Report to the European Commission · 2015. 8. 17. · Diana Parusheva Marianne Pett Oliver Edberg...

Evaluation of national plans submitted in 2006 under the National Emissions Ceiling Directive 2001/81/EC Appendix G Consistency of NECD reporting with programmes under the EU Monitoring Mechanism and UNFCCC

Report to the European Commission

ED05435

30th July 2007

Title Evaluation of national plans submitted in 2006 under the National Emission

Ceilings Directive 2001/81/EC Appendix G: Consistency of NECD reporting with programmes under the EU Monitoring Mechanism and UNFCCC

Customer The European Commission (DG Environment) Customer reference Service contract 070501/2006/453041/MAR/C5 Confidentiality, copyright and reproduction

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Date 30th July 2007

AEA/ED05435/Interim Report Appendix G: Consistency Analysis - GHG

AEA Energy & Environment i

Table of contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Austria 3

2.1 Table 1: PAMs reported under NECD indicating a primary or ancillary effect on GHGs 3

2.2 Table 2: PAMs reported under MM/UNFCCC 3

2.3 Table 3: Assumptions reported under NECD 8

Source: Alexander Storch et al. (2005) Austria’s National Air Emissions Projections for 2010.

Vienna.Table 4: Assumptions reported under MM/UNFCCC 9

Table 4: Assumptions reported under MM/UNFCCC 10

3 Belgium 17




3.4 Table 4: Assumptions reported under MM/UNFCCC 29

4 Czech Republic 31





5 Denmark 39





6 France 51





7 Germany 67





8 Netherlands 79


Appendix G: Consistency Analysis - GHG AEA/ED05435/Interim Report

ii AEA Energy & Environment




Source: Netherlands Fourth National Communication 89

9 Slovenia 91





10 Sweden 103

10.1 Table 1: PAMs reported under NECD indicating a primary or ancillary effect on GHGs

103




11 UK 115


115




AEA Energy & Environment iii

Glossary

CAFE Clean Air For Europe programme CAFE WGI CAFE Working Group on Implementation CCPMs Common and co-ordinated policies and measures CDR Central Data Repository CHP Combined Heat and Power CLRTAP Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution CO2 Carbon Dioxide DTI Distance to Target Indicator EEA European Environment Agency ELVs Emission Limit Values EU European Union EU ETS EU Emissions Trading Scheme GAINS Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies Model GHGs Greenhouse gases HDVs Heavy Duty Vehicles IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive LCPD Large Combustion Plant Directive MM Monitoring Mechanism MS Member State NECD National Emission Ceiling Directive NFR Nomenclature For Reporting NH3 Ammonia NMVOCs Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds NOx Nitrogen Oxides PAMs Policies And Measures SNAP Selected Nomenclature for Air Pollution SO2 Sulphur Dioxide UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe WAM With Additional Measures projection WM With Measures projection WOM Without Measures projection


iv AEA Energy & Environment


AEA Energy & Environment 1

1 Introduction

This appendix accompanies analysis presented in Section 4.4.2. of the main body of the interim report of project “Evaluation of national plans submitted in 2006 under the National Emissions Ceiling Directive 2001/81/EC”. It compares data related to PAMs, socio-economic assumptions and model parameters reported by Member States under the NEC Directive 2001/81/EC (NECD) and Monitoring Mechanism Decision 280/2004/EC, as well as those reported most recently to the UNFCCC in National Communications (hereinafter referred to as ‘MM’). Some of the differences highlighted by this exercise (particularly in the case of assumptions) may be explained by the time lapse between the submissions under the NECD and MM/UNFCCC obligations. NECD data presented is taken from the latest submission to the EC while GHG data is taken from the latest submissions to the EC or UNFCCC as of June 2006, as presented in the EEA report Greenhouse gas emissions and projections for Europe 2006

1. Information on GHG PAMs is taken from the European

Climate Change Programme database of Policies and Measures in Europe2.

After a brief discussion comparing reporting under each obligation, data is presented for each Member State (included in the in-depth analysis) and is split into four tables, where data is available: • Table 1: PAMs reported under NECD which indicate primary or ancillary effect on GHGs • Table 2: PAMs reported under MM/UNFCCC • Table 3: Assumptions reported under NECD • Table 4: Assumptions reported under MM/UNFCCC

1 EEA (2006), Greenhouse gas emissions and projections for Europe 2006. European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change, EEA Report No

9/2006, http://reports.eea.europa.eu/eea_report_2006_9/en, Copenhagen. 2 http://www.oeko.de/service/pam/index.php, accessed April 2007.


2 AEA Energy & Environment



2 Austria

Austria does not mention the impact of any of its PAMs on GHGs in its NECD national programme. Austria’s reporting of PAMs under the MM is far more comprehensive than reporting under NECD. More than 50 PAMs are reported under the MM, while just eight broad ‘umbrella’ policies are reported in the NECD programme. PAMs reported in Austria’s NECD programme include ELVs for boilers and mobile sources, solvent emission reductions, reduction of waste incineration, environmentally friendly agriculture, green electricity and emission ceilings for heading and industry. The MM submission details a wide range of PAMs, many of which are likely to have an ancillary effect on NECD pollutants, but are not reported in the NECD programme. These include a variety of soft measures, EU ETS, IPPC, taxes on the energy supply sector, promotion of RES and energy efficiency, a range of measures to address transport e.g. labelling of passenger cars and a range of PAMs to reduce landfill waste. Both reports include PAMs for each of the main sectors – Energy Supply/Consumption, Agriculture, Waste, Industry and Transport. In addition to Austria’s NECD programme, a 2006 projections report was submitted. This report refers back to Austria’s 2005 projections submission under the NECD. This report details model parameters and activity projections. A comparison of the activity projections reported in this report with those reported in Austria’s most recent submission under the Monitoring Mechanism (June 2007) implies that parameters are consistent, although again the MM submission is more detailed than the NECD submission.


Effect on GHGs not specified.

2.2 Table 2: PAMs reported under MM/UNFCCC

Absolute Reduction [kt (Gg) CO2 eq. p.a.]

Member State

Sector Name Category Type GHG Status

2005 2010 2020

Reduction in trading sector

Costs [EUR/t]

Austria AGR Extension of ecological farming organic farming; N fertilization

Economic CH4; N2O

implemented

no effect

Austria CRS Energy related taxes and earmarking for climate change related measures

Taxation Fiscal CO2 adopted 300 high




Member State


2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Austria CRS GHG Emissions Trading Scheme Emissions trading Economic CO2 implemented complete

Austria ENC Agreement between Federation and Länder on energy-saving

Buildings - energy efficiency Regulatory CO2 implemented moderate

Austria ENC Minimum thermal standards for buildings Buildings - energy efficiency Regulatory CO2 implemented; planned

250 low

Austria ENC Housing support schemes Buildings - energy efficiency Information; Economic

CO2; HFCs

implemented; planned

750; 1500

moderate

Austria ENC Consumption - related heating costs calculation

Buildings - heat supply Regulatory CO2 implemented 100 no effect

Austria ENC Energy efficiency in federal public buildings Energy efficiency - Public voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 implemented 50 no effect

Austria ENC ´Contracting´for public buildings Energy efficiency - Companies

Economic; voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 adopted 500 low

Austria ENC Replacement of old heating systems Buildings - heat supply Economic; Information

implemented; planned

500; 1500

moderate

Austria ENC Harmonised energy codes for buildings Buildings - energy efficiency voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 planned low

Austria ENC Regular inspection of heating systems Buildings - heat supply Regulatory implemented; planned

100; 200

no effect

Austria ENC Building of Tomorrow Buildings - energy efficiency voluntary/ negotiated agreement; Economic

CO2 implemented low

Austria ENC Electric Appliances and Others Appliances Regulatory CO2 implemented complete

Austria ENC Promotion of Energy Efficient Electronic Products, The Group for Energy Efficient Appliances (GEEA)

Appliances Information CO2 implemented complete

Austria ENC Promotion of energy efficiency and renewable energy in industry

voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 expired 200 high

Austria ENC Energy concepts for energy intensive Information CO2 implemented high




Member State


2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

branches

Austria ENC Energy efficiency programme in industry Information CO2 planned 500 moderate

Austria ENC Promotion of energy efficiency and renewable energy in industry


CO2 planned 300 high

Austria ENS Voluntary agreements Energy efficiency - industry voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 planned complete

Austria ENS Preferential market access for ?green electricity?

Renewables Economic; Regulatory

CO2; CH4

implemented 500 high

Austria ENS Public support for renewable energy projects and district heating

Renewables; CHP

Economic CO2; CH4

implemented 700 moderate

Austria ENS Energy tax rebates for CHP CHP Fiscal CO2 implemented high

Austria ENS Preferential framework conditions for CHP CHP Economic CO2 implemented; adopted; planned

500 high

Austria ENS Further development of targets for renewable energy sources and implementation of the EU directive on renewables

Renewables Regulatory CO2; CH4

planned 350 complete

Austria ENS Stepped-up public support for renewable energy and district heating projects

Renewables; CHP

other CO2 planned 1750

Austria ENS Green electricity purchasing for public buildings

Renewables Economic CO2 adopted complete

Austria ENS Demand-Side Management (DSM) Energy efficiency Information CO2 implemented moderate

Austria IND Implementation of the IPPC Directive IPPC Regulatory CO2 implemented moderate

Austria IND Voluntary Agreements and flexible instruments


CO2 planned 1500 high

Austria TRA Reduction of emissions from passenger cars via labelling

vehicle efficiency voluntary/ negotiated agreement; Information

CO2 implemented 500

Austria TRA Fuel consumption levy vehicle efficiency Fiscal CO2 implemented




Member State


2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Austria Road tolls road pricing Fiscal CO2 planned; implemented

Austria TRA Vehicle tax adaptaption 2000 vehicle efficiency Fiscal CO2 implemented

Austria TRA Rail infrastructure and public transport investments

change of modal split - public transport

Economic; Information

CO2 implemented; planned

300; 100; 200

Austria TRA Improvement of fuel quality and promotion of "bio diesel"

biofuels; fuel quality

Regulatory; Fiscal


100; 50

Austria TRA Model projects and programmes for environmentally sound mobility

traffic reduction; change of modal split

Information; education; Research

CO2 implemented

Austria TRA Model projects and programmes for environmentally sound logistics

freight - logistics and combined transport

Information; education; Research

CO2 implemented

Austria TRA Mileage based toll for lorries road pricing Fiscal CO2 adopted 300

Austria TRA Promotion of energy efficient and alternative motor concepts

vehicle efficiency; alternative fuels and engine technologies

Information; Research

CO2 planned 100

Austria TRA Public awareness raising measures traffic reduction Information; education

CO2 adopted; planned

300; 100; 200

Austria TRA Improvement of transport logistics freight - logistics and combined transport

Information CO2 planned; implemented

700; 500; 200

Austria TRA Further internalisation of costs road pricing Economic; Fiscal

CO2 planned

Austria TRA Promotion of walking and cycling change of modal split - bicycles and walking

Information; education


300; 100; 200

Austria TRA Improvement of spatial planning traffic reduction Regulatory; planning

CO2 planned 300

Austria TRA Traffic management and speed limitation road-traffic management Information; Regulatory; Fiscal


300

Austria WAM Waste Management Act 1990 waste management practices Regulatory CH4 implemented no effect




Member State


2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Austria WAM Landfill Regulation 1996 reduced disposal and stabilization of biodegradable waste on landfills

Regulatory CH4 adopted; implemented

900 no effect

Austria WAM Landfill Charge Act 1989 reduced disposal and stabilization of biodegradable waste on landfills

Regulatory; Fiscal; Economic

CH4 implemented no effect

Austria WAM Expansion of waste treatment capacities other than landfilling

reduced disposal and stabilization of biodegradable waste on landfills

Regulatory CH4; CO2

adopted 300 no effect

Austria WAM Promotion of waste recovery waste prevention or recycling voluntary/ negotiated agreement; education; Information; Research

CH4; CO2

implemented; adopted

CL no effect

Austria WAM Efficient energy recovery from waste waste incineration Economic CH4; CO2

adopted CL no effect

Austria WAM Other programmes to launch waste prevention and recovery

waste prevention or recycling voluntary/ negotiated agreement; Information; Research; education

CH4; CO2

implemented; adopted

CL no effect

Austria WAM Define technical state of art for mechanical-biological treatment of waste

MBT Regulatory CH4 planned CL no effect

Source: European Climate Change Programme database of Policies and Measures in Europe, http://www.oeko.de/service/pam/index.php



2.3 Table 3: Assumptions reported under NECD

Activity 2010 2010 WM Units Notes

Assumptions for general economic parameters — GDP (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 2.2% 2000 base year — Population (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 8.255mio — International oil prices at given years in euro per barrel or GJ 35.5US$ per bbl real Brent, price base 2000

Assumptions for the energy sector — Electricity import/export ratio 0.91 1.13

Assumptions for the industry sector

— Steel production from basic oxygen steelmaking 4.08 6.75mio t

— energy price growth - industry - coal 2.1% average % growth per year for 2005-2010

— energy price growth - industry - fuel oil 1.5% average % growth per year for 2005-2011

— energy price growth - industry - natural gas 0.9% average % growth per year for 2005-2012

— energy price growth - industry - electricity 0.8% average % growth per year for 2005-2013

Assumptions for the transport sector

— Private cars 3.8 4.4million

— Vehicle km on road 63494 87418million km

Assumptions for buildings (in residential and commercial or tertiary sector)

— energy price growth - household - coal 2% average % growth per year for 2005-2013

— energy price growth - household - fuel oil 0.5% average % growth per year for 2005-2014



— energy price growth - household - natural gas 1.5% average % growth per year for 2005-2015

— energy price growth - household - electricity 0.7% average % growth per year for 2005-2016

— Stock of flats 3.807mio

Assumptions in the agriculture sector

— cattle 2155 19411000 head

Source: Alexander Storch et al. (2005) Austria’s National Air Emissions Projections for 2010. Vienna.



Table 4: Assumptions reported under MM/UNFCCC

The parameters below are extracted from Austria’s most recent submission under the Monitoring Mechanism (June 2007) and appear to be consistent with those contained in Austria’s 2005 NECD projections submission.

1. Mandatory parameters on projections 2005 2010 2015 2020

Assumptions for general economic parameters

GDP (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year)

GDP growth (%, real, base year 2000) 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0

Population (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year)

8131400 8255400 8347900 8400900

Population growth (%) 0.32 0.27 0.18 0.10

International coal prices at given years in euro per tonne or GJ (Gigajoule)

Not included in model

International oil prices at given years in euro per barrel or GJ

Internation oil price (BRENT, real, base year 23000) ($/GJ) 35.0 35.5 35.5 35.5

International gas prices at given years in euro per m3 or GJ Not included in model

Assumptions for the energy sector

Total gross inland consumption (PJ) (split by oil, gas, coal, renewables, nuclear, other)

1392.618 1461,913 1630,093

Total electricity production by fuel type (oil, gas, coal, renewables, nuclear, other)

Total Transformation input , average annual change in % 2.2% (2005-2010) 1.9% (2010-2020)

Energy demand by sector split by fuel (delivered

Final Energy Consumption by fuel and by sectors

Coal- total manufacturing 36477 37915 45459

Coal Transport Sector 26 24 19

Coal- total other sectors 6300 4589 1986

Oil- total manufacturing 29532 27220 26322

Oil Transport Sector 271515 270771 293225

Oil- total other sectors 121456 113973 90537

Gas- total manufacturing 93955 102263 124555

Gas Transport Sector 9091 9698 10712

Gas- total other sectors 84530 85926 83555

Renewables- total manufacturing 36315 40930 48654

Renewables –Transport Sector 4685 11391 13208

Renewables - total other sectors 80756 81239 82525

Electricity- total manufacturing 86851 87416 94021




Electricity –Transport Sector 12467 13259 15216

Electricity - total other sectors 117644 141294 205357

District Heating- total manufacturing 8685 9304 10548

District Heating –Transport Sector 0 0 0

District Heating - total other sectors 45858 52588 66941

Assumptions on weather parameters, especially heating or cooling degree days

Constant HDD


For Member States using macroeconomic models:

The share of the industrial sector in GDP and growth rate

For Member States using other models:

The production index for industrial sector



The growth of transport relative to GDP (vehicle-km/Euro, with tank tourism)

0.37 0.35 0.33 0.31


The growth of passenger person kilometres (with tank tourism) (mio.pkm)

139954 143600 146629 149422

The growth of freight tonne kilometres (with tank tourism) (mio.tkm)

125033 134153 144253 156023



The level of private consumption (excluding private transport)

Energy consumption-stationary sources (1A4) (TJ) 270.507 265.712 259.159 246.237


The rate of change of floor space for tertiary buildings and dwellings

The number of dwellings and number of employees in the tertiary sector






The share of the agriculture sector in GDP and relative growth


Livestock numbers by animal type (for enteric fermentation beef, cows, sheep, for manure management pigs and poultry)

Cattle total (conventional farming) 1678193 1641316 1614253 1607802

Cattle total (organic farming) 309797 298944 291486 289654

Pigs total (conventional farming) 3165329 3173757 3180291 3181754

Pigs total (organic farming) 38458 42801 45777 46418

Hens total (conventional farming)11725621 11725621 11725621 11725621

Hens total (organic farming) 628737 628737 628737 628737

The area of crops by crop type

Emissions factors by type of livestock for enteric fermentation and manure management (t)

Assumptions in the waste sector

Waste generation per head of population or tonnes of municipal solid waste

Landfilled waste (Gg/a) 970.6 793.8 809.9 823.0

The organic fractions of municipal solid waste Constant

Municipal solid waste disposed to landfills, incinerated or composted (in tonnes or %)

Assumptions in the forestry sector

Forest definitions

Areas of:

managed forests

unmanaged forests

2. Recommended parameters on projections 2005 2010 2015 2020

Assumptions for general economic parameters GDP growth rates split by industrial sectors in relation to 2000 Comparison projected data with official forecasts


National coal, oil and gas energy prices per sector (including taxes) National electricity prices per sector as above (may be model output)




Total production of district heating by fuel type

Assumptions for the industry sector Assumptions fluorinated gases:

Aluminium production and emissions factors Magnesium production and emissions factors Foam production and emissions factors Stock of refrigerant and leakage rates


Share of GDP for different sectors and growth rates Rate of improvement of energy intensity (1990 = 100)


Index of production for different sectors Rate of improvement or index of energy efficiency

Assumptions for buildings (in residential and commercial / tertiary sector) For Member States using macroeconomic models:

Share of tertiary and household sectors in GDP Rate of improvement of energy intensity

Commercial/Institutional 0.0 (2005-2010) 0.0 (2010-2020) Residential 0.6 (2005-2010) 0.6 (2010-2020)

Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries 0.5 (2005-2010) 0.5 (2010-2020) For Member States using other models:

Number of households (Stock of permanently occupied dwellings) (1000) 3740 3807 3921 4035 Number of new buildings Rate of improvement of energy efficiency (1990 = 100)




Assumptions for the transport sector For Member States using econometric models:

Growth of transport relative to GDP split by passenger and freight

Passenger (p-km/Euro) 0.62 0.57 0.52 0.52 Freight (t-km/Euro) 0.56 0.53 0.52 0.50

