations were introduced in 1965 there were no generic rules for raft foundations

as there were for strip foundations. This meant that to use a raft foundation, it had to be

designed and approved by Building Control. This made the entire operation much more difficult

and time consuming so raft foundations became less widely used almost overnight.

Figure 4 Raft Foundation

3.1.2 How to do Raft Foundation?

A raft foundation spreads the weight of the building over the whole ground floor area of that

building. The raft is laid on a hardcore or scalping bed and usually thickened at the edges,

20

especially in very poor ground. Rafts are most suitable when the ground is of good load bearing

capacity and little work is required to get a solid foundation.

Raft Foundations are built is this following steps:

1. The soil removed down to correct depth.

2. The foundation bed is then compacted by ramming.

3. Lay reinforcement on spacers over the foundation bed.

4. Pour the concrete over the reinforcement.

The foundation may stiffened by ribs or beams built in during construction which will add extra

strength and rigidity.

3.1.3 Advantages:

The foundation and floor slab is combined, which saves time and materials.

Less excavation is required.

Figure 5 Raft Foundation

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3.2 LAYOUT Layout is the marking of column to column distance with the help of the grid line. Grid line is

basically a line obtained at the X axis and Y axis of the slab by hanging plumb bob and

measuring the distance of column situated at the one or two lower floors. It is checked by

measuring the angle made by X axis and y axis, if it comes to be 90o it is said to be correct. Then

we can find out the distance of each column from grid line and mark the layout.

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Figure 6 Layout plan

3.3 BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

Bar bending schedule (or schedule of bars) is a list of reinforcement bars a given RCC work

item, and is presented in a tabular form for easy visual reference. This table summarizes all the

needed particulars of bars – diameter, shape of bending, length of each bent and straight portions,

angles of bending, total length of each bar, and number of each type of bar. This information is a

great help in preparing an estimate of quantities.

Length of one hook = (4d ) + [(4d+ d )] – where, (4d+ d ) refers to the curved portion = 9d.

The additional length (la) that is introduced in the simple, straight end-to-end length of a

reinforcement bar due to being bent up at say 30o to 60o, but it is generally 45o) = l1 – l2 = la

Where,

23

Giving different values to Q=30,45 and 60 degree espectively, we get different values of la, as

tabulated below:

Figure 2 presents the procedure to arrive at the length of hooks and the total length of a given steel

reinforcement.

24

Figure 7 BBS

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3.4 Concreting of Mat slab and Beams

The concreting of the mat slab and the connecting beams are done on the same day. On the

previous day, shuttering is fixed for the slab and the connecting beams. Wooden or Metal

shutters are used. The thickness of the slab after concreting should be 0.35m and that of

connecting beams is 0.55m. M20 concrete is used for concreting works. Cement, sand and

aggregate are in the proportion1:1.5:3. The aggregate is of size 2omm. The concrete is mixed

using a mixer that is placed near to the site. Admixtures are used in a specified amount. The

concrete is mixed and are hand carried to the location. Concrete is placed in layers of 10cm and

is instantly compacted by using needle vibrators. Special care is taken to avoid over compaction.

The connecting beams help in keeping the columns intact and to act as a single unit. The

concrete is dumped from a height not more than 30cm to ensure segregation does not take place.

Over-compaction results in bleeding of concrete. Also it adversely affects the strength of the

footing. Also the shuttering should stay in its position throughout the setting time.

Figure 8 Concreting

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3.4.1 Concreting of First Lift of Columns

The procedures for concreting the first lift of columns is same as that of the concreting of mat

slab. But it is done in two phases. At first the first lift, i.e. 1.5m of the column is concreted.

Compaction is done after placing the concrete. Before concreting the second lift, the tower

setting bolts are to be fixed, hence we use templates.

3.4.2 Preparation of Templates

A template is a steel plate fabricated to fix the bolts in position before concreting is done. It is a

10mm thick steel plate with four bolt holes at corners and central circular holes. The tower bolts

are fixed to the bolt holes and are fixed using nuts. The template on each column is connected to

the adjacent ones by using a steel angle of accurate length. This helps the templates to be in

position and acts as a single unit. Any alterations in position of any of the templates affect the

whole configuration. The markings on the template help us to appropriately fix the tower setting

bolts to the specified position.

Figure 9 Templates

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3.5 FORMWORK

Formwork is an ancillary construction, used as a mould for a structure. Into this mould , fresh

concrete is placed only to harden subsequently. The construction of formwork takes time and

involves expenditure up to 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure or even more. Design of these

temporary structures is made to economic expenditure. The operation of removing the formwork

is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel

forms and non-usable are called stationary forms. Timber is the most common material used for

formwork. The disadvantage with timber formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink.

Application of water impermeable cost to the surface of wood mitigates these defects.

3.4.1 Requirements Fulfilled By Formwork:

It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.

It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and

vertically, so as to retain its shape.

The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.

Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences

without damage to the concrete.

The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for

reuse.

