Report
Pre-feasibility study to determine
possibility of supporting sustainable electricity
from renewable sources in the
Karimunjawa Islands
Jl. Benda Raya no. 46E
Kemang – Jakarta Selatan 12560
Tel.: 021 – 719 5271
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REPORT
PT. CONTAINED ENERGY INDONESIA
Jl. Benda Raya no. 46E
Kemang – Jakarta Selatan 12560
Tel.: 021 – 719 5271
Year 2015
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I PREFACE .................................................................................................................. 8
1 Conditions of Existing Natural and Human Resources ................................... 10
Parang Island ......................................................................................................................................... 10
1.1.1 Natural Resources ............................................................................................................................................. 12
1.1.2 Human Resources.............................................................................................................................................. 14
1.1.3 Economy ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
1.1.4 Facilities and Infrastructures ...................................................................................................................... 17
1.1.5 Opportunities and Challenges in Developing Parang Island ........................................................ 19
Nyamuk Island ....................................................................................................................................... 25
1.1.6 Natural Resources ............................................................................................................................................. 26
1.1.7 Human Resources.............................................................................................................................................. 27
1.1.8 Economy ................................................................................................................................................................ 28
1.1.9 Opportunities and Challenges in Developing Nyamuk Island ..................................................... 30
Genting Island......................................................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER II ELECTRICITY GENERATION ............................................................................37
2.1. Government Policy in Electric Energy Development in Small Islands Region in
Central Java ............................................................................................................................................ 37
2. 2. The Load Profile of Nyamuk Island, Parang Island, and Genting Island Based on
Field Measurement Data .................................................................................................................. 40
2.3. General Overview of Electronic Appliances Efficiency ....................................................... 52
2.4. Evaluation of Electrical Distribution System Quality ......................................................... 52
2.5. Identification of Renewable Energy Resources Potential in Parang Island,
Nyamuk Island and Genting Island. ............................................................................................ 61
CHAPTER III Electricity Supply Management in Parang Island, Nyamuk Island and
Genting Island ......................................................................................................66
3.1. Power Plant Management ............................................................................................................... 66
3.2. Government Regulation on Fuel Use ........................................................................................... 68
3.3. Review of the Operations and Maintenance of Existing Systems .................................. 70
3.4. Current Electricity Tariff Payment Mechanism ..................................................................... 75
CHAPTER IV VARIOUS SCENARIOS OF HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS IN
PARANG ISLAND, NYAMUK ISLAND, AND GENTING ISLAND ...............76
1. Method ...................................................................................................................................................... 76
2. Data Input and Assumption ............................................................................................................ 78
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3. Cash Flow Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 80
4. System Sizing and Electricity Recommendation ................................................................... 81
5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................................ 90
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................92
CHAPTER VI PROJECT ACTION PLAN (POA) .......................................................................99
ANNEX A ...............................................................................................................................104
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure I-1 – Karimunjawa Islands Landscape ....................................................................................... 8
Figure I-2 – Administrative region and facilities map of Parang Island ................................. 11
Figure I-3 – Parang Island as Shown in the Karimunjawa National Park Zoning Map ..... 11
Figure I-4 – Paved Road in Parang Island ............................................................................................ 12
Figure I-5 – Coconuts and cashews as the main commodities of Parang Island ................. 13
Figure I-6 – Livestock in Parang Island ................................................................................................ 14
Figure I-7– Harvested Sargassum (Seaweed Substitute) .............................................................. 15
Figure I-8 Produces from Parang Island home industries: cashews (left), smoking pipes
and swim goggles (right) ................................................................................................................. 17
Figure I-9 – Bore well in Parang Island (left), household water reservoir (right) ............. 18
Figure I-10 – Pick-up truck transporting goods and people in Parang Island ..................... 19
Figure I-11 – Potential tourism spots in Parang Island ................................................................. 22
Figure I-12 – Map of potential tourism spots in Parang Island .................................................. 22
Figure I-13 – Nyamuk Island as shown in the Karimunjawa National Park Zoning Map 25
Figure I-14 – Clockwise: banana, coconut, cassava and mangroves in Nyamuk Island ... 26
Figure I-15 – Chicken and Goat in Nyamuk Island ........................................................................... 27
Figure I-16 – Woven thatch roofing (left) and sapu lidi (right) .................................................. 29
Figure I-17 – Extracts from the quarries ............................................................................................. 30
Figure I-18 – Coral reefs at potential diving spots around Nyamuk Island ........................... 30
Figure I-19 – Cave mouths in Nyamuk Island .................................................................................... 31
Figure I-20 – The wells (left, centre) and the sacred grave ......................................................... 31
Figure I-21 – Nyamuk Island Tourism Potential Map .................................................................... 32
Figure I-22 – Map of Genting Island ....................................................................................................... 33
Figure I-23 – Genting Island landscape ................................................................................................ 33
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Figure I-24 – Ordinary household AC water pump in Genting Island ..................................... 35
Figure I-25 – Centralised fresh water supply in Genting Island................................................. 35
Figure II-1 AC current sample measurement in each phase (R, S, T) in Nyamuk Island . 40
Figure II-2 AC current sample measurement in each phase (R, S, T) in Parang Island .... 41
Figure II-3 AC current sample measurement in each phase (R, S, T) in Genting Island ... 41
Figure II-4– Graph of energy generation and kWh used by customer in Nyamuk Island 42
Figure II-5 Graph of energy generation and kWh used by customer in Parang Island .... 43
Figure II-6 Graph of energy generation and kWh used by customer in Genting Island ... 43
Figure II-7 Graph of 24 hours Load Profile in Parang Island ..................................................... 46
Figure II-8 Graph of 24 hours Load Profile in Nyamuk Island .................................................... 49
Figure II-9 Name plate of the diesel generator – Nyamuk Island .............................................. 54
Figure II-10 kWh meter (left) and energy limiter (right) in Nyamuk Island ........................ 54
Figure II-11 Distribution line in Nyamuk Island based on GPS tracking ................................ 55
Figure II-12 Name plate of diesel genset in Genting Island ......................................................... 55
Figure II-13 GPS tracking for distribution dine – Genting Island .............................................. 56
Figure II-14 Distribution of the connected load to the genset, Parang Island...................... 57
Figure II-15 Name Plate of the diesel generator – Parang Island .............................................. 58
Figure II-16 Ampere meter showing a swinging load during peak hours – Parang .......... 58
Figure II-17 Distribution line without a proper pole (left) and farthest connected house
(right) in Parang Island .................................................................................................................... 58
Figure II-18 Cable upgrade plan for the main distribution line – Parang Island ................ 60
Figure II-19 Coconut husk in Genting Island and Nyamuk Island ............................................. 63
Figure II-20 Logs and sawdust on the sawmill .................................................................................. 63
Figure III-1 Scheme of current management unit ............................................................................ 67
Figure III-2 Scheme of proposed power plant Management ....................................................... 68
Figure III-3 – Weather-related damages on the wind turbine blades in Nyamuk Island 71
Figure III-4 Solar PV modules and inverters in the 25kWp system in Nyamuk Island .... 71
Figure III-5 PV system batteries in Genting Island ......................................................................... 72
Figure III-6 PV system in Genting Island ............................................................................................. 73
Figure III-7 Water leakage in PV modules in Genting Island ....................................................... 73
Figure III-8 Wind turbine in Genting Island ....................................................................................... 74
Figure IV-1 Flowchart of method used to determine the minimum electricity tariff ....... 77
Figure VI-1 Locations which may be used for construction of new pv system in Parang
Island ...................................................................................................................................................... 100
Figure VI-2 Locations which may be used for construction of new pv system in Nyamuk
Island ...................................................................................................................................................... 101
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Figure VI-3 Locations which may be used for construction of new pv system in Genting
Island ...................................................................................................................................................... 102
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 – Plantation Commodities in Parang Island ....................................................................... 12
Table 2 – Livestock found in Parang Island ........................................................................................ 13
Table 3 – Education level of Parang Island inhabitants ................................................................. 14
Table 4 – Income generating activities in Parang Island ............................................................... 16
Table 5 – List of Flora Found in Nyamuk Island ............................................................................... 26
Table 6 - Livestock in Nyamuk Island ................................................................................................... 27
Table 7 – Tribes in Nyamuk Island ......................................................................................................... 27
Table 8 – Age Group in Nyamuk Island ................................................................................................ 27
Table 9 – Nyamuk Island Residents’ Occupation List ..................................................................... 28
Table 10 – Income generating activities in Nyamuk Island ......................................................... 29
Table 11 – Electronic appliances in Parang Island .......................................................................... 44
Table 12 – Hourly load profile in Parang Island (extrapolated for 24 hours supply
period) ..................................................................................................................................................... 44
Table 13 – 6 hours load profile in Parang Island based on the field measurement ........... 45
Table 14 – Load profile 6 hours in Parang Island with expected 10% cable loss ............... 45
Table 15 – 12 hours load profile in Parang Island ........................................................................... 45
Table 16 – 24 hours load profile load profile in Parang Island .................................................. 46
Table 17 – Electronic appliances in Nyamuk Island ....................................................................... 47
Table 18 – Hourly load profile in Nyamuk Island (extrapolated for 24 hours supply
period) ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Table 19 – 6 hours load profile in Nyamuk Island ........................................................................... 48
Table 20 – 12 hours load profile in Nyamuk Island ........................................................................ 48
Table 21 – 24 hours load profile in Nyamuk Island ........................................................................ 49
Table 22 – Electronic appliances in Genting Island ......................................................................... 50
Table 23 – Hourly load profile in Genting Island (extrapolated for 24 hours supply
period) ..................................................................................................................................................... 50
Table 24 – 6 hours load profile in Genting Island ............................................................................ 51
Table 25 – 2 hours load profile in Genting Island ............................................................................ 51
Table 26 – 24 hours load profile in Genting Island .......................................................................... 51
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Table 27 – Advantages and disadvantages of installing transformer, distributed power
generation, and cable upgrade ...................................................................................................... 59
Table 28. Wind speeds in Parang, Nyamuk and Genting Island ................................................. 62
Table 29 – Rated speed of vertical axis wind turbine ..................................................................... 62
Table 30 – Average monthly insolation in Parang, Nyamuk, and Genting Island ............... 65
Table 31 – Diesel fuel usage and electricity sale, Parang Island diesel power plant ......... 69
Table 32 – Diesel fuel usage and electricity sale, Nyamuk Island diesel power plant ...... 70
Table 33 – Diesel fuel usage and electricity sale, Genting Island diesel power plant ....... 70
Table 34 brand and model of main component installed in PV system in Parang Island 78
Table 35 Brand and model of main component installed in PV system of Nyamuk Island
..................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Table 36 Brand and Model of main component installed in pv system of Genting Island
..................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Table 37 – Total customer in Parang Island, Genting Island and Nyamuk Island .............. 79
Table 38 – Assumptions in cash flow analysis ................................................................................... 80
Table 39 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Parang
Island, for 6 hours of operation. .................................................................................................... 81
Table 40 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Parang
Island, for 12 hours of operation. ................................................................................................. 82
Table 41 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Parang
Island, for 24 hours of operation. ................................................................................................. 83
Table 42 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Nyamuk
Island, for 6 hours of operation. .................................................................................................... 84
Table 43 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Nyamuk
Island, for 12 hours of operation. ................................................................................................. 85
Table 44 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Nyamuk
Island, for 24 hours of operation. ................................................................................................. 86
Table 45 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Genting
Island, for 6 hours of operation. .................................................................................................... 87
Table 46 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Genting
Island, for 12 hours of operation. ................................................................................................. 88
Table 47 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Genting
Island, for 24 hours of operation. ................................................................................................. 89
Table 48 Advantages of PV system compared with biomass powerplant ............................. 95
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CHAPTER I
PREFACE
Indonesia is an archipelago, spanning from Sabang to Merauke, consisting of
thousands of islands with various sizes connected by straits and seas. Currently there
are 13 446 islands registered with coordinates on the map. Indonesian territory
encompasses the area from latitudes 6°08′ N to 11°15′ S, and longitudes 94°45′ E and
141°05′ E, geographically strategic, being the hub of two oceans, the Indian Ocean
and Pacific Ocean and two continents, Asia and Australia. As an archipelago,
Indonesia is faced with both advantages and challenges. One of the advantages is
being a gateway for international traffic, both by sea and air.
Figure I-1 – Karimunjawa Islands Landscape
At the moment, the Indonesian Government is focused on developing remote
islands, with small islands being the majority. Inhabitants of the islands desperately
need external support to fulfil their basic needs from the government ranging from
inter-island transport/accessibility, electricity supply, clean, drinking water supply to
telecommunication network expansion. Fulfilment of their primary needs directly
affect the economy, social, cultural, and the level of knowledge and education of the
islands’ communities. They have the desire to reach out and not be isolated.
Therefore, their living conditions are highly dependent on their means of fulfilling
their basic needs.
The area of Central Java Province includes cluster of small islands similar to the
ones in Karimunjawa, Jepara and in Rembang. Currently, the former attracts more
attention of tourists both local and international. The island’s main attraction comes
from the highly guarded and protected marine ecosystem and other supporting tourist
facilities in the area.
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Karimunjawa Islands lie between latitudes 05°40’S to 05°57’S and longitudes
110°04’E to 110°40’E, with territorial area of 107 225 hectares, governed by the
Regency of Jepara. Most of the area consist of seawater (107 225 ha) with total land
area of 7 120 ha from 27 islands combined. The largest island, Karimunjawa Island (4
302.5 ha) is the centre of activity and government with the most inhabitants. Other
inhabited islands are Parang Island, Nyamuk Island and Genting Island. The other
surrounding smaller islands belong to the community, but mostly inhabited and
developed as coconut plantations and tourist destination.
The islands inhabitants are indigenous or immigrants who have stayed
permanently there for a very long period. Inhabited islands include Karimunjawa
Island where the seat of the government is located, Parang Island, Nyamuk Island,
and Genting Island. Those 4 (four) islands are divided into 3 (three) village zones,
which are Karimunjawa Village, Parang Village, and Nyamuk Village, which recently
became an officially separated territory in 2012. Prior to that, Nyamuk Village is
under the governance of Parang Village.
Karimunjawa Islands is endowed with high potential and variety of natural
resources. On land, one can find various protected flora and fauna, migrating animals,
as well as indigenous vegetations inland and on the coasts. Most of the islands are
surrounded by fringe and barrier reefs. Karimunjawa Islands surely possess high
potentials both natural and human, to be developed as an eco-tourism area with its
strategic location only 45 nautical miles from the regency capital. Eco-tourism
activities in the area could be nicely packaged into eco-friendly scenic trips while still
keeping the reefs intact.
As a National Park, various vulnerable, critically endangered, and protected
marine organisms such as colourful reef fish, corals, and other coral reef species can
be found in Karimunjawa Islands. The National Park status helps preserve the
ecosystems in the area thus making it a prime destination for international tourists as
well as researchers. Based on the study conducted by researchers from Diponegoro
University Semarang in 2004, the coral reef condition and cover is considered to be
very well intact. However, significant changes have happened since the study was
concluded. Increased activity in the area is not adequately supported by the locals’
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and tourists’ awareness of cleanliness. Piles of garbage are often found drifting along
with the tides on the waters surrounding the islands.
The national decree to protect the clusters of small islands in Karimunjawa as
a Marine National Park proves to be highly beneficial to the preservation of various
natural ecosystems, biological resources, and germ plasm, and hence can be used to
develop science and technology, to be used as food, even developed as alternative
medicines in the future. The protection could also be used to preserve the natural
balance while developing marine tourism in the area. Looking further, the
development effort should be directed to elevate the community’s living standard,
especially the local island inhabitants.
1 Conditions of Existing Natural and Human Resources
Parang Island
Parang Island is one of the 27 islands found in Karimunjawa Islands. Parang
Island falls under the governance of Karimunjawa Sub-district as Parang Village,
located on latitudes 5°40’S to 5°57’S and longitudes 110°04’N to 110°40’N. The
village consists of three islands, which are Kumbang Island, Kembar Island, and
Parang Island (the only inhabited island).
Parang Village (690 ha) is administratively separated into 2 hamlets (dukuh), 3
communities, and 9 neighbourhoods. The distance between Parang Island and the sub-
district capital Karimunjawa is approximately 11 nautical miles, or 2 hours of travel
by fishermen boat heading east.
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Figure I-2 – Administrative region and facilities map of Parang Island
According to the Zoning Map of the Karimunjawa National Park in the Decree
issued by the Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation No.
79/IV/Set-3/2005 dated 30 June 2005, Parang Island is one of the biggest islands in
Karimunjawa Islands included in the residential zone.