Improvements in energy efficiency split by vehicle type Passenger cars – gasoline (MJ/km) 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34

Passenger cars – diesel (MJ/km) 2.28 2.20 2.14 2.08 Heavy duty vehicles (MJ/km) 10.07 9.91 9.89 9.90

Improvements in energy efficiency split by vehicle type, whole fleet/new cars Rate of change of modal split (passenger and freight)

Passenger Transport-passenger cars 69.7% 70.4% 71.0% 71.5% Passenger Transport-bus 12.9% 12.6% 12.5% 12.3%

Passenger Transport-moped 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% Passenger Transport-motorcycle 0.8% 0.9% 0.9% 0.9%

Passenger Transport-rail 7.2% 6.9% 6.7% 6.5% Passenger Transport-electr. Local transport 3.0% 3.0% 3.0% 3.0%

Passenger Transport-bicycle 3.5% 3.3% 3.2% 3.0% Passenger Transport-pedestrian 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5%

Freight Transport-road 67% 68% 70% 70% Freight Transport-rail 27% 26% 25% 25%

Freight Transport-navigation (Danube) 5% 5% 5% 5% Growth of passenger road kilometres

Passenger cars with tank tourism (mio.p-km) 99034 102474 105336 107935 Bus (mio.p-km) 15191 15407 15590 15732

Moped (mio.p-km) 329 322 322 322 Motorcycle (mio.p-km) 1000 1112 1179 1202

Growth of passenger rail kilometres Rail (mio.p-km) 8541 8480 8387 8287

Electr.local transport (mio.p-km) 3571 3689 3796 3900 Growth of passenger aviation kilometres Growth of freight tonne kilometres on road

Light duty vehicles (mio.t-km) 499 540 579 615 Heavy duty vehicles (with tank tourism) (mio.t-km) 104947 112451 120994 130563

Growth of freight tonne kilometres by rail (mio.t-km) 16360 17655 18924 20839 Growth of freight tonne kilometres by navigation 3226 3506 3756 4006




Assumptions for the agriculture sector For Member States using econometric models:

Agricultural trade (import/export) Domestic consumption (e.g. milk/beef consumption)

For Member States using other models: Development of area of crops, grassland, arable, set-aside, conversion to forests etc Macroeconomic assumptions behind projections of agricultural activity Description of livestock (e.g. by nutrient balance, output/animal production, milk production) Development of farming types (e.g. intensive conventional, organic farming) Distribution of housing/grazing systems and housing/grazing period Parameters of fertiliser regime:

Details of fertiliser use (type of fertiliser, timing of application, inorganic/organic ratio) Volatilisation rate of ammonia, following spreading of manure on the soil Efficiency of manure use

Parameters of manure management system: Distribution of storage facilities (e.g. with or without cover):

Nitrogen excretion rate of manures Methods of application of manure

Extent of introduction of control measures (storage systems, manure application), use of best available techniques

Parameters related to nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils

Amount of manure treatment

Source: Austria’s 2007 MM submission (June 2007).





3 Belgium

Belgium’s NECD programme details 13 PAMs which impact on GHG emissions, including PAMs from all 3 regions and federal policy. These measures mostly relate to soft measures to encourage sustainable transport and also the climate programmes of the Brussels and Flanders regions. There is a good level of consistency between measures reported under both programmes, where relevant. PAMs reported in Belgium’s NECD programme include various soft transport measures such as driver behaviour, IPPC and a range of company specific measures for a range of industries (including the chemical, textiles and paints amongst others), a variety of techniques to reduce agricultural emissions, measures aimed at small and large combustion plants, voluntary agreements for electricity producers, ELVs for energy and waste combustion plants and refineries, solvents directive, fuel switching, ETS and green certificates. These PAMs have been taken into account in the projections implicitly (in the underlying energy scenarios). Of these measures, the following were also integrated in to Belgium’s MM programme: soft transport measures (PAMs reported under the MM are however more comprehensive), EU ETS and green certificates. The following potentially relevant NECD PAMs are not detailed in the MM programme: voluntary agreement for electricity producers, company specific measures for industry and fuel switching. Conversely, NECD relevant PAMs reported under the MM but not included in the NECD programme include renewables, energy efficiency and waste sector PAMs. All sectors were covered by at least one PAM in both programmes. Belgium reports projections for parameters under both obligations. Identical projected values for energy prices are found in each.


Mitigation impact on GHG emissions in target year

(2010)

MS Name of policy or measure (or group)

Description of policy or measure Main sector targeted

Qualitative Quantitative

CCPM indicated

BE FL - Flemish transport policy plan Sustainable mobility policy in 5 areas: reachability, safety, access, quality of life and impact on nature and the environment. Contains measures targeted at reducing car journey, increasing use of public transport.

Transport Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

BE FL - Measures on Environmental friendly vehicles and driving behaviour

Provision of information, raising awareness, financial measures, eco-friendly government vehicle fleets and drivers’ behaviour


BE WA - Use of new technological solutions for urban transports

Purchase of new busses with low consumption and with reduced specific emission (a)- Test of hybrid-busses (b)- Installing of de-NOx systems on existing busses (c).

Transport Significantly reduces GHGs




(2010)




CCPM indicated

BE WA - Encouragement to use “non-motorized transports”

Infrastructure investments- Support lent to initiatives relating to the use of “non-motorized transports”- Global bicycle plans


BE WA - Reduction of “long-distance journeys” made by car

Encouragement (incentive) to the use of carpooling or train instead of cars for long-distance journey (way).


BE WA - Encouragement to replace old pollutant cars by “green cars”.

- Replacement subsidies- Lending without interest- Sector related agreement for joint funding


BE WA - Clean vehicles for public utilities fleets Imposing the purchase of “Green vehicles” by public utilities Transport Significantly reduces GHGs

BE WA - Improvement of driver behaviour. Firstly, specific formation for heavy-duty vehicles drivers. Transport Significantly reduces GHGs

BE WA - Improvement of the respect of maximal speed.

Increase of the number of speed controls, notably by the installation of new fixed control systems. Firstly on highway.


BE FL - Transport measures in the Flemish Climate Change Policy Plan

Railway projects with a contribution of the Flemish Government, improving bicycle use, Actions on teleworking


BE FL - Follow up of EIRs When establishing Environmental Impact Reports (EIRs), care is being taken that possible emission reduction techniques are being investigated in an objective way (reduction potential and costs). When thought to be useful by the permitting authorities, these measures can be included in the environmental permit.

Various Significantly reduces GHGs

BE FL - Measures in the framework of climate policy

In the framework of the Kyoto protocol, Flanders has established a climate plan. Measures that have been included in this plan focus on energy savings and rational use of energy. They also have an impact on emission of (mainly) SO2 en NOx.





(2010)




CCPM indicated

BE BR - Air-Climate Plan The majority of measures concerns the reduction of energy consumption (heating of buildings). The other significative ones are the setting up of a selective catalytic reduction system for reducing NOx at the waste incinator and measures for transport (company mobility plans, raising awareness and providing information on environmental friendly vehicles and driving behaviour). This plan was reinforced in its transport part by”Bruxelles Air” and by “clean vehicle” decree of 3 July 2003, which sets up a 20% quota of clean vehicles for the fleets of Brussels administrations. About VOC measures, the prescriptions refer to the transposition of the solvent directive, to Stage II vapour recovery for gasoline distribution and to awareness campaigns on products’ solvent content.

Various Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

2002/91/EC - EPB Directive

Source: Belgian NECD National Programme, 2006






Costs [EUR/t]

Member State

Sector

Name

Category Type GHG Status

2005 2010 2020

Belgium AGR Walloon sustainable management program for nitrogen in agriculture

N management (organic and inorganic)

other N2O implemented

no effect

Belgium AGR Council Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003 of 29 September 2003 establishing common rules for direct support schemes under the common agricultural policy and establishing certain support schemes for farmers and amending Regulations (EEC) No 2019/93, (EC) No 1452/2001, (EC) No 1453/2001, (EC) No 1454/2001, (EC) 1868/94, (EC) No 1251/1999, (EC) No 1254/1999, (EC) No 1673/2000, (EEC) No 2358/71 and (EC) No 2529/2001

Economic no effect

Belgium AGR Flemish rural development plan organic farming; energy efficiency; afforestation; livestock reduction

Economic CO2; CH4; N2O

adopted 600 no effect

Belgium AGR Manure Action Plan (Flemish region) livestock reduction; N management (organic and inorganic)

Regulatory N2O; CH4

implemented no effect

Belgium AGR Reduction in pig breeding (Flemish Region) livestock reduction

Economic N2O; CH4


Belgium AGR Plan for Reducing Ammonia (Flemish region) manure management

Regulatory N2O adopted no effect

Belgium AGR Organic Farming Action Plan (Flemish region) farming intensity Economic N2O; CH4

planned; implemented

no effect

Belgium AGR Rural Development Plan (Walloon region) farming intensity Economic CH4; N2O

adopted no effect





Costs [EUR/t]

Member State

Sector

Name


2005 2010 2020

Belgium AGR Agri-environmental measures (Walloon region) reduction of N losses

Regulatory N2O implemented no effect

Belgium AGR Storage, handling and spreading of manure manure management

Economic N2O; CH4

planned no effect

Belgium AGR Limitation/reduction of CO2 emissions in agriculture and horticulture (Flemish region)

energy efficiency

Economic CO2

Belgium AGR Limitation/reduction of methane and NO2 emissions (Flemish region)

manure management

Regulatory CH4; N2O

Belgium CRS Kyoto Flexible Mechanism Joint Implementation

Economic CO2 implemented

Belgium CRS National Allocation Plan Emissions trading

planning CO2 implemented complete

Belgium ENC Financial incentives for investments in energy efficiency

Energy efficiency

Economic; Fiscal

CO2 high

Belgium ENC Public service obligation on rational use of energy Energy efficiency - industry

Regulatory CO2 implemented high

Belgium ENC Benchmarking covenant Energy efficiency


CH4; CO2; HFCs; N2O; PFCs; SF6

implemented

Belgium ENC Energy audits Energy efficiency - industry

Information; Economic

CO2 moderate

Belgium ENC Financial incentives for the rational use of energy Buildings - heat supply

Economic CO2 implemented low

Belgium ENC Energy perfomance and certification of buildings Buildings - energy efficiency

Information; Regulatory

CO2 implemented

Belgium ENC Rational use of Energy in public Buildings Buildings - energy efficiency

Information; Economic

implemented

Belgium ENC Promotion of Rational use of Energy with local authorities

Buildings - energy


implemented





Costs [EUR/t]

Member State

Sector

Name


2005 2010 2020

efficiency

Belgium ENC Labelling of appliances Buildings - heat supply

Regulatory implemented

Belgium ENC Audit agreements voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 planned high <0

Belgium ENC Energy efficiency criteria in the environmental legislation

IPPC Regulatory CO2 high

Belgium ENC Branch agreements between main industrial sectors and Regional Government


CO2 implemented high

Belgium ENS Green certificates/Green Certificate Scheme Renewables; CHP

Economic; Fiscal; Regulatory

CO2; CH4

implemented high

Belgium ENS Support for electricity generation from CHP CHP Economic; Regulatory; Fiscal


Belgium ENS Financial support for electircity gernation from RES

Renewables Economic; Fiscal

CO2; CH4

implemented high

Belgium ENS Demonstartion projecgts, information actions and facilitators

Renewables Information; education

CO2; CH4

implemented moderate

Belgium ENS Wood energy plan biomass; renewables

Research CO2 adopted low

Belgium Study on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems

forest management

Research CO2

Belgium Preservation of Natura 2000 sites in forest forest conversation

planning CO2

Belgium IND Refrigeration installations F-Gases Regulatory HFCs; PFCs; SF6


Belgium IND Adaptation of the VLAREM regulations N2O abatement Regulatory N2O planned no effect

Belgium IND Regulations aiming to limit the use of fluorinated greenhouse gases

F-Gases Regulatory HFCs; PFCs; SF6


Belgium LUC Study on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems

forest management

Research CO2 expired no effect





Costs [EUR/t]

Member State

Sector

Name


2005 2010 2020

Belgium LUC Preservation of Natura 2000 sites in forest (Walloon region)

forest conservation

planning CO2 no effect

Belgium LUC Reforestation measures afforestation Economic CO2 expired no effect

Belgium LUC Reconversion of ground afforestation Economic CO2 implemented no effect

Belgium LUC Prohibition of deforestation forest conservation

Regulatory CO2 implemented no effect

Belgium LUC Rural Development Plan (Walloon region) forest conservation

Economic CO2 implemented no effect

Belgium LUC Preservation of the ecological stability of forests (Flemish region)

forest conservation

Economic CO2

Belgium LUC Harmonisation of forest and climate policies (Flemish region)

forest conservation

Regulatory CO2

Belgium LUC Promotion of energy crops (Flemish region) Biomass Economic CO2

Belgium TRA CO2 emissons from passenger cars vehicle efficiency

Regulatory CO2 implemented

Belgium TRA Fuel economy information vehicle efficiency


Belgium TRA Implementation of the European Biodiesel Directive

biofuels Regulatory CO2 adopted

Belgium TRA Public procurement rules for car fleet of Federal Administrations and Public Services

vehicle efficiency

Regulatory CO2 planned

Belgium TRA Promotion of modal shift in transport change of modal split

Fiscal; Information

CO2 implemented

Belgium TRA Subsidies for freight transport by rail freight - logistics and combined transport

Fiscal CO2 implemented

Belgium TRA Tax advantage for buying low emission cars vehicle efficiency


Belgium TRA T1: Improvements to public transport( Flemish Region)



CO2; N2O

adopted

Belgium TRA t4: Federal Governments rail investment plan change of modal split - public transport

planning CO2; N2O

implemented

Belgium TRA T5: Tax exemption for employers contribution to change of Fiscal CO2; adopted





Costs [EUR/t]

Member State

Sector

Name


2005 2010 2020

the price of public transport season tickets and car pooling

modal split - public transport

N2O

Belgium TRA T6:Journey expenses become tax deductible change of modal split

Fiscal CO2; N2O

adopted

Belgium TRA T7:Agreed employers expenses for operating collective transport for members of staff becomes tax deductible

car sharing Fiscal CO2; N2O

adopted

Belgium TRA T8:Implementation of local transport plans (schools and companies)



CO2; N2O

implemented

Belgium TRA T9: Pricing policy in favour of public transport change of modal split - public transport

Economic CO2; N2O

implemented

Belgium TRA T10: Promotion of company staff transport plans change of modal split


CO2; N2O

planned

Belgium TRA T11: Promotion of the use of bicycles for daily home-school journeys

change of modal split - bicycles and walking

education N2O; CO2

adopted

Belgium TRA T12: Plans for transporting company personel change of modal split


CO2; N2O

implemented

Belgium TRA T13: Improvment of the infrastructure for cyclists and pedestrians


Information CO2; N2O

adopted

Belgium TRA T14: Improvement of infrastructure for cyclists;T15: Improvement of transport infrastructure around the Port of Antwerp

change of modal split - bicycles and walking; freight - logistics and combined transport

Information; planning

CO2; N2O

adopted; implemented

Belgium TRA T16: Improvement of the quality of transport by navigable waterway (Flemish Region)



adopted





Costs [EUR/t]

Member State

Sector

Name


2005 2010 2020

Belgium TRA T17: Improvement of systems to promote the use of alternative modes of transport

change of modal split


planned

Belgium TRA T18: Improvement of the quality of navigable waterways


Information CO2 adopted

Belgium TRA T19: Creation of multimodal platforms (hubs) (Wallon Region)



adopted

Belgium TRA T20: Rationalisation of the traffic flow and parking for heavy loads in cities


Regulatory CO2; N2O

planned

Belgium TRA T21: Creation of multimodal platforms (hubs) ( Region Brussels )



adopted

Belgium TRA T22: modulation of the size of the European road tax

road pricing; emission control

Fiscal CO2; N2O

implemented

Belgium TRA T23: LPG Allowance alternative fuels and engine technologies

Fiscal CO2; N2O

expired

Belgium TRA T24: Reduction of the tax for bringing LPG vehicles on the road

alternative fuels and engine technologies

Fiscal CO2; N2O

adopted

Belgium TRA T25: Reduction of the tax for bringing "Euro 4" cars on the road

emission control Fiscal CO2; N2O

expired

Belgium TRA T26: Revision of the tax for bringing secon-hand vehicles on the road

emission control; vehicle efficiency

Fiscal CO2; N2O

adopted

Belgium TRA T27: Modulation of the tax for getting the vehicle on the road depending on polluting emissions

emission control Fiscal CO2; N2O

adopted

Belgium TRA T28: Promotion of "clean" vehicles vehicle efficiency

education CO2; N2O

implemented

Belgium TRA T29: Traffic regulation road-traffic management

planning CO2; N2O

implemented

Belgium TRA T30: Training of mobility advisers change of modal split

education CO2; N2O

implemented





Costs [EUR/t]

Member State

Sector

Name


2005 2010 2020

Belgium TRA T31+T32: Mobility observatory planning CO2; N2O

adopted

Belgium TRA T33: Campaigns promoting the use of bicycles in the city


education CO2; N2O

implemented

Belgium TRA T2: Improvements to public transport (Walloon Region);Flemish Mobility Plan

change of modal split - public transport; change of modal split

Economic; Information; planning

CO2; N2O

implemented

Belgium TRA T3: Improvements to public transport (Walloon Region);Stop Principle

change of modal split - public transport; change of modal split

Economic; Information; planning

CO2; N2O

implemented

Belgium TRA Bike Plan change of modal split - bicycles and walking

planning CO2 planned

Belgium TRA Marco Polo Programme freight planning CO2 planned

Belgium TRA Diabolo Plan change of model split - public transport

planning CO2 planned

Belgium TRA Air Decree vehicle efficiency

Fiscal CO2 adopted

Belgium TRA Eco-driving Campaign eco-driving Information CO2; N2O

planned

Belgium TRA Ecoscore (Flemish Region) vehicle efficiency

Information CO2 implemented

Belgium TRA Car Sharing car sharing planning CO2

Belgium TRA Car Sharing (Flemish Region)

Belgium WAM Maintenance of elimination obligations and reinforcement of regulations on the use of gas from landfi lls

reduced disposal and stabilization of biodegradable waste on

Regulatory CO2; CH4





Costs [EUR/t]

Member State

Sector

Name


2005 2010 2020

landfills





Activity 2000 Latest historic year

2010 WM

Units Notes


— GDP (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year)

— Population (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 10166432 10340786 10431698

— International coal prices at given years in euro per tonne or GJ (Gigajoule) 1.72 1.72 1.72 (€ / GJ) Hard coal

— International oil prices at given years in euro per barrel or GJ 4.6 4.6 4.6 (€ / GJ)

— International gas prices at given years in euro per m3 or GJ 4.6 4.6 4.6 (€ / GJ)


— Total gross inland consumption (PJ) (split by oil, gas, coal, renewables, nuclear, other)

— Total electricity production by fuel type (oil, gas, coal, renewables, nuclear, other)

283870 311936 TJ Split by fuel type according to region

— Energy demand by sector split by fuel (delivered)

— Assumptions on weather parameters, especially heating or cooling degree days 1714 1900 (a) or 2010 (b)

1900 (a) or 2010 (b)

Degree days

Average from period (a) 1993-2003) or (b) 1971-2000 used as a

constant for projections


Electricity Demand 149711 154149 TJ





Source: Belgium NECD National Programme, 2006



3.4 Table 4: Assumptions reported under MM/UNFCCC

Very few parameters for projections were reported in the 4th National Communication.

