CHILD LABOR AND IMPROPER WALEFARE DEVELOPMENT

CHILD LABOR AND IMPROPER WALEFARE DEVELOPMENT

SUPERVISOR:MISS ZUBIA

PRESENTED BY:

RABIA HAMEED MALIK BS(CS)-II-011NAEEMA IRAM BC(CS)-II-003

DEPERMONT OF COMPUTER SCIENCES

INTRODUCTION:INTRODUCTION:

Who is a Child?International conventions define children as aged 18 and

under.

Child Labor:Child labor is the employment of children at regular and sustained labor. "Child labor" is; generally speaking, work for children that harm them or exploits them in some way physically, mentally, or by blocking access to education.

THE PROBLEM (CHILD LABOR)THE PROBLEM (CHILD LABOR)

The world context: According to revised estimates by the ILO's Bureau of Statistics,

the number of working children between the ages of 5 and 14 is at least 120 million.children work in mines, in factories making glass bangles, matches and fireworks, in deep sea fishing, in commercial agriculture and so on.

The nature and magnitude of the problem: Statistics on child labor are elusive not only because of the special

and practical difficulties involved in the design and implemen-tation of child surveys but also because of differences in per-ception about what constitutes a child, or child work, or child labor.

Children in hazardous work :

The most common situation in which children are helpless is when they work in hazardous occupations and industries. Chemical, physical, biological and psychological hazards are often found in combination in the workplace.

2. Child domestic workers Child domestic service is a widespread practice in many developing

countries.

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Age graph

11 to 13 years5 to 10 years10 years12 to 17 years

THE CAUSES:1. Over population2. Illiteracy3. Poverty

a) Market Imperfections(b) Poverty Constraints(c) Multiple Choices

4. Urbanization5. Unemployment of elders6. Orphans 7. Willingness to exploit children8. Family background9. Discrimination against minority groups:10.  Inadequate laws:11. Poor infrastructure

DEMAND FOR CHILD LABOR: The demand for child labor plays a critical role in de-

termining the involvement of children in hazardous work. . child workers are paid less than their adult counter-parts is indeed true in most cases. But the lower wages and other advantages claimed for child la-bor are not always as clear and compelling.

PRIORITIES FOR ACTION:The most logical and humane strategy must therefore be to focus scarce resources first on the most intolerable forms of child labor such as slavery, debt bondage and work in hazardous occupations and industries, and the very young .

FACTS & FIGURES OF CHILD LABOR FACTS & FIGURES OF CHILD LABOR

Report of June 2006, the numbers of children working aged 5 to 14 is:

Globally 190 million:

CHILD LABOR IN PAKISTAN CHILD LABOR IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan is also suffering from the lingering peril of child labor and the economic exploitation of the poor.

In Pakistan children aged 5 to 14 are above 40 million. The findings were that 3.8 million children age group of 5-14 years are working in Pakistan .2.7 million were claimed to be working in the agricul-ture sector.

TYPES OF CHILD LABOR TYPES OF CHILD LABOR• Agricultural Labor 67%• Wholesale 9%• Manufacturing ex. industry 11%• Personal/Social Services 8%• Others 5%

NATIONAL LEGISLATION ON HAZARDOUS WORK:   NATIONAL LEGISLATION ON HAZARDOUS WORK:  

Labor legislation is widely used both to regulate indi-vidual employment relationships and to establish the frame-work within which workers and employers can determine their own relations on a collective basis.

PROHIBITING CHILD LABOR IN HAZARDOUS ACTIVI-TIES:

The implications for governments of the obligation to eliminate forced labor.

Effective laws and regulations are fundamental to un-derpin action against child labor.

PROHIBITING FORCED AND BONDED LABOR:

Most countries in the world prohibit forced labor in their constitution or general labor legislation; Pakistan and Indiahave adopted legislation specifically outlawing bonded labor.