Figure I-3 – Parang Island as Shown in the Karimunjawa National Park Zoning
Map
In total, only 3 kilometres of roads in Parang Island are paved (with concrete
blocks). The lack of paved roads is the main accessibility problem faced by the people
who ride motorbikes daily to reach their destinations. Only one speedboat (KM.
Pulau
Parang
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Kemujan) serves the inter-island route used to transport people, food and other goods,
but only in limited amounts. It is not uncommon that the boat refuses to serve the
route since only very few passengers show up and it thus becomes uneconomical to
run the boat. With no dependable means of transportation, it is difficult to develop the
islands’ tourism sector. Locals choose to depend on their own (smaller) boats to do
inter-island travels. However, not everyone owns a boat, posing a major obstacle in
running daily errands. Travelling to the main island of Karimunjawa actually costs
more when done using private/own boats compared to boarding the speedboat.
Figure I-4 – Paved Road in Parang Island
1.1.1 Natural Resources
1.1.1.1 Plantations
Based on the data obtained from surveys conducted in the area, plantation
variety present in Parang Island include:
Table 1 – Plantation Commodities in Parang Island
Plants Area (ha) Produce (tonne/ha)
Coconuts 48 61 Cashews 47 50
Source: Parang Village Potential Data 2011
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Figure I-5 – Coconuts and cashews as the main commodities of Parang Island
The scale of the plantations in Parang Island at the moment is not big enough
to be depended upon as the main source of income, and thus still considered a
seasonal one, when the high waves during monsoon prohibits fishermen to go out to
the sea. The lands of Parang Island possess potential biomass resources to be
exploited as feedstock for electricity generation. Unfortunately, the biomass stockpile
in the form of coconut shells and midribs (pelepah) are only available in limited
amounts and the continuity of supply is threatened by resort development plans in the
plantation area.
1.1.1.2 Livestock
Based on the data obtained from surveys conducted in the area, livestock
variety present in Parang Island include:
Table 2 – Livestock found in Parang Island
Animal Number
Cow 105 Goat 499
Chicken 6 107 Duck 750
Source: Parang Village Potential Data 2011
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Figure I-6 – Livestock in Parang Island
Livestock sales are not the main income source in Parang Island, but more of a
side activity for the island’s inhabitants. The animals are herded to feeding grounds,
not kept in stables/pens, which makes accounting of the manure that can potentially
be used for fertiliser relatively difficult.
1.1.2 Human Resources
1.1.2.1 Population
According to Numerical Statistical Data 2013 Karimunjawa Sub-district,
Parang Island/Village is inhabited by 1 079 people, consisting of 537 males and 542
females, with a total of 385 households. With an area of 690 ha (6.9 km2), the
population density of Parang Island is 148 people per square kilometres.
Residents of Parang Island originally hailed from Jepara then settled
permanently on the island. It is still unknown historically, when was the first
inhabitant settled on the island. Currently, a number of tribes reside on Parang Island.
Level of education is still relatively low based on data from the village survey
in 2011, which states:
Table 3 – Education level of Parang Island inhabitants
Education Number of People
University/Tertiary Education 16 High School/equivalent 38
Junior High School/equivalent 65 Primary School 442
Primary School Drop-out 596 No Education 187
Source: Numerical Statistical Data 2013 Karimunjawa Sub-district
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Most of the population mainly works as fishermen except during monsoon
season when they take up construction works, plantation works, herd livestock's, or
leave the island for jobs in big cities. There are several community organisations, both
legal/formal and informal. Legal organisations include village community resilience
group (LKMD – Lembaga Ketahanan Masyarakat Desa), family welfare
development (PKK – Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga), Karang Taruna,
Professional Organisation, Women’s Organisation and Youth Organisation. Informal
organisations (no legal binding pact) include self-supporting community groups
(KSM – Kelompok Swadaya Masyarakat), village forestry advisory centre (SPKP –
Sentra Penyuluhan Kehutanan Pedesaan), settled agricultural efforts (UPM – Usaha
Pertanian Menetap), fishermen’s group, farmers’ group, tambourine group, etc.
1.1.3 Economy
Majority of the income of Parang Island’s inhabitants is from sales of produce
from farms, plantations, livestock, fisheries, other industries and trade. As has been
described in the previous section on potential resources, farm and plantation produces
in Parang Island include corn, peanuts, cassava, cashews, mango, jackfruit, coconuts,
kedondong, etc. Are mostly used for own-consumption, with the surplus sold to the
neighbours and even outside the island. The most sought after produce at the moment
is cassava.
Figure I-7– Harvested Sargassum (Seaweed Substitute)
Beside farm and plantation produces, home industry is another linchpin to the
island’s economy. Various types of artworks made from wood such as carvings,
ornaments and tasbih are produced by the local artist and sold to Karimunjawa and
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Jepara. Processed food industry also exist, produce include pohung blosok, samiler
crackers, bengking, balado (spicy) crackers, gempol, coconut oil, balung kuwuk
crackers and godog crackers. Cassava is the main ingredient of these delicacies sold
in Karimunjawa, Jepara, and even Jakarta.
Sales of catch from the sea largely support the economy in Parang Island.
Fishermen use conventional tools such as fishing rods, (gill) nets, and traditional fish
traps called bubu. Various fish ranging from red snappers, groupers, mackerel tunas,
Spanish mackerels, needlefish, fusiliers, squids, and other reef fish. During peak
season, fishermen can haul ashore up to 200 kg daily with mackerel tunas priced at
Rp 10 000 per kilogram.
Listed below are the data obtained from field surveys and interview with the
island’s residents about the area’s economy.
Table 4 – Income generating activities in Parang Island
Craft Production Rate Price (Rp)
Fishermen Mackerel tuna 200 kg/day (peak season) 10 000/kg Red snapper 300 kg/day (peak season) 30 000 – 33 000/kg Needlefish 100 kg/day (peak season) 5 000/kg Seaweed 2 tonnes/harvest 1 700/kg (wet)
8 000/kg (dried) Cashews 10 kg/harvest 3 000/kg (whole)
50 000/kg (peeled) Home Industry
Samiler crackers 180 sheets/day 300/sheet Balado (spicy) crackers 10 kg/day 20 000/kg
Bengking 5 kg/day 3 500/kg Coconut oil 5 kg/day 13 000/kg
Pohung blosok 20 kg/batch 3 500/kg Tasbih (small) 10 pieces/shipment 10 000/piece Tasbih (large) 10 pieces/shipment 25 000/piece
Smoking pipe (once) 1 piece/2 days 20 000/piece Swim goggles 1 pair/day 20 000/pair
Source: Field Survey Data 2011
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Figure I-8 Produces from Parang Island home industries: cashews (left), smoking
pipes and swim goggles (right)
According to the data collected from field survey, payment of electricity bills
has never been an issue in the community (i.e. they can afford it). With the current
arrangement where the retail price is Rp 2 500/kWh with a monthly metering fee of
Rp 20 000, the people have never brought forward any grievances. Electricity bills on
the island range from Rp 35 000 to Rp 300 000 per month.
1.1.4 Facilities and Infrastructures
1.1.4.1 Clean Water
Most of the houses in Parang Island owns bore wells with depth ranging from
3 to 10 meters, to access clean ground water. Research shows that the quality of the
groundwater is relatively good. The water is tasteless, showing that the freshwater
aquifers have not been breached by saltwater intrusion. Data from a 2010 survey
conducted on Parang Village listed 395 bore wells shared between 427 households.
Mineral water bought from Jepara or Karimunjawa also supplement the bore wells in
providing water for drinking and cooking. Because the people on the Parang island
already using water from bore well, they rejected the centralization of clean water
then in this area is not possible for centralization clean water.
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Figure I-9 – Bore well in Parang Island (left), household water reservoir (right)
1.1.4.2 Schools
Educational facilities found in Parang Island (based on 2010 Karimunjawa
Sub-district Statistical Data) include: 2 (two) pre-schools, 3 (three) primary schools, 1
(one) junior high school, 3 (three) Islamic institutions (madrasah), and 1 Aliyah
(Islamic high school equivalent).
1.1.4.3 Lighting
Electric lights in Parang Island are solely dependent on the diesel power plant
which only supplies electricity from 17:30 WIB to 23:30 WIB (6 hours). The power
plant was commissioned in 2003, equipped with a 100 kVA diesel generating sets,
operated by 3 people. Diesel fuel is purchased from the main island of Karimunjawa
monthly. Limited supply of electricity has been a major impediment in the residents’
electricity-dependent daily life. They sternly stated that electricity and transportation
are two very vital and essential needs, and therefore desire external support in
rectifying the situation.
1.1.4.4 Transportation
Within the island itself, people use bicycles, motorcycles, and pick-up trucks
to get between places. A speedboat KM. Kemujan, provided by the Regency of Jepara
Government serves the inter-island route between Karimun – Parang – Nyamuk. The
only speedboat often overflows with passenger and goods, or does not run at all due
to lack of passengers, forcing people to shift dependence onto their own (smaller)
boats for transportation from Karimunjawa or Jepara.
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Figure I-10 – Pick-up truck transporting goods and people in Parang Island
1.1.4.5 Piers/Docks
Docking facilities in Parang Island can be considered adequate despite its
unstrategic location in shallow waters with coral reefs, preventing the boat with 45 m
or more LOA bigger boat from accessing the docks. Boats have to circle Parang and
Kumbang Islands to reach the docks located on the west side of Parang Island,
making the journey even longer and inefficient.
Residents of Parang desire construction of another docking facility in the
eastern side of the island to cut short the distance from Karimunjawa. The authorities
have been informed of this concern, but any construction plan is rendered impossible
by fear of damaging the protected reef ecosystem found in the area. An in-depth study
needs to be done to further understand the potential impact of dock construction in the
area.
1.1.5 Opportunities and Challenges in Developing Parang Island
1.1.5.1 Development Opportunities
Parang Island possesses the potential to be developed into a marine and agro-
tourism spot. Surveys and focus-group discussions done with local residents reveal a
number of potential development opportunities.
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1. Development of Natural Tourism
Management of the natural beauty of the island of Parang focused on the
development of marine tourism potential such as reef exploration, diving and
snorkelling, fishing and tourism. In addition to the development of marine tourism
sector, the nature development in the land also needs to be done is like, mangrove
forest tour, caving tour (Sarang cave), and shore excursions (Kunci beach, Batu Hitam
beach and Batu Merah beach.
2. Development of Local Culture and Art
Aside from the development of tourist village of natural scenery aspects, the
local people also projecting the village development in local culture and art aspects.
Development of local cultural arts can also be used as a means of cultural
preservation, which hsvr almost been forgotten today. Some local arts and culture that
can be used as a tourist attraction, among others, Keramat Kunci, Wali Katon, Sumur
Wali, Keris Batu Terpendam, Makam Datuk Batu Merah which can be develop as
religion tourist destination. There are also traditional culture such as Reog Barongan,
Pencak Silat, Sedekah Bumi Laut, and also Hadrah.
3. Community Economic Development
Community economic development opportunities in Parang Island can be
pursued by encouraging ecotourism, souvenirs craft industries, and aquaculture.
These agro-tourism should be developed by looking at the potential of the
environment. Parang Island is a relatively lush island and the potential for the
development of agriculture and plantation sector have favourable projections if the
arrangement of the sector can be implemented properly. Other artworks with
commercial values are souvenir machete beads, bracelets, necklaces, and traditional
hand-made swimming goggles. Food productions such as tempeh, crackers, pohong
blosok can also be optimised as supporting tourism activities as well as efforts to
improve the welfare of the community.
A lot of the home industries in Parang Island have the potential to be
developed into a bigger scale as many of the products have been successfully
exported into bigger cities. Limited electricity supply still proves to be a hindrance in
expanding the businesses. Extended hours of electricity supply would enable growth,
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allowing for example construction/purchase of cold storages for fishermen to store
and keep their catch fresh, thus fetching a higher selling price. External support, be it
from the government or private means, would help bring in the much needed help.
4. Development of Public Facilities
Development of public facilities is a step to overcome the limitations of
facilities and infrastructure on the island of Parang. Fundamental development that
must be done is to construct new roads, ports, and educational facilities. Road and
port is the main public access used by both locals and tourists. Their construction
would be in line with the development priorities of the island, which is to prepare the
island as a tourist destination. This development can be done if there is sufficient
electricity supply in the island.
In addition to physical infrastructure development, the development of non-
physical aspects is also important. Non-physical aspects development that have
become the fundamental needs of society, among others:
a) Environment Sector
Develop of public awareness about the environment, increase capacity of
plantation and agriculture, increase supervision and support for security patrols both
land and marine, replace the use of current fishing gear with more environmentally
friendly fishing gears. This will be very beneficial to the community if the
environment quality remains preserved, providing such comfortable atmosphere that
attracts newcomers or tourists.
b) Village Economics
In improving the community's economy, policies favourable to the community
such as the development in the field of tourism, agriculture and plantations, trade,
livestock, and fisheries are very much required. Community empowerment program
should also be developed as an effort to raise their income and improve the village
budget.
c) Social Capacity Building
The fields of education, healthcare, public services, and local culture require
serious attention as far as social capacity building is concerned. The increase in
education can be done by increasing the number of teachers and intensifying
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communication with the parents to participate more in their children’s education at
home. The healthcare sector also requires more medical personnel, preferably natives.
While in terms of public services, policy issues regarding the limited availability of
electricity that can be used is the focus in the development or improvement of public
services.
Figure I-11 – Potential tourism spots in Parang Island
Figure I-12 – Map of potential tourism spots in Parang Island
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1.1.5.2 Challenges in Development
It is inevitable and to be expected that many things are going to clash from the
planning stage up to the application stage of development. Some of the issues are:
1. Limited Electricity Supply
Development is always synonymous with electricity. Adequate and
reliable supply of electricity is essential in developing the area into a
tourism and fishery hotspot. The growing number of incoming tourist
means increased load of electricity. Therefore, it is important that sufficient
amount of energy is supplied to meet the demands of both locals and
tourists. The expanding fishery sector will also demand upgrades in order to
facilitate its growth.
2. Poor Quality and Coverage of Telecommunication Network
Mobile network reception is relatively poor and spotty, only covering
parts of the island. Telecommunication provider companies are also
reluctant to invest on building towers in the area due to lack of network
users.
3. Transportation – rising need of more paved roads to increase mobility.
4. Concerns that tourists will bring negative influence to the local
communities.
5. Concerns of potential environmental damage – the pristine natural
condition around the island is considered to be a huge asset.
6. Lack of funding/budgetary constraints in developing and constructing the
necessary facilities to prepare the area as a proper tourist destination.
c) Electricity Development Direction of Parang Island
Electrical energy supply shortage is a major problem for Parang Island; and as a
barrier to development of the island, it is a problem that currently desires a solution.
Development power generation from renewable energy sources or alternative energy
sources Parang Island are needed for the development of village / island in various
sectors. Current supply of electricity comes only from the PLD (Diesel genset power
plant). It’s only able to supply power for 6 hours, whereas the activities going on up
to 24 hours within community are highly dependent on the availability of electricity;
such as:
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1. Marine and Fisheries Sector
Parang Island’s population is dominated by fishermen who are in dire need of
ice to preserve (keep fresh) their catch. Refrigeration (cooling) or even cold storage is
in high demand. This is of course related to the power source available. There were
531 fishermen in Parang Island in 2007. Thus, the need for ice every day to meet the
demands of the fishermen is very large. The already available refrigerator should be
able to supply the ice if they are to be operating for 24 hours. This is one example of
the importance of improving existing electricity supply capacity in Parang Island.
Development of solar power plants may be the best solution given the very abundant
energy source to be used as electricity energy, which will be beneficial for the
community in Parang Island.
2. Tourism Sector
Progress in the tourism sectors of small islands has always been supported by
various supporting facilities that complete the whole touring experience. One of them
is the availability of adequate power source for the tourists. Physical development
such as lodging/resort, telecommunications facilities and so forth are always require
electricity in their operations. Moreover, most of the tourists would also be in constant
search for electrical plugs to charge their gadgets. To that end, the development and
construction of new electricity energy sources is essential to support the existing
resources, which are also still limited in use.
3. Household Industrial Sector
Parang Island domestic industry has quite promising potential, ranging from
processing of crackers, pohong blosok (traditional food made from cassava), coconut
oil, cashews, to craft souvenirs. Various efforts in the processing always use electrical
appliances such as blenders, mixers, drilling tools, electric saws, and so forth. With
the increase/additions and construction of new sources electricity energy, the
businesses would able to add electrical equipment with the aim to increase
productivity, which hopefully will improve the level of welfare of the people on the
island of Parang.