Mandatory Parameters on Projections 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Notes


— GDP EU 15 (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.3

Figures represent GDP annual growth rate to the year indicated, starting 1990

— GDP Belgium (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 2.2 1.9 2.2 1.8 1.8

Figures represent GDP annual growth rate to the year indicated, starting 1991

— International coal prices at given years in euro per tonne or GJ (Gigajoule) 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.87 2.21 2000EUR/GJ, hard coal: 1.5% S

— International oil prices at given years in euro per barrel or GJ 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.8 5 heavy fuel oil; 2000EUR/GJ

— International gas prices at given years in euro per m3 or GJ 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.55 5.1 2000EUR/GJ Assumptions for the energy sector

— Assumptions on weather parameters, especially heating or cooling degree days 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 degree-days per year



— The number of dwellings and number of employees in the tertiary sector 4245 4430 4590 4728 4859 Number of households, 000s

Source: Belgian Fourth National Communication





4 Czech Republic

The Czech Republic report just 9 measures in the NECD programme, compared to 39 in the ECCP database. Key omissions from the NECD programme may be such measures as energy efficiency, energy performance of buildings directive, the new energy act, act on energy management, renewable, directive on CHP, environmental tax reform, IPPC, Marco Polo initiative, biofuels directive and other transport and waste measures. Sectoral coverage in the MM programme is complete whereas waste and transport appear weakly covered in the NECD programme. The Czech Republic quantifies at least one parameter in each of the sectors in the NECD programme. Values are provided for 2000, the latest historic year and for 2010 (BAU and WM). Parameters are not quantified in the MM programme and so could not be compared.



(2010)




CCPM indicated

CZ Correct agricultural practices A group of measures has been adopted and partly implemented to reduce ammonia emissions from agriculture

Agriculture Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

no further information is provided

CZ Fuel substitution A group of measures adopted and partly implemented to support fuel switch in households and in commercial / institutional buildings which includes legal acts, strategies, programs and plans at different levels (national, regional, local) and certain economic incentives.

Domestic Significantly reduces GHGs


CZ Financial support of combustion source replacement, energy savings and application of terminal equipment for the reduction of emissions

Energy supply

Significantly reduces GHGs


CZ Financial support of urban public transportation



Source: Czech Republic National Programme




Absolute Reduction

[kt (Gg) CO2 eq. p.a.]

Member State


2005 2010 2020

Reduction in

trading sector

Costs [EUR/t]

Czech Republic

ENC Industry and Business Operational Program Energy efficiency - Industry


2130

Czech Republic

CRS Pilot Phase for Joint Implementation Joint Implementation

Regulatory CO2 implemented moderate

Czech Republic

CRS National Allocation Plan as Implementation of Act No. 695/2004 Coll.

Emissions trading Economic CO2 implemented

Czech Republic

CRS Act No. 86/2002 Coll., on Protection of the Air Environmental legislation

Regulatory CO2 adopted

Czech Republic

CRS Infrastructure Operational Program Investment Program

other CH4; CO2; HFCs; N2O; PFCs; SF6

implemented 2130

Czech Republic

ENC GEF Efficient lighting initiative Energy efficiency - Public

Economic; education

CO2 expired 430 430 complete 2.326

Czech Republic

ENC Program of support for reconstruction and recovery of concrete panel buildings and the construction of rental apartments

Buildings - energy efficiency

Economic CO2 implemented no effect

Czech Republic

ENC Implementation of the Directive on Energy perfomance of Buildings

Energy efficiency - buildings

Regulatory CO2 implemented 10 230 690 low

Czech Republic

ENC Energy Savings Energy efficiency - Industry


Czech Republic

ENS New Energy Act Renewables Regulatory CO2 implemented high

Czech Republic

ENS The Act on energy management Energy plan Regulatory CO2 implemented moderate

Czech Republic

ENS State Program to Promote Energy Savings and the Use of Renewable Sources of Energy, Part A ? Czech Energy Agency programs

Renewables Economic CO2 implemented 147 200 high 30.032

Czech Republic

ENS State Program to Promote Energy Savings and the Use of Renewable Sources of Energy, Part B - SEF programs, Programs of the State Environmental Fund of

Renewables Economic CO2 implemented 128 99 high 273.127



Absolute Reduction


Member State


2005 2010 2020

Reduction in

trading sector

Costs [EUR/t]

the Czech Republic

Czech Republic

ENS Preferential purchase tariffs for electricity produced from renewable sources

Renewables Economic CO2 implemented 1057 985 high

Czech Republic

ENS Act No. 180/2005 Coll., on promotion of the use of renewable energy sources

Renewables Regulatory CO2 implemented high

Czech Republic

ENS Implementation of the Directive on cogeneration CHP Regulatory CO2 implemented moderate

Czech Republic

ENS The National Program of Sound Energy Management and Use of Renewable and Secondary Energy Sources for 2006-2009

Renewables Economic CO2 adopted 6332 high

Czech Republic

ENS Support of the State Environmental Fund of the Czech Republic in air protection

Renewables other CO2 implemented 1000 1000 high

Czech Republic

ENS JI-Project - Modernization of CHP plant in automobile company

Joint Implementation

Economic CO2 implemented 272 272 high

Czech Republic

ENS JI-Project - biomass burning for district heating Joint Implementation

Economic CO2 implemented 49 49 complete

Czech Republic

ENS JI-Project - biomass sources portfolio Joint Implementation

Economic CO2 planned 263 244

Czech Republic

ENS Renewable Energy Sources Renewables Economic CO2 implemented

Czech Republic

ENS JI-Project - Central Heating Joint Implementation

Economic CO2 implemented 24 24

Czech Republic

ENC Modernization of the ?í?kovice cement plant Joint Implementation

Economic CO2 implemented 33.6 33.6

Czech Republic

ENS Environmental tax reform Taxation Fiscal CO2 adopted 900 high

Czech Republic

IND Introduction of Directive 96/61/EC (IPPC) IPPC Regulatory CO2; N2O; CH4


Czech Republic

LUC Support for afforestation of uncultivated agricultural areas

afforestation Economic CO2 84 84 no effect

Czech Republic

TRA Set of measures in the transport sector Fiscal; Information; Economic; Regulatory

CO2; CH4; N2O

implemented 2797 3917 no effect



Absolute Reduction


Member State


2005 2010 2020

Reduction in

trading sector

Costs [EUR/t]

Czech Republic

TRA Transport infrastructure improve infrastructure


Czech Republic

TRA Organization of transport road-traffic management


Czech Republic

TRA Consulting, education and promotion of sound use of energy


Czech Republic

TRA Implementation of the Directive on biofuels Biofuels Regulatory CO2 implemented 60 997

Czech Republic

TRA Transport corresponding to European emission standards

emission control Regulatory CO2; CH4

implemented 10.9 172; 16.4

1826; 27

Czech Republic

TRA Program of support for renewal of the vehicles of urban mass transport and public transport

vehicle efficiency Economic CO2; CH4

implemented 5.5 65; 6.2

685; 10.1

Czech Republic

TRA MARCO POLO Program freight Economic CO2; CH4

implemented 129; 12.3

708; 16.1

Czech Republic

TRA National Cycling Strategy in the Czech Republic change of modal split - bicycles and walking

other CO2 implemented

Czech Republic

TRA The National Program of Sound Energy Management and Use of Renewable and Secondary Energy Sources for 2006-2009

biofuels; alternative fuels and engine technologies

other CO2 adopted 743

Czech Republic

WAM Act on Wastes No. 185/2001 and Act on Packaging No.477/2001 Coll.

waste prevention or recycling

Regulatory CO2; CH4; N2O


Czech Republic

WAM Utilization of landfill gas and biogas from wastewater treatment plants

methane recovery Economic CH4 implemented no effect





The Czech Republic report quantified assumptions across all sectors, except forestry.

Projected Target 2010

Activity Reference Year 2000

Latest historic year

BAU

WM Units Notes


— GDP (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 46194 49235 60746 60746 € 1995 basis

— Population (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 10207 10234 10283 10283 ‘000s people

— International coal prices at given years in euro per tonne or GJ (Gigajoule) 1,63 1,72 1,85 1.85 € per tonne or GJ

— International oil prices at given years in euro per barrel or GJ 5,61 7,62 6,55 6,55 € per barrel or GJ

— International gas prices at given years in euro per m3 or GJ 3,73 5,17 4,45 4,45 € per m3 or GJ


— Total gross inland consumption (PJ) (split by oil,gas,coal,renewables,nuclear,other)

1607.67 1625.46 1651 PJ *


55,200 53,500 54,330 GWh


— Assumptions on weather parameters, especially heating or cooling degree days



— The share of the industrial sector in GDP and growth rate 16,397 18,069 22,896 22,896 % share **


— The production index for industrial sector





— The growth of transport relative to GDP 5072 5223 6147 6147 Gg fuel consumed/GD

P


— The growth of passenger person kilometres 106900 109000 117700 117700 Million passenger km

— The growth of freight tonne kilometres 63500 61400 67600 67600 Million tonne km



— The level of private consumption (excluding private transport)

— The share of the tertiary sector in GDP and the growth rate 19688 20748 25945 25945 % share € 1995


— The rate of change of floor space for tertiary buildings and dwellings 95,2 95,2 96 96 m3

— The number of dwellings and number of employees in the tertiary sector 4328 4368 4504 4504 1000 dwellings



— The share of the agriculture sector in GDP and relative growth 2689 2828 3110 3110 % share € 1995


— Livestock numbers by animal type (for enteric fermentation cows, sheep, for manure, pigs, poultry)

***

— The area of crops by crop type

— Emissions factors by type of livestock for enteric fermentation and manure management (t)


— Waste generation per head of population or tonnes of municipal solid waste

— The organic fractions of municipal solid waste 8 8 7,60 7,60 %



— Municipal solid waste disposed to landfills 64,5 64,5 62 62 tonnes or % ****

* More disaggregated assumptions on energy consumption in the report

** Additional assumptions for the industry sector in the report

*** Please see a list of livestock numbers by animal type

**** Additional assumptions in the report

Source: Czech Republic National Programme


No assumptions were quantified.





5 Denmark

Denmark does not report the ancillary effect of any of its PAMs on GHGs in its NECD programme. PAMs are consistently reported under both programmes. These include some transport measures such as taxation of transport fuels and the ammonia action plan. Potentially relevant PAMs reported under the MM which are not reported under NEC include taxes on combustion fuels, EU ETS, energy efficiency (e.g. taxes on energy consumption, efficient buildings PAMs, labelling), renewable energy, a number of transport measures in particular soft measures such as speed management and frequency of public transport, and a variety of measures targeted at the waste sector. Conversely, policies targeted at ship emissions, quality of fuels and regulation introducing ELVs for combustion and waste incineration are not reported under the MM. Sectoral coverage is good in both programmes, except waste which is not covered directly in the NECD programme. A substantial number of assumptions were quantified by Denmark in their 2006 NECD National Programme. Fewer assumptions were quantified by Denmark in their latest UNFCCC submission (the NECD programme provides greater sectoral and fuel disaggregation for parameters), although rate of change of floor space for tertiary buildings, overall GDP growth rate and rate of improvement of energy efficiency were reported in the MM but not in the NECD programme. In addition the MM parameters are reported for 2005, 2010, 2020 and 2020-2030/2030, while parameters reported under NECD are for the latest historic year and 2010 (with measures projection) only. Of the parameters commonly reported under both obligations, in almost all cases, parameters could not be compared across the programmes due to different metrics used. However, total inland consumption of energy and rate of change of floor space for dwellings could be compared

and were found to be very similar. Total inland consumption of energy is projected to be 869PJ in 2010 in the MM and 835PJ in the NECD programme. The rate of

change of floor space for dwellings is projected to be 0.9 % p.a in 2010 in the MM and 0.8% in the NECD. The difference between the MM and the NECD figures can be explained by the different versions of energy projections.




Absolute Reduction [kt (Gg) CO2 eq. p.a.] Member

State Sector Name Category Type GHG Status

2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Denmark AGR Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment I and II and Action Plan for Sustainable Agriculture

reduction of N losses Regulatory; Information; Economic

N2O; CH4; CO2

implemented

2050

no effect

Denmark AGR Ban on burning of straw on fields

Burning of agricultural residues

Regulatory N2O; CO2


Denmark AGR Ammonia action plan and the statuary order on manure


Regulatory N2O implemented 30 no effect

Denmark AGR Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment III


Economic; Regulatory

CH4; N2O


Denmark AGR Planting of windbreaks C sequestration Economic CO2 implemented Max: 140

no effect

Denmark CRS High technology foundation

Research programme Research planned

Denmark CRS Investment in research and development

Research programme Research planned

Denmark CRS EU Emission Trading Scheme

Emissions trading Economic CO2 implemented

Denmark CRS JI Projects Joint Implementation voluntary/ negotiated agreement


Denmark CRS Contracts for demanded CO2 credits

JI/CDM voluntary/ negotiated agreement


planned

Denmark CRS CDM Projects CDM voluntary/ negotiated agreement


planned





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Denmark CRS Taxes on CO2, mineral oils, gas, coal and electricity

Taxation Economic CO2 implemented moderate

Denmark CRS CO2 quota sheme Emissions trading Economic CO2 expired complete

Denmark ENC Taxes on households and the public sectors energy consumption

Energy efficiency - Public

Fiscal CO2 implemented moderate

Denmark ENC Energy labelling of small and large buildings (incl. public sector and business)



Denmark ENC Grants for energy savings in pensioners homes

Buildings - heat supply

Economic CO2 expired low

Denmark ENC Electricity Saving Trust - conversion from electric heating


Economic CO2 implemented complete

Denmark ENC Electricity Saving Trust - efficient appliances


Denmark ENC Energy labelling of electric appliances


Denmark ENC Grid, gas and district heating companies energy-saving activities

Energy efficiency - Industry

Information CO2 implemented moderate

Denmark ENC Promoting particularly energy-efficient refrigerators and freezers

Appliances Information CO2

Denmark ENC Phasing-out traditional double glazing - voluntary agreement

Energy efficiency voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2

Denmark ENC Tightening building regulations

Energy efficiency Regulatory CO2

Denmark ENC Efficiency requirements for boilers and circulation pumps

Energy efficiency Regulatory CO2

Denmark ENC Reduction of standby consumption

Energy efficiency Information CO2





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Denmark ENC Enhancement of research and development activities

Energy efficiency Research CO2

Denmark ENC Circular on energy-efficiency in state institutions


Regulatory CO2 implemented high

Denmark ENC Agreements on energy efficiency with business



CO2 implemented

Denmark ENS Biomass Agreement Renewables Economic; Research

CO2 implemented 1100 moderate 43,5825

Denmark ENS Grant for electricity production from wind turbines

renewables; Renewables

Economic CO2 expired 3400 complete 36,8775

Denmark ENS Prioritisation of electricity from CHP plants

CHP Economic CO2 expired 2100 high 13,41

Denmark ENS Grant to promote connection to coal-fired CHP

CHP CO2 expired 100 113,985

Denmark ENS Order to build offshore wind farms

Renewables Economic CO2 expired 900 complete 33,525

Denmark ENS Scrapping scheme for old and unfortunately built wind turbines

Renewables Economic CO2 implemented complete

Denmark ENS Renewable energy grants and tax system

Renewables Economic; Research

CO2 expired 100 moderate 201,15

Denmark ENS Energy research Energy plan Research CO2 implemented

Denmark ENS Support of environmental friendly electricity

Renewables Regulatory CO2 high

Denmark ENS Strategy for hydrogen technologies

Renewables Research CO2 planned low

Denmark ENS Strategy for liquid biofuels Renewables Research CO2 planned low

Denmark ENS Strategy for wave energy Renewables Research CO2 planned high

Denmark Tender for off-shore wind turbines

Renewables Regulatory; Economic


Denmark ENS Biogas plant renewables Economic CO2; CH4;

implemented 500





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

N2O

Denmark IND Tax on HFCs, PFCs and SF6

F-Gases Fiscal HFCs; PFCs; SF6

implemented 400 no effect 27

Denmark IND Regulation on the use of industrial gases (HFCs, PFCs and SF&)

F-Gases Regulatory HFCs; PFCs; SF6

implemented 400 no effect 27

Denmark IND Enterprise sheme on HFCs

F-Gases Economic HFCs adopted

Denmark LUC Grant scheme for private afforestation on agricultural land

afforestation Economic CO2 implemented 262 no effect DKK 303 with outside effects, DKK 237 with side-effects (recreational value, groundwater protection) with discount rate 3%

Denmark LUC Public afforestation afforestation Regulatory; voluntary/ negotiated agreement


Denmark TRA 1. Green owner tax on motor vehicles

taxation Fiscal CO2 implemented 540

Denmark TRA 2. Information campaign on new cars' fuel consumption

vehicle efficiency Information CO2 expired 600

Denmark TRA 3. Low-energy driving techniques

awareness rising Information CO2 implemented 600

Denmark TRA 4. Action for compliance with current speed limits

road transport Information; Economic

CO2 implemented

Denmark TRA 5. Establishment of intermodal installations

change of modal split Economic CO2 adopted

Denmark TRA 8. Promotion of environment-friendly freight transport


Economic; other; Information

CO2 implemented

Denmark TRA 9. Promotion of company plans for road safety and environment, together with transport plans

change of modal split Regulatory; Economic; other

CO2 expired

Denmark TRA 10. Reduced travelling change of modal split Regulatory CO2 implemented





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

time for public transport - public transport

Denmark TRA 11. Spatial planning traffic reduction Regulatory CO2 implemented

Denmark TRA 12. (3.1) Increases to fuel taxes

taxation; change of modal split

Fiscal CO2 implemented; adopted

1200 755 DKK/t

Denmark Reduction in registration tax for energy-efficient private cars

taxation Fiscal CO2 implemented

Denmark TRA Development of green technologies


Research CO2 implemented

Denmark WAM Obligation to send combustibel waste for incineration (in practice a ban on landfilling)


Regulatory CH4 implemented 600 high

Denmark WAM Waste tax waste prevention or recycling

Fiscal CH4 implemented no effect

Denmark WAM Weight-based taxes waste prevention or recycling

Fiscal CH4; CO2


Denmark WAM Grant programme for cleaner products


Economic CH4 expired 200 no effect

Denmark WAM Increased recycling of waste plastic packaging


Regulatory CO2 adopted 5 no effect

Denmark WAM Implementation of the EU landfill directive


Regulatory CH4 adopted

Denmark WAM Support for (construction of facilities for) gas recovery at landfill sites

methane recovery Economic CH4 expired

Denmark WAM Subsidy programme ? Enterprise Scheme (special scheme for businesses)


Economic CH4 implemented





A substantial number of assumptions are quantified by Denmark in their 2006 NECD National Programme.

