Urogenital System

Term refers to the Excretory System and Reproductive Systems

Excretory System sometimes called Urinary System

Two systems are often discussed at the same time because of similar location in body cavity

Excretory System

Excretion: process which metabolic wastes are eliminated

Functions:1) Homeostasis2) Removes waste from blood3) Maintain pH blood4) Regulate water content of

blood

Excretory Organs:

Skin – removes excess water, salts, and small amount urea in sweat

Lungs – eliminate CO2

Liver (digestive organ as well) – converts amino acids into other compounds and takes toxic nitrogen compounds and converts to urea

Kidneys – removes urea and other metabolic wastes from bloodstream

Kidneys and Related Structures

Left/Right KidneyUreter – tube carries urine

from kidneys to bladder

•Bladder – sac where urinestored

•Urethra- tube empties bladder

•Renal artery- brings blood containing waste to kidney to be filtered

•Renal vein – takes clean blood back to body

Renal artery/vein

Control of Kidney Function

Activity of kidney controlled by:1) Composition of blood 2) Hormones

•Drink glass water/Eat Salty Food:1) water absorbed into bloodstream from capillaries near digestive tract = concentration water blood increases 2) kidneys respond by slowing rate water reabsorption3) Less water returned to blood, excess water sent to bladder

•Kidney Function controls blood composition regulating the environment for the body cells (preventing swelling/shrinking)

•Dialysis- process blood removed from body and filtered through special tubing that simulates the kidneys removing urea and excess salts (waste)

Kindney Function

1) Filtration- removing wastes-smaller particles diffuse out of the blood-filtrate particles include: water, urea,

glucose, salts, amino acids, and vitamins -Large particles remain in blood: plasma

proteins, platelets, RBC, and WBC

•2) Reabsorption- -purified blood returned bloodstream -urine emptied into ureters (leads to

bladder)

*kidney stones- salts from urine crystallize blocking ureter

Human Reproductive System

Reproduction- process creates new individual

Only system that if it fails, will not cause death.

2 Basic Functions:1) production gametes2) secretion sex horomones

The Male Reproductive SystemFunction: produce/deliver spermImportant Hormones: FSH, LH, and

testosteroneFSH/LH- stimulates cells within

testes to produce testosterone stimulates development sperm

Structure Sperm:

“The Pathway of Sperm”

Sperm cells are produced in seminiferous tubules inside testes

After sperm cells are produced in testes, stored/mature in area above testes called epididymis

In order to fertilize the egg, sperm must exit the body

1) Vas deferens- tube connects epididymis to urethra2) Urethra- tube urine/semen exit the body3) Glands add fluid as sperm exit the body:

- Seminal vesicles -nourishes sperm - Bulbourethral gland/prostate gland –

secrete fluid protects sperm from acid in vagina

•Sperm + Glandular secretions = SEMEN

The “Pathway” of Sperm

Penis

Urethra

Testes

EpididymisVas Deferens

Bulbourethral Gland

Seminal Vesicle Prostate Gland

Bladder

The Female Reproductive SystemFunction: produce egg cell/nourish babyAfter puberty, females produce one egg

month until mid-40’s when females reach a state called menopause.

Menopause- ovulation/mestruation stop/having children no longer possible

Menstrual cycle is regulated by several hormones made in hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries.

Overview of Menstrual Cycle

Menstrual cycle (average 28 days) includes:-Development egg -Release egg -Preparation uterus

•Each month 2 possible results:1) Egg fertilized by sperm, implants uterus = pregnancy2) Egg NOT fertilized, lining uterus/dead egg/blood discharged = “period”

4 Phases of Menstrual Cycle

1) Follicular Phase:-Level of hormone called estrogen is very

low -Low estrogen level causes hypothalamus

pituitary gland release FSH/LH

(hormones)-Stimulates follicle (cluster of cells around

egg cell) to mature-Level estrogen begins to rise end of this

phase, which thickens the lining uterus

4 Phases of Menstrual Cycle

2) Ovulation:-Shortest phase in cycle lasting 3-4 days on

average-Occurs “midpoint” in cycle-Time period when most “fertile”-Hypothalamus sends releasing hormone

to pituitary causes rise in FSH/LH causes follicle to rupture

releasing egg into fallopian tube-Egg must be fertilized few days for pregnancy

occur (while in the fallopian tube)

Egg Development

4 Phases of Menstrual Cycle

3) Luteal Phase:-After egg released-Follicle (area where egg was) becomes corpus luteum

releasing estrogen/progesterone as well-Estrogen causes tissue lining uterus thicken

-Progesterone increases blood supply to uterus -Uterus must prepare for possible “implantation” (pregnancy)

4 Phases of Menstrual Cycle

4) Menstruation:-Phase only occurs if egg not fertilized

-2-3 days after ovulation if egg not fertilized, follicle disintegrates causing levels of estrogen and progesterone

to drop -Estrogen level drops low enough lining

uterus

begins die/detach

-Menstrual period = blood and tissue released (lasting 3-7

days/new cycle begins with day 1 menstruation)

(Estrogen)

Female Anatomy

Urethra

Ovary

Uterus

Cervix

Bladder

Fallopian Tube