4. Education and Health Sector
Performance of these sectors is very clearly influenced by the availability of
sufficient electricity. Currently, for example for the students are required to develop
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their potential through self-learning system. To that end, hours of study available at
the school also need to be optimised. With the increased supply of electricity, schools
are expected to be able to provide more learning tools such as computers, and various
props in supporting the learning process. In the healthcare sector, the procurement of
additional medical equipment can also be executed if the condition of electricity on
Parang is adequate. This will have an impact on first-aid treatment in patients at
health centres in the island, which for example would be equipped with a defibrillator
that can save the lives of patients suffering from heart attacks, who would otherwise
not survive the trip to the nearest hospital located 6 hours away.
Nyamuk Island
Based on the data on Karimunjawa Sub-district released by the Central Statistic
Bureau of Central Java Province, also supported by data from village survey, the
whole Nyamuk Island falls under the administration of Nyamuk Village, spanning
from longitudes 110°10'44"E to 110°11'50"E and latitudes 5°48'39"S to 5°49'17"S.
The island has a total area of 139 ha, with fertile soil and good freshwater supply to
fulfil the local demands. Nyamuk Village was officially founded on 8 August 2011 by
the Jepara Regent, and divided into 4 neighbourhoods and 2 communities. It was
previously part of Parang Village.
Figure I-13 – Nyamuk Island as shown in the Karimunjawa National Park
Zoning Map
Pulau Nyamuk
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Nyamuk Island is located inside the protected Karimunjawa National Park and
is only accessible by sea. It is approximately 16.4 nautical miles (28.6 kilometers)
from Karimunjawa Island, which can be travelled around 2.5 hours by boat in calm
conditions. KM. Kemujan, which was also mentioned in the previous sections, is the
dependable mode of inter-island transportation.
Within the island itself, there is a cement concrete road (3 km) and a concrete
block paved road (4 km), which are the main thoroughfare used by the locals. The rest
of the routes heading towards the woods, plantations or the beach are still dirt roads.
1.1.6 Natural Resources
1.1.6.1 Plantation/Farms
Plants with economical value found on Nyamuk Island are listed below:
Table 5 – List of Flora Found in Nyamuk Island
Cultivated Plants Wild Vegetation
Banana Mangrove Coconut Bush
Jambu air (Syzygium samarangense)
Breadfruit (sukun) Mahogany
Teak Peanut Cassava Papaya
Source: Nyamuk Village Mid-term Development Plan, 2012
Figure I-14 – Clockwise: banana, coconut, cassava and mangroves in Nyamuk
Island
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1.1.6.2 Livestock
Data from field survey regarding livestock found on Nyamuk Island is listed
below:
Table 6 - Livestock in Nyamuk Island
Animal Number
Cow 3 Goat 21
Chicken 450 Duck 185
Source: Nyamuk Village Mid-term Development Plan, 2012
Figure I-15 – Chicken and Goat in Nyamuk Island
1.1.7 Human Resources
1.1.7.1 Population
Nyamuk Village survey data listed 578 total residents on the island with 305
males and 273 females. A number of tribe resides on the island. Listed below is the
data retrieved from the Mid-term Development Plan of Nyamuk Village in 2012:
Table 7 – Tribes in Nyamuk Island
Tribe Population
Java 554 Madura 12 Buton 5 Bugis 2
Sumatra 1
Source: Nyamuk Village Mid-term Development Plan, 2012
Below is the list of age group of the population in Nyamuk Village:
Table 8 – Age Group in Nyamuk Island
Age Male Female Total
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Age Male Female Total
0-4 28 23 51 5-9 42 32 74
10-14 27 22 49 15-19 24 24 48 20-24 23 23 46 25-29 22 32 54 30-34 33 22 55 35-39 26 21 47 40-44 31 23 54 45-49 14 18 32 50-54 12 13 25 55-59 9 7 16 60-64 5 5 10 65-69 4 6 10 70-74 2 1 3 >75 3 1 4
Total 305 273 578
Source: Nyamuk Village Mid-term Development Plan, 2012
The number of people belonging to the productive age group between 20 to 50
years old comprises more than half of the total population. Meaning that the island’s
population posses a high potential prime for optimisation and development. The
majority of the population work as fishermen. They go out to sea every day except on
Friday, since it is considered the day off when Moslems observe the weekly Friday
prayer.
Table 9 – Nyamuk Island Residents’ Occupation List
Occupation Number of People
Fisherman 179 Construction Worker 3
Businessman 2 Craftsman/home industry 3
Farmer 4 Vendor 13
Civil servant/army 7 Porter 2
Source: Nyamuk Village Mid-term Development Plan, 2012
1.1.8 Economy
The sea is the lifeblood for almost everyone in Nyamuk Island who mostly
works as fishermen. Their tools of the trade include fishing rods, (gill) nets, and
traditional fish traps called bubu, catching from red snappers, groupers, needlefish,
fusiliers, Spanish mackerels, mackerel tunas, squids, and other coral reef fish.
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Although most of the income originates from sales of fish (and other catch),
locals also exploit other natural resources in order to make a living. Produces from
plantations, farms, livestock, home industries, as well as quarries are sold within and
outside the island itself. Coconut, banana, cassava, teak and other kinds of plantations
can be found around the island. Small industries use coconut fronds to make sapu lidi
(brooms) from the stiff midribs and woven thatch roofing from the leaves. There also
exist quarries where sand and stones have been extracted.
The following list describes the occupations of Nyamuk Island’s residents:
Table 10 – Income generating activities in Nyamuk Island
Craft Production Rate Price (Rp)
Fishermen Mackerel tuna 200 kg/day 10 000 /kg Red snapper 300 kg/day 30 000 /kg Needlefish 100 kg/day 5 000 /kg
Home Industry Sapu lidi 2 brooms/day 5 000 /broom
Woven thatch roofing 1 sheet/day 5 000 /sheet Quarry extracts
Sand 4.5 m3/day 2 000 /m3
Stone 0.6 m3/day 25 000 /m3
Figure I-16 – Woven thatch roofing (left) and sapu lidi (right)
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Figure I-17 – Extracts from the quarries
Currently, the electricity retail rate is at Rp 2 500/kWh with a monthly
subscription fee of Rp 20 000. Customers’ bills range from Rp 35 000/month to Rp
300 000/month. So far, payments of the bills have never been an issue within the
customers in Nyamuk Island.
1.1.9 Opportunities and Challenges in Developing Nyamuk Island
1.1.9.1 Development Opportunities
Area development is always synonymous with increasing electricity demands.
Especially when developing tourism spots with constructions of hotel, housing, shops
and other supporting facilities, which obviously require electrical energy.
1. Marine Tourism
Coral reefs surrounding the island are in relatively pristine conditions
and continue to be well maintained. The beauty of the well-preserved
underwater ecosystem with white-sand beaches together makes an attractive
marine tourism package. With the right kind of management, this is a potential
worth developing that can very well benefit communities in Nyamuk Island.
Figure I-18 – Coral reefs at potential diving spots around Nyamuk Island
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2. Cave Tours
Inland, there are caves located on the south-eastern side of the island.
The contours of the caves were the result of natural abrasions, with cliffs
ranging from 5 to 10 meters high. There are 3 (three) caves, Kemasan, Pandai
and Panjang. Adjacent Kemasan and Pandai caves are located on the southern
part of the island.
Figure I-19 – Cave mouths in Nyamuk Island
3. Religious Tourism/Pilgrimage
A well considered sacred by locals, known as sumur wali1, is located
only 100 meters from the coast but uniquely produces fresh, not brackish,
water. Another well, located 15 meters from the coast only a meter deep is
also known to produce fresh water.
Figure I-20 – The wells (left, centre) and the sacred grave
A grave topped with an ancient mosque dome is also considered to be
related to Wali Songo and thus sacred by the locals. These claims have not
1 Refers to Wali Songo, the revered nine saints historically responsible for spreading Islam in
Indonesia, especially in Java.
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actually been verified as they are passed on between generations through folk
tales.
Figure I-21 – Nyamuk Island Tourism Potential Map
1.1.9.2 Challenges in Development
Here is a shortlist of concerns that came up during focus group discussions in
Nyamuk Island regarding the community and nature preservation:
1. The new docks in Nyamuk Island do not meet the requirements of the people
in Nyamuk Island, while the old one is currently damaged.
2. Arising needs for 24-hours of continuous electricity supply to support growths
of home industries.
3. Limited (public) transportation options with only one boat operating twice a
week.
4. Telecommunication coverage for the whole island. Currently, only parts of the
island are covered.
Genting Island
Genting Island is put under the administration of Karimunjawa Village although it
is located approximately 1.5 hours away by boat from the main island of
Karimunjawa. To date, information about Genting Island is still fairly limited and it is
S
pot Dive
1
S
pot Dive
2
P
antai
P
asir Putih 1 P
antai
P
asir Putih 2
Arca
& Sumur Wali G
oa
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far less popular to outsiders compared to Karimunjawa Island where the seat of
Karimunjawa Village government is located.
Figure I-22 – Map of Genting Island
Figure I-23 – Genting Island landscape
On the map, Genting Island is located at coordinates 5° 51’ 07” S and 110° 36’
10” E with a total area of 137 ha. The island is inhabited by 369 people, divided into
105 households with the majority of the population working as fishermen. Just like
the previously discussed Parang and Nyamuk islands, Genting Island also has the
potential to be developed as a marine tourism area.
Within the island, various plantations exist including coconuts, tropical almonds
(ketapang), Casuarina equisetifolia, cashews, etc. with coconuts being the biggest
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commodity of Genting Island. Produces from the plantations are exported to
Karimunjawa and Jepara. Animals that can be found inland are cows, goats and
chicken. Coral reefs, molluscs, crustaceans, coral reef fish, and seagrass thrive in the
water surrounding the island.
Obstacles and Opportunities for the development of the island
Opportunities for the island development
A common trait shared between islands in Karimunjawa is their potential to be
developed as marine tourism areas, boasting pristine and abundant underwater marine
life highly suitable as diving spots. In addition to tourism, fish and seaweed farming
could also be tapped as income generating commodities. Fish hatcheries/farms
already exist in neighbouring Sambangan Island (located west of Genting Island, see
Figure I-22) cultivating economically valuable fish species such as humpback
groupers and brown-marbled groupers, which are exported to China. Waters
surrounding Genting Island possess similar conditions and hence should be as suitable
to host fish farms.
Obstacle for the island development
The classic problem of electricity supply shortage also occurs in Genting Island,
which hampers development efforts. Increased supply of electricity will allow
fishermen to purchase and install cold storages and produce ice to ensure the
freshness of their catch. Another common remote island issue is the poor
telecommunication network coverage where mobile reception is only available in
parts of the island.
Fresh Water Supply in Genting Island
In contrast to the other islands, access to clean water in Genting Island is limited
to certain areas, because based on the recognition of residents in some places the
water is brackish. At Genting Island there are now centralised submersible water
pumps powered by direct current (DC) electricity from solar panels. Construction of
this facility was done after receiving a sum of relief fund from the municipal water
company (PDAM – Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum) in Semarang. In addition to
using submersible pumps, ordinary household alternating current (AC) water pump
with electricity supplied by diesel generator. The maximum flow rate of this water
pump is 60 litres/minute, with the input power 650 watt and output power 250 watt.
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During daytime, water reservoirs with capacity of 4 × 1550 litres (6 200 litres)
are filled using submersible pumps, with the ordinary household AC water pump
taking over at night, since they can only operate when the generator is on.
Figure I-24 – Ordinary household AC water pump in Genting Island
Centralised water pump has so far been able to meet the demands in Genting
Island. However, at this time a number of houses at the far end of the distribution line
often experience supply issues because the water flowing from the central reservoirs
are already diverted to residents located close to the shelter using, resulting in very
weak and little flow for customers further on the line. The water shortage problem can
be solved if the water pumps (not the submersible pump) have more power supplied
to them (increased hours of operation). Gajah Mada University is currently in
collaboration with USAID to provide centralised water pumps for public facilities on
the island.
Figure I-25 – Centralised fresh water supply in Genting Island
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The direction of development of the power source on the island of Genting is to
provide replacement of components or redevelopment of solar PV and wind power
plants because both systems have been damaged and require immediate repair. Some
of the components can still be salvaged and used in the refurbished power plant.
Electricity supply from solar PV and wind turbines are preferable to diesel generators
due to the soaring cost of diesel fuel.
Based on the results of the survey and interviews, the majority of the population
Genting Island works as fishermen. To meet their demand for ice, currently fishermen
on the islands of Karimunjawa Island and Genting bought the ice from Jepara. A
small part of society who owns refrigerators and freezers has only been able to
produce ice in small amounts due to the limited supply of electricity on the island for
6 hours (17:30 to 23:30). Fishermen usually set out to sea around 3 am. With the
current supply period, some of the ice would have already melted by the time the
fishermen need it.
There is also a small shipbuilding industry in Genting that requires a lot of
power tools such as wood planer, drill, wood cutting tools, and others. Electricity
needs for shipbuilding today comes from private generators that use diesel fuel or
gasoline.
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CHAPTER II ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Sufficient electricity supply is the most vital need in small islands. Currently
electricity is still supplied by the diesel power plants, where there is insufficient
generated power to meet the demands on the islands. Here is an overview of the
condition of existing power resource managements in Parang, Nyamuk and Genting
Islands.
2.1. Government Policy in Electric Energy Development in Small Islands
Region in Central Java
There are several government policies that became the basis for the
development of energy resources, particularly electrical energy, which is the primary
requirement for a society that also directly affect the lives of the people in the district
of Jepara, among others:
1. Law No. 30 of 2009 on Electricity, in article 6, paragraph 2 states that the
utilisation of energy resources should be implemented with emphasis on new and
renewable energy sources. In practice, in accordance with article 7, paragraph 3
states that the general plan of the area of electricity is based on the general plan of
the national electricity and established by the Local Government after consultation
with the Regional Representatives Council.
2. The development of the tourism sector in Karimunjawa considering the key
limiting issues among others, is still the lack of power source availability. To that
end, the construction of power plants should be the main focus in the construction
and development of Karimunjawa Islands.
3. Regulation of Jepara Regency No. 2 of 2011 on Spatial Planning of Jepara, Year
2011-2031: in article 6, it is stated that the strategy of improving the quality and
range of services of energy infrastructure networks, telecommunications, water
resources, and the environment that can support the growth and equity of
community service, and environmental protection include: increasing the
availability of electrical energy (letter a). In the fourth part of the Plan for Energy
Network Systems and Electrical article 14, paragraph 3, letter b it is mentioned that
plans include the development of power generation plants and renewable energy in
the district of Jepara.
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4. Management of diesel and/or solar power plants in Karimunjawa Islands Region
has been regulated in Regent’s Decree No.: 671.2 / 874 of 1999 on the
Establishment of Electricity District of Publications Unit Business, Jepara. This
management unit consists of the Sub-district Head (Camat) of Karimunjawa as the
supervisor. Manager of the head unit is currently in charge of the operator on the
island of Parang, Nyamuk and Genting. The management unit is directly
responsible to the Regent of Jepara. Current technical advisors are Agency of
Roadworks and Irrigation (DBMP) and Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
(ESDM) of Jepara regency.
Based on the above regulation, it is possible for the provision of new and
renewable sources of energy in this case solar power, wind power, biomass to the
populated islands within the Karimunjawa Islands. To follow up on this, the
coordination of the relevant stakeholders such as local government agencies is
necessary for the activity/ development of new and renewable energy sources to be
implemented properly.
Operational plan steam power plant (combined cycle power plant) that uses
compressed natural gas (CNG) with approximately 1 MW capacity (of the total 3 MW
electricity demand in the Karimunjawa) in 2015 is expected to put an end to
electricity crisis in the region. This combined cycle power plant (PLTGU –
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Gas dan Uap) was built with an investment of 12 billion
rupiahs. Development of electricity in the region is plagued by pending disburse of
budget and because of constrained land acquisition. As a result, the target of the
operation was moved from 2014 to 2015. However, this has been resolved and the
current stage of the process is the development and procurement of generating
machine that will be used in the power plant. With this PLTGU, electricity tariffs in
Karimunjawa and Kemujan is estimated to be around Rp. 1 400 per kilowatt-hour.