Activity Latest historic year 2010 WM Units


— GDP (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 148.033 161.675 GDP, billion € (EC95)

— Population (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 5.419 5.440 mill. residents

— International coal prices at given years in euro per tonne or GJ (Gigajoule) 50.124 45.922 € (2000)/tonne

— International oil prices at given years in euro per barrel or GJ 42.171 38.760 € (2000)/barrel

— International gas prices at given years in euro per m3 or GJ 3.821 4.900 € (2000)/GJ



Coal and coke 154.322 167.191 PJ

Oil 316.168 318.907 PJ

Gas 194.668 192.275 PJ

Renewables 136.729 156.619 PJ

Total 801.888 834.992 PJ


Coal and coke 10.279 17.199 PJ

Oil 0.789 0.924 PJ

Gas 9.431 5.985 PJ

Renewables 12.175 13.867 PJ

Total 32.675 37.975 PJ


Oil and Gas Sector 58.270 72.061 PJ

Electricity & District Heat Sector 325.408 338.273 PJ

Non energy purposes 11.951 10.817 PJ

Transport 182.612 186.464 PJ

Agriculture etc. 31.314 34.155 PJ



Manufacturing 78.381 87.243 PJ

Construction 6.855 7.255 PJ

Trade and Service 19.061 18.041 PJ

Households 88.035 80.684 PJ

Total 801.888 834.992 PJ

— Assumptions on weather parameters, especially heating or cooling degree days 2856.000 3022.653 Degree days



— The share of the industrial sector in GDP and growth rate 0.135 0.135

Growth rate -2.224 1.731 % p.a.





— The growth of transport relative to GDP

Number of kilometres driven by passenger cars relative to GDP 276.400 283.816 Mkm/billion € (EF95)

Goods transport (all forms of transport) relative to GDP 102.410 101.081 Mtkm/billion € (EF95)


— The growth of passenger person kilometres 40916.347 45886.000 Mkm

— The growth of freight tonne kilometres 15160.065 16342.330 Mtkm



— The level of private consumption (excluding private transport) 77102.070 86068.380 Mill. € (EC95)

— The share of the tertiary sector in GDP and the growth rate 0.676 0.679

Growth rate 2.141 1.869 % p.a.


— The rate of change of floor space for tertiary buildings % p.a.

— The rate of change of floor space for dwellings 0.840 % p.a.

— The number of dwellings (all-year residences) 2095.772 2191.392 '000

— The number of employees in the tertiary sector





— The share of the agriculture sector in GDP and relative growth 0.032 0.031

Growth rate -1.392 1.100 % p.a.


— Livestock numbers by animal type (for enteric fermn cows, sheep, for manure, pigs, poultry)

Cattle 2648.471 2444.635 '000

Mother sheep 83.588 84.588 '000

Goats 11.600 11.850 '000

Pigs (differs from the annual census due to different cal. meth.) 13295.159 14164.190 '000

Poultry (differs from the annual census due to different cal. meth.) 19743.968 21109.450 '000


Permanent crops 11009.835 10766.920 ha

Agr. crops ex. permanent grassland 2232891.977 2183627.000 ha

of whihc grains 1474300.799 1441773.000 ha

pulses 31081.694 30395.930 ha

rootfruits 92817.851 90769.980 ha

Industrial crops 105556.429 103227.500 ha

seeds 86430.224 84523.280 ha

feeding 230320.345 225238.700 ha

gras in rotation 210095.833 205460.400 ha

other areas 2288.801 2238.302 ha

vegetables 9696.426 9482.490 ha

permanent grassland 176081.026 172196.100 ha

set-aside 204776.776 200258.700 ha

Total 2634456.038 2576331.000 ha

— Emissions factors by type of livestock for enteric fermentn and manure management (t)

CH4 - Enteric fermentation - Implied emission factor

Cattle 40.878 42.192 kg per head per year

Mother sheep 17.172 17.172 kg per head per year

Goats 13.150 13.150 kg per head per year



Pigs 1.058 1.036 kg per head per year

CH4 - Manure management - Implied emission factor

Cattle 4.878 5.024 kg per head per year

Mother sheep 0.316 0.316 kg per head per year

Goats 0.261 0.261 kg per head per year

Pigs 2.568 2.557 kg per head per year

Poultry 0.014 0.014 kg per head per year

N2O

Mineral fertilser 192.507 179.181 1000 ton N per year

Manure 183.938 186.459 1000 ton N ab storage per year

Mineral fertiliser 0.013 0.013 fraction of N

Manure 0.013 0.013 fraction of N


— Waste generation per head of population or tonnes of municipal solid waste 197.437 235.313 kg/capita

— The organic fractions of municipal solid waste 12.900 12.900 %

— Municipal solid waste disposed to landfills, incinerated or composted (in tonnes or %) 315.000 400.000 1000 tonnes


— Forest definitions

Areas of:

— managed forests 453884.000 463383.000 ha

— unmanaged forests 0.000 0.000 ha

Source: Denmark National Programme, Annex D (2007).




Source: Denmark Fourth National Communication

1. Mandatory Parameters on Projections 2005 2010

2010-2020 or

2020 2020-2030 or 2030 Further Detail


— GDP (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.1

— Population (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year)

— International coal prices at given years in euro per tonne or GJ (Gigajoule) 10 0 0.5 0.5 Annual Growth (%)

— International oil prices at given years in euro per barrel or GJ 41 0 1.5 1.3 Annual Growth (%)

— International gas prices at given years in euro per m3 or GJ 31 -10 1.5 1.3 Annual Growth (%)


— Total gross inland consumption (PJ) (split by oil,gas,coal,renewables,nuclear,other) 869.4 909.7 925.2 Excludes exports of electricity

— Total electricity production by fuel type (oil, gas, coal, renewables, nuclear, other) 18 -11 5.9 0.1

Electricity Wholesale Maket

annual growth (%)

— Energy demand by sector split by fuel (delivered) 2 -4 1.1 0.3

Electricity Consumer annual

growth (%)



— The level of private consumption (excluding private transport) 3 2.5 2.2 1.7

— The share of the tertiary sector in GDP and the growth rate


— The rate of change of floor space for tertiary buildings and dwellings 1 0.9 0.7 0.7 Housing Stock (m2)

2. Recommended parameters on projections 2005 2010 2015 2020 Further Detail


Gross Added Value (GAV) 2.5 1.9 1.5 1

— GDP growth rates split by industrial sectors in relation to 2000

— production value for different sectors: 2.2 2 1.5 1.1

Assumptions for buildings (in residential and commercial / tertiary sector)


— Rate of improvement of energy efficiency (1990 = 100) 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

0.7% annual improvement in

technical energy efficiency of end

users





6 France

Only one policy, aimed at reduction of ammonia from the agricultural sector, is indicated in the French NECD programme as impacting on GHG emissions. There is some consistency between the measures reported under each programme. However, 37 measures are reported under the NECD while around 137 are listed on the ECCP database. Measures reported consistently across both programmes include a number of transport measures, wood burning, use of fertilisers and efficiency of buildings. Measures reported under the MM which are not included in the NECD programme but may be of relevance include policies in the following areas: renewable energy, energy efficiency, taxation of energy, fuel switching in power generation, voluntary agreements for various industries including cement and glass and a number of additional measures aimed at the transport sector (specifically in relation to air, rail, biofuels and freight transport). Sectoral coverage is consistent. France reports 2010 projections data (in most cases for ‘with measures’, ‘with additional measures’ and ‘carbon contract’ scenarios) and, in some cases, historic data for a selection of economic, agricultural and energy assumptions. Agricultural assumptions provide include livestock numbers while energy assumptions include consumption of energy, split by activity and by fuel. Economic assumptions quantified include GDP, population growth, energy prices and economic growth of individual sectors. By comparison, a small number of parameters are reported under the MM and include population, GDP growth, oil price, average specific consumption of new light duty vehicles and truck park. The latter two parameters were not reported under NECD. Population, GDP growth and oil price 2010 projected values are identical in each programme. Projections for 2010 for the following parameters could be compared and were found to be entirely consistent between the 4

th national communication and the

NECD programme: population, GDP annual growth and oil price.


Mitigation impact on GHG emissions in target year (2010)




CCPM indicated

FR Development of farming methods producting less NH3

Study and brochure by CORPEN. Stock Farming Institute study on emission factors and sources, taking account of other gases.

Agriculture Monitoring Mechanism Decision 280/2004/EC

Source: French draft National Programme reported under NECD (February 2007)






2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

France ENS Agreements Negotiated (Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Losses from Electrical Power Cables)

Nuclear voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2

France ENS Development of Renewable Energies

Renewables Fiscal; Economic; Regulatory

CO2

France WAM policies and measures in the with measure projection

28300

France AGR Improvement of fertilizer application techniques


Regulatory; Information

N2O implemented no effect

France AGR Water protection legislation against nitrate


Information N2O no effect

France AGR Development of the Usage of Timber in Construction

Information CO2 implemented 2600

France ENC Thermal Regulation Buildings - energy efficiency

Regulatory CO2 adopted 900 1500 2400 low

France ENC Display of Energy Consumption in Building

Energy efficiency Regulatory CO2 planned no effect

France ENC Financial and Tax-Related Incentives for Work on Existing Buildings


Fiscal; Economic

CO2 adopted 2200 3700 6600 low

France ENC Actions on State-owned Buildings Energy efficiency - Public

Regulatory CO2 implemented 700 700 700 low

France ENC Reduced rate of VAT for Improvement of Old Buildings Classification of District


Fiscal CO2 planned low

France ENC Classification of District Heating Systems

Buildings - heat supply Regulatory CO2 planned no effect

France ENC Improvement of Existing Housing. Institutional Actions Concerning Road Freight



France ENC Reinforcement of Regulation on Heating (Recent Buildings)

Buildings - heat supply Regulatory CO2 adopted 1100 low





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

France ENC Technical Standards and Regulations on Components


Regulatory CO2 adopted 850 low

France ENC Audit of Buildings in the Existing Services Market (for sale or for rent)

Energy efficiency - Companies


France ENC Strengthening of Inspection Tools and Procedures


Regulatory CO2 implemented low

France ENC Voluntary Agreements Energy efficiency - Industry; Energy efficiency


CO2 adopted moderate

France ENC Actions on Pilot Sector Buildings Energy efficiency - Companies


France ENC Solar Heat Energy Buildings - heat supply Economic CO2 implemented 40 moderate

France ENC The Rental Market Buildings - energy efficiency

Regulatory CO2 planned low

France ENC Allocation of Heating Costs (condominiums and collective services)

Buildings - heat supply Regulatory CO2 planned

France ENC Planned Initiatives for Improving Heating in Buildings



CO2 adopted low

France ENC Conditions for Receiving Grants for Real Estate Purchase


Regulatory; Economic

CO2 implemented low

France ENC Grant System for Services Buildings

Energy efficiency - Companies

Economic CO2 planned low

France ENC Grants for Condensation Boilers for Collective Use

Buildings - heat supply Economic CO2 adopted 140 no effect

France ENC Support for Quality Label Policy Energy efficiency Economic CO2 implemented

France ENC Reduced rate of VAT, Energy-Saving Products and Services

Energy efficiency Fiscal CO2 planned

France ENC Quality Labels and Public Awareness

Energy efficiency Information CO2; HFCs

implemented

France ENC Environmental Quality of Products for Construction

Appliances Information; education

CO2; HFCs

implemented

France ENC Reduction of the Negative Effects of the Standardisation of Electricity Rates

Appliances Economic CO2 implemented complete





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

France ENC Promotion of a European Regulation to Improve Electrical Appliances Intended for Public Sale

Energy efficiency Regulatory; Information; voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 adopted 1300 complete

France ENC; ENS

Grants for reduction of emissions from Industry;Promotion of Energy-Efficient Appliances

energy efficiency; Energy efficiency


CO2 implemented cl cl cl; complete

France ENC Specific Regulation on Electricity and Heating

Energy efficiency Regulatory CO2 adopted complete

France ENC Reduced rate of VAT on Products and Services

Energy efficiency Fiscal CO2 implemented; planned

900

France ENC Wood power programme for collective and individual use

Renewables Research; Information; Economic


France ENC Tax on Energy (TGAP) Energy Efficiency Fiscal CO2 expired 7300 high

France ENC Training and Qualification Energy Efficiency education CH4; N2O; HFCs; PFCs; SF6; CO2


France ENS Consumption in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Energy efficiency Economic CO2 adopted complete

France ENS Losses in Electricity Lines Energy efficiency Economic CO2 adopted complete

France ENS Substituting Traditional Power Stations with Gas Combined Cycles (GCC) and Co-generation

Fuel switch; CHP

Economic; Fiscal

CO2 implemented 5000 complete 21-62

France ENS Support for the Production of Wind Energy Electricity

Renewables Economic CO2 implemented 2600 complete

France ENS Wood heating instead of of electric heating in rural areas

Renewables Economic; Information

CO2 implemented

France ENS Wood Energy for Collective Purposes, District Heating Systems

Renewables Economic CO2 implemented 1100

France ENS Production of Electricity Using Wood

Renewables Research; Economic

CO2 implemented complete

France ENS Programme on renewable energies for Overseas Territories and Departments and Corsica

Renewables Economic CO2 implemented 450





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

France ENS Renewables

France ENS Use of Forest Products to Provide Power

Renewables planning CO2 implemented

France WAM Spread the recuperation of heat in incinerators

waste incineration Regulatory CO2 implemented no effect

France ENS Geothermal Energy Renewables Economic CO2 planned 70

France ENS Heat Grids Renewables Economic CO2 implemented

France ENS Reduced rate of VAT on the Sale of Heat Produced by an ENR

Renewables Fiscal CO2 planned moderate

France ENS Nuclear Investments;Development of Co-generation

Nuclear; Renewables


CO2 implemented 4600 4600; 3700

4600; 4400

France ENS Reduction of Peaks on Load Curve Energy efficiency Regulatory; Economic

CO2 implemented 2350 moderate

France ENS Leakage from Natural Gas Grids Methane abatement; gas distribution and transmission network


CH4 implemented 540 640 640

France ENS Development of Wind Energy Renewables Regulatory CO2 implemented 700

France ENS Wood Energy Renewables Economic CO2 implemented 200 200 200

France ENS Bio-based Fuels Renewables CO2 implemented

France ENS Increase in Incineration Capacity Energy efficiency Regulatory CO2 implemented

France ENS Regulation on industrial boiler output

Regulatory CO2 implemented cl cl cl

France IND Voluntary Commitment Aluminum Industry

F-Gases voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2; PFCs

implemented cl cl cl cl

France IND Voluntary Commitment Steel Industry

Steel Production voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 implemented cl cl cl cl

France IND Voluntary Commitment Lime Industry

Lime Production voluntary/ negotiated agreement


France IND Voluntary Commitment Cement Industry

Cement Production voluntary/ negotiated agreement


France IND Voluntary Commitment Glass Industry

Glass Production voluntary/ negotiated agreement


France IND Industrial N2O emission regulation N2O abatement Regulatory N2O implemented 22900 22900 22900 no effect

France IND Generalised Tax on Polluting Activities

N2O abatement Fiscal N2O implemented no effect 0,125





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

France IND Increase in the Generalised Tax on Polluting Activities

N2O abatement Fiscal N2O implemented 1000 1,1

France IND Help for ADEME/Frac funding decisions

Green investment education CO2; CH4; N2O; HFCs; PFCs; SF6

implemented cl cl

France IND Research & development, 20 million French francs per year

Green investment Research CO2; CH4; N2O; HFCs; PFCs; SF6

planned cl cl

France IND Technologic demonstration, 30 million French francs per year

Green investment Research CO2; CH4; N2O; HFCs; PFCs; SF6

planned cl cl

France IND New financing methods Green investment Economic CO2; CH4; N2O; HFCs; PFCs; SF6

implemented cl cl

France IND Single procedures for ADEME and Frac procedures

Green investment other CO2; CH4; N2O; HFCs; PFCs; SF6

implemented cl cl

France IND Strengthening of Regulatory Requirements within the Framework of the ICPE Legislation

N2O abatement Regulatory N2O implemented 1800 1800 no effect

France IND PFCs (CF4) in the Production of Aluminium

F-Gases Regulatory PFCs implemented cl cl 9

France IND SF6 and PFCs in the electronics F-Gases Regulatory PFCs; implemented cl cl





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Industry SF6

France IND SF6 in Magnesium Foundries F-Gases Regulatory SF6 planned cl cl 0,27

France IND SF6 in Electrical Equipment F-Gases voluntary/ negotiated agreement

SF6 planned cl cl 18,7

France IND HFCs in Foams, Aerosols and Fire-Extinguishing Materials

F-Gases Regulatory HFCs planned cl cl

France IND Inspection requirements for HFC emissions

F-Gases Regulatory HFCs planned 700 no effect

France IND Limiting Emissions from Air Conditioning Equipment in Motor Vehicles

F-Gases education; Regulatory

HFCs implemented 700 no effect

France IND Efforts toward Standardisation of piping systems

F-Gases education HFCs implemented 1100 no effect

France IND Recovery of coolant of car air-conditioning

F-Gases Economic HFCs implemented 700 no effect

France IND Training and Qualification of Companies Working on refrigeration or Air-Conditioning Equipment

F-Gases Regulatory HFCs implemented 600 no effect

France IND Implementation of a tax on fluorinated gases

F-Gases Fiscal HFCs planned 1400 no effect

France IND Research and Development F-Gases Research HFCs implemented no effect

France LUC Afforestation of agricultural areas afforestation Economic CO2 planned 2500 no effect

France TRA T-0.2.1, T-3.2.2 Institutional actions concerning freight transport



France TRA T-0.1.1, T-3.2.3 Catch up the tax rates on gas-oil and raise the minimum tax on fuels



France TRA Technical measures concerning lorries

vehicle efficiency Regulatory CO2 implemented 1500 1500 1500

France TRA EU strategy for reduced CO2 emissions from new cars (ACEA agreement)

vehicle efficiency voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 implemented 3000

France TRA T-0.3.2 MOT of light-duty vehicles emission control Regulatory CO2 implemented 3100 2900

France TRA Renewal of car park vehicle efficiency Economic CO2 expired

France TRA T-0.3.3, T-1.4 Alternative vehicles alternative fuels and Fiscal;other CO2 implemented 1100 1800





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

engine technologies

France TRA T-0.1.6, T-3.1.1, T-3.1.2, T-4.2, T-4.4 Urban transport

change of modal split Regulatory CO2 implemented 2600 400

France TRA T-0.3.6 High-speed train networks change of modal split - public transport

Economic CO2 implemented 500 800

France TRA Compliance with speed limits road-traffic management

Regulatory;other CO2 implemented 3000

France TRA T-0.3.7 Specific emission reduction of air transport

air traffic Regulatory;Economic CO2 implemented

France TRA T-1.1.2 Extension of voluntary agreements to light commercial vehicles and to two-wheeled vehicles


CO2 adopted

France TRA T-1.1.3 Incentive for the renewal of light vehicles

vehicle efficiency Economic CO2 planned

France TRA Energy labels for cars vehicle efficiency Information CO2 planned 200

France TRA Improving land vehicles - clean vehicle programme



France TRA T-1.5 Specific emissions of rail transport

emission control Economic CO2 implemented 400

France TRA T-1.6 N2O emissions of catalytic converters

emission control other N2O planned

France TRA T-2.3.1 Management of the great interurban main roads

road-traffic management

other CO2 planned 40

France TRA T-2.3.2 Regulation of traffic lights and moderating progressive signal systems