The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plane

surface.

It should be as light as possible.

The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to the

elements.

It should rest on firm base.

3.6 CURING

The term ‘curing’ is used to include maintenance of a favorable environment for the continuation

of chemical reactions, i.e. retention of moisture within, or supplying moisture to the concrete

from an external source and protection against extremes of temperature

Following are the methods for curing different building parts:-

Walls - Water should be sprinkled from the top such that it covers the whole area of the wall and

it should be remain wet.

Slab - Ponding should be done on the slab by constructing bunds of mortar

Beams and columns - The beams and columns can be maintained wet by tying gunny bags

around the periphery and by maintaining it wet always.

Ponding, continuous sprinkling, covering with wet cloth, cotton mats or similar materials,

covering with specially prepared paper, polyethylene, sealing coat applied as a liquid commonly

28

known as ‘curing compound’ which hardens to form a thin protective membrane, are some of the

methods by which concrete is cured. Curing should be started just after the surfaces begin to dry.

Normally 7 to 14 days curing is considered adequate.

Figure 10 curing

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CHAPTER 4: FINISHING

4.1 PLASTERING

Plaster protects structure from temperature variations; external attacks of sulphates, chlorides,

etc. Plaster also provides smooth & aesthetic surface on RCC & Brickwork surface. The

proportion of mortar used at site for ceiling coat is 1:4 and wall coat is 1:3. A plaster of 10 mm is

done at ceiling and a plaster of 12.5mm is done at wall. Various precautions to be taken while the

work of plastering is going on are:-

•Preferably use cements which releases low heat of hydration.

•Use optimum water at the time of mixing.

•Do not use dry cement on the plaster surface.

•At the junction of Brickwork & RCC, chicken mesh or fiber mesh may be used.

•Wet the surface before plastering and cure the surface for at least 10 to 12 days.

4.2 BRICKWORK

Brickwork is masonry done with bricks and mortar and is generally used to build partition walls.

In our site, all the external walls were of concrete and most of the internal walls were made of

bricks. English bond was used and a ratio of 1:4 (1 cement: 4 coarse sand) and 1:6 were used

depending upon whether the wall is 4.5 inches or 9 inches. The reinforcement shall be 2 nos.

M.S. round bars or as indicated. The diameter of bars was 8mm. The first layer of reinforcement

was used at second course and then at every fourth course of brick work. The bars were properly

anchored at their ends where the portions and or where these walls join with other walls. The

inland steel reinforcement was completely embedded in mortar.

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Figure 11 Brickwork

4.3 FLOORING

The purpose of a floor is to provide a horizontal sanitary surface to support the occupants of a

building, furniture and equipment. A good floor should have strength and stability, resistance to

dampness, good appearance, and freedom from maintenance etc.

Following are the common floor finishes –

Cement concrete flooring- It consists of 1:1.5:3 cement concrete laid to a thickness of 3” to 4”,

over a strong sub base. Top surface is smoothened with cement punning. It has got good wearing

properties and can be easily cleaned and maintained. If thickness is less, the size of stone

aggregates is limited to ½”.

Tile flooring- It consists of ceramic, vitrified, terrazzo and cement tiles. Tiles give very pleasant

appearance to floors. Also, it can be executed fast. Vitrified and Ceramic tiles have gained

popularity over mosaic tiles because it doesn’t require grinding and polishing and the appearance

is good and the tiles are quite strong.

In ground floor the cement concrete floor is to be on 7.5 cm base of lime concrete or weak

cement concrete as per standard specifications. If the bases consist of cement concrete it shall be

allowed to set for about 7 days. In case the base is of weak cement concrete the flooring shall

commence within 48 hours of laying the base. In first floor or upper floor if c.c. floor is to be laid

on R.C.C. slab, the surface shall be made rough with brushes while concrete is green. Before

laying the c.c. floor the surface shall be cleaned, wetted and a neat cement wash shall be applied

to get a good bond.A layer of brick brats ie broken bricks are laid before the laying of mortar and

there by the tiles

4.4 DOORS AND WINDOWS

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Wood absorbs moisture from air when the moisture content is high in the atmosphere and as a

result it expands causing cracks in the wall. During dry atmosphere the wood contracts and a gap

is formed between the wall and the frame of the door.

4.5 WATERPROOFING

Waterproofing is a method by which an item is made resistant to damage by

water. Waterproofing is the formation of an impervious barrier which is designed to prevent

water entering or escaping from various sections of building structures. Internal areas that are

waterproofed include bathrooms, shower recesses, laundries and toilets. Whilst an external area

waterproofed extends to roofs, planter boxes, podiums, balconies, retaining walls and swimming

pools.

4.5.1 ADVANTAGES:

o Increased property value. o Structurally sound foundation. o A healthier home environment for a family. o A warmer basement during winter. o Enjoy an increased living space. o A more attractive and more comfortable home.

Figure 12 Waterproofing

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CHAPTER 5: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY

5.1 SAFETY OFFICER RESPONSIBILITIES:

Receive assignment, notification, reporting location, reporting time, and travel

instruction from home agency.