So far, the electricity crisis in Karimunjawa limits supply to 12.5 hours a day
from 17:30 to 06:00 for Karimunjawa and Kemujan, while in Parang Island, Nyamuk
Island and Genting Island the supply is limited to only 6 hours. Electricity in
Karimunjawa is still supplied by the diesel generators and hereinafter will be replaced
by PLTGU. However, the plan of PLTGU development is only limited in
Karimunjawa (the main island) and Kemujan alone, whereas for Nyamuk Island,
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Parang Island, and Island Genting will not covered by this project. In this project
there are no plans to install undersea cabling to connect the electricity from
Karimunjawa to the three islands. In addition, plans to increase the capacity of
electricity in Parang Island, Nyamuk Island and Genting Island is still limited to a
biomass study conducted by Balitbang (Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan) in
collaboration with the UNS (Universitas Sebelas Maret, Solo) and the results of these
studies have not been released for public consumption. Limited funds from the
Regency prove to be a further constraint in meeting the demand for electricity in
Parang, Nyamuk and Genting Island.
Based on information from the Karimunjawa diesel power plant management,
subsidies for diesel fuel in 2014 for Karimunjawa sub-district amounted to
approximately 1 billion rupiahs, earmarked from Jepara district budget and the deficit
is covered by CSR (corporate social responsibility) funds amounting approximately 3
billion rupiahs sourced from PLTU Tanjung Jati B Jepara, Bank Jateng, BRI, Bank
Mandiri, Bank Muamalat, BNI, BTN, Perhutani, PT. Trans Marga Jateng, Bank
Bukopin, as well as SKK Migas, Perusahaan Gas Negara dan PT Sarana
Pembangunan Jawa Tengah and 0.5 billion rupiah from Central Java Province Budget
(APBD – Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah).
Looking at the Central Java Provincial Regulation No. 4 In 2014 Zoning Plan of
Coastal Areas and Small Islands (RZWP3K), in the direction of local regulations for
regional development of small islands in the Karimunjawa Islands included in the
tourism zone, the regulation shall be enforced by improving nautical tourism
activities, cultural and other local interests in a sustainable manner. Strategies for the
development of tourism zones, especially in Karimunjawa includes developing
infrastructure for tourism activities in an appropriate and adequate manner, while still
maintaining the natural integrity of the environment within the conservation area that
is also used for tourism activities. Therefore, in designing the future electricity
infrastructures in this island, the supply should not be designed to only meet the needs
of the local residents’ demands, but to also anticipate the growth as a result of
development of the tourism sector in this island.
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2. 2. The Load Profile of Nyamuk Island, Parang Island, and Genting Island
Based on Field Measurement Data
Average usage of electricity generated by the diesel generator is still relatively
low. One of the factors that caused this condition is unbalanced load distribution
between genset phases. When the three-phases are not in balance with each other, the
energy produced by the generator is not fully utilised. Referring to the generator
capacity, high load (amperes) in one phase will limit the diesel generators from
generating greater amounts of energy. On the other hand, at low load on one phase,
the energy will be wasted. Management to balance the load distribution is the key to
improving energy efficiency. Even during the peak demand period (18:00 to 20:00)
there is considerable scope to increase the percentage of use of the generator for free.
In other words, because there is still untapped energy, the customer will still therefore
be able to add electrical load or increase the number of electronic households
appliances.
Figure II-1 AC current sample measurement in each phase (R, S, T) in Nyamuk
Island
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
17.30 18.30 19.30 20.30 21.30 22.30
am
pe
re
Time
R
S
T
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Figure II-2 AC current sample measurement in each phase (R, S, T) in Parang
Island
Figure II-3 AC current sample measurement in each phase (R, S, T) in Genting
Island
To balance the load of generator, operators need to make an effort to monitor
the load connected to each phase. The load monitoring can identify large loads and
then divide the load to another phase so that the load on each phase will be balanced.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
17.30 18.30 19.30 20.30 21.30 22.30
am
pe
re
Time
R
S
T
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
17.30 18.30 19.30 20.30 21.30 22.30
am
pe
re
Time
R
S
T
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Deviation of 5 to 10 per cents is still acceptable for the type of load, which are
household appliances with a variety of usage period.
The graphs below show the use of the generator (bottom of graph, blue curves)
as compared to capacity. The data used refer to the size of the generator (nameplate)
and record energy usage (kWh) in each island. Assumptions made ignore the
distribution loss factor and genset efficiency (the genset is approximately 10 years
old). Cumulative generator load is still below the production capacity of the generator
itself, though with added 50% of the energy that is lost in the network, the amount of
energy used is now less than the energy produced by the generator, resulting in the
loss of the use of these generators. In fact, there is a lot of energy that is not utilised
while fuel consumption of the generator is fixed and the fuel price is quite expensive.
Figure II-4– Graph of energy generation and kWh used by customer in Nyamuk
Island
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
kW
h
Month
kWh usage
Energy Generation
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Figure II-5 Graph of energy generation and kWh used by customer in Parang
Island
Figure II-6 Graph of energy generation and kWh used by customer in Genting
Island
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
kW
h
Month
kWh usage
Energy Generation
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
kW
h
Month
kWh usage
Energy Generation
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Load profile on each island is different based on the use of electricity appliances
and the number of customers. Load profile data for 6 hours supply period were
obtained from field survey, while the load profiles 12 and 24 hours were made by
extrapolation based on the data of electrical appliance to be used by the customer
when the power is on for 12 and 24 hours. This data is obtained from questionnaire
and interview with local residents.
Table 11 – Electronic appliances in Parang Island
Appliances Code Units Watt/unit
Street lights PJU 117 10 Lampu rumah LED 1107 10
Kipas angin FAN 350 27 Kulkas REF 6 20 Freezer FRE 60 30 Setrika IRO 30 350
Rice cooker RCO 222 180 Pompa air PMP 226 125 Mesin cuci WSH 3 450
TV TV 253 100 Power tools TOL 7 1100 Computer COM 5 250
Table 12 – Hourly load profile in Parang Island (extrapolated for 24 hours
supply period)
Time PJU LED FAN REF FRE IRO RCO PMP WSH TV TOL COM
Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt 1:00 1170 2200 945 40 270 0 540 1375 0 2000 0 0 2:00 1170 2150 999 20 300 0 1080 1500 0 1500 0 0 3:00 1170 2300 1080 40 330 0 1260 1375 0 1300 0 0 4:00 1170 2400 1134 40 330 0 1800 1375 0 1000 0 0 5:00 1170 2200 1053 20 270 1050 1440 1500 0 1200 0 0 6:00 580 2000 675 40 300 1750 1800 2000 450 1000 0 0 7:00 0 1800 810 40 330 2450 2700 2375 450 1500 0 0 8:00 0 1500 1080 20 300 3500 3240 2750 900 2200 0 0 9:00 0 1300 945 40 360 2800 6120 3250 900 2500 0 0
10:00 0 1100 1080 60 330 2450 6840 3500 1350 3200 1100 500 11:00 0 1000 1215 80 330 2100 7200 3750 1350 3700 2200 500 12:00 0 1000 1269 60 360 1400 8100 3875 900 4000 3300 750 13:00 0 920 1080 60 330 1050 7380 3625 900 4500 1100 250 14:00 0 900 1080 60 360 350 8100 3750 900 4700 3300 1000 15:00 0 900 1215 80 390 700 7200 4125 900 5000 3300 500 16:00 0 920 1296 80 360 350 6660 3625 450 5500 3300 500 17:00 0 1000 1134 60 360 350 5940 3125 450 5700 2200 250 18:00 0 1750 945 40 300 0 5580 2500 0 6200 0 250 19:00 1170 2200 864 40 300 0 5940 2375 0 6800 0 250 20:00 1170 2400 945 40 270 350 6480 2500 0 8000 0 250
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Time PJU LED FAN REF FRE IRO RCO PMP WSH TV TOL COM
21:00 1170 2500 1161 40 270 350 5580 2125 0 8500 0 250 22:00 1170 2250 972 40 270 350 4320 1750 0 6700 0 0 23:00 1170 2200 891 20 270 0 2340 1375 0 5000 0 0 0:00 1170 2050 864 40 270 0 540 1000 0 3700 0 0
Note: Description of abbreviations in row 1 can be found in Table 11.
Table 13 – 6 hours load profile in Parang Island based on the field measurement
Time Power [W]
1700-1800 55,481 1800-1900 53,714 1900-2000 48,691 2000-2100 46,650 2100-2200 43,552 2200-2300 40,080 2300-2400 20,040
From Table 13, we calculate the load with 10 % expected cable loss in Parang
Island. The load profile is shown in Table 14 below.
Table 14 – Load profile 6 hours in Parang Island with expected 10% cable loss
Time Power [W]
17:00 24,000 18:00 25,000 19:00 28,000 20:00 27,700 21:00 24,300 22:00 21,000 23:00 11,500 Total 161,500
Table 15 – 12 hours load profile in Parang Island
Time Power [W]
11:00 18,000 12:00 20,000 13:00 19,500 14:00 19,000 15:00 19,200 16:00 21,000 17:00 22,000 18:00 24,300 19:00 25,000 20:00 21,000 21:00 15,400
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22:00 13,000 23:00 11,000 Total 248,400
Table 16 – 24 hours load profile load profile in Parang Island
Time Load [W]
0:00 8,540 1:00 8,719 2:00 8,855 3:00 9,249 4:00 9,903 5:00 10,595 6:00 12,455 7:00 15,490 8:00 18,215 9:00 21,510
10:00 23,425 11:00 25,014 12:00 21,195 13:00 24,500 14:00 24,310 15:00 23,041 16:00 20,569 17:00 17,565 18:00 19,939 19:00 22,405 20:00 21,946 21:00 17,822 22:00 13,266 23:00 9,634 Total 408.162
Figure II-7 Graph of 24 hours Load Profile in Parang Island
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
Po
we
r [W
]
Time
47|
Table 17 – Electronic appliances in Nyamuk Island
Appliances Code Units Watt/unit
Street lights PJU 32 10 Lampu rumah LED 510 10
Kipas angin FAN 150 27 Kulkas REF 21 60 Freezer FRE 21 40 Setrika IRO 16 350
Rice cooker RCO 222 180 Pompa air PMP 117 125 Mesin cuci WSH 3 450
TV TV 46 85 Power tools TOL 7 1100 Computer COM 4 250
Table 18 – Hourly load profile in Nyamuk Island (extrapolated for 24 hours
supply period)
Time PJU LED FAN REF FRE IRO RCO PMP WSH TV TOL COM
Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt 1:00 320 2300 1080 780 360 0 720 1375 0 1275 0 0 2:00 320 2250 1080 720 400 0 900 1250 0 1445 0 0 3:00 320 2400 1107 780 400 0 900 1250 0 1190 0 0 4:00 320 2500 1134 780 360 0 900 1125 0 1445 0 0 5:00 320 2300 1080 720 360 1050 1260 1000 0 1785 0 0 6:00 160 2100 972 780 400 1400 1260 1000 900 1955 0 0 7:00 0 1900 999 780 400 1750 1260 1750 1350 1870 0 0 8:00 0 1600 1107 720 360 2100 2160 1875 1350 1955 0 0 9:00 0 1400 1404 840 440 2100 2340 2375 1350 1785 0 0
10:00 0 1200 1350 840 400 2100 1440 2625 900 2550 3300 750 11:00 0 1100 1404 900 400 1750 2700 3500 450 2975 4400 750 12:00 0 1100 1620 900 480 1400 2160 2625 450 2720 4400 1000 13:00 0 1020 1755 900 400 1050 2340 3125 450 2720 2200 500 14:00 0 1000 1944 1080 600 1750 3600 3750 450 2975 5500 1000 15:00 0 1000 2106 960 360 1050 2700 3125 450 2550 5500 1000 16:00 0 1020 1755 900 400 1050 1800 2875 450 2550 4400 750 17:00 0 1100 1485 840 400 1050 1440 2500 450 2380 3300 750 18:00 0 2400 1350 780 360 0 1620 2000 450 2550 0 500 19:00 320 3000 1215 780 360 0 1440 1875 900 3400 0 750 20:00 320 4200 1053 780 360 0 1620 2000 450 4250 0 1000 21:00 320 4000 1134 960 360 0 1260 2000 450 5100 0 750 22:00 320 3500 1053 780 360 0 1080 2250 0 4420 0 0 23:00 320 3000 1026 780 360 0 900 2250 0 3400 0 0 0:00 320 2500 729 780 360 0 540 1500 0 2550 0 0
Note: Description of abbreviations in row 1 can be found in Table 17 –
Electronic appliances in Nyamuk Island
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Table 19 – 6 hours load profile in Nyamuk Island
Time Power [W]
17:00 10,100 18:00 18,000 19:00 25,500 20:00 25,100 21:00 23,100 22:00 18,300 23:00 15,000 Total 135,100
The same extrapolation method used in Parang is also used constructing the
load profile in Nyamuk Island.
Table 20 – 12 hours load profile in Nyamuk Island
Time Power [W]
11:00 16,500 12:00 16,400 13:00 14,600 14:00 14,100 15:00 13,700 16:00 14,700 17:00 16,000 18:00 17,100 19:00 18,200 20:00 17,700 21:00 17,500 22:00 16,500 23:00 15,100
Total kWh 208,100
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Table 21 – 24 hours load profile in Nyamuk Island
Time Power [W]
0:00 8,210 1:00 8,365 2:00 8,347 3:00 8,564 4:00 9,875 5:00 10,927 6:00 12,059 7:00 13,227 8:00 14,034 9:00 17,455
10:00 20,329 11:00 18,855 12:00 16,460 13:00 23,649 14:00 20,801 15:00 17,950 16:00 15,695 17:00 12,010 18:00 14,040 19:00 16,033 20:00 16,334 21:00 13,763 22:00 12,036 23:00 9,279 Total 338,297
Figure II-8 Graph of 24 hours Load Profile in Nyamuk Island
-
5,000.00
10,000.00
15,000.00
20,000.00
25,000.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Po
we
r [W
]
Time
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Table 22 – Electronic appliances in Genting Island
Appliances Code Units Watt/unit
Street lights PJU 20 10 Lampu rumah LED 222 10
Kipas angin FAN 50 27 Kulkas REF 5 20 Freezer FRE 2 30 Setrika IRO 8 350
Rice cooker RCO 35 180 Pompa air PMP 30 125 Mesin cuci WSH 3 450
TV TV 36 100 Power tools TOL 3 1100 Computer COM 3 250
Table 23 – Hourly load profile in Genting Island (extrapolated for 24 hours
supply period)
Time PJU LED FAN REF FRE IRO RCO PMP WSH TV TOL COM
Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt Σ
Watt
1:00 200 220 189 20 30 0 0 125 0 900 0 0 2:00 200 240 270 0 30 0 0 125 0 800 0 0 3:00 200 320 297 20 30 0 0 250 0 600 0 0 4:00 200 320 324 20 30 0 180 375 0 500 0 0 5:00 200 470 189 0 30 350 180 125 0 800 0 0 6:00 100 520 108 20 60 700 360 250 450 700 0 0 7:00 0 570 135 20 60 1050 360 375 450 1200 0 0 8:00 0 470 189 0 60 700 360 375 900 1900 0 0 9:00 0 450 216 20 60 1400 540 250 900 1800 0 0
10:00 0 350 162 40 60 350 540 250 1350 2000 1100 500 11:00 0 230 216 40 60 350 540 250 900 2100 2200 250 12:00 0 270 243 40 60 350 540 375 900 1900 2200 750 13:00 0 290 189 40 60 350 360 375 450 2700 1100 250 14:00 0 230 189 20 60 350 360 500 450 1300 3300 500 15:00 0 310 270 40 60 350 540 375 450 1500 3300 250 16:00 0 300 243 40 60 350 360 375 0 1700 3300 500 17:00 0 400 189 20 60 350 540 375 0 2000 2200 500 18:00 0 440 162 40 60 350 540 250 0 3600 0 500 19:00 200 420 162 20 60 0 540 250 0 2500 0 250 20:00 200 540 189 20 60 0 360 250 0 3300 0 500 21:00 200 510 216 40 60 0 540 250 0 3300 0 250 22:00 200 550 189 20 60 0 540 125 0 2000 0 0 23:00 200 440 162 20 60 0 180 125 0 1100 0 0 0:00 200 340 189 20 60 0 0 125 0 500 0 0
Note: Description of abbreviations in row 1 can be found in
Table 23 –
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Table 24 – 6 hours load profile in Genting Island
Time Power [W]
17:00 3,506.1 18:00 7,969.0 19:00 8,736.0 20:00 8,180.9 21:00 7,009.6 22:00 6,750.9 23:00 3,432.0 Total 45,584.5
Table 25 – 12 hours load profile in Genting Island
Time Power [W]
11:00 6,300 12:00 6,000 13:00 5,500 14:00 5,100 15:00 5,000 16:00 5,240 17:00 5,600 18:00 6,400 19:00 6,600 20:00 5,900 21:00 5,100 22:00 4,500 23:00 2,400 Total 69,640
Table 26 – 24 hours load profile in Genting Island
Time Power [W]
0:00 1,684 1:00 1,665 2:00 1,717 3:00 1,949 4:00 2,344 5:00 3,268 6:00 4,220 7:00 4,954 8:00 5,636 9:00 6,702
10:00 7,136 11:00 7,628 12:00 6,164 13:00 7,259 14:00 7,445 15:00 7,228 16:00 6,634
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Time Power [W]
17:00 5,942 18:00 4,402 19:00 5,419 20:00 5,366 21:00 3,684 22:00 2,287 23:00 1,434 Total 112,167
2.3. General Overview of Electronic Appliances Efficiency
Electrical tools used by the islander are common types of electronic appliance,
similar to those used in other parts of Indonesia, such as rice cookers, water pumps,
fans, TVs, electric irons, and refrigerators. Most of the lights used are fluorescent
lamps with electronic ballasts that have good energy efficiency. Some house use LED
lights with better energy efficiency. However, public awareness of energy efficiency
is still low, which can be seen by instances where people still turn on the television
even though they are not watching it.