Regulatory;other CO2 planned 300

France TRA Development of collective urban transport systems


Economic CO2 planned 200

France TRA T-2.3.4 Regulation of urban fast lanes


Regulatory CO2 planned 200

France TRA T-2.3.5 User information road-traffic management

other CO2 implemented

France TRA Maritime highways - Facilitation of maritime coastal traffic


Economic CO2 implemented 200

France TRA T-3.1.2 Documents of town traffic reduction other CO2 adopted





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

planning and localization of activities

France TRA T-3.1.3 Impact of the waste management system

change of modal split other CO2 adopted

France TRA T-3.1.4 Combined transport and associate transporting firms



France TRA T-3.2.1 Taxation of jet fuel air traffic Fiscal CO2 planned 500

France TRA T-3.2.2 Respect of work regulation in the road professions (follow-up of T-0.2.1)

Regulatory CO2 adopted 500

France TRA T-3.2.3 Catching up gas oil tax taxation;change of modal split

Fiscal CO2 implemented 2700

France TRA T.3.3.1 Internalisation of carbon costs

taxation;change of modal split

Fiscal CO2 implemented 3700

France TRA T-3.3.2 Control of urban transport (reinforcement of T-0.1.5)

road pricing Fiscal CO2 expired

France TRA T-4.2 Offer of interurban infrastructure - other aspects

change of modal split other CO2 implemented 3700

France TRA Rail freight freight - logistics and combined transport

other CO2 adopted

France TRA T-4.4 Common transport and alternative urban transport

change of modal split other CO2 planned 550

France TRA T-5.1 Training of professional drivers

eco-driving education CO2 adopted 700

France TRA Cooperate travel plans traffic reduction other CO2 adopted 20

France TRA Reduction of emissions due to air-conditioning and other auxiliary equipment

air-conditioning Regulatory HFCs planned 3500

France TRA Implementation of biofuel Directive biofuels Economic CO2 implemented 7000

France TRA Energy labels for cars vehicle efficiency Information CO2 planned 200

France TRA Bonus/surcharge based on labelling

vehicle efficiency Economic CO2 1000

France WAM Conversion of Waste to Energy waste incineration Regulatory CO2;CH4 implemented 1300 1300 1300 no effect

France WAM Ban on Dumping of Ordinary Waste

reduced disposal and stabilization of

Regulatory CH4 implemented 12200 15550 no effect





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

biodegradable waste on landfills

France WAM Recovery of Methane at Dump site methane recovery Regulatory CH4 implemented no effect

France WAM Control of Waste Production Regulatory CH4;CO2 implemented 4000 no effect

France WAM Reinforcing Recycling of Materials or Organic Matter


Regulatory CH4;CO2 implemented no effect

France WAM Efficiency of Gas Capture Systems in Dumps

methane recovery Regulatory CH4 implemented no effect

France WAM Biological Pre-Treamtment as an inhibitor for the period of exploitation


Regulatory CH4 adopted no effect

France WAM Analysis and Control of Biochemical Reactions in Dumps


Regulatory CH4 adopted no effect

France WAM Agronomic Recycling of Organic Waste

waste composting Regulatory CH4;CO2 planned no effect






Activity 1990

2000 2001

2003 BAU

WM

AMC (Carbon Price Scenario)

WAM Units



GNP growth per annum 2.3 (2001-2010) %

Industry growth per annum 2 %

Agriculture growth per annum 1.2 %

BTP growth per annum 1 %

Tertiary growth per annum 2.5 %


61.1 millions

Percentage Population 0 to 19 years 24 %

Percentage Population 20 to 59 years 53 %

Percentage Population 60+ years 23 %

— International coal prices at given years in euro per tonne or GJ (Gigajoule)

— International oil prices at given years in euro per barrel or GJ

30 $ per barrel (1995 prices)

— International gas prices at given years in euro per m3 or GJ







Energy consumption - Electricity Production - Solid Combustables 4.83 7.08 6.37 5.44

Million tonnes equivalent petroleum (Mtep)

Energy consumption - Electricity Production - petroleum 0.71 0.95 0.91 0.95 Mtep

Energy consumption - Electricity Production - Gas 0.06 1.78 1.78 0.5 Mtep

Energy consumption - Electricity Production - Renewables 0 0 0 0

Mtep

Energy consumption - Electricity Production - Others 0 0 0 0 Mtep

Energy consumption - Urban Heating - Solid Combustables 0.46 0.49 0.46 0.48

Mtep

Energy consumption - Urban Heating - Petroleum 0.52 0.55 0.54 0.54 Mtep

Energy consumption - Urban Heating - Gas 0.98 1.49 1.45 1.46 Mtep

Energy consumption - Urban Heating - Renewables 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 Mtep

Energy consumption - Urban Heating - Others 0 0 0 0 Mtep

Energy consumption - Refining - Solid Combustables 0 0 0 0 Mtep

Energy consumption - Refining - Petroleum 6.22 8.3 7.96 8.17 Mtep

Energy consumption - Refining - Gas 0 0 0 0 Mtep

Energy consumption - Refining - Renewables 0 0 0 0 Mtep

Energy consumption - Refining - Others 0 0 0 0 Mtep

Energy consumption - Solid Combustables Transformation - Solid Combustables 0.1 0.07 0.07 0.07

Mtep

Energy consumption - Solid Combustables Transformation - Petroleum 0.01 0 0 0

Mtep

Energy consumption - Solid Combustables Transformation - Gas 0 0 0 0

Mtep

Energy consumption - Solid Combustables Transformation - Renewables 0 0 0 0

Mtep



Energy consumption - Solid Combustables Transformation - Others 0.65 0.43 0.43 0.43

Mtep

Energy consumption - Industry - Solid Combustables 6.63 6.21 4.74 6.1 Mtep

Energy consumption - Industry - Petroleum 7.4 6.55 5.96 6.43 Mtep

Energy consumption - Industry - Gas 14.07 18.41 16.48 18.07 Mtep

Energy consumption - Industry - Renewables 1.23 4.8 5.59 4.69 Mtep

Energy consumption - Industry - Others 0 0 0 0 Mtep

Energy consumption - Residential - Solid Combustables 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.18

Mtep

Energy consumption - Residential - Petroleum 16.42 14.38 14.02 14.04 Mtep

Energy consumption - Residential - Gas 19.85 23.26 22.65 22.39 Mtep

Energy consumption - Residential - Renewables 7.73 8.3 8.3 7.96 Mtep

Energy consumption - Residential - Others 0 0 0 0 Mtep

Energy consumption - Agriculture - Solid Combustables 0 0 0 0

Mtep

Energy consumption - Agriculture - Petroleum 2.85 3.17 3.1 3.01 Mtep

Energy consumption - Agriculture - Gas 0.34 0.16 0.16 0.16 Mtep

Energy consumption - Agriculture - Renewables 0.06 0.18 0.18 0.18 Mtep

Energy consumption - Road Transport - Petrol 18.8 13.8 12 11.7 11.1 Mtep

Energy consumption - Road Transport - Diesel 16.4 27.1 30 29.2 27.7 Mtep

Energy consumption - Road Transport - Natural Gas 0 0 0 0 0 Mtep

Energy consumption - Road Transport - Biofuels 0 0.3 0 0 3 Mtep

Energy consumption - Road Transport - Others 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.4 Mtep

Energy consumption - Rail - Diesel 0.34 0.34 0.13 0.13 0.14 Mtep

Energy consumption - Air - Kerosene 1.13 1.35 1.28 1.25 1.28 Mtep

Energy consumption - River and Maritime Transport - Petrol and Diesel 0.53 0.6 0.72 0.7 0.72

Mtep

Energy consumption - Compression Stations - Natural Gas 0.09 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.19

Mtep








— The rate of change of floor space for tertiary buildings and dwellings

The number of dwellings and number of employees in the tertiary sector

Number of Households 26.3 millions



— The share of the agriculture sector in GDP and relative growth



Dairy cows 5024 4313 4074 3691 3691 3691 ‘000s heads

Other cattle 16073 16262 15523 15454 15454 15454 ‘000s heads

Other cattle - heifers > 1 year 3795 4294 4109 4501 4501 4501 ‘000s heads

Other cattle - nursing cows 2381 2320 2245 2245 2245 2245 ‘000s heads

Pigs - fattening 8262 8738 8691 9372 9372 9372 ‘000s heads

Pigs - sows 1250 1383 1315 1418 1418 1418 ‘000s heads

Sheep 11022 9437 9256 8748 8748 8748 ‘000s heads

Goats 1226 1230 1223 1223 1223 1223 ‘000s heads

Poultry - Hens 74154 77871 75353 75353 75353 75353 ‘000s heads

Poultry - Chicks 128330 129281 125488 106183 106183 106183 ‘000s heads

Poultry - other 72983 88214 80403 68034 68034 68034 ‘000s heads

Horses 355 418 426 426 426 426 ‘000s heads

Donkeys 14 32 32 32 32 32 ‘000s heads





Mineral fertiliser spreading 2659968 2316474 2278798 2233400 2233400 2283400 t/N

Source: France National Programme




Modelling parameters

Parameter 2010 2020 Unit

Population 61.1 62.7 Millions

GDP growth 2.3 2.3 %/yr

Oil price 30 30 USD (2003)/barrel

Average specific consumption of new light-duty vehicles 84 72 1990 = 100

Average specific consumption of truck park 102 101 1990 = 100

Source: France Fourth National Communication



7 Germany

Germany does not report the ancillary effect of any of its PAMs on GHGs in its NECD programme. In general there is a high level of consistency between the PAMs reported under each programme, though a higher level of detail on individual measures is given under MM reporting particularly for the agriculture and transport sectors. Twice as many PAMs are reported under the MM as under the NECD. PAMs reported consistently across both programmes include renewables, CHP, energy efficiency and buildings standards and reduction of emissions from waste disposal. Present in the MM programme but omitted from the NECD programme were the following PAMs: EU ETS, the Common Agricultural Policy and fertiliser management, voluntary energy efficiency agreements for industry and combustible energy taxation. In addition, a greater number of individual PAMs related to efficient buildings, transport and renewables are reported under the MM. Germany provides 2010 projections and base year quantification for all economic parameters in the NECD programme. Of the energy parameters, only “Total gross inland consumption” is quantified. No other quantifications are provided. More complete quantification of parameters is provided in the fourth national communication and includes parameters for the buildings, transport, industry, energy and economic sectors for the years 2000, 2010, 2020 and 2030. 2010 projections of parameters commonly reported under each programme vary slightly. GDP is 2366 billion EUR in MM and 2438 in NECD. There is just 0.6 million difference in projections for population between the programmes. Values for energy prices vary: coal is 1.43 in NECD, 1.76 in MM; oil is 3.56 in NECD, 4.39 in MM; gas is 2.84 in NECD, 3.65-4.56 (depending on resource cost) in MM.






2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Germany AGR Common Agriculture Policy livestock reduction; N fertilization

Economic N2O; CH4

implemented

no effect

Germany AGR Federal Nature Conservation Act

grassland protection Regulatory CO2 implemented no effect

Germany AGR Assistance Programme for agricultural investments

farming intensity; organic farming;

Economic N2O; CH4;

implemented





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

livestock reduction CO2

Germany AGR Fertilizer Ordinance N management (organic and inorganic)

Regulatory N2O implemented 2100 2100 no effect

Germany AGR Expansion of organic farming farming intensity Economic CO2; N2O; CH4


Germany CRS Ecological Tax Reform Taxation Fiscal; Regulatory; Economic

CO2 implemented 10000 20000 moderate

Germany CRS Emission Trading Emissions trading Economic CO2 implemented complete

Germany CRS Climate-protection programme in developing countries

CDM planning CH4; CO2; HFCs; N2O; PFCs; SF6

implemented

Germany ENC Energy Savings Ordinance (?Energieeinsparverordnung?)

Buildings - energy efficiency Regulatory CO2 implemented 4000; 6000

low

Germany ENC Measures to reduce electricity consumption of appliances

Appliances Information; voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 planned 5000 complete

Germany ENC CO2 reduction programme of the Reconstruction Loan Corporation ("Kreditanstalt fuer Wiederaufbau (KfW)")

Buildings - energy efficiency Economic implemented 6000 low

Germany ENC Promotion of use of natural gas Buildings - heat supply voluntary/ negotiated agreement


Germany ENC Eco-subsidies in incentives for home ownership

Buildings - energy efficiency Economic CO2 implemented no effect

Germany ENC Campaign for climate protection in private households

Energy efficiency - residential Information; education

CO2 planned moderate

Germany ENC Intensified introduction of state-of-the-art systems for buildings

Buildings - heat supply Information; Research

CO2 implemented low

Germany ENC Intensification of research, development and

Appliances Research CO2 implemented complete





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

demonstration

Germany ENC Voluntary commitment of Federal Government to reduce CO2 emissions in federal ministries by 25% in 2005 and by 30% in 2010 ("Selbstverpflichtung der Bundesregierung im eigenen Geschäftsbereich")

Buildings - energy efficiency voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 implemented low

Germany ENC Reduce of exemptions of ecological tax

Energy efficiency - Industry Economic CO2 implemented moderate

Germany ENC Continuation and Improvement of Voluntary commitments by industries

Energy efficiency - Industry voluntary/ negotiated agreement

HFCs; CO2; PFCs; CH4; N2O

adopted 20000 moderate

Germany ENC Promoting ?contracting? as management tool

Energy efficiency - Companies CO2 implemented 1000 moderate

Germany ENC Improvement of ERP, DtA and KfW credit programmes

Energy efficiency - Industry Economic CO2 planned moderate

Germany ENC Training in energy saving and efficiency for SMEs

Energy efficiency - Industry education CO2 moderate

Germany ENS Renewable-Energies Act, Biomass Ordinance,

Renewables Regulatory; Economic

CO2; CH4

implemented 20000; 5000

15000 complete; no effect

Germany ENS ?100 000 roofs? PV programme

Renewables Economic CO2 expired 200 complete

Germany ENS CHP law on maintenance, modernisation and expansion of heat-power cogeneration (including small cogeneration systems), and introduction of fuel cells on the market

CHP Regulatory; Economic; voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 implemented; adopted

10000 21500 high; moderate

Germany ENS Use of pit gas from hard coal mining

Use of CH4 from coal mining voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CH4 implemented 8000 11700 low

Germany ENS Biomass Ordinance Renewables Economic; Regulatory

CO2; CH4

implemented complete

Germany ENS Construction of more gas-fired CHP; voluntary/ CO2 implemented 8000 17500 complete





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

combined cycle power plants Fuel switch negotiated agreement

Germany ENS Reduction of methane losses in production and transport of natural gas

gas distribution and transmission network

Research CH4 implemented no effect

Germany ENS Promotion of "green" electricity Renewables voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 adopted 1250 complete

Germany ENS COORETEC-Program Energy efficiency Research CO2 complete

Germany ENS Energy-related tax adaption Energy efficiency Economic CO2 implemented high

Germany ENS Market Introduction Programme Renewable Energies

Renewables Economic CO2 implemented 6000 low

Germany ENS Working Group "Emission trading to combat the greenhouse effect"

Emission trading voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 complete

Germany ENS Renewable energies in agriculture

biomass; renewables

Economic CO2; CH4

implemented low

Germany ENS Biofuels biofuels; renewables

Fiscal CO2 implemented moderate

Germany ENS Fertilizer Ordinance biomass Regulatory CH4 implemented low

Germany AGR Use of biogas in agriculture biomass; renewables

Economic CO2 implemented 700 1400 low

Germany IND Regulation of limitations of N2O emission in nitric acid production

N2O abatement Regulatory N2O implemented 2450 no effect

Germany IND Technical measures for adipic acid production

N2O abatement voluntary/ negotiated agreement

N2O implemented 28000 no effect

Germany IND XPS-rigid foam F-Gases voluntary/ negotiated agreement

HFCs implemented 1300 no effect

Germany IND Declaration of German primary aluminium industry

Aluminum Production voluntary/ negotiated agreement

PFCs implemented 1250

Germany IND Provision for the scrapping of electronic utilities


SF6 implemented 1200 no effect

Germany IND Substitution of SF6 by air in F-Gases Regulatory; SF6 implemented 700 no effect





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

vehicle tires voluntary/ negotiated agreement

Germany IND Substitution of SF6 in Magnesium Production

F-Gases voluntary/ negotiated agreement; Regulatory

SF6 implemented; planned

500 no effect

Germany IND HFC emissions from mobile and stationary cooling equipment.