Upon arrival that the incident, check in at designated check in locations. Check in

location.

All radio communications to incident communications center will be addressed.

Acquire work materials.

Respond to demobilization orders.

Make sure that no harming material is laying on the site unnecessarily.

Laying of green nets on the tower where deshuttering is going to be done.

5.2 CONCLUSION:

The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure is constructed

within its desired properties. We get knowledge about the basic & advanced techniques

of building construction as well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer have to face during

construction i.e. labor problems, cost management, environmental challenges etc. We cleared our

many doubts regarding building construction.

Although are subjects more important for technicians, in the project we have been Studied some

mechanic or electro-mechanic machinery such as the ready mix plant because basic knowledge

about their working is important for an engineer but also because was the opportunity to see and

understand them.

Overall it must be said that the construction methods and quality control on a highway Project

needs a very good coordination and large quantities of man power, equipment and funds.

During the period of one & half month all the company staff helped us a lot to provide all the

information about any query. So we are grateful to all the staff of EXOTICA HOUSING, as well

as we are so thankful to our Civil Engineering for their kind support.

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5.3 APPENDIX-I - Standard Limitations Upon Building Surveys

Limitations Upon Building Surveys:

5.3.1: ELEMENTS, STRUCTURE, FINISHES, COMPONENTS AND SERVICES:

In making our inspection we have been as thorough as possible in the circumstances

though we have not inspected woodwork or other parts of the structure which are

covered, unexposed or inaccessible and we are therefore unable to report that such parts

of the property are free or rot, beetle or other defects. We have, however endeavoured to

draw reasonable conclusions from the available evidence.

Whilst our report includes comments upon the principal elements of the fabric of the

building or the demised premises, especially floors, walls and roof as appropriate,

together with general remarks on the finishes and services, it does not extend to a list of

minor items that are not relevant to the main advice. Similarly we have examined major

outbuildings but have not made detailed comment about light or temporary structures

unless specified to the contrary.

External roof surfaces, chimneys, gutters, eaves, boards and other features at high level

have been viewed from the ground or from the upper storey windows, unless access to

the roof access to the roof was readily, and safely, obtainable during our inspection.

Flat roofs up to 3m in height will be assessed via surveyors ladders.

We have not, except to the extent mentioned in the report, carried out any tests or made

any enquiries concerning particular materials nor have we calculated any floor areas or

re-appraised original design criteria.

We have visually examined the services to the building where these are not covered up

and, as a result, are exposed to such an inspection. We have not made any specific or

specialist test of them.

Where we have engaged other consultants on your behalf, we may make reference to the

major pertinent conclusions they have reached within our report, but this should not be

thought of as a substitute for reading their report in its entirety nor can we take

responsibility for their conclusions.

5.3.2 TIMESCALES:

All quoted time scales assume a prompt response from parties providing us with the

necessary information and we can accept no liability for any delay which accrues due to

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lack of action or prevarication or obstruction on the part of others supplying such

information.

5.3.3 THIRD PARTY INDEMNITIES OR CLAIMS

Where we bind in documents produced by others within our reports, these are provided

for convenience and to take aid in placing our report in context. We do not undertake to

check the accuracy of such documents, unless otherwise agreed and confirmed by

ourselves.

Our commenting upon documents produced by others within our report should not be

thought of as a substitute for referring to the documents for full provisions made. We

have based our comment upon the documentation made available at the time of our

inspection and report. We can take no responsibility where the context of missing or

delayed documents conflicts with our assessment.

3.3 Should further relevant documentation subsequently be made available then we

would recommend that you provide us with copies so that we might amend or refine our

advice to you. In the event of any conflict or query upon the documentation, you should

obtain your solicitor’s view prior to initiating any action.

3.4 Our reports are for the private and confidential use of the Client(s) for whom the

report is prepared and must not be reproduced in whole or in part or relied upon by third

parties for any use without our express written authority.

5.3.4 REPAIR COSTS

We have not undertaken to provide cost information for the repair of any defects found

unless specifically instructed by the client and we have confirmed in writing that we will

do so.

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5.4 REFERENCES

Technical Ones:

Designing Code for concrete mix: IS:10262 (2007)

Code for 10mm-20mm grading- IS386

www.civilengeering.com

www.thecontractor.com House Building Manual, HB (2001)

Structural Design of Low-rise Buildings, BSI (1996)

Timber Frame Construction, TRADA (2001)

5.5 Glossary

V = absolute volume of concrete = gross volume (1m3) minus the volume of entrapped air.

Sc = specific gravity of cement.

W = Mass of water per cubic metre of concrete, kg

C = mass of cement per cubic metre of concrete, kg

p = ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume.

fa, Ca = total masses of fine and coarse aggregates, per cubic metre of concrete, respectively, kg, and

Sfa, Sca = specific gravities of saturated surface dry fine and coarse aggregates, respectively