High efficiency power tools are rarely used, in addition to the price being much
higher availability at electronics stores in Jepara regency is also limited. A
recommended workaround to the efficiency issue of these tools is to manage the time
of use. With the use of time management, energy generated by diesel engines will be
better utilised at no extra cost. Time of use management in this case can also be
applied to water pumps in Parang and Nyamuk Island that should be used in rotation,
not simultaneously, therefore reducing the maximum demand and thus electricity
cost. Currently water pumps powered by the generator run until 21.00 pm. Another
example is when the generator starts up, the freezer also kicks in, at the same time
there is relatively high electrical load. Time of use management intends to distribute
the load evenly in a wide window of time.
2.4. Evaluation of Electrical Distribution System Quality
Electrical distribution networks in Nyamuk and Genting Island are considered
adequate for this time being. Considering the load (ampere), distance (meter) and
genset size (kVA), no significant voltage drop was found in Nyamuk and Genting
Island. Different situation was found in Parang Island, the biggest island with the
longest distribution system from the generator station. In Parang Island, combination
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of the load, distance and the genset size combined resulted in a significant voltage
drop at the end of the distribution line.
1) Nyamuk Island
Currently, the electricity supply arrangement in Nyamuk Island becomes the
model for the other two islands (Parang and Genting). The electricity supply from
diesel generators (PLD) is a pay-per-use service with reference to the energy
consumption meter installed at the houses. Until the end of the distribution line, the
voltage drop is still within the acceptable standard 10%). No issue was reported or
found during the site visit.
The distribution line at Nyamuk Island is also a model for Parang Island.
Distribution of electricity from the 25kWp PV system and from diesel power plant
(30 kVA) is divided into two lines. The PV system installed in Nyamuk Island is still
in Nyamuk Island is operating for 24 hours, but with its current capacity it has not
been able to meet the electricity demand alone. The total daily average load amounted
to around 338.297 kWh. With the separation of the distribution line and installation of
energy limiters in every customer house, all customers now obtain equal amount of
energy. Prior to the existence of the PV system, there were only 136 houses that were
connected to the diesel power plant, whereas the remaining 48 houses (out of a total
of 184 units including public facilities) were not powered. With the existence of this
PV system, 170 homes and 14 public facilities are now able to enjoy electricity. Each
house received an allocation of 450Wh free electricity per day (24 hours) and when
the usage of an individual customer has exceeded the given limits, then the electricity
supply in said customer’s house will be cut-off automatically and will not affect
another customer.
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Figure II-9 Name plate of the diesel generator – Nyamuk Island
Figure II-10 kWh meter (left) and energy limiter (right) in Nyamuk Island
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Figure II-11 Distribution line in Nyamuk Island based on GPS tracking
2) Genting Island
Genting Island is the smallest island compared to Parang and Nyamuk Island. Size
of distribution cables used in this island is 35 mm2 in diameter. Total length of the
distribution line is about 1.4 km with the Genset/PV located at the centre of the
distribution line. This condition is ideal, hence no issue with voltage drop.
Figure II-12 Name plate of diesel genset in Genting Island
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PV system in Genting Island is not in good condition. The PV system was built
about 6 years ago. Solar panels are showing a sign of water leakage inside the glass
cover, where the battery capacity also showed indication of reduction.
In Genting Island, both Diesel and PV electricity are “available”, but the
distribution line is only one. This distribution line is used by both Diesel and PV
electricity. Usage of the electricity is counted by an energy meter (kWh Meter). This
kWh meter counting electricity usage from both Diesel and PV.
Figure II-13 GPS tracking for distribution dine – Genting Island
3) Parang Island
In Parang Island, currently there is a 100kVA diesel genset and 75kWp PV
system. The PV system has its own distribution line. This distribution lines use 3×35
mm2 size overhead cables from the point of connection of PV with the grid until the
customer at the end of the distribution line (the farthest point) on this island which is
in the land of the National Park. Based on the information from staff of Agency of
Roadworks and Irrigations (DBMP), and Energy and Mineral Resources Department
(ESDM) of Jepara regency, the construction of this 75kWp off-grid PV system
required funds of approximately 10 billion rupiahs. In each house has also been
installed a limiter so that power consumption can be evenly distributed to all
connected customers. Currently from a total of 369 homes, only 273 homes are PLD
(diesel genset) customers, the rest were electrified after the 75kWp PV sytem started
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operating on the island. Each house gets rationed electricity of 260Wh daily, limited
by an energy limiter.
Distance from the genset to load is quite far (longest distance is about 1 600 m),
Currently utilised equipment are 35mm2 distribution cables, 100kVA genset (80%
continuous rating), with peak current of about 120A. This condition caused a drop of
voltage at the end of the load connection. At the genset power house the voltage was
measured to be 380 volts (line-to-line 3-phase) and dropping to 176 volts at the end of
connection, 1 600 m away.
Figure II-14 Distribution of the connected load to the genset, Parang Island
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Figure II-15 Name Plate of the diesel generator – Parang Island
Figure II-16 Ampere meter showing a swinging load during peak hours – Parang
Figure II-17 Distribution line without a proper pole (left) and farthest connected
house (right) in Parang Island
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Regarding to the voltage drop problem in Parang Island, some alternative
solutions are: installation of step-up transformers, separation of the power plants and
upgrading the size of the distribution cable. Installation a step up transformer at the
output side of the transformer and then stepping it down before distributed to the
customer will distribute the electricity through some step down transformer nearby
the customer. As the distance from the step down transformer is reduced, as will the
voltage drop. This option will involve quite a big sum of investment on the new
medium voltage system, compared to the distribution area that is not really big.
Another solution is by installing the power generator (genset, PV, biomass, etc.)
at the other end of the Parang Island distribution line. By having a distributed
generation system, losses on the cables, transformers (if installed) and cable
termination can be avoided. This system will only supply the load on the safe distance
where the voltage drop would still be less than 20%. But, this option also will involve
a sizeable investment and permits to open the new area in the island.
Proposed solution is to upgrade the existing distribution cable, which is
consisting of many size (35, 25, 10 mm2) to be replaced with a 70mm2 cable. If the
cost is an issue, the cable replacement also can be done only for the main line where
most of customers are connected to. The initial survey also shown that the voltage
drop only happened on a very far distance from the genset with a small number of
customers with also small amount of electricity usage. The simplified map below
shows the proposal for replacement of the distribution cable to be upgraded to a
70mm2 cable.
Table 27 – Advantages and disadvantages of installing transformer, distributed
power generation, and cable upgrade
No Parameter Advantage/Disadvantage
Option
Upgrade Cable Install transformer Separation Power generator
1 Voltage Drop OK OK OK
2 Purchase and Installation cost High High Very High
3 Maintenance cost Low High High
4 Safety Risk Low High Low
5 Complication on Installation Low High Low
6 Additional maintenance personnel
No No Yes
7 Requirement for New area No No Yes
8 Delivery time Fast Fast Slow
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Figure II-18 Cable upgrade plan for the main distribution line – Parang Island
Recommendations for distribution line:
1. For future development, the use of a single distribution line for both PV and
the genset are recommended, with advantages outlined below:
a. Minimised maintenance of distribution line.
b. Simplified electrical measurement apparatus, kWh meter only.
c. Education for the villagers on using the electricity wisely.
d. Supports government on using ‘green’ and renewable energy instead of
diesel (diesel as emergency supply).
2. For Genting Island, the existing distribution line is still in decent shape. Its
size and distance are still feasible for current load. The PV system needs to be
repaired as the existing solar panels, batteries and the wiring have already
shown indications degradations.
3. For Nyamuk Island, the distribution line that should be used is the one
currently used by the PV system. To improve electricity supply and increase
availability some additional PV capacity is required.
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4. For Parang Island, recommendation to solve the voltage drop issue is by
upgrading of the distribution line, namely by replacing the cable with a 70
mm2 cable. The investment for upgrading this cable approximately
$10,966.67.
2.5. Identification of Renewable Energy Resources Potential in Parang
Island, Nyamuk Island and Genting Island.
Renewable energy is energy that can be replenished naturally. Renewable
energy comes from natural elements available on Earth in large quantities e.g. sun,
wind, rivers, plants, etc. There are many types of renewable energies but not all of
them are applicable in remote and rural areas. Currently, development of renewable
energy is regulated by Presidential Decree No.5/2006, regarding the national energy
policy. Chapter I, article 1 point 2 explained that the energy source is partially natural
resources which include oil and gas, coal, water, geothermal, peat, biomass and so,
either directly or indirectly used as energy. In Chapter I, article 1 point 5 explained
that renewable energy is the energy source that is produced where natural energy
resources will not be depleted and can be sustainable if properly managed, including:
geothermal (inland), biofuel, the flow of river water, solar thermal, wind, biomass,
biogas, ocean waves, and the temperature of the ocean depths. And in the Chapter II
article 2 point 2 b (6) about the goals of the national energy policy is realisation of
energy (primary) optimal mix by 2025, that is the role of each type of energy to the
national energy consumption: new energy and other renewable energy, particularly
biomass, nuclear, hydroelectric, solar, and wind power to supply more than 5% (five
per cents).
a. Wind Energy
When the wind blows, it contains kinetic energy that can do work. The energy
from wind can also be captured by wind turbine that will generate mechanical energy
or electricity. Wind turbines are most commonly classified by their rated power at a
certain wind speed. The rated power is usually defined as the maximum power output
and the rated wind speed is the wind speed at which the turbine reaches its rated
power output. Average wind speed in the three island based on EMD Indonesia data
which given by ESP3 is shown in the Table 28. Wind speeds in Parang, Nyamuk and
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Genting Island. The average wind speed based on the location and altitude in the site
(24 m above the mean sea level) is 4.74 m/s.
Table 28. Wind speeds in Parang, Nyamuk and Genting Island
Month V[m/s] Energy [Wh] Energy [kWh]
January 6.152603 676551.0253 676.5510253 February 5.167121 405602.0332 405.6020332
March 4.155004 309997.2899 309.9972899 April 3.276061 198730.7461 198.7307461 May 4.394716 338442.3397 338.4423397 June 5.513371 498512.5912 498.5125912 July 6.152603 676551.0253 676.5510253
August 6.179237 684536.9208 684.5369208 September 4.607793 353534.3166 353.5343166
October 3.409234 222296.2093 222.2962093 November 3.009715 163966.9477 163.9669477 December 4.847505 398391.0592 398.3910592
Data Source : EMD Indonesia
For the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT), the rated wind speed is 10 m/s.
Using the wind speed potential data, then the wind turbine power can only generate
47% of power from the rated capacity. This condition placed wind as an inappropriate
renewable energy resource in the Parang, Nyamuk and Genting. Moreover, during the
monsoon season the wind speed is too high and has the potential to damage the wind
turbine itself, which already happened in Nyamuk Island.
Table 29 – Rated speed of vertical axis wind turbine
Start-up Wind Speed 1.5 m/s (3.4 mph)
Rated Wind Speed 10 m/s (22.3 mph) Survival Wind Speed 50 m/s (111.5 mph)
Source: Aeolos VAWT Datasheet
2. Biomass
Biomass is the one of the oldest sources of energy utilised by mankind. Biomass
is all organic matter e.g. wood, crops, animal and human waste and can be use as
energy source for electricity generation. It is a renewable energy source because it has
a closed carbon loop. CO2 that was released by burning the biomass is then recaptured
and stored by plants, and so forth. As an energy source, biomass can either be used
directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel (bioethanol, bio-
briquette, wood pellet etc.). The biomass matter available in the island or the closest
island is solid organic or biodegradable waste. Trees can be used as biomass material,
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but again the sustainability cannot be guaranteed because to a significant amount of
time is required to obtain a fully-grown tree. The biomass readily available in this
island is from coconut husk. This material can be obtained free of charge.
Figure II-19 Coconut husk in Genting Island and Nyamuk Island
Although currently the biomass matter is available, it will not be sustainable in
the long term due to its dependence \on the coconut harvest season (every 3 months).
Also in relation with the village development plant as a tourism area, the coconut
plantations area will be decreased and repurposed for that development. Another
suggestion is to bring the biomass feedstock from outside the islands. The suggested
material is sawdust, which will be shipped from Jepara or Kendal Regency. Jepara
Regency has a lot of furniture manufacturing industries that produce the sawdust as
waste. This material can be obtained free of charge, and the only cost is the for labour
and transportation.
Figure II-20 Logs and sawdust on the sawmill
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Sawdust, acquired as waste from furniture workshops in Jepara and or from
sawmill in Kendal Regency, will be used as feedstock for the biomass power plants.
The sawdust production reaches more than 5 tonnes per day. Although the price of
electricity generated by biomass power plants can be cheaper than other sources, but
concerns about the sustainability of feedstock material remains to be considered for
this material is very dependent on the furniture industry and sawmills, and it takes a
lot of resources to bring the raw material up on to the third island. Besides that, the
biomass power plant with small capacity (less than 200 kW) also needs a pellet-ing
machine. The sawdust has to be compacted into briquettes or pellets. This increases
the price become need doubles operational cost (for the biomass power plant and for
the pellet machine). Moreover, during the monsoon season, the wave is too high for
ships to operate, causing a logistics problem to bring the feedstock to the islands.
3. Sun
Sun is one of renewable energy sources that is free and powerful. It is available
in the form of heat and light. The seasonal position of the sun in the sky exactly above
the equator is called the "equinoxes" and during that periods, time between sunrise
and sunset is exactly 12 hours. The rate at which solar energy reaches a unit area at
the earth is called the solar irradiance or insolation. The units of measurement for
irradiance are watts per square meter (W/m2). The solar irradiance value is used in
system design to determine the peak rate of energy input into a solar system. It is
important to know the variation of solar irradiance over time in order to optimise the
system design, especially in off grid system. The term peak sun hours refers to the
solar insolation, which a particular location would receive if the sun were shining at
its maximum value for a certain number of hours daily. The number of peak sun hours
for the day is the number of hours for which energy at the rate of 1 kW/m2 would give
an equivalent amount of energy to the total energy for that day. Based on the solar
data from www.gaisma.com, which the solar energy and surface meteorology data
source from NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center, the
peak sun hour in the site is:
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Table 30 – Average monthly insolation in Parang, Nyamuk, and Genting Island
Month Insolation [kWh/m²/day]
January 4.18 February 4.54
March 5.42 April 5.56 May 5.50 June 5.29 July 5.73
August 6.37 September 6.84
October 6.39 November 5.35 December 4.61
Based on the data, the sun is going to be the most reliable renewable energy
source in Parang Island, Nyamuk Island, and Genting Island because it is totally
clean, independent and sustainable.
4. Diesel Generator
Diesel genset prevails as the main electricity generator in Karimunjawa, despite
the existing photovoltaic plants. The majority of the islands still use diesel genset
because of the low investment cost, availability and uniformity of diesel genset units
in the market, and simplicity in operation. In relation to the renewable energy based
power plants, the coupling with diesel genset may lower the overall investment cost
because it can cover the peak loads and aid in battery charging.
However, it requires high operational cost due to costly diesel fuel in the islands
(Rp 14 000 per litre). It is then less economical in the long run, especially because the
government plans to reduce the fossil fuel subsidy. Burning fossil fuel, diesel genset
emits carbon and thus harms the local air quality and also the global climate
condition. Furthermore, the diesel fuel cost depends heavily on international oil price
and exchange currency. Using diesel genset as main electricity generator therefore
also pose as a further financial risk.