F-Gases Regulatory HFCs planned 4000 no effect

Germany IND Substitution of HFC based aerosols in medical applications

F-Gases Economic HFCs planned 500 no effect

Germany IND Substitution of SF6 in sound insulation windows

F-Gases Economic; education

SF6 planned 1000 no effect

Germany IND

PU insulation foams

F-Gases Regulatory; voluntary/ negotiated agreement

HFCs planned 1900 no effect

Germany IND

PU foam products



Germany IND HFCs from semiconductor manufacturing



Germany IND PFCs from semiconductor manufacturing


PFCs planned 900 no effect

Germany LUC National forest policy

forest conservation; afforestation


CO2 implemented 30000 30000 no effect

Germany LUC Wood charta wood products Information CO2 implemented low

Germany TRA Change of petroleum tax law biofuels Fiscal CO2 implemented 5000

Germany TRA Promotion of cars powered by natural gas



Germany TRA Voluntary commitment of German automobile industry

vehicle efficiency voluntary/ negotiated

CO2 implemented 10000





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

("Selbstverpflichtung der deutschen Automobilindustrie")

agreement

Germany TRA Distance based motorway tolls for heavy duty vehicles (Schwerlast- abgabe)

road pricing Economic CO2 implemented 5000

Germany TRA Information campaign on driving and maintenance behaviour

eco-driving Information CO2 5000

Germany TRA Fiscal promotion of fuel efficient vehicles

taxation Fiscal; Economic

CO2 adopted 1000 1000

Germany TRA Energy efficient equipment in new cars


CO2 implemented 3000 - 5000

Germany TRA Air traffic: Emission based levies at Germany's airports

air traffic Fiscal; Economic

CO2 adopted 1000

Germany TRA Improving intermodal transport


Economic CO2 planned 3500

Germany TRA Non-sulphur fuels fuel quality Fiscal CO2 implemented 3500

Germany TRA Additional budgetary means for investments in the infrastructure of the German railways


Economic CO2 expired

Germany TRA Value added tax (VAT) on fuel for the domestic share of international flight routes

air traffic Fiscal CO2 planned 2000

Germany TRA Prohibition on use of SF6 for filling automobile tyres

Regulatory SF6 planned 300 700

Germany TRA Distance-based tax deduction that does not vary by mode of transport



CO2 adopted

Germany TRA Energy strategy for the transport sector



CO2 planned 150

Germany TRA Integrated transport planning

traffic reduction Research; Regulatory

CO2 implemented

Germany TRA Anti-traffic-jam programme

road-traffic management Regulatory; Research

CO2 planned 500

Germany TRA Promotion of bicyle use


Research CO2 implemented





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Germany WAM Technical Instruction on Waste from Human Settlements (TA Siedlungsabfall) and Ordinance on Environmentally Compatible Storage of Waste (Ablagerungsverordnung)


Regulatory CH4 implemented 28000 31000 no effect

Germany WAM Technical Instruction on Waste Management (TA Abfall), Part 1, and Ordinance on Landfills (Deponieverordnung)


Regulatory CH4 300 300 no effect





Activity Reference Year 2000


(BAU) Units


— GDP (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 2023 2438 billion €

— Population (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 82.2 82.1 million

— International coal prices at given years in euro per tonne or GJ (Gigajoule) 1.36 1.43 €/GJ

— International oil prices at given years in euro per barrel or GJ 2.81 3.56 €/GJ

— International gas prices at given years in euro per m3 or GJ 2.15 2.84 €/GJ


— Total gross inland consumption (PJ) (split by oil,gas,coal,renewables,nuclear,other) 14,384 14,184 PJ







1. Mandatory Parameters on Projections 2000 2010 2020 2030


— GDP in milliard euro (in real terms, values at year 2000) 1963.8 2366.7 2797.5 3189.6

— Population in million (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) 81.99 81.5 80.34 77.98

— International coal prices in euro per GJ (in real terms, at prices of 2000) 1.32 1.76 1.8 1.87

— International oil prices in euro per GJ (in real terms, at prices of 2000) 5.32 4.39 4.49 4.68

— International gas prices in euro per GJ (in real terms, at prices of 2000)

less expensive gas resource A 3.27 3.65 3.82 3.98

more expensive gas resource B 4.11 4.56 4.77 4.97


— Total gross inland consumption (PJ) 14650 13485 12662 11818

mineral coal 2024 1702 1913 1941

brown coal 1581 1403 1400 1341

oil 5446 5192 4977 4607

gas 3268 2947 2937 3043

nuclear 1871 1617 693 0

renewables and other 460 624 742 886

— Total electricity production by fuel type (TWh) 546 547 550 543

mineral coal 135 127 168 185

brown coal 138 133 155 157

oil 4 5 0 0

gas 59 58 58 60

nuclear 163 141 61 0

hydroelectric 26 20 22 22

wind and photovoltaics 9 38 58 92

other 12 25 28 27



— Energy demand by sector split by fuel (delivered) 9536 9758 9432 9054

Industry 2459 2528 2446 2422

Service sector 1610 1599 1522 1434

Residential 2961 2832 2754 2691

Domestic transport 2506 2799 2710 2507

— Assumptions on weather parameters, especially heating or cooling degree days no data available



— The share of the industrial sector in GDP [%]


— The production index for industrial sector (gross value added in milliard euro) 362.65 440.65 507.68 585.21



— The growth of transport relative to GDP


— Passenger person kilometres in milliard 968.1 1090.7 1138.2 1139.1

— freight tonne kilometres in milliard 483.1 607.4 732.4 839.2







floor space for dwellings 3116.5 3408.6 3637.1 3838.6

— The number of dwellings and number of employees in the tertiary sector

Number of dwellings in million 37.5 38.5 38.8 38.1

Number of employees in commerce, trade and services 31.41 31.62 31.79 30.47

Assumptions in the agriculture sector no data available






— Livestock numbers by animal type no data available

— The area of crops by crop type no data available

— Emissions factors by type of livestock for enteric fermentn and manure management (t) no data available

Assumptions in the waste sector no data available


— The organic fractions of municipal solid waste

— Municipal solid waste disposed to landfills, incinerated or composted (in tonnes or %)

Assumptions in the forestry sector no data available


Areas of:

— managed forests

— unmanaged forests

Source: Germany Fourth National Communication





8 Netherlands

The Netherlands does not report the ancillary effect of any of its PAMs on GHGs in its NECD programme. 34 PAMs are reported in the NECD programme, while around 70 are listed in the ECCP database. Some PAMs are reported consistency under both obligations, particularly measures in the transport and agriculture sectors e.g. vehicle taxation and manure management. Other PAMs reported in the Netherlands’s NECD programme, but not reported under the MM include EURO standards I-V on air pollution by emissions from vehicles, vehicle taxation, subsidies and requirements for HDVs, fuel quality measures, mobility policy, various policies to reduce emissions from agriculture, trading of NOx, refinery fuel switching and regulation of small combustion plants. PAMs reported under the MM but not under NECD include energy efficiency (particularly buildings), renewables, EU ETS and a number of additional PAMs targeting transport emissions such as modal shift and labelling of vehicles. Sectoral coverage is good in both programmes, except waste which is not covered directly in the NECD programme. The 2006 National Programme highlights only two assumptions - oil prices and heavy vehicle traffic. No quantifications are provided. The report states the projections of these assumptions have been incorrect so far but new assumptions have not yet been incorporated into a rerun of the model. However, reference is made to the MNP (Dutch Environmental Assessment Agency) report "Haalbaarheid nationale emissieplafonds in 2010" (Attainability of NEC by 2010), which contains an overview of the socio-economic assumptions and model parameters used for the calculations of the national projections. Under the Monitoring Mechanism, the Netherlands report a substantial number of projections for parameters, both mandatory and recommended and for two scenarios, Strong Europe and Global Economy, generally for the years 2000, 2010 and 2020. These projections for parameters cover all sectors including economic, energy (highly disaggregated), industry, transport, agriculture, waste and forestry.






2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Netherlands ENC Retrofit existing buildings Buildings - energy efficiency

CO2

500 1000

Netherlands ENC Energy efficiency appliances Appliances CO2 implemented 300 600

Netherlands ENC Energy performance new buildings Energy efficiency CO2 300 1100 low





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Netherlands Energy Efficiency in Industry 900 1400

Netherlands ENC Energy Savings in Greenhouse Horticulture

200 400

Netherlands ENS 5% renewable energy in 2010; 10% in 2020;9% renewable electricity in 2010

Renewables CO2 1500 4100 complete

Netherlands ENS Combined heat and power (CHP) CHP Regulatory CO2 1000 1900

Netherlands Fuel efficiency through technical vehicle measures

200 400

Netherlands Fuel efficiency through driving behaviour and discouraging vehicle use

500 900

Netherlands AGR Milk quota livestock reduction Regulatory CH4 100 300 no effect

Netherlands AGR Manure application & nitrogen norms

manure management; N management (organic and inorganic)

Regulatory N2O; CH4

400 600 no effect

Netherlands CRS CO2 reduction program/ general;Climate Convenant

Investment Program; Energy Efficiency


Netherlands CRS Joint implementation Joint Implementation voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 implemented

Netherlands CRS Clean Development Mechanism CDM voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 implemented

Netherlands CRS CO2 emissions trading - CO2 emissions trading scheme

Emissions trading Economic CO2 implemented 300 1400 complete

Netherlands ENC 1. EPA Buildings - energy efficiency

Information CO2 implemented low

Netherlands ENC 2. EPR Buildings - energy efficiency

Economic CO2 expired low

Netherlands ENC 3. CO2 Tender Scheme for Buildings


Economic CO2 planned low

Netherlands ENC 2. Energy Premium Rebate appliances

Appliances Economic CO2 expired complete

Netherlands ENC 1. Energy Performance Norm Buildings - energy efficiency

Regulatory CO2 implemented low

Netherlands ENC 2. Energy Performance Coefficient Buildings - energy Regulatory CO2 implemented low





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

efficiency

Netherlands ENC 3. Energy Tax Buildings - energy efficiency

Fiscal CO2 implemented low

Netherlands ENC Glami Covenant: Improvement of energy use in greenhouses

energy efficiency voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 implemented no effect

Netherlands ENC Orders in Council Greenhouse Horticulture

energy efficiency Regulatory CO2 adopted no effect

Netherlands ENS; ENC

MAP (Environmental Action Plan ) CHP Economic CO2 expired moderate

Netherlands ENC Benchmarking Covenant Energy efficiency - Industry


CO2 implemented CL CL CL high

Netherlands ENC Long Term Agreements on Energy Efficiency and Environmental Permits


voluntary/ negotiated agreement; Regulatory

CO2 implemented CL CL CL moderate

Netherlands ENC Energy Investment Tax Deduction Energy efficiency - Industry

Fiscal CO2 implemented CL CL CL moderate

Netherlands ENS Green funds (energy tax exemptions)

Renewables Fiscal expired

Netherlands ENS Energy tax exemptions for CHP CHP Fiscal CO2 expired

Netherlands ENS BSET CHP Economic CO2 expired moderate

Netherlands ENS NEWS CHP Economic CO2 expired moderate

Netherlands ENS Vamil (Variable depreciation of energy investments)

CHP Economic CO2 expired moderate

Netherlands ENS Special gas price CHP Economic CO2 expired moderate

Netherlands ENS MEP (Environmentally Friendly Electricity Production Program )

CHP Economic CO2 implemented moderate

Netherlands ENS Coal Covenant Renewables voluntary/ negotiated agreement

implemented

Netherlands ENS BLOW Covenant (Intergovernmental Wind Energy Agreement )

Renewables voluntary/ negotiated agreement

implemented

Netherlands ENS EIA (Energy Investment Tax Deduction )

Renewables; CHP;

Economic implemented





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Energy efficiency

Netherlands ENS Vamil (Variable depreciation of energy investments)

Renewables Economic expired

Netherlands ENS MEP (Environmentally Friendly Electricity Production Program )

Renewables Economic expired

Netherlands ENS Low methane oil and gas production and distribution - Environmental covenant with oil and gas sector

gas distribution and transmission network


CH4 implemented 300 300 no effect

Netherlands ENS Benchmark Covenant Energy efficiency voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 implemented

Netherlands IND Low HFC HCFC production F-Gases Regulatory HFCs implemented 1900 1900 no effect 0,3

Netherlands IND Low PFC aluminium production F-Gases voluntary/ negotiated agreement

PFCs implemented 1100 1100 no effect

Netherlands IND Catalytic reduction in nitric acid production

N2O abatement Regulatory N2O planned no effect

Netherlands IND Reduction Program Non- CO2 Gases

F-Gases Regulatory; voluntary/ negotiated agreement

HFCs; PFCs; SF6


Netherlands LUC CO2 sequestration afforestation Fiscal CO2 expired 100 no effect

Netherlands LUC National Ecological Network Rural development other CO2 implemented no effect

Netherlands LUC Day recreation facilities in urban areas

afforestation other CO2 implemented

Netherlands TRA Energy labelling cars vehicle efficiency Information CO2 implemented

Netherlands TRA Tax rebate efficient cars taxation Fiscal CO2 expired

Netherlands TRA EU strategy for reduced CO2 emissions from new cars (ACEA agreement)


CO2

Netherlands TRA CO2 Reduction Program/freight transport

vehicle efficiency Economic; Information

CO2 implemented

Netherlands TRA Quieter, Cleaner, More Fuel Efficient Program

vehicle efficiency Economic CO2 implemented

Netherlands TRA KZRZ (Koop Zuining! Rij Zunining! = Buy fuel efficient! Drive fuel efficient!), followed by "The New Driving Force"

eco-driving Information; education

CO2 implemented





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Netherlands TRA Stepped up enforcement of speed limits

road-traffic management Regulatory CO2 implemented

Netherlands TRA

In-car equipment

vehicle efficiency Fiscal; voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 expired

Netherlands TRA REV (Rational Energy Use in Traffic and Transport),followed by EBIT (Energy Savings in Transport)

change of modal split Information; education; Economic

CO2 implemented

Netherlands TRA

Transactie Modal Shift (TMS)


CO2 implemented

Netherlands TRA Ketenmobiliteit, Mobility Managment Programme


CO2 implemented

Netherlands TRA

Transport prevention


CO2 implemented

Netherlands TRA Kilometer Charge road pricing Economic CO2 planned

Netherlands TRA Excise duties on motor fuels taxation Fiscal CO2 implemented

Netherlands TRA CO2 Reduction Program/Passenger Transport

change of modal split Economic; education

CO2 implemented

Netherlands TRA EU Biofuels Directive biofuels CO2 planned

Netherlands WAM

Decree on Soil Protection from Landfills


Regulatory CH4 implemented CL no effect

Netherlands WAM

Decree on Waste landfills and waste landfills bans


Regulatory CH4 implemented CL no effect

Netherlands WAM

Landfilling Tax


Fiscal CH4 implemented CL no effect





The 2006 National Programme highlights only two assumptions - oil prices and heavy vehicle traffic. The report states the projections of these assumptions have been incorrect so far but new assumptions have not yet been incorporated into a rerun of the model. However, reference is made to the MNP (Dutch Environmental Assessment Agency) report "Haalbaarheid nationale emissieplafonds in 2010" (Attainability of NEC by 2010), which contains an overview of the socio-economic assumptions and model parameters used for the calculations of the national projections.


A considerable number of parameters were reported by the Netherlands in their latest submission. Projections are detailed for two broad economic scenarios: the Global Economy Scenario and the Strong Europe Scenario.

1. Mandatory Parameters on Projections Strong Europe Scenario absolut relativ

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1996-2000

2001-2005

2002-2010

2006-2010

2011-2015

2016-2020

2011-2020

Assumptions for general economic parameters — GDP (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) Mio € 402291 1.8 1.8 — Population (value at given years or annual growth rate and base year) Mio 15.9 16.8 17.6 — International coal prices at given years in euro per tonne or GJ (Gigajoule) €/GJ 1.5 1.7 1.7 — International oil prices at given years in euro per barrel or GJ €/GJ 5.36 4.41 4.72 — International gas prices at given years in euro per m3 or GJ €/GJ 3.06 2.89 3.39 Assumptions for the energy sector — Total gross inland consumption (PJ) (split by oil,gas,coal,renewables,nuclear,other) in PJ 3147 3844 3463 Oil 1042 1257 1456 Coal 321 390 322 Gas 1548 1465 1546 Renewable 69 556 27



Nuclear 39 39 0

Other (including heat and biomass) 131 137 112

— Total electricity production by fuel type (oil, gas, coal, renewables, nuclear, other) in MWh 87139 106722 131028 Oil 3944 3778 1000 Coal 23167 26583 18361 Gas 52250 59944 87444 Renewable 1806 9639 21167 Nuclear 3722 3722 0


— Energy demand by sector split by fuel (delivered) - energy industries PJ 542 632 638 Oil 133 139 137 Coal 245 285 204 Gas 288 327 471 Nuclear -189 -241 -308


- industries PJ 1125 1286 1398 Oil 393 557 648 Coal 75 106 118 Gas 560 526 534 Nuclear 70 63 65




- teritiary sector PJ 525 509 491 Oil 54 58 63 Coal 0 0 0 Gas 350 301 257 Nuclear 104 131 151


- households PJ 445 427 416 Oil 4 4 4 Coal 0 0 0 Gas 349 311 283 Nuclear 78 98 114


- transport PJ 465 505 611 Oil 459 499 605 Coal 0 0 0 Gas 0 0 0 Nuclear 6 6 6



heating degree days 2695 2846 2773 2700 2628

cooling degree days 56 98 112 127 144

Assumptions for the industry sector For Member States using macroeconomic models: — The share of the industrial sector in GDP and growth rate For Member States using other



models: — The production index for industrial sector Assumptions for the transport sector For Member States using macroeconomic models: — The growth of transport relative to GDP 4 2.6 5.6 4.6 4.6 For Member States using other models: — The growth of passenger person kilometres

Car kilometer 99966 110832 118492 126152

— The growth of freight tonne kilometres truck kilometer 8118 9412 11681 13950

Assumptions for buildings (in residential and commercial or tertiary sector) For Member States using macroeconomic models: — The level of private consumption (excluding private transport) — The share of the tertiary sector in GDP and the growth rate For Member States using other models:


floor space tertiary buildings, in mln m

2 186.6 0 1

floor space residences, in mln m

2 416.2 1 2


number of dwellings/ in thousands 6589.6 1 1

number of employees, MFTE 4.7 1 1



Assumptions in the agriculture sector For Member States using macroeconomic models: — The share of the agriculture sector in GDP and relative growth GDP 1 0.2 1.3 0.2 0.3

in relative growth 1.2 0 1 -0.2 -0.1

For Member States using other models: — Livestock numbers by animal type (for enteric fermen cows, sheep, for manure, pigs, poultry) beef cattle 448000 -4.05 -0.6 dairy cows 1504000 -0.7 0.5 sheep 1408000 0.4 1.7 pigs 13118000 -1.6 -3.8 poultry 104015000 -1.5 -2.4 — The area of crops by crop type

hectare crop area 943640 -1.3 -0.3

hectare grassland 1011887 0.1 -0.1


t CH4, per average animal

beef cattle 0.054 0.053 0.054 dairy cows 0.109 0.119 0.12 sheep 0.008 0.008 0.008 - manure management, fertilizer use t N2O per t N 0.039 0.04 0.04 Assumptions in the waste sector — Waste generation per head of population or tonnes of municipal solid waste t in mln 9.8 n.a. n.a. — The organic fractions of municipal solid waste

organic fraction % 35 n.a. n.a.


disposed in landfills % 15 n.a. n.a.

incinerated 37 n.a. n.a.



%

composted % 20 n.a. n.a.



Land with woody vegetation, tree crown cover of more than 20% and area of more than 0.5 hectare. Trees should be able to reach minimum height of 5 meters at maturity in situ.

Land with woody vegetation, tree crown cover of more than 20% and area of more than 0.5 hectare. Trees should be able to reach minimum height of 5 meters at maturity in situ.

Areas of: — managed forests hectare 342000 347700 353400 — unmanaged forests hectare 26000 26500 27000

Source: Netherlands’ Fourth National Communication





9 Slovenia

Slovenia include seven measures from their GHG ‘Operational Plan’ in their NECD programme and indicate the effect of these and two other non-GHG measures on GHGs. 37 measures are reported in the ECCP database, compared to 23 in the NECD programme. In practice, there seems to be some consistency between the programmes. However, several measures included in the ECCP database are omitted from the NECD programme and may be of relevance. Such measures include CO2 tax, EU ETS, energy efficiency, buildings efficiency, renewables, environmental management systems, excise duties on fuels, promotion of public transport, encouraging use of railways and four measures targeted at the waste sector. Sectoral coverage is consistent with the exception of the waste sector, for which no measures are listed in the NECD programme. Slovenia reports projections for parameters and historic data for parameters to a considerable level of detail. Where comparable across programmes, values are consistent.