VI. ENFORCEMENT:VI. ENFORCEMENT:

Enforcement Means:Enforcement means supervising or putting into action a certain set of rules, which are outlaid as part of a plan, a system or order.

A: Enforcement measures: • The creation of special teams for the inspection of work places;• The supervision of authorities responsible for the application of leg-

islation on forced labor;• The establishment of adequate complaints procedures, information

and awareness campaigns.• Governments take all necessary measures, including the provision

of penalties, to ensure effective enforcement.

B: LABOR INSPECTION:B: LABOR INSPECTION:

labor inspectors and labor administrative authorities, are vested with the power to:

(i) Request medical examinations when they deem it necessary to determine whether the work performed by young people could be detrimental to their health or development, especially in the case of dangerous or hazardous work like in chemical factories.

(ii) Cancel an employment contract or withdraw a work permit if the work is not suitable for the child's health or physical or moral development.

(iii) Enforce existing legislation during inspection visits by checking the working conditions of children and examining records of hours of work, holidays and wages. 

PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS IN ENFORCEMENT:PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS IN ENFORCEMENT:

Weakness of enforcement mechanismsEnforcement problems are acute in the informal sectorInadequate labor inspectionChild labor law violations are usually detected in the course of interventions made on the basis of complaints received.

PROGRESS:

Action to eliminate child bonded labor requiresEffective and comprehensive national policies Legislative reform, enforcement Systems of compulsory and free education Mobilization (organizational) and information campaigns.

PRACTICAL ACTION:PRACTICAL ACTION:

A: National policy and strategies:

Identifying priority occupations and sectors for action, Raising public awareness, Developing institutional capacity, Mobilizing support, Improving educational, social and health services for the benefit of poor families and their children.

ELEMENTS AND PROCESSES:ELEMENTS AND PROCESSES:

A complete and implementable national policy and programmed of action will contain at least the following elements: •A definition of national objectives regarding child labor•A description of the nature and context of the problem •Identification of the priority target groups •A description of the intervention approaches to be used•Designation of the institutional actors to be involved.

EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC SUPPORT: EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC SUPPORT:

To protective labor legislation for children:

Affordable education of good quality and which is relevant to the needs of children and their families will ultimately be the most effective instrument for the elimination of child labor.

Schooling has, moreover, a number of other positive effects that help reduce child labor over the longer run.

Educated persons are more aware of their rights and so less likely to accept hazardous working conditions.

DEVELOPMENT SOLUTIONS TO CHILD LA-BOR:DEVELOPMENT SOLUTIONS TO CHILD LA-BOR:

SETTING A MINIMUM AGE FOR WORK:SETTING A MINIMUM AGE FOR WORK:The legislation of ILO member States setting a basic minimum age for admission to employment. There are two main exceptions to the generally prescribed minimum ages provided :

A lower minimum age for «light work»A higher minimum age for hazardous employment or work.

The majority fix 12, 13 or 14 years as the minimum.

LIGHT WORK:LIGHT WORK:

Only about 20 countries which waive the basic minimum age for light work.

Subject such exceptions to all of the conditions laid down in Convention No. 138, namely that:

The work should not be harmful to the child's health or development, Should not interfere with school instruction, Should not take place during school hours Should not be more than specifically prescribed hours of work.

The higher minimum age for hazardous employment or work is after 18 years and are working in factories, heavy work etc.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION:

In recent years attention has been increased to the problem of child labor in various international forms.

UNICEF ICFTUILOIOE

The work of UNICEF and the United Nations Commission on Human Rights are well known and do not need elaboration.

Regional in The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), one of the very early campaigners against child labor, launched a global campaign for the elimination of child labor in and continue to be active in advocacy and research on behalf of working children.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION:INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION:

The General Council of the International Organization of Employers (IOE) passed a resolution in June 1996 on child labor which makes a number of basic recommendations to employers and their organization.

There are many other less known organizations which were active in the child labor area but whose work is of fundamental significance to the campaign against child labor.