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CHAPTER III
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY MANAGEMENT IN PARANG ISLAND, NYAMUK ISLAND AND
GENTING ISLAND
3.1. Power Plant Management
Management of the diesel/solar power plants in Karimunjawa Islands is
described in Keputusan Bupati (Regent’s Decree) No. 671.2/874 dated 1999,
regarding the Establishment of Electricity Management Units in Karimunjawa Sub-
district (Kecamatan) Karimunjawa, Jepara. The management unit comprises of the
sub-district head (camat) as supervisor; manager as the head of the unit supervises
operators in Parang Island, Nyamuk Island, and Genting Island. This unit reports
directly to the Regent of Jepara. Currently, the Agency of Roadworks and Irrigation
(DBMP – Dinas Bina Marga dan Pengairan) and the Energy and Mineral Resources
Department (ESDM – Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral) of Jepara Regency serve as
technical advisors to the unit.
In total there are 3 operators in Parang Island who are 2 civil servants and 1
local government contract employee. As for Nyamuk Island, the management unit is
assisted by 2 operators, both civil servants. Genting Island management unit is
assisted by 2 operators with the status of contract employees appointed by the
manager of the diesel power plant where both are residents of the island of Genting.
To appreciate their work (Genting operators), the manager of the power plant
provides a salary of Rp 750 000 per month. Other income for the operators outside the
base salary is in the form of a bonus in recording kWh and cleanliness, which are
worth between Rp 250 000 to Rp 300 000 per month. There is also a religious holiday
stipend amounting from Rp 250 000 to Rp 300.000.
Management of renewable energy systems in Nyamuk and Genting Island
previously were constrained by limited funds, and asset ownership issues with
transferring of assets taking quite a long time. Based on information from the Agency
of Roadworks and Irrigation (DBMP – Dinas Bina Marga dan Pengairan) and the
Energy and Mineral Resources Department, the process of transferring assets from
Central Government to the Regional usually is lengthy, for example, in Genting
Island, handover of PV power plant assets in Genting lasted from 2009 until 2013.
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Supervisor
[Karimunjawa Sub-District]
Chairman
[Diesel Powerplant Manager]
Operator[Parang Island]
Operator [Nyamuk Island]
Operator [Genting Island]
Figure III-1 Scheme of current management unit
Considering that the lifetime of some spare part is shorter than others, if the
assets transfers take a long time it will affect the management and stipulation of
electricity based tariff. Another example occurred in Nyamuk Island, the process of
transferring assets with a capacity of 25kWp solar takes more than a year, so before
the assets are handed over, then the manager who just entrusted these assets can not
determine treatment measures and the determination of tariffs on electricity generated
by the solar power plants. This resulted in the formation of public opinion in other
island that also want electricity generated by solar PV to be free as well. Socialisation
to the public about the importance of payment of electricity is very necessary because
the funds will be used for the maintenance and replacement of spare parts. Therefore,
when electricity is a paid service, then there will be resistance from the public about
the policy. In addition to this, other constraints such as lack of experts who
understand the renewable energy power generation system installed on the island is
also an obstacle in the proper treatment of these assets.
Considering and weighing several factors that constrain the sustainability of
power generation facility at Nyamuk Island and Genting, then before the addition of a
new power plant it should have been made clear how the management is going to be
and basic electricity tariff of the plant should also been already determined. To
overcome the problem of shortage of funds, electricity tariffs proposed in this
proposal already includes the overall operational costs of the system during the active
period of the system, so that future income from the sale of electricity generated by
Technical Advisor
[Agency of Roadwork's and Irrigation and the Energy and Mineral Resources Department of Jepara Regency]
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these plants are able to meet the cost of maintenance and replacement of spare parts
and operating costs during the lifetime of the power plant.
In terms of the power plant management, the presence of a renewable energy
expert is important. Renewable energy engineering expert can perform system
maintenance of renewable energy power plants well. Renewable energy engineer
expert can only one person, but the authorities on the maintenance of renewable
energy power plants oversee the three islands (Nyamuk Island, Parang Island and
Genting Island).
The following power plants management scheme that we propose is:
Figure III-2 Scheme of proposed power plant Management
3.2. Government Regulation on Fuel Use
Stakeholders, especially the ones in Jepara Regency and Central Java Province
have to resolve the issue of diesel fuel supply for the power plant. Starting mid-
February to March 2014, all three islands (Parang, Nyamuk, Genting) could only
enjoy 3 (three) hours of electricity – from 18:00 WIB to 21:00 WIB – as the
consequence of the Energy and Mineral Resources Minister’s Regulation No. 6 in
20142 which excludes power plants from the list of consumers permitted to purchase
2 Energy and Mineral Resources Minister’s Regulation No.6/2014 amends the Minister’s
Regulation No. 18/2013 regarding the Retail Price of Certain Types of Fuel Oil for Certain End Users.
Supervisor
[Karimunjawa Sub-District]
Chairman
[Diesel Powerplant Manager]
Operator[Parang Island]
Operator [Nyamuk Island]
Operator [Genting Island]
RE Engineer
Technical Advisor
[Agency of Roadwork's and Irrigation and the Energy and Mineral Resources Department of Jepara Regency]
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subsidised fuel. As the regulation takes effect, the diesel power plant would be forced
to purchase unsubsidised fuel at the cost of Rp 14 000 per litre.
As an effort to alleviate the problem, the Central Java Governor persuaded a
number of private companies to allocate their CSR (corporate social responsibility)
funds to subsidise the power plant’s diesel fuel budget. However, the agreed subsidy
period would be terminated by the end of December 2014, leaving the continuity of
diesel fuel supply for 2015 in jeopardy. Monthly diesel fuel usage for all three islands
combined amounts at approximately 5990 litre; thus requiring a sizeable amount of
money to purchase them. The fuel purchase budget continues to face persistent
shortage despite the high electricity retail price at Rp 2 500 per kilowatt-hour3.
Management of the diesel power plant, the Roadworks and Irrigation Agency,
and the Energy and Mineral Resources department of Jepara Regency have together
appealed to (central) Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources to provide monetary
support in upgrading the electricity supply network in the three islands.
Table 31, Table 32, and Table 33 describe the diesel fuel usage and electricity
sale in all three islands (Parang, Nyamuk, Genting).
Table 31 – Diesel fuel usage and electricity sale, Parang Island diesel power
plant
Month Fuel Usage (L)
Fuel Cost (Rp)
Electricity Usage (kWh)
Income (Rp) Deficit (Rp)
January 3 060 42 840 000 4 222 16 015 000 26 825 000 February 1 240 17 360 000 2 794 12 445 000 4 915 000
March 1 610 22 540 000 2 615 11 997 500 10 542 500 April 2 990 41 860 000 3 716 14 750 000 27 110 000 May 2 760 38 640 000 4 014 15 495 000 23 145 000 June 2 990 41 860 000 3 962 15 365 000 26 495 000 July 2 990 41 860 000 3 934 15 295 000 26 565 000
August 2 990 41 860 000 3 954 15 345 000 26 515 000 September 2 990 41 860 000 3 962 15 365 000 26 495 000
October 2 990 41 860 000 3 981 15 412 500 26 447 500 Total 225 055 000
3 Compared to the most updated standard PLN rate at Rp 1 496.33 per kWh (PLN, December
2014)
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Table 32 – Diesel fuel usage and electricity sale, Nyamuk Island diesel power
plant
Month Fuel Usage (L)
Fuel Cost (Rp) Electricity Usage (kWh)
Income (Rp) Deficit (Rp)
January 1 500 21 000 000 2 463 88 775 00 12 122 500 February No record - 1 838 7 315 000 -
March No record - 611 4 2475 00 - April 1 500 21 000 000 1 856 7 360 000 13 640 000 May 1 500 21 000 000 2 521 9 022 500 11 977 500 June 1 500 21 000 000 2 366 8 635 000 12 365 000 July 1 500 21 000 000 2 665 9 382 500 11 617 500
August 1 500 21 000 000 2 719 9 517 500 11 482 500 September 1 500 21 000 000 2 646 9 335 000 11 665 000
October 1 500 21 000 000 2 564 9 130 000 11 870 000 Total 96 740 000
Table 33 – Diesel fuel usage and electricity sale, Genting Island diesel power
plant
Month Fuel Usage (L)
Fuel Cost (Rp) Electricity Usage (kWh)
Income (Rp) Deficit (Rp)
January 1 500 21 000 000 1 136 5 560 000 15 440 000 February No record - 1 052 5 350 000 -
March No record - 1 070 5 395 000 - April 1 500 21 000 000 1 349 6 092 500 14 907 500 May 1 500 21 000 000 1 509 6 492 500 14 507 500 June 1 500 21 000 000 1 327 6 037 500 14 962 500 July 1 500 21 000 000 1 491 6 447 500 14 552 500
August 1 500 21 000 000 1 427 6 287 500 14 712 500 September 1 500 21 000 000 1 224 5 780 000 15 220 000
October 1 500 21 000 000 1 399 6 217 500 14 782 500 Total 119 085 000
3.3. Review of the Operations and Maintenance of Existing Systems
Development of electricity generation from renewable sources has been done
in Karimunjawa Islands, specifically in Parang, Nyamuk and Genting Islands,
supported by the National government via the Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources who constructed solar PV and wind power plants. Data from field survey
shows that there are in total 5 (five) developments of renewable energy power plants
in the three aforementioned islands combined, in the form of solar PV and wind
power plants. In Nyamuk Island, there exist 2 (two) power plants, one solar PV, and
the other wind turbines. However, the wind turbines are currently non-operational
since suffering weather-related damages. Relatively strong winds during monsoon
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season cracked open tips of the turbine blades and separated them altogether from the
generators. There have also been found weather-related damages on the tails of the
blades.
Weather as the natural inhibiting factor is the main culprit for the damages
found in the existing system. So far, no repairs have been done due to budget
constraints. The existing solar 25kWp PV power plant in Nyamuk Island is currently
under the custody of the island’s diesel power plant management unit and the
electricity bill is free. This power plant is running for 24 hours. Based on information
from the Roadwork's and Irrigation Agency, and the Energy and Mineral Resources
department of Jepara Regency, the process of transferring assets from the Central
Government to the Regional usually takes quite a long time, as seen in the handover
of PV power plant assets in Genting that took a long time from 2009 until 2013.
Figure III-3 – Weather-related damages on the wind turbine blades in Nyamuk
Island
Figure III-4 Solar PV modules and inverters in the 25kWp system in Nyamuk
Island
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There are 2 (two) renewable energy systems in Genting Island, a 10kWp PV
system and wind turbines. Conditions of both power plants are non-operational due to
damages that have yet to be repaired. As for the wind turbines, the blade tails suffer
most of the damage. Horizontal axis wind turbines emit loud, disruptive noises in
periods of strong winds, which is one of the main reasons of rejection by the
community, culminating with residents around the turbines tying the blades to the
towers to stall them.
In Genting Island where the PV and wind turbine power plants are not
optimally functioning due to damages, the diesel power plant is only able to supply 6
(six) hour of electricity from 17:30 WIB to 23:30 WIB, which is considered
insufficient to meet the community’s household electricity demands. The damages are
mainly found in the installed PV modules and batteries. The batteries’ capacities have
been degraded and require replacement to ensure smooth operations. Currently, the
model of the installed batteries is PowerSafe OPzV 600 with 50% depth-of-discharge
(DOD), with 25°C operating temperature, and 5 years expected lifetime. It has been 6
(six) years since the commissioning of the power plant, and therefore the batteries are
due for replacement.
Figure III-5 PV system batteries in Genting Island
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Figure III-6 PV system in Genting Island
Figure III-7 Water leakage in PV modules in Genting Island
Lack of theoretical knowledge and operator expertise in maintenance is still
the most present issue. Despite efforts by the technical advisors (DBMP and ESDM
Jepara), the operators are still relatively unprepared to handle catastrophic failures and
repairs of solar PV and wind power plants. Shortage of funds is also a constraint of
improving the facility. In Genting Island, the PV and wind power plants operated
smoothly at first, but currently is not operating optimally to generate enough to meet
the energy demands of the island’s occupants. Therefore, the community hopes that
in the future the existing system can be repaired or new systems can be built.
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Figure III-8 Wind turbine in Genting Island
As for the island of Parang, currently the 75kWp solar been completed and in
demonstration stage, but the handover of these assets still in the process and the
management unit responsible for the PV system is yet to be determined but at the
moment the system management is under the PLD (diesel power plant) management.
Both of diesel power plant management and Village Government have expressed
desire to manage the system. The village wants the PV system to be managed by
village-owned enterprises (BUMDes), which is a business entity under the village
government. With this management, the village government expected that there is an
increase in village revenue and will support their desire to become an energy self-
sufficient village.
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3.4. Current Electricity Tariff Payment Mechanism
Based on the data collected in the surveys, members of the community do not
seem to have a problem to (i.e. are able to) afford payment of electricity generated by
diesel/solar PV/wind power plants, as with the current situation of electricity tariff of
Rp 2 500/kWh plus subscription fee of Rp 20 000/month (Genting and Nyamuk
Islands) for 6 hour electricity operating hour. This can be seen from the people’s
ability to afford paying Rp 35 000 to Rp 300 000 monthly for electricity.
The existing payment mechanism is currently going well, with a power plant
officer taking entries of the consumers’ usage in a dedicated payment ledger.
Payments are done in the power plant office in Parang Island, with power plant
officers directly handling payments in the other two islands.
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CHAPTER IV
VARIOUS SCENARIOS OF HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS
IN PARANG ISLAND, NYAMUK ISLAND, AND GENTING ISLAND
In this section will be calculated minimum electricity tariff to be paid by the
customers. Several types of configuration/scenarios of various types of (hybrid)
power plants become the foundation of calculation. These scenarios include:
1. 50% photovoltaics, 50% diesel generators
2. 50% photovoltaics, 25% wind turbine, 25% diesel generators
3. 50% photovoltaics, 25% wind turbine, 25% biomass
4. 50% biomass, 25% wind turbine, 25% photovoltaics
5. 100% wind turbine, with diesel generators as backup
6. 50% photovoltaics, 50%, wind turbine, with diesel generators as backup
7. 100% photovoltaics, with diesel generators as backup
8. 100% biomass
1. Method
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Figure IV-1 Flowchart of method used to determine the minimum electricity
tariff
The purpose of this chapter is to compare the minimum electricity tariff in each
energy generation scenarios. The method used in outline shown in Figure IV-1. These
scenario were calculated to meet the needs of the customer load (Section 2.2).
Percentage of each generation in these scenarios is the percentage of electrical energy
(kWh) produced, not the percentage of generation capacity (W). The size of the
system that has been designed, used to estimate the cost of the investment and
operating costs for each scenario. Tthese operating costs include the provision of
equipment, delivery to Karimunjawa, installation, operation, maintenance and
replacement required during the lifetime of the entire system (considered to be 15
years), except for the replacement of major equipment at the end of life.
Measurement of installed power generation [W]
Load Profile [W]
System size [kW]
Investment and O&M Cost [US$]
Minimum electricity
tariff [Rp/kWh]
Average electricity consumption
[Wh/day]
Customer quantity
Subscription fee
[Rp/customer]
Monthly energy usage [Wh/month]
Scenario (#1-8)
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In the financial year 0, the investment cost assumed to be zero; initial
investment is considered granted by Danida. For the financial year 15, at the end of
the lifetime of the system, there apply two scenarios: with and without the cost of
reimbursement of the investment. Differentiation of investment cost scenario was
conducted to see the value of the electricity tariff to be borne by the people if (1) they
must raise funds for a major system reimbursement after 15 years and (2) if the cost
of procurement of the new system after the system ends these system lifetime is to be
covered by government grants or other funding sources.
Subscription customers and electricity tariffs are set as revenue. Subscription
fee was set as a constant because it is of certain value; while electricity tariffs were
used as a variable. As a variable, the minimum electricity tariff should not financialy
burden the operator, i.e. at the end of the system, the net present value (NPV) is equal
to zero. To calculate these minimum electricity tariff, cash flow analysis was used
taking into account the inflation rate and the annual interest rate.
2. Data Input and Assumption
Load profile is used as the basis for the calculation. The load profile is shown in
(Section 2.2). Determining the size of the system is also based on consideration of the
capacity of the existing system and also take into consideration the types of main
component installed in these system. But after their lifetimes are up, they are to be
replaced with components with better quality that have a long life span, so that it will
reduce the life-cycle costs.