MS Name of policy or measure (or group) Description of policy or measure Main sector targeted


CCPM indicated

SL Measures resulting from the execution on the Operational Programme (GHG) to reduce emissions - TGP -Introduction of anaerobic digesters for biogas production on large pig farms

Agriculture

SL Measures resulting from the execution on the Operational Programme (GHG) to reduce emissions - TGP - Pasture Cattle Farming

Aims to increase the share of pastoral farming Agriculture

SL Measures resulting from the execution on the Operational Programme (GHG) to reduce emissions - TGP - Rational nitrogen fertilisation of farm plants

Aims to improve the efficiency of the nitrogen cycle Agriculture

SL Energy Sector - Power and heat production - measures resulting of the execution of the Operational Programme to reduce emissions TGP (GHG)

No description given. List of technical measures and activities which will take place under this programme

Energy supply






CCPM indicated

SL Measures resulting from the execution on the Operational Programme to reduce emissions - TGP (GHG)

Includes individual measures to reduce energy intensiveness, incentives for co-production of power and heat, increasing share of RER and fuel supplementation

Energy supply

Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

no information given

SL Encouraging the use of wood biomass Industrial Process



SL Industrial processes - Adjustment of the industry to environmental standards - IPPC

Approximately 90 euipement operators will have to apply for environmental protection license, which will be granted to those operators conforming with the Environmental Protection Act including conformance with emission ceilings

Industrial Process



IPPC Directive

SL Measures resulting from the execution on the Operational Programme to reduce emissions - TGP - lower consumption of fuels in transport

Part of the GHG emission reduction programme Transport Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

GHG reduction

SL Measures resulting from the execution on the Operational Programme (GHG) to reduce emissions - TGP - broader consumer sector

Specific measures setting up building standards, performance of cooling and heating systems, replacement of high carbon fuels with low carbon fuels, CHP, electricity use by households

Various





Member State


2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Slovenia AGR Rural development programme farming intensity Economic CH4; N2O; CO2

implemented 9

no effect

Slovenia AGR Good agricultural practices on fertilization N management (organic and inorganic)

Regulatory N2O implemented 11 no effect

Slovenia CRS Incentives for Energy Efficieny and use of Renewable Energy Sources

Energy Efficiency Economic CO2 implemented 15 moderate

Slovenia CRS CO2 tax Taxation Fiscal CO2 implemented

Slovenia CRS Emission Trading Scheme Emissions trading Economic; Regulatory

CO2 implemented

Slovenia CRS Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI)

Joint Implementation voluntary/ negotiated agreement


planned

Slovenia ENC Education, Training and Public Awareness Energy efficiency - residential

Information CO2 implemented 60

Slovenia ENC Energy Labelling of Household Appliances Appliances Information CO2 implemented 40 complete

Slovenia ENC Regular Inspections of Small Boilers and Air-Conditioning Systems

Buildings - heat supply Regulatory CO2 implemented low

Slovenia ENC Thermal Protection and Energy Labelling of Buildings


Regulatory; Information

CO2 implemented 310 low

Slovenia ENC Cost Accounting for Heating According to Actual Consumption

Buildings - heat supply Information CO2 implemented 19 no effect

Slovenia ENC Third Party Financing ('Contracting') Energy efficiency - Companies

voluntary/ negotiated agreement; Economic

CO2 implemented 7 low

Slovenia ENC Energy Efficiency in industry energy efficiency in industry

Economic; education

CO2 implemented 400 high




Member State


2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Slovenia ENC Eco-labelling of Products labelling voluntary/ negotiated agreement


Slovenia ENS Promotion of electricity production from Renewable Sources and CHP Generation

Renewables; CHP


CO2 implemented 300 high

Slovenia ENS Electricity & natural gas market opening Energy plan Regulatory CO2 implemented 660 complete

Slovenia ENS Construction of large hydro-power plants Renewables Economic CO2 implemented 180 complete

Slovenia ENS Certification of energy source Renewables Regulatory CO2 implemented complete

Slovenia ENS Programme of wood biomass use biofuels Economic CO2 implemented 17 low

Slovenia ENC Introducing excise tax on fossil fuels and electricity

Energy efficiency Fiscal CO2 planned

Slovenia ENS Demand Side Management Energy efficiency Information CO2 planned high

Slovenia ENS Promotion of biogas use for electricity and heat production

biomass Economic; Regulatory

CH4 implemented 20 low

Slovenia AGR Incentives for crops for biodiesel production biofuels Economic; Regulatory

CO2; N2O

planned no effect

Slovenia IND Promotion of Environmental Management Systems

Environmental Management System (EMS)



Slovenia IND IPPC Directive IPPC Regulatory CO2 implemented 60 moderate

Slovenia IND F-Gas Directive F-Gases Regulatory HFCs; PFCs; SF6

planned 200 no effect

Slovenia LUC Sustainable forest management forest management Economic; Regulatory


Slovenia TRA Excise Duties on Fuels taxation Fiscal CO2 implemented 150

Slovenia TRA Control of Exhaust Composition and Engine Adjustment in Motor Vehicles

vehicle efficiency Regulatory CO2 implemented 185

Slovenia TRA Informing Consumers on Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions of Motor Vehicles & Agreement between the European Commission and Car Manufacturers

vehicle efficiency Information CO2 implemented 250

Slovenia TRA Promotion of Biofuel Consumption biofuels Fiscal CO2 implemented 126

Slovenia TRA Promotion of Public Passenger Transport change of modal split - public transport

Information CO2 planned 100

Slovenia TRA Increasing the Share of Railway in the change of modal split - Information; CO2 planned 50




Member State


2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Transport of Goods and Passengers public transport Regulatory

Slovenia WAM Waste Disposal Tax waste prevention or recycling


Slovenia WAM Separate Waste Collection and Packaging Waste Management


Regulatory CH4; CO2

implemented 29 no effect

Slovenia WAM Landfill Gas Extraction and Combustion, Energy Exploitation or Use of Landfill Gas

methane recovery Regulatory; Economic

CH4; CO2


Slovenia WAM Waste incineration waste incineration Regulatory CH4 planned 52 no effect





Socio-economic assumptions in model parameters

Activity 2000 2004 2005 2010 2015 2020 Unit

GDP 19.160 21.758 21.412 25.618 28.700 31.837 MEUR[95]/a

Population 1.990 1.997 1.985 1.980 1.975 1.964 [1000 inh.]

ENERGY SECTOR

Energy supply 269.79 298.96 297.12 312.34 326.93 329.02 [PJ]

Liquid fuels 94.34 100.37 98.38 99.99 101.70 100.57 [PJ]

Gaseous fuels 35.17 41.81 39.96 49.52 73.65 75.24 [PJ]

Coal 55.65 65.12 60.75 61.75 48.69 48.65 [PJ]

wood 17.35 17.11 18.78 20.08 20.83 21.58 [PJ]

liquid bio fuels 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.36 3.58 3.66 [PJ]

Solar energy 0.11 0.00 0.14 0.18 0.20 0.23 [PJ]

Other RER 1.44 0.28 1.65 2.43 2.79 2.98 [PJ]

HE 13.79 14.74 14.08 15.59 16.97 17.60 [PJ]

Nuclear energy 51.92 59.54 63.38 59.45 58.51 58.51 [PJ]

Electricity power production

Liquid fuels 0.051 0.040 0.032 0.045 0.042 0.042 [TWh]

Earth gas 0.234 0.287 0.380 1.376 4.725 4.888 [TWh]

Coal 4.095 4.611 4.598 4.833 4.862 4.862 [TWh]

RER 3.867 4.159 3.527 4.733 5.228 5.445 [TWh]

Nuclear energy 4.549 5.212 5.614 5.117 5.117 5.117 [TWh]

INDUSTRY

Physical production index

D PROCESSING SECTORS 100 111 113 126 127 131 [2000 = 100]

DA food, beverages, tobacco 100 105 112 130 130 130 [2000 = 100]

DB Textile and textile products 100 86 97 88 73 64 [2000 = 100]

DC leather and leather products 100 89 94 79 63 55 [2000 = 100]

DD wood processing and manufacturing 100 100 114 129 134 143 [2000 = 100]

DE Paper, publishing, printing 100 107 102 109 116 123 [2000 = 100]

DF oil derivatives 100 37 155 178 193 205 [2000 = 100]

DG chemical products and fibers 100 122 115 131 130 135 [2000 = 100]



Activity 2000 2004 2005 2010 2015 2020 Unit

DH Production of rubber and plastics 100 106 116 135 143 153 [2000 = 100]

DI nonmetal and mineral products 100 107 120 140 146 151 [2000 = 100]

DJ Metals and metal products 100 115 111 119 119 119 [2000 =1 00]

DK Machinery and equipment production 100 137 115 128 128 130 [2000 = 100]

DL electrical and optical equipment 100 117 120 145 154 169 [2000 = 100]

DM production of vehicles 100 113 125 138 138 138 [2000 = 100]

DN furniture, other processing act. 100 113 120 136 136 138 [2000 = 100]

TRAFFIC

Passenger kilometers 25.772 30.698 31.841 32.684 32.333 [Mpkm]

Cargo kilometers 7.778 12.472 10.893 14.482 17.081 18.383 [Mtkm]

Number of cars 846.881 910.723 904.765 933.263 923.304 928.059

BROAD USE

Residential area 51.077 54.970 60.046 64.401 68.560

AGRICULTURE

Number of animals

Cattle TOTAL 493.670 451.136 452.517 520.300 527.700 527.700

Milking cows 140.236 134.009 120.273 124.000 114.000 114.000

Suckler cows 53.896 48.065 56.955 56.590 65.115 73.640

Other Cattle 299.538 269.062 275.289 339.710 348.585 340.060

Pigs total 603.594 533.998 547.432 661.400 665.000 665.000

Sheep total 96.227 119.264 129.352 120.000 120.000 120.000

Goats TOTAL 22.041 23.031 25.840 22.000 22.000 22.000

Horses 14.407 16.879 19.249 17.000 17.000 17.000

Poultry total (v 000) 5.105.93 3.268.04 4.358.16 5.487.80 5.551.00 5.551.00

The consumption of N from mineral fertilizers 34.159 30.264 29.168 33.680 33.450 33.450 t per year

EF NH3-cattle farming

Cattle 21.68 22.21 22.54 21.28 21.26 21.52 kgNH3/animal

Pigs 6.06 6.07 6.10 6.17 6.20 6.20 kgNH3/animal

Sheep 1.58 1.62 1.59 1.61 1.61 1.61 kgNH3/animal

Goats 2.87 2.75 2.71 2.93 2.93 2.93 kgNH3/animal

Horses 11.97 11.97 11.97 11.97 11.97 11.97 kgNH3/animal

Poultry 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.38 kgNH3/animal



Activity 2000 2004 2005 2010 2015 2020 Unit

Fertilization with mineral fertilizers 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 kg/NH3/kgN

Source: Slovenia, (2006), Operational Programme to Conform to National Emission Ceilings for Ambient Air Pollutants/ Revision of the 2005 Operational Programme to Conform to the National Emission Ceilings for Ambient Air Pollutants




Mandatory parameters on projections









10 Sweden

Almost all PAMs reported by Sweden in the NECD programme are indicated as having an impact on GHG emissions (25 out of a total of 30). A greater number of PAMs (52) are reported on the ECCP database but a large number of these are described as ‘expired’ (no longer operational but will continue to have a reduction effect on emissions in 2010). A good level of consistency was found regarding PAMs reported under both requirements. Measures commonly reported include EUETS, CHP and renewable incentives and the electricity certificate system. Measures reported under the MM but not under NECD include company vehicle taxation, biofuels incentives, landfill reduction measures, energy taxation, the energy performance of buildings Directive, some detailed energy efficiency measures and programmes. Sectoral coverage was comparable under both programmes but measures targeting the waste sector were not included in the NECD programme report. Quantified projections for parameters were not provided in the 2006 NECD programme. Projections for mandatory parameters were reported, to a highly disaggregated level, in the MM programme. Projections are given for the years 2010 and 2020 and cover parameters in most sectors including economic, energy, industry, transport, buildings and agriculture.



MS Name of policy or measure (or group) Description of policy or measure Main sector targeted Qualitative Quantitative

CCPM indicated

SE 2005/06:145 Housing Efficiency Energy efficient development Agriculture Significantly reduces GHGs

SE SFS 2006:985 Energy declaration Housing energy rating Agriculture Significantly reduces GHGs

2002/91/EC - EPB Directive

SE Agricultural Fertilisers Economic incentives to farmers to use low amonia fertilisers


SE Small scale wood burning To reduce VOC's from domestic/small scale wood burning Domestic Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

SE (1994:1776) CO2 Tax Reduce Co2 emissions Energy supply


Reduce CO2 emissions from energy generation





CCPM indicated

SE Renewable Growth Electrical certificate system Energy supply


SE Renewable Incentives Windpower grants and to renewable conversion from oil generated electricity avaliable grants for biofuels, CHP, solar, geothermal and other heating methods

Energy supply


SE Renewable Incentives CHP Energy supply


SE Energy efficicency- Public buildings Tax reductions and grants for solar for improved energy efficiency

Energy supply


SE SFS 1990:613 Tax on NOX emissions from energy production over 25 GWh per year

Energy supply


SE Carbon Emissions Trading CO2 trading first period 2005-2007. Includes incinerators with over 20 MW installed capacity, oil refineries, coal power, iron and steel works and paper mills

Energy supply


CO2

SE 2005/55/EG Heavy goods vehicles emissions

Reduced emission levels Stage 1 in 2006, stage 2 in 2009. Also includes onboard monitoring of emissions and if this is exceeded


2005/55/EG

SE Car Tax Restructuring of car tax system based on how much CO2 is emitted. Includes vehicles of 2006 plus older cars that meet the environment class 2005 (Euro IV), environment class electric or environment class hybrid


Dir 98/69/EC EURO standards I-V on air pollution by emissions from vehicles

SE Congestion Charging Introduced in Stockholm during working hours 0630-1830, different price depending upon time of day, 10kr, 15kr or 20kr per trip, max 60kr per day.


SE 2005/33/EG Marine Sulphur emissions,being reduced to 1.5% in the North Sea and Baltic Sea.


Reduction in the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels 2005/33/EC

SE Aircraft Tax Tax upon aircraft landing-take off cycle (LTO), originally introduced in 1998 this policy was updated in 2004 based upon NOX emissions per type of aircraft motor






CCPM indicated

SE Transport, non-catalytic converters Increasing the incentives for scrapping cars without catalytic converters.


A few % reduction

SE Public Transport Requirements The Swedish Public Tranport Association reccomends certain environmental requirements on emissions, especailly relevant to buses


A few % reduction

SE Increased road speed regulation Through increasing the number of speed cameras and the fines for speeding emissions will be reduced


SE Environmental Quality- Climate impact ,Prop. 2005/06:172

Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 4% on 1990 for the period 2008-10 and 25% by 1990


SE Environmental Quality:Clean Air (1) and Natural Acidification (3)

Limit for levels of SO2 Various Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

Levels of 5 micrograms/m3 of SO2 not to be exceeded in LA's by 2005

Dir 96/62/EC Ambient Air Quality Directive

SE Environmental Quality: Clean Air (2), Natural Acidification (4) and Over Fertilisation (5)

Limit for levels of NOx Various Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

Levels of 60 mg/m3 as an hourly value and 20 mg/m3 as an annual average. Hourly value must be exceed more than 175 hours per year.

Dir 96/62/EC Ambient Air Quality Directive

SE Environmental Quality: Clean Air (4) Limit levels of VOC through the policy NFS 2001:11 Various Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

Dir 99/13/EEC Limitation of emissions of VOCs from organic solvents

SE (1994:1776) Sulphur Tax A sulphur tax on products burnt to generate energy Various Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

Reduced sulphur content in fuels will result in decreased SO2 emissions





CCPM indicated

SE Regulation of agricultural and forestry machine emissions

EU directive stage 1 1999 and stage 2 2001/2004 depending upon motor size.


Source: Sweden National Programme





Member State


2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Sweden CRS Energy and carbon dioxide taxes, Electricity Certificate System and EU Emission Trading

Energy efficiency Fiscal; Economic

CO2 7000

10000 Min: 38000

Sweden ENC Programme for reduced electricity use 1998-2002

Appliances Economic CO2 expired Max: 800

Sweden ENS Grants to increase the supply of electric energy from renewable sources

Renewables Economic CO2 expired

Sweden AGR Swedish Board of Agriculture action programme for reduced losses of crop nutrients

reduction of N losses Regulatory CH4; N2O

Sweden AGR Targeted environmental payments in the environment and rural development programme

reduction of N losses Economic CH4; N2O

planned

Sweden CRS Energy tax Energy efficiency Fiscal CO2 implemented

Sweden CRS Carbon dioxide tax Energy efficiency Fiscal CO2 implemented

Sweden CRS Participation in World Bank Carbon Fund and CDM Assist;The Environmental Code

CDM Economic; Regulatory

CO2; CH4; N2O; HFCs; PFCs; SF6

implemented

Sweden CRS Measure-oriented research and development;Local investment programme

Energy efficiency Research; Economic


implemented; expired

Max: 1500

Max: 1500

Max: 1500

Sweden CRS Permit application procedures under various environmental laws;Climate Imvestment Programme



implemented Max: 500

Max: 500

Max: 500




Member State


2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Sweden CRS Climate information campaign information Information; education


expired

Sweden CRS Trade in emission rights Emissions trading Economic CO2 implemented complete

Sweden CRS Project-based mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol

JI/CDM Economic CO2 planned complete

Sweden CRS Local investment programmes LIP and Klimp


Sweden CRS Climate information campaign Information CO2 expired

Sweden CRS Electricity certificate system

Sweden CRS Environmental Code Environmental legislation


Sweden CRS Testing Ground Facility Joint Implementation Economic CO2

Sweden CRS Prototype Carbon Fund Joint Implementation Economic CO2

Sweden CRS SICLIP (Swedish International Climate Investment Programme)

Joint Implementation Economic CO2

Sweden ENC Subsidies for energy advisory services Energy efficiency Information CO2 expired cl cl cl complete

Sweden ENC Subsidies for technological procurement Appliances Economic CO2 expired cl cl cl complete

Sweden ENC Energy labelling Energy efficiency Economic CO2 expired cl cl cl complete

Sweden ENC Measures to develop electric heating supply in southern Sweden


Economic CO2 expired 70 no effect

Sweden ENC 64 projects under the climate convention pilot programme for joint implementation (AIJ)

Energy efficiency Economic CO2 expired 220 moderate

Sweden ENC Implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

Energy efficiency Regulatory CO2 planned

Sweden ENC Programme for energy ef?ciency improvement

Energy efficiency voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 implemented

Sweden ENC Tax relief for investments in more energy-ef?cient windows

Energy efficiency - buildings


Sweden ENC Conversion from electric heating to district heating

Energy efficiency Economic CO2 expired 162




Member State


2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Sweden ENS Investment grants for biomass fuel-based combined power and heating

Renewables; CHP

Economic CO2 expired 655 high

Sweden ENS Investment grants for wind power and small-scale hydropower

Renewables Economic CO2 expired 300 complete

Sweden ENS Grants towards investments in electricty production from renewable energy sources 1998-2002

Renewables Economic CO2 expired cl cl cl

Sweden ENS Electricity certificate system Renewables Economic CO2 implemented cl cl cl

Sweden IND F gas regulation including mobile air conditioners directive

F-Gases Regulatory HFCs planned 150 400

Sweden IND Application of environmental code F-Gases Regulatory PFCs implemented 200 200

Sweden LUC Provisions on drainages in the Environmental code

Drainage Regulatory planned

Sweden LUC Provisions on nature reserves and habitat protection in the Environmental Code and nature conservation agreements.

Forest management Regulatory CO2 planned

Sweden LUC Provisions on forest stewardship etc. in the Forestry Act.

Forest Management Regulatory CO2 planned

Sweden LUC Voluntary set-asides, partly through voluntary forest certi?cation systems (FSC and PEFC)

Forest Management voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 planned

Sweden TRA Tax exemption for Biofuels biofuels Fiscal CO2 implemented 300 400 400

Sweden TRA Motor-fuel taxes (CO2 tax, energy tax and VAT)


Fiscal CO2 implemented 2350 2500 2800 no effect

Sweden TRA EU strategy for reduced CO2 emissions from new cars (ACEA agreement)


CO2 implemented

Sweden TRA Tax rules for company cars taxation; change of modal split; alternative fuels and engine technologies

Fiscal CO2 implemented 200 200 200

Sweden TRA Introduction of green cars (cars run on ethanol, natural gas/biogas, electricity and hybrid cars)



Sweden TRA Special pilot project exemptions for biomass motor fuels

Renewables Fiscal CO2 expired




Member State


2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

Sweden WAM Collection of landfill gas methane recovery voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CH4 implemented no effect

Sweden WAM Ban on landfill of organic waste reduced disposal and stabilization of biodegradable waste on landfills

Regulatory CH4 planned no effect

Sweden WAM Ban on landfill of sorted burnable waste reduced disposal and stabilization of biodegradable waste on landfills

Regulatory CH4; CO2


Sweden WAM Waste Tax Act reduced disposal and stabilization of biodegradable waste on landfills


Sweden WAM Landfill Directive methane recovery Regulatory CH4 implemented no effect

Sweden WAM Envrionmental Code requirements vis-a-vis municipal waste plans

waste management practices

Regulatory CH4 implemented no effect

Sweden WAM Rules on municipal waste planning, rules on producer responsibility for certain goods, tax on landfilling of waste (2000), prohibition of landfilling of unsorted combustible waste (2002) and prohibition of landfilling organic waste (2005)

waste management practices

Regulatory; Fiscal

CH4 implemented 800 1400 1900





No quantification is provided in the 2006 programme.


A number of mandatory parameters for projections were reported in Sweden’s 4th National Communication.

1. Mandatory Parameters on Projections 2000 2010 2015 2020


— GDP (annual percentage change over 10 years leading to date given) 1.76 1.82

— Population (value at given years in millions) 8.88 9.27 9.72

— International oil prices at given years in USD per GJ (Gigajoule) 21 25

— International coal prices at given years in USD per GJ (Gigajoule) 39 41

— International gas prices at given years in USD per Mbtu 2.8 3.3

EU ETS (price per tonne of CO2 traded in EUR) 10 10

Fuel Price in ore/l including VAT and taxes - Petrol 933 951 1020

Fuel Price in ore/l including VAT and taxes - Diesel 818 749 791


Price in SEK/MWh of Liquors, pine tree oil, small-scale timber 15 15 15

Price in SEK/MWh of Forest fuel for industry 60 70 80

Price in SEK/MWh of Forest fuel other, mean 112 140 155

Price in SEK/MWh of Energy Forest, energy crops 130 140 150

Price in SEK/MWh of Peat 110 120 130

Price in SEK/MWh of Waste 15 15 15

electricity production from hydropower (TWh) 69 69.5

electricity production from nuclear power (TWh) 63.6 42.5

Coal, coke and blast furnace gas fuel supply to energy sector (TWh) 30 30

Biomass fuel supply to energy sector (TWh) 124 135

Oil fuel supply to energy sector (TWh) 62 50

Natural Gas fuel supply to energy sector (TWh) 15 50

Decrease in energy intensity (% annually over 10 years preceding date given) 1.5 2.6






— Industrial Production Value (annual % change over 10 years leading to date given) 2.6 3.3



— The growth of passenger cars (% over 10 years preceding date given) 14.2 15.9

— The growth of freight tonne kilometres



— The level of private consumption (annual % change over 10 years leading to date indicated) 2.6 2.5

— The level of public consumption (annual % change over 10 years leading to date indicated) 0.7 0.5


— The number of det./semi-det. Houses ('000s) 1781 1863 2004

— The number of apartment buildings ('000s) 2194 2332 2543

— The number of commercial premises ('000s) 158 162 170

— Rate of efficiency improvement for energy use for heating and hot water (average annual % for all building types) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5





— Number of dairy cows (000's) 428 360

— Number of suckler cows (000's) 167 150

— Number of other cattle (000's) 1089 950

— Number of total cattle (000's) 1684 1460

— Number of pigs (000's) 1918 2000

— Number of poultry (000's) 16900 17000

— Number of sheep (000's) 432 500

— Number of goats (000's) 5 5



— Number of horses (000's) 300 300

— Number of reindeer (000's) 221 220

Source: Sweden Fourth National Communication





11 UK

More than 50% of the PAMs reported in the UK’s NECD programme are indicated as having an impact on GHG emissions. In contrast to most other Member States, more PAMs are reported in the UK’s NECD programme (54) than are contained in the MM (ECCP database of GHG policies) (44). PAMs reported under the programmes are largely consistent, where relevant. Specifically, the following PAMs are reported under both obligations: renewables (energy and transport), UK ETS, energy efficiency measures across a range of sectors, buildings regulations, sustainable distribution, fuel duty, voluntary agreements for passenger cars, the Energy Efficiency Commitment and product policy. Present in the MM programme but omitted from the NECD programme are EU ETS and PAMs related to energy efficient buildings in the public sector. PAMs are reported for all sectors, except waste, in both programmes. The UK NECD programme projections are divided into 6 sectors: energy supply; business; transport; domestic; and agriculture, forestry and land use management. It is reported that this is consistent with greenhouse gas reporting. However, waste and industry are omitted here while energy supply, business and domestic should be subsets of the energy sector. Throughout much of the UK programme, comparison is made between greenhouse gases and the NEC air pollutants. The UK programme states that the UK Climate Change Programme will have an effect on NEC pollutant emissions, but does not give quantitative estimates. The NECD programme includes projections for at least one or two parameters in each of the following sectors: economy, energy, industry, transport and agriculture (generally latest historic year and 2010 with measures projections). Parameters for waste and forestry are not reported. The MM programme by comparison reports projections for parameters for the energy and economic sectors only. However, projections provided are far more disaggregated by fuel and by sector in the MM programme as compared to the NECD programme. Projections for energy price and electricity production parameters are reported in the NECD programme but not reported in the NECD programme. The only parameter that can be compared (due to differences in metrics for other reported parameters) is total primary energy demand. This is reported as 9709PJ in the MM programme and 10308PJ in the NECD programme.





CCPM indicated

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Energy Crops Scheme

Energy Crops Scheme Agriculture Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

0.1 mtCO2






CCPM indicated

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Bioenergy Infrastructure Scheme

Bioenergy Infrastructure Scheme Agriculture Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

0.1 mtCO2

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Strategy for Non-Food Crops and Uses

Strategy for Non-Food Crops and Uses Agriculture Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

0.1 mtCO2

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, additional measures, Promotion of Resource Efficient Farm Management

Promotion of Resource Efficient Farm Management Agriculture Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

0.1 mtCO2

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, additional measures, Feasibility studies

Examination of the scope and feasibility a market mechanisms (namely ETS scheme) to be introduced within the AFLM sector


0.1 mtCO2

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Energy Efficiency Commitment (EEC) 2002-2005

Aiming to increase energy efficiency for existing homes Domestic Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

3.6 mtCO2


Aiming to increase energy efficiency for existing homes. Domestic Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

3.6 mtCO2


Aiming to increase energy efficiency for existing homes. Domestic Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Building Regulations 2006 (&2005)

Energy standards for new and refurbished buildings, including boilers update.

Domestic Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Building Regulations 2002

Energy standards for new and refurbished buildings. Domestic Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

3.6 mtCO2 for the domestic sector existing measures combined






CCPM indicated

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Warm Front and Fuel Poverty Programmes

Targets vulnerable households, provides with insulation and heating measures


UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Energy Saving Trust

For domestic insulation Domestic Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, additional measures, Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

Provisions to advice and encourage early replacement of inefficient boilers.


Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, additional measures, Code for Sustainable Homes

Package of measures to improve efficiency in buildings. Sets up voluntary standards beyond those required by Building Regulations.


UK Climate Change Programme 2006, additional measures, Better billing and measuring


UK Climate Change Programme 2006, additional measures, Products policy

Consumer information and standards for lighting and other energy-using predicts


1.2 mtCO2 for the domestic sector additional measures combined

UK Climate Change, the UK Programmes 2006 - existing measures – Renewable Obligation

10% target for proportion of electricity generated from renewable sources

Energy supply


2.5 mtCO2 Dir 2003/87/EC Emissions trading scheme

UK Climate Change, the UK Programmes 2006 - additional Measures - Subsidy for biomass, Second phase of the EU ETS

Subsidy for biomass heat to overcome the greater cost of renewable heating infrastructure; Emission reductions from industry

Energy supply


3.1-8.1 mtCO2 Dir 2004/101/EC Second Phase of EU ETS, and those applicable for P&M N1

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Voluntary emissions trading scheme

Reduction of carbon dioxide Industrial Process


4.9 mtCO2 for the “business sector” existing measures






CCPM indicated

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Carbon Trust

Providing independent information and advice on energy savings and carbon management

Industrial Process



Establishing energy standards for new & refurbished buildings

Industrial Process



Establishing energy standards for new & refurbished buildings

Industrial Process


UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Climate Change Agreements

Providing incentives for improved energy efficiency or reduced GHG emissions

Industrial Process


UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Climate Change Levy

Seeking to encourage business to improve energy efficiency

Industrial Process


combined

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, additional measures, Carbon Trust's EE loans scheme for SMEs

Additional financial incentives to encourage SMSs to improve energy efficiency

Industrial Process


0.2 mtCO2

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Voluntary Agreement Package

Emissions reduction through voluntary agreements with car manufacturers on clean and efficient cars, including reform of company car taxation and Vehicle Excise Duty


UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Wider transport measures Including The Ten Year Plan for Transport and The Future of Transport: A Network for 2030

Reducing emissions through sustainable transport initiatives


UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Sustainable distribution

Regional Measure - Scotland Transport Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

5.1 mtCO2 for the transport sector existing measures combined






CCPM indicated

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Fuel duty escalator

In place between 1993 to 1999 Transport Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, additional measures, Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation

Requires transport fuel suppliers to reach a minimum level of sales from renewable sources. For 2010-11 - 5%.


UK Climate Change Programme 2006, additional measures, Future EU level agreement with car manufacturers

Aims to improve the average fuel efficiency on new cars in the EU.


1.7 mtCO2 for the transport sector additional measures combined

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, existing measures, Public sector energy efficiency targets

Central Government Estate EE Target, NHS Estate Target, UK Universities and English Schools.

Various Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

0.2 mtCO2

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, additional measures, Additional Effort for Local Authorities

Call by the Energy White Paper Various Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

UK Climate Change Programme 2006, additional measures, Revolving Loan Fund for the Public Sector

Additional funding from the Carbon Trust Various Specific GHG emission reduction measure / group

0.3 mtCO2 for the public sector additional measures combined



Table 2: PAMs reported under MM/UNFCCC Absolute Reduction [kt (Gg) CO2 eq. p.a.] Member


2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

UK AGR Non Food Crops Biomass Fiscal CO2 adopted 366.667 366.667

UK CRS EU emission Trading Scheme 2008-2012 Emissions trading 2008-2012

Economic CO2 planned 20166.667 20166.667

UK CRS Carbon Trust energy efficiency; information; Investment Program

Information; Research; Fiscal

CO2 implemented 4033.333

UK CRS EU Emission Trading Emissions trading 2005-2007


UK CRS Kyoto Mechanism CDM voluntary/ negotiated agreement


implemented

UK CRS UK emissions trading scheme Emissions trading Economic CO2; CH4; N2O; SF6; HFCs; PFCs

implemented 1100 complete

UK ENC Climate change agreements and IPPC (a) Energy efficiency - Industry

Regulatory; voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 implemented 10633.333 moderate

UK ENC Builing Regulations 2005 Buildings - energy efficiency

Regulatory CO2 implemented 733.333 low

UK ENC Energy Efficiency Commitment (EEC) (2002-2005)

Energy efficiency - residential


CO2 adopted 1466.667 moderate

UK ENC Appliance standards and labels Appliances Regulatory CO2 implemented 733.333 complete

UK ENC Energy Efficiency in small and medium sized business

Energy Efficiency Fiscal CO2 adopted 366.667 366.667

UK ENC Building regulations 2006 including 2005 condensing boiler update

Energy Efficiency Regulatory CO2 implemented 2933.333

UK ENC Energy Efficiency Commitment (EEC) (2005-2008)

Energy Efficiency Regulatory CO2 implemented 2200

UK ENC Energy Efficiency Commitments (2008-2011) Energy Efficiency Regulatory CO2 implemented 2200

UK ENC Code for sustainable homes Energy Efficiency voluntary/ CO2 planned





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

negotiated agreement

UK ENC Billing and metering Energy Efficiency Information; Fiscal

CO2 planned 733.333 1833.333

UK ENC Energy performance of buildings directive Energy Efficiency Regulatory CO2 planned 733.333 733.333

UK ENC Central Government, NHS, UK universities and English Schools


Economic CO2 implemented 733.333

UK ENC Energy Efficiency in small and medium sized business - additional measures

Energy Efficiency CO2 planned 366.667 733.333

UK ENC Increased activity in Energy Efficiency Commitement (EEC) 2008-2011


Regulatory CO2 planned 1833.333 1833.333

UK ENC Package of measures to improve energy efficiency in buildings


Regulatory; Fiscal; Information

CO2 planned 366.667 366.667

UK ENC Products Policy: Consumer information and standards for lights and other energy using products

Appliances voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 planned 733.333 733.333

UK ENC Additional effort by local authorities Buildings - energy efficiency


UK ENC Revolving loan fund for the public sector Buildings - energy efficiency


UK ENC; ENS

Building Regulations 2002, referring to Households

Energy efficiency Regulatory CO2 implemented 2566.667

UK ENC Climate Change Levy Taxation Fiscal CO2 implemented 13566.667

UK ENC Warm Front and fuel poverty programs Energy efficiency - buildings

Economic CO2 implemented 1466.667

UK ENS Renewables Obligation Renewables Regulatory; Economic

CO2 adopted 9166.667 complete

UK ENS Community Energy CHP Economic CO2 expired moderate

UK ENS Wave and tidal stream;Network Infrastructure for renewables

Renewables Research; planning

CO2 implemented; adopted

UK ENS Biomass heat Renewables planning CO2 planned 366.667 2933.333

UK ENS Microgeneration CHP CO2 planned

UK ENS Carbon Abatement Technologies CCS Research CO2 implemented

UK ENS Hydrogen Research CO2 planned

UK IND EU regulation and directive on F-gases F-Gases Regulatory HFCs; PFCs;

planned





2005 2010 2020


Costs [EUR/t]

SF6

UK LUC Woodland Planting since 1990 (Scotland) afforestation Economic CO2 implemented 1833.333

UK LUC Woodland Grant sheme afforestation Fiscal CO2 implemented 733.333

UK TRA Fuel duty excalator to 1999 vehicle efficiency; change of modal split

Fiscal CO2 expired 6966.667

UK TRA EU level voluntary agreements on CO2 from cars, backed up by changes to company cars taxation and vehicle excise duty

vehicle efficiency Fiscal; voluntary/ negotiated agreement; Economic

CO2 8433.333

UK TRA Sustainable distribution change of modal split - public transport

Information CO2 implemented 366.700

UK TRA Renewable transport fuel obligation (RTFO) biofuels Regulatory CO2 adopted 5866.667 5866.667

UK TRA Wider transport measures Fiscal CO2 implemented 2933.333

UK TRA Future voluntary agreement with car manufacturers to reduce CO2 emissions

passenger cars voluntary/ negotiated agreement

CO2 planned 366.667 7333.333





The UK programme provides limited quantification of assumptions in almost all sectors (except waste and forestry).

Projected Target 2010 Activity Reference Year 2000 Latest historic year

BAU WM

Units Notes



1006 1129 1286 £ billion (2005) Real prices 2002


— International coal prices at given years in euro per tonne or GJ (Gigajoule)

— International oil prices at given years in euro per barrel or GJ




10341 (2005) 10308 PJ ETS, CCL package, building regulations, CCAs, Public sector initiatives. EE in SMEs, subsidy for biomass heat.






— The share of the industrial sector in GDP and growth rate



For Member States using other models: A row for each industrial sector is provided

— The production index for industrial sector 87.4 Index Year 2000=100, GVA or Index Units



— The growth of transport relative to GDP NE NE NE


— The growth of passenger person kilometres 753 000 798 000 (2004) 859 000 Mill. passenger km

The 10 year transport plan and Sustainable Development

— The growth of freight tonne kilometres 176 000 181 000 (2004) 194 000 Mill. tonne km The 10 year transport plan and Sustainable Development




100 100.9 120.7 Real household incomes, Index 2000=100

EEC1,2; HEES, Warm Front 1&2, Building Regulations 2002&2005, Market Transformation Programme, Community Energy. EEC 2008-2011, Energy Performance of Building Directive.


73.0% (2002) 74.3% (2005) 75.9% (2010)

% share Energy efficiency in buildings, Building and metering & products and Policy













0.032 0.041 0.035



— The organic fractions of municipal solid waste




Areas of:

— managed forests

— unmanaged forests

Source: UK National Programme




By contrast, more detailed quantification is provided for the economic and energy parameters only in the fourth national communication.

1. Mandatory Parameters on Projections 2005 2010 2015 2020 2006 2007 2008 2009-2010

Assumptions for general economic parameters 2.25% 3% 3% 2.50%



— International coal prices at given years in $/GJ

Central favouring gas 2.5 1.5 1.43 1.35

Central favouring coal 2.5 1.5 1.43 1.35

— International oil prices at given years in $ per barrel

Central favouring gas 55 35 35 35

Central favouring coal 55 35 35 35


Central favouring gas 36 23 23 23

Central favouring coal 36 28 28 28


— Primary energy demand (PJ) (split by oil,gas,coal,renewables,nuclear,other)

Solid fuel (average of two central scenarios) 1650 1581 1543 1181

Oil (average of two central scenarios) 3153 3259 3383 3477

Gas (average of two central scenarios) 3952 3745 4057 4469

Nuclear (average of two central scenarios) 762 754 348 268

Renewables (average of two central scenarios) 184 331 444 448

Imports (average of two central scenarios) 38 40 42 42

Total (average of two central scenarios) 9734 9709 9816 9885


Coal (average of two central scenarios) TWh supply 123 105.5 100 69

Oil (average of two central scenarios) 2 2 2 1



Gas (average of two central scenarios) 132 127 157 214.5

Nuclear (average of two central scenarios) 74 73 34 26

Renewables (average of two central scenarios) 16 33 53 53

Imports (average of two central scenarios) 10 10.5 11.5 11.5

Pumped storage (average of two central scenarios) 3 3 3 3


Residential energy demand (gas) 1373 1273 1310 1340

Residential energy demand (electricity) 419 423 448 473

Transport fuel demand (total) 1897 1976

Service sector energy demand (total) 833 812 850 879

Service sector energy demand (electricity) 352 356 373 385

Service sector energy demand (solid fuel) 4 4 4 4

Service sector energy demand (natural gas) 406 389 410 423

Service sector energy demand (oil) 67 59 59 59

Service sector energy demand (renewable) 4 4 4 8

Industrial sector energy demand (electricity) 410 427 452 477

Industrial sector energy demand (solid fuel) 214 243 243 243

Industrial sector energy demand (natural gas) 565 599 649 695

Industrial sector energy demand (oil) 281 289 285 285

Industrial sector energy demand (renewables) 8 8 8 8


Source: UK Fourth National Communication

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