Table 34 brand and model of main component installed in PV system in Parang
Island
Type Brand Model
Existing solar module Isolar SPU-180M 200Wp Monocrystalline Solar Inverter + batteries
inverter Schneider Electric Conext 6.8kW XW+ 8548 E
Charge controller Schneider Electric Conext MPPT 60-150 Existing Batteries Nipress NS-OPzV 2-1000
Replacement Batteries Hoppecke 2V OPzV, 862 Ah Wind Turbine Aeolos 5-kW vertical axis wind turbine
Biomass gasification B-tech BSG30-60
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Table 35 Brand and model of main component installed in PV system of Nyamuk
Island
Type Brand Model
Existing solar module LEN LEN 200 WP-24 V Solar Inverter + batteries
inverter (existing) Leonics Apollo S210p Series
Charge controller (existing)
Leonics -
Existing Batteries Nippres 2V OPzV, 1000 Ah Replacement Batteries Hoppecke 2V OPzV, 862 Ah
Wind Turbine Aeolos 5-kW vertical axis wind turbine Biomass gasification B-tech BSG30-60
Table 36 Brand and Model of main component installed in pv system of Genting
Island
Type Brand Model
Propose solar module Chinaland CHN240-60P Solar Inverter +
batteries inverter SMA Sunny Boy 4000TL
Batteries inverter SMA Sunny Island 6.0H Batteries Hoppecke 2V OPzV, 862 Ah
Wind Turbine Aeolos 5-kW vertical axis wind turbine Biomass Gasification B-tech BSG30-60
The detailed specification (data sheets) can be found in ANNEX A.
Number of subscribers, public facilities, and the number of street lighting each
island are shown in Table 37. Load of public facilities and street lighting were put in
generation needs with public facilities and street lighting electricity costs to be paid
by the people. Each customer connected to electricity is to pay a subscription fee of
Rp 20 000 per month.
Table 37 – Total customer in Parang Island, Genting Island and Nyamuk Island
Location Total Customer) Public facility Street light
Parang 369 13 117 Nyamuk 170 14 32 Genting 74 14a 20b
a, b data is not recorded, estimated data.
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3. Cash Flow Analysis
With the data, projection of cash flow analysis is use as consideration to build
the system sizing and electricity recommendation.
Table 38 – Assumptions in cash flow analysis
Parameter Projection
Period Analysis [year] 15 Inflation [%]4 3.5
Interest rate [%]5 7.55
4 Inflation assumption 2020 based on Economics Trading http://www.tradingeconomics.com/ 5 Interest rate projection 2020 based on Economics Trading http://www.tradingeconomics.com/
4. System Sizing and Electricity Recommendation
Table 39 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Parang Island, for 6 hours of operation.
Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
System
Photovoltaic 50% 50% 50% 25% 0% 50% 100% 0% Wind Turbine 0% 25% 25% 25% 100% 50% 0% 0%
Biomass Gassification 0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 100% Diesel Generator 50% 25% 0% 0% Backup Backup Backup 0%
Size
Photovoltaic (kW) 27.0 27.0 26.5 13.5 0.0 29.0 64.0 0.0 Wind Turbine (kW) 0.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 80.0 45.0 0.0 0.0
Biomass Gasification (kW) 0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 Diesel Generator (kW) 45.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 0.0
Batteries(units) 90 90 90 60 90 120 120 0 Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year) 24,008 25,814 32,136 30,095 41,248 9,885 20,561 21,338 Investment Cost (USD) 10,036 156,924 279,745 303,145 601,809 344,755 14,257 180,557 Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)
Exclude Investment 3,143 3,491 4,647 4,077 6,350 4,821 2,532 2,582 Include Investment 3,079 5,657 7,172 8,999 15,273 9,763 2,532 5,108
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Table 40 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Parang Island, for 12 hours of operation.
Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
System
Photovoltaic 50% 50% 50% 25% 0% 50% 100% 0% Wind Turbine 0% 25% 25% 25% 100% 50% 0% 0%
Biomass Gassification 0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 100% Diesel Generator 50% 25% 0% 0% Backup Backup Backup 0%
Size
Photovoltaic (kW) 41.0 45.0 41.0 21.0 0.0 41.0 82.0 0.0 Wind Turbine (kW) 0.0 35.0 30.0 30.0 110.0 55.0 0.0 0.0
Biomass Gasification (kW) 0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 Diesel Generator (kW) 45.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 0.0
Batteries(units) 60 90 90 60 120 90 120 0 Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year)
32,944.46 38,415.01 35,498.12 35,982.03 56,307.51 39,720.48 24,194.99 26,039.40
Investment Cost (USD) 44,225.43 263,713.27 327,088.67 363,088.67 822,140.67 411,445.43 42,877.48 180,556.67 Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)
Exclude Investment 3,097.62 3,770.88 3,410.49 3,464.42 5,949.20 3,938.57 2,066.35 2,244.51
Include Investment 3,030.94 6,233.90 7,227.91 7,281.85 13,925.87 7,860.22 2,348.93 3,886.47
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Table 41 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Parang Island, for 24 hours of operation.
Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
System
Photovoltaic 50% 50% 50% 25% 0% 50% 100% 0% Wind Turbine 0% 25% 25% 25% 100% 50% 0% 0%
Biomass Gassification 0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 100% Diesel Generator 50% 25% 0% 0% Backup Backup Backup 0%
Size
Photovoltaic (kW) 67.0 68.0 68.0 34.0 0.0 67.0 135.0 0.0 Wind Turbine (kW) 0.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 180.0 90.0 0.0 0.0
Biomass Gasification (kW)
0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0
Diesel Generator (kW) 45.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 0.0 Batteries(units) 30 60 60 60 60 60 120 0
Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year)
59,753.35 59,262.10 44,315.22 46,859.83 80,314.46 56,813.52 36,308.15 34,683.15
Investment Cost (USD) 40,004.65 333,780.65 388,654.67 449,854.67 1,336,248.67 664,278.65 212,903.59 180,556.67 Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)
Exclude Investment 3,837.77 3,811.08 2,708.29 2,902.28 5,368.10 3,636.81 2,139.36 1,998.91
Include Investment 3,771.83 5,731.05 5,693.48 5,887.46 13,311.75 7,542.69 3,333.00 2,998.18
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Table 42 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Nyamuk Island, for 6 hours of operation.
Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
System
Photovoltaic 50% 50% 50% 25% 0% 50% 100% 0% Wind Turbine 0% 25% 25% 25% 100% 50% 0% 0%
Biomass Gassification 0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 100% Diesel Generator 50% 25% 0% 0% Backup Backup Backup 0%
Size
Photovoltaic (kW) 23.0 23.0 22.0 11.0 0.0 22.0 44.5 0.0 Wind Turbine (kW) 0.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 60.0 30.0 0.0 0.0
Biomass Gasification (kW) 0.0 0.0 30.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 Diesel Generator (kW) 24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 0.0
Batteries(units) 96.0 168.0 120.0 96.0 120.0 144.0 144.0 0.0 Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year) 22142.87 26695.28 26324.30 25292.88 35854.03 12712.45 17745.20 16659.43
Investment Cost (USD) 0.00 110166.00 211466.00 211464.0
8 440661.60 233917.20 80921.43 101300.00
Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)
Exclude Investment 4311.33 5359.88 5231.92 4961.51 7308.82 5742.60 3375.28 2932.21
Include Investment 4311.33 7026.90 7070.90 8800.40 15308.52 11169.30 4844.31 4771.19
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Table 43 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Nyamuk Island, for 12 hours of operation.
Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
System
Photovoltaic 50% 50% 50% 25% 0% 50% 100% 0% Wind Turbine 0% 25% 25% 25% 100% 50% 0% 0%
Biomass Gassification
0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 100%
Diesel Generator 50% 25% 0% 0% Backup Backup Backup 0%
Size
Photovoltaic (kW) 35.0 34.5 34.5 17.0 0.0 34.5 69.0 0.0 Wind Turbine (kW) 0.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 95.0 45.0 0.0 0.0
Biomass Gasification (kW)
0.0 0.0 30.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0
Diesel Generator (kW)
24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 0.0
Batteries(units) 72.0 96.0 96.0 72.0 120.0 120.0 144.0 0.0 Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year)
31086.06 32383.76 31084.14 30479.42 48706.73 35039.11 22599.89 20215.17
Investment Cost (USD) 27324.32 210034.32 311332.40 211465.04 697715.60 356919.92 130082.46 101300.00 Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)
Exclude Investment
4046.56 4251.87 4053.54 3930.92 6543.71 4650.77 2925.75 2464.75
Include Investment 4366.29 6709.54 7696.52 7264.70 14707.86 8827.19 4447.88 3650.09
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Table 44 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Nyamuk Island, for 24 hours of operation.
Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
System
Photovoltaic 50% 50% 50% 25% 0% 50% 100% 0% Wind Turbine 0% 25% 25% 25% 100% 50% 0% 0%
Biomass Gassification
0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Diesel Generator
50% 25% 0% 0% Backup Backup Backup 0%
Size
Photovoltaic (kW)
57.0 56.0 56.0 28.0 0.0 56.0 111.0 0.0
Wind Turbine (kW)
0.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 150.0 75.0 0.0 0.0
Biomass Gasification
(kW) 0.0 0.0 30.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0
Diesel Generator (kW)
24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 0.0
Batteries(units) 24.0 72.0 72.0 96.0 72.0 48.0 168.0 0.0 Annual Operation and
Maintenance Cost (USD/year) 60598.81 54629.81 38706.04 22355.66 72743.65 50664.53 29030.09 27178.18
Investment Cost (USD) 85572.47 377548.95 478848.95 211465.04 1101658.56 1101658.56 265492.76 101300.00 Minimum
electricity tariff recommendation
(Rp/kWh)
Exclude Investment
5120.22 4605.43 3190.53 3515.75 6159.10 4248.83 2404.74 2142.26
Include Investment
5740.61 7342.58 6662.09 6452.91 14145.90 8849.56 3658.15 2876.67
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Table 45 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Genting Island, for 6 hours of operation.
Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
System
Photovoltaic 50% 50% 50% 25% 0% 50% 100% 0% Wind Turbine 0% 25% 25% 25% 100% 50% 0% 0%
Biomass Gassification
0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Diesel Generator 50% 25% 0% 0% Backup Backup Backup 0%
Size
Photovoltaic (kW) 7.5 7.5 7.5 4.0 0.0 7.5 15.0 0.0 Wind Turbine (kW) 0.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 0.0
Biomass Gasification (kW)
0.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0
Diesel Generator (kW)
24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 0.0
Batteries(units) 48.0 72.0 72.0 48.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 0.0 Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year)
16,095.03 14,737.38 10,511.87 10,800.23 16,286.08 2,631.72 9,524.48 8,566.30
Investment Cost (USD) 97,150.83 120,285.23 143,085.23 124,058.57 208,792.64 157,007.23 98,229.54 36,300.00 Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)
Exclude Investment 9,432.79 8,542.63 5,712.31 5,939.64 9,594.29 7,463.51 5,095.39 4,642.79
Include Investment 13,277.05 15,014.34 12,161.32 13,001.75 20,827.96 15,910.98 10,925.92 6,595.84
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Table 46 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Genting Island, for 12 hours of operation.
Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
System
Photovoltaic 50% 50% 50% 25% 0% 50% 100% 0% Wind Turbine 0% 25% 25% 25% 100% 50% 0% 0%
Biomass Gassification
0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Diesel Generator 50% 25% 0% 0% Backup Backup Backup 0%
Size
Photovoltaic (kW)
11.5 12.0 11.5 6.0 0.0 12.0 23.0 0.0
Wind Turbine (kW)
0.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 30.0 15.0 0.0 0.0
Biomass Gasification (kW)
0.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0
Diesel Generator (kW)
24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 0.0
Batteries(units) 24.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 0.0 Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year)
28,798.66 22,889.61 12,834.00 13,470.74 23,080.66 18,082.27 9,890.13 9,859.88
Investment Cost (USD) 99,168.17 150,377.77 165,077.77 162,358.24 281,094.78 200,687.37 118,479.95 36,300.00 Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)
Exclude Investment
11,656.32 9,114.95 4,724.24 5,037.37 9,220.88 7,033.52 3,472.59 3,601.79
Include Investment
13,860.18 14,422.11 11,205.34 11,148.51 19,141.33 14,116.22 7,654.01 4,882.90
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Table 47 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Genting Island, for 24 hours of operation.
Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
System
Photovoltaic 50% 50% 50% 25% 0% 50% 100% 0% Wind Turbine 0% 25% 25% 25% 100% 50% 0% 0%
Biomass Gassification
0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 100%
Diesel Generator 50% 25% 0% 0% Backup Backup Backup 0%
Size
Photovoltaic (kW) 19.0 18.5 18.5 9.5 0.0 18.5 36.0 0.0 Wind Turbine (kW) 0.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 50.0 25.0 0.0 0.0
Biomass Gasification (kW)
0.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0
Diesel Generator (kW)
24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 0.0
Batteries(units) 24.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 72.0 0.0 Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year)
58,052.32 47,591.87 15,545.44 16,450.45 40,006.31 35,039.38 9,819.65 12,168.67
Investment Cost (USD) 120,826.75 206,958.35 209,958.35 201,799.77 414,395.18 280,402.35 140,872.23 36,300.00 Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)
Exclude Investment 14,993.32 12,206.03 3,642.66 3,907.13 10,222.84 8,852.71 2,137.56 2,846.71
Include Investment 16,832.31 16,731.27 8,961.61 8,693.47 19,283.79 14,983.84 5,655.11 3,640.42
5. DISCUSSION
From the calculations, it can be seen that scenario #7 (10% photovoltaic + diesel
genset) and scenario #8 (100% biomass gasification) are the most efficient scenarios
in terms of cost. In general, scenarios that use diesel genset requires high operational
cost due to the usage of diesel. Scenarios with wind turbines have higher capital
investment due to the low wind speed in the area (around 4 m/s), this causes the
required system size to be large to be able to supply all the energy needs in each
village.
Any combinations that involve high fractions for wind turbines and diesel will
reduce the cost efficiency of the systems (this increases the electricity rates that have
to be paid by the population). In order to simplify operation and maintenance, and
reliability, it is more profitable to use one type of renewable energy system. Diesel
Genset of course, is an exception due to the high operational cost, although the
operation and maintenance requirement are minimal.
About photovoltaic, and biomass, the comparison between the two is shown in
the Table IV-15. It can be seen that photovoltaic system has more advantages in the
operation in in regards to simplicity and reliability, whereas biomass has a brief
advantage in regards to the socio-economy aspects.
By considering the peak load, the energy usage demand, the availability of the
energy, the economic improvement of the population, and the long-term system
reliability, Scenario #7 is the best scenario that can be applied in Parang Island.
Table 48 Comparison between photovoltaic system (scenario #7) and biomass
gasification system (scenario #8)
No Item Biomass Powerplant Photovoltaic system
1 Fuel price Cheap Free
Fuel price predictability
Various, dependent on local feedstock supplier
Constant and independent
2 Fuel transportation Transported by land vehicle and boat No transportation
3 Location of fuel purchases
Collected from multiple suppliers Local; sun is available everywhere
4 Fuel Quality Different in each location Constant, especially in Indonesia (near the equator).
5 Fuel/feedstock storage
Requiring well-conditioned storage house (e.g. humidity, temperature, size)
Requiring no feedstock storage
6 Using of fuel/feedstock
Moisture control required
Pelleting or briqueting of Direct
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feedstock required
7 O&M Requiring maintenance for gasifier machine, pallete machine, and drying machine
Requiring little maintenance (especially with OpZV batteries)
8 Operator skill requirement
High (must be operated by specialised person)
Low (can be easily operated by common technician)
9 Manpower
Requiring many roles (a gasifier operator, feedstock operator, pallete machine operator, drying machine operator, material purchasing)
Requiring only common technician to occasionally check the inverter
10 Equipment warranty Short (1 year) Long (25 years for panels; 10-20 years for inverters).
11 Socioeconomic impact
On top of the life improvement of the electricity subscriber, the wood carpenter or feedstock seller will have extra income.
Benefit only for the electricity subscriber.
Regarding the daily operation period, the 24-hour scheme is the most feasible
because the existing photovoltaic system runs for 24 hours. If the operational hours is
reduced, the population will perceive this as a decline.
For scenario #7 with 24-hour operation, the minimum recommended electricity
tariff for the three islands are shown in Table 49. The existing system will reduce the
investment burden of the donor (ESP3) because the required investment is addition to
achieve the total recommended capacity. However the minimum electricity tariff
show comparable magnitude because all the operational and maintenance costs are
included there, including for the existing systems.
Table 49 Summary for recommended photovoltaic system capacity, existing
photovoltaic capacity, corresponding minimum recommended tariff, and upfront
investment.
Location Recommended capacity (kWp)
Existing capacity (kWp)
Minimum recommended electricity tariff
(Rp/kWh)
Upfront investment (thousand
USD) Parang 135 75 2139 212.9
Nyamuk 111 25 2404 265.5 Genting 36 0 a 2137 140.9
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Basically, the problems faced by communities in remote islands are typically
the same; not only in Karimunjawa Islands but also in other remote areas throughout
the Indonesian archipelago, with the main issue of economically feasible electricity
generation to meet the island communities’ demands. A clear example can be seen in
Pulau Parang where the occupants are still very dependent on outside help
(government or private) to develop their electricity supply network. Currently, the
island only receives 6 (six) hours of electricity supply from 18:00 WIB to 24:00 WIB.
A similar condition can also be seen in Genting Island where the electricity supply is
still highly dependent on the diesel power plant that requires a large amount of diesel
fuel to run. Existing solar PV and wind power plants help meet part of the electricity
demand in Nyamuk Island, but limited only to lighting and not enough to run other
home appliances. Another issue is the lack of telecommunication network let alone
access to it. Telecommunication companies are still reluctant to build a BTS (base
transceiver station) tower, as the number of telco users is still too few to warrant a
good investment.
As an area with great potential in the fisheries and tourism sectors, there are a
number of conclusion and suggestion from pre-feasibility study of renewable energy
sources in Parang Island, Nyamuk Island and Genting Island in order to warrant a
sustainable development.
1. Renewable energy resources
a. Development of alternative source of energy to resolve the electricity crisis
in Karimunjawa Islands, especially in Parang, Nyamuk, and Genting
Islands. This development should be tailored to suit the respective islands
potential by utilisations of solar PV, wind, and biomass power plants.
Sawdust, acquired as waste from furniture workshops in Jepara, will be
used as feedstock for the biomass power plants. This saw dust production
reach more than 5 tonnes per day. Although the price of electricity
generated by biomass power plants are cheaper than others, but concerns
remain about the sustainability of feedstock material since availability of
the sawdust is very dependent on the furniture industry and sawmills.
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Transporting the raw material up on the third island also takes a lot of
effort, not to mention the funds, labour and material required to build a
storage shed/silo for the sawdust. The material moisture should also be
controlled before it use as the feedstock. The material moisture should less
than 16-20 %. Sawdust material moisture get from furniture industry and or
the sawmill can be more than 16-20% and the operator should provide
drying machine. On top of that, this biomass power plant with relatively
small capacity (less than 200 kW) cannot be fed directly with sawdust, but
rather a compacted pellet version, which requires an additional pellet-ing
machine. This puts an additional cost on the system, making the price
higher and doubles the operational cost (for the biomass power plant and
for the pellet machine).
b. PV system has advantages over other renewable energy sources, among
which is the free solar energy throughout the year, this system also will not
require heavy construction and settled, so it can be installed anywhere and
moved if necessary. The system is also very environmentally friendly and
will not pose as any disturbance to the natural environment, since it does
not produce harmful emissions unlike diesel generators, PV also will not
emit noise unlike horizontal axis wind turbines, it will also be an
independent system because there will be no need to continuously import
any material from the outer islands such as biomass power plants, and it
requires minimum amount of routine maintenance (aside from the
occasional recommended cleaning of the PV panel from the dust], and can
be operated automatically without operator.
2. Community socialisation
The community must be informed and be familiarised with the
prospective systems prior to installation/construction. This is especially
important for wind power plants where the selection of wind turbine types is
crucial to gain community acceptance. Data from survey conducted on location
with existing wind turbines show that the more common horizontal axis wind
turbines emit more disruptive noises – and thus rejected by the community –
compared to the vertical axis ones. Wind turbine development also requires a
sizeable investment, since vertical axis wind turbine are expensive, considering
the wind speed is unstable every day (no wind at certain hours), so that the
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investment for the installation of this equipment becomes larger because it must
put up wind turbine in large quantities to meet the electricity demands of the
community.
2. Recommended scenarios
a. From the 6, 12 and 24 hours load profile, 24 hours (supply period) system
scenario proved to be the most feasible and reliable scenario that can be
applied in that three island because at the moment, in Parang Island and
Nyamuk Island there are PV systems, which have already been running
continuously for 24 hours. Regarding on this, it will make little sense to
apply the 6 hours and 12 hours in the islands. If forced, it might trigger
uproars in the islands.
b. From the various scenarios made, Scenario #7 for 24 hours load profile is
the best scenario that can be applied to solve the electricity problems in
Parang Island, Nyamuk Island and Genting Island. The advantages of PV
system compared by biomass is shown in Table In Scenario #7, 100% of
electricity is to be generated by the PV system with the implementation of
load management. Load management is done by shifting large electrical
loads to be used at daytime instead of at night, since there is sufficient
electricity generation by PV at daytime. For example, currently water
pumps are turned on at night, but when electricity is readily available
during the day, the water pump should be used at any time when the sun is
up in the sky. Load management can have an impact on the reduction of the
number of batteries used because the energy from the sun can be directly
distributed to the public without having to be stored in the battery.
Decreasing the number of batteries will certainly reduce the investment and
the cost of replacement of spare parts, namely the replacement battery for a
certain period. Load management will also be set by the application of
energy limiter that can narrow down the different limitation between day
and night. The limiter will be arranged so that the electricity quota will be
bigger during the day and will be reduced in the evening.
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Table 50 Advantages of PV system compared with biomass powerplant
No Item Biomass Powerplant PV
1 Fuel price Cheap Free
Fuel price predictability
Various, dependent on local feedstock supplier
Constant and independent
2 Fuel transportation Transported by land vehicle and boat No transportation
3 Location of fuel purchases
Collected from multiple suppliers Local; sun is available everywhere
4 Fuel Quality Different in each location Constant, especially in Indonesia (near the equator).
5 Fuel/feedstock storage
Requiring well-conditioned storage house (e.g. humidity, temperature, size)
Requiring no feedstock storage
6 Using of fuel/feedstock
Moisture control required Direct
Pelleting or briqueting of feedstock required
7 O&M Requiring maintenance for gasifier machine, pallete machine, and drying machine
Requiring little maintenance (especially with OpZV batteries)
8 Operator skill requirement
High (must be operated by specialised person)
Low (can be easily operated by common technician)
9 Manpower
Requiring many roles (a gasifier operator, feedstock operator, pallete machine operator, drying machine operator, material purchasing)
Requiring only common technician to occasionally check the inverter
10 Equipment warranty Short (1 year) Long (25 years for panels; 10-20 years for inverters).
c. Taking into account the amount of electricity load of existing and electricity
needs of society, and the availability of energy sources as well as referring
to the improvement of the public economy, Scenario #7 is the best scenario
to be applied in Parang Island, Nyamuk Island and Genting Island. This
scenario also presents electricity in a relatively affordable and competitive
rate compared to other sources. In each of these islands is required power
plants can operate for 24 hours with the following capacities:
- Parang Island: 135kWp
- Nyamuk Island: 111kWp
- Genting Island: 36kWp
In Parang Island, basic electricity rates without reimbursement of
investment under this scenario is Rp 2,139.6/kWh, Nyamuk Island
Rp 2,404.4 /kWh, and in Genting Island Rp 2,317.56/kWh.
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To ensure the system’s opertional sustainability, the basic electricity
tariffs have already included the cost of maintenance, operation, and spare
part replacements (including replacement of inverter, charge controller, and
battery during the system lifetime). Electricity tariff in Genting Island
became the third most expensive compared to other islands because in this
island we proposed a wholly new system, given the dire need for
replacement of some spare parts on the old system such as the solar panels,
batteries that have been damaged, and the inverter will only be able to
survive a few more years. Moreover, the number of customer is also not as
many as the other two islands. Based on initial investigation, the battery of
the existing system in Parang and Nyamuk Island will require replacement
after 5 years.
3. Management
a. Payment mechanism in all three islands have been functioning
considerably well with an officer tasked with taking entries of the meter
usage and another handling payments. Further upgrades in customer data
documentation is necessary since due to various constraints, currently all
data are recorded into a ledger/book, which is prone to damage, theft, etc.
Data entry into a digital database using computers would be a generally
better option: more secure and organised.
b. Although the management of the existing diesel, solar PV, and wind
power plants are going relatively well, there are still some executive
decisions that need to be reviewed. Investor participation is still largely
required in funding, advisory and supervisory roles. Handling of system
failures are still very slow, requiring external support to provide direct
assistance and training operators to equip them with the necessary skills to
do repairs in the event of failures. Readily available technicians would be
beneficial in minimising possible consumer complaints when the systems
are down for repairs. The decision to grant free electricity to plant
operators needs to be reviewed, even waived, and replaced with a fixed
subsidy. Therefore, plant operators’ electricity usage will be metered just
like everyone else. They would need to pay following the standard rate the
excess amount should their usage exceed the given/subsidised threshold.
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This decision would promote a sense of fairness, and avoid conflicts
aroused by jealousy within the community.
c. Utilisation of a digital metering device with credits similar with the
national electricity provider’s (PLN) program need to be consideration as
well in Nyamuk, Parang and Genting Island to reduce the occurrence of
outstanding payments which is still common in the area. But, to provide
this meter need more investment, because the software price is expensive.
The price is around Rp.150.000.000,-
d. Organisational structure of the power plants’ management units needs to
be strengthened with clear and specific job descriptions. The Regent’s
Decree (Keputusan Bupati) No. 671.2/874 dated 1999 regarding the
Establishment of Electricity Management Units in Karimunjawa Sub-
district (Kecamatan) Karimunjawa, Jepara appoints the diesel power plant
management unit as the area manager of the Karimunjawa and Nyamuk
Islands. Management and division of responsibility of the electricity
network have to be transparent with the presence of PLN grid electricity
in the islands. The management also should be improve with hiring an
renewable energy engineer expert to maintain the pv system.
4. Distribution line improvement
For future development, the use only one Distribution line for both PV
and the Genset are recommended, for Genting Island, the existing distribution
line is still recommended to be used. Its size and distance are still feasible for
current load. For Nyamuk Island, the distribution line recommended to be used
is the one used by the PV system. For Parang Island, recommendation to solve
the voltage drop issue which is explained in section 2.4. Evaluation of
Electrical Distribution System Quality) is by upgrading of the distribution line,
by replacing the cable with a 70 mm2 cable.
5. Telecommunication is one of the most important linchpins of development of
the tourism industry. Therefore, construction of BTS towers capable of
amplifying and expanding telecommunication network signals should be
deemed necessary in order to support locals’, tourists’ and investors’
telecommunication needs. The presence of proper telecommunication
infrastructure would foster further development in the area and hence support
better economy. Although usually telecommunication transmitter can meet the
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needs of its own electricity, but in building a telecommunications transmitter
or commonly referred to as BTS (base transceiver station) is not as easy as
imagined communities as permit the establishment of a new BTS take a long
time, the cost is quite high, and there is a levies retribution control towers as
the implementation of Law No.28 / 2009 on Taxes and Retribution.
6. Priorities of System implementation
Considering the ongoing electricity supply period in Parang, Nyamuk and
Genting Islands, we strongly recommend to prioritise development of
renewable energy system in that three island, which are receives 6 hours of
electricity generated by the diesel generator. The stakeholder meeting which is
conducted in Department of Energy and Mineral Resources of Central Java
Province decided that in the three Island will build a PV system with the
consultant recommended capacity.
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CHAPTER VI
PROJECT ACTION PLAN (POA)
New PV system which will be built will integrate with the existing pv system
except for the Genting Island it will not integrate with the existing system because
currently the existing system was not functionally working. To integrate this system,
the status of existing system should be clear because in the integration should get a
permission of the existing system owner. Without the permission from the assets
owner and management, the integration will triggering a conflict of interest in the
future. The first step to prepare the project is clearing the transfer asset of the existing
system, but it can't be done in the near future, then the Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources should be guaranty for the integration of the new pv system with
the existing pv system.
Detail Engineering Design (DED)
Detail Engineering Design (DED) absolutely necessary in any construction
work. DED is a detailed of the building design drawings made detailed and complete
for the construction to be done. The technical plan includes structure drawings,
architectural, mechanical and electrical, and environmental governance. After DED is
made, then the Budget Plan (RAB) is made to determine the cost required for
construction of the pv system which refers to image solar design to be built. RAB is
made for later developed into HPS (Self-Estimated Price). Another thing that is
contained in DED work plan is the work plan which is should include requirements
regarding the quality of building materials, material installation procedures, and other
requirements that must be met by the contractor. This work plan will then be one of
the requirements that must be met by providers that may be included in the
procurement documents. Once the work plan is completed, then all of the documents
included in the final report of the planning phase is used as a reference in the pv
system development. Some of the data needed to perform the preparation of DED
already contained in the report of the pre-feasibility study.
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Land Procurement
Provision of land for the construction of PLTS are customized to the needs of
the land to be used for the construction of the PLTS. To build the new system in
Parang Island its need 530 m2 land area. Land to be used is the land located in the
vicinity of existing powerplant.
Figure VI-1 Locations which may be used for construction of new pv system in
Parang Island
Land ownership was at the scene of pv system is currently owned by the local
residence, and based on the description of the local village land can be purchased for a
new extension of pv system development. Unlike the Parang Island, Nyamuk Island
land availability is sufficient for the new solar expansion. Fields in the solar location
and diesel genset powerplant now is enough to build this facility, so it is not necessary
additional land acquisition. But for now existing facilities there are the pillars
structure former when the wind turbine installation, and if it will be used to develop
the pv system, these structure must be dismantled first. The area need for the pv
system construction is 750 m2.
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Figure VI-2 Locations which may be used for construction of new pv system in
Nyamuk Island
In contrast to the other island, this time at Genting Island land used for the pv
system location combined with diesel genset is in the middle of the settlement in
which the solar radiation conditions cannot be obtained optimally due to the
disruption caused by the shadow of buildings and large trees around the site. In
addition, the current status of the land is the land giving people with a particular deal,
so it is better if in Genting Island in the construction of this new pv system be new
land acquisition status is purchased, so that at the future does not triggering to a
conflict of interest between the land owner and the pv system management. Based on
field surveys conducted by a team of consultants Contained Energy, there are
potential sites for development of pv system at Genting Island. Land tenure is
privately owned and based on information from the local people, that the land can be
purchased if it will be use for the public facility development. The area need for the
pv system construction is 320 m2.
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Figure VI-3 Locations which may be used for construction of new pv system in
Genting Island
When the DED and the location has been determined, then the solar tendering
process can be carried out. tendering process carried out by ESP3 referring to the
tendering rules set by the European Union. For Parang Island, systems needed to meet
the electrical load of community is 135 kWp, but currently on the Parang island is
mounted at 75 kWp PV system, so that the tendering process undertaken to build solar
off-grid of 60 kWp. To build off-grid solar power generating system is required an
investment of 212,903.59 USD. As for Nyamuk Island, systems needed to meet the
load is 111 kWp, the installed system is currently at 25 kWp, then tendered off-grid
solar power generating system with a capacity of 86 kWp with an investment of $
265,492.76.
For Genting Island, the tender process for a 36 kWp system in order to meet the
electrical load of society and replace longer pv system which is now broken. By 36
kWp system requires an investment of USD 140,872.23. Tendering process should
consider the technical specifications of the tools proposed in the pv system, given the
currently used in solar battery installed only last about 5 years. In the new PV system,
the battery lifetime should be for about 15 years so that the cost of replacement of
spare parts will not be too expensive.
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The tender winner must consider the delivery of the stuff because the tender was
completed at about the end of the year, where weather conditions are often not good
and the ships cannot sail because of extreme wave heights. PLTS development
process was to be the rainy season, so the contractor who won the tendering process
must be contractors who already have a lot of experience in the installation of PV
systems, and the electricity distribution line so that the installation can run well and
according to a predefined schedule.
After solar completed, the system test should be at least 1 month. During the
trial period, the contractor as the work executor should train the local operators to
operate and perform maintenance of off-grid pv system. The contractor also must
implement Standard Operating Procedures and Safety Standards in the operation of
the pv system. After testing the system runs well and operators understand how to
operate and manage the pv system, the contractor handed over the pv system to ESP3.
Then ESP3 give those assets to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the
Republic of Indonesia, for the remainder from the MEMR, the asset is transfer to
Department of Irrigation and Roadwork and Energy and Mineral Resources of Jepara
Regency. Then it managed by the PLD management.
Considering the asset handover process is often prolonged due to the long
bureaucratic process, so to make the management can be optimized and better, then
the asset handover process should be more faster. The prolonged assets transfer will
have an impact on the management of these assets. If all process goes well, then the
solar can be fully operated, both in terms of management and operational in
December 2016.
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7. SMA Sunny Island Off-Grid Battery Inverters (4.4M, 6.0H & 8.0H) –
Proposed for Genting & Nyamuk