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National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) - Synthesis Report 1

Republic of Indonesia

National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation

(RAN-API)

Synthesis Report

2013

National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) - Synthesis Report2


Ministry of National Development Planning /National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas)Jl. Taman Suropati No.2, Jakarta Pusat, 10310Telephone : +62 21 319 6207Facsimile : +62 21 314 5374Email : [email protected] [email protected]

Ministry of Environment (KLH)Jl. D.I Panjaitan Kav.24, Kebon Nanas, Jakarta Timur, 13410Telephone : +62 21 858 0067-68 +62 21 851 7184Email : [email protected]

National Council on Climate Change (DNPI)Kementerian BUMN Building 18th FloorJl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No.13, Jakarta, 10110Telephone : +62 21 351 1400Facsimile : +62 21 351 1403Email : [email protected]

Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG)Jl. Angkasa I No.2 Kemayoran, Jakarta Pusat, 10720Telephone : +62 21 424 6321Facsimile : +62 21 424 6703Email : [email protected]

National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) - Synthesis Report i

Foreword

As the largest archipelago nation in the world, Indonesia is one of the countries that are most vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change. Generally, the global climate change model has predicted that Indonesia will experience an increase in temperature, intensity of rainfall that will increase the risk of floods and droughts, and extended dry seasons. The impact of climate change will among others take the following forms: extended dry seasons, floods, increased frequency of extreme climate occurences, that affect community health and sources of living, degrade biodiversity, and instability of the economy. The largest threats of climate change in Indonesia are the increase of sea surface temperature, changes in the intensity and patterns of rainfalls, and the increase of the sea surface level.

For anticipating the negative impacts of climate change, the Government of Indonesia has implemented various endeavors to adapt to climate change, including the formulation of the national policy document for overcoming the impact of climate change, such as the Indonesia Adaptation Strategy (Bappenas, 2011), the National Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change of Indonesia (DNPI, 2011), the Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Road Map (Bappenas, 2010), the National Action Plan for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (Ministry of the Environment, 2007), and the sectoral adaptation plans compiled by Line Ministries/Government Agencies. For harmonization and operationalization of policy documents, it is necessary to have a National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API).

The RAN-API is a national action plan document on adaptation to the impacts of climate change, which involves integrated coordination among all the stakeholders, from the government, civil society organizations, international cooperation agencies and other stakeholders. Briefly, RAN-API contains the action plan for adaptation of priority sectors and cross-sectors in the short-term (2013-2014), mainstreaming of the adaptation action plan into the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) of 2015-2019 that will be formulated, and the long-term adaptation policy direction. The RAN-API strengthens endeavors on mitigation that have been formulated in the RAN-GRK (National Action Plan for Green House Gas Emission Reduction).

National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) - Synthesis Reportii

Formulation of the RAN-API was conducted in a participatory manner through intensive discussions and consultations with the related Technical Ministries/Government Agencies, Local Government, and stakeholders, supported by the development partners. Collaboration in the RAN-API formulation is an invaluable asset for the implementation of adaptation action. This Synthesis Report summarize the key strategies, policies, and actions and has been updated and simplified from the previous version published in 2012. While the full document is under process of finalization, this Synthesis Report hopefully can provide the overview on Indonesia’s adaptation action plan in general.

Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to all the parties who have contributed to the formulation of this document and hope that that this document will provide current progress on national adaptation action plan.

Jakarta, November 2013

Deputy for Natural Resources and Environmental AffairsMinistry of National Development Planning/ National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS)

Endah Murniningtyas

National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) - Synthesis Report iii

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................... i

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Purpose and Objective ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.3 RAN-API in the National Development Planning ......................................................................... 2

1.4 Approach and Framework ..................................................................................................................... 3

Chapter 2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT IN INDONESIA .............................................. 4

2.1 Analysis of Climate Change in Indonesia Based Observation Data ..................................... 4

2.1.1 Trend in Surface Temperature Changes .............................................................................. 4

2.1.2 Trend in Rainfall Changes ......................................................................................................... 5

2.1.3 Trend in Sea Level Rise ............................................................................................................... 5

2.1.4 Trends in Extreme Weather and Climate Events ............................................................. 5

2.2 Climate Change Projection Based on IPCC-AR4 Models ............................................................ 6

2.2.1 Projection on Increase in Surface Temperature ............................................................... 6

2.2.2 Projection on Rainfall Changes ............................................................................................... 7

2.2.3 Projection on Sea Level Rise ..................................................................................................... 7

2.2.4 Projection on Weather and Climate Extreme Events .................................................... 7

2.3 Potential Impacts of Climate Change ................................................................................................. 8

Chapter 3. POLICY DIRECTION AND OBJECTIVE OF NATIONAL ACTION

PLAN FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION ....................................................................................... 9

3.1 RAN-API’s Policy Direction .................................................................................................................... 9

3.2 RAN-API’s Target, Strategy dan Action Plan ................................................................................... 11

Table of Contents

National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) - Synthesis Reportiv

Chapter 4. IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM ....................................................................................... 15

4.1 Coordination Mechanism ....................................................................................................................... 15

4.2 Adaptation Funding Mechanism ......................................................................................................... 17

4.2.1 Sources of Domestic Funding ................................................................................................. 17

4.2.2 Sources of International Funding ......................................................................................... 17

4.3 Monitoring, Evaluation, Review and Reporting Mechanism ................................................. 18

4.3.1 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Mechanism ...................................................... 18

4.3.2 RAN-API Review Mechanism .................................................................................................. 18

Chapter 5. RAN-API PILOT SITES SELECTION ................................................................................... 19

Reference .............................................................................................................................................................. 24


INTRODUCTION

11.1 BackgroundMany scientific evidence have shown that climate change is happening and is felt by the entire global community. Development of adaptation action to climate change is aimed to ensure or secure the achievement of key development goals and increase physical, economical, social, and environmental resilience of community towards the impacts of climate change. National development with climate change adaptation agenda has a goal to create a development system which is adaptive or resilient to climate change.

Currently, most sectoral Line Ministries have developed climate change adaptation action plans. However, there are still many adaptation activities in these sectors that can, should, and must be synergized in its implementation with other sectors, so that the target of adaptation can be achieved and resilience to climate change impacts can be improved. This issue should be an integral part in the formulation of national and sectoral development plans, which is further used to develop an integrated and continuous adaptation actions plan.

The formulation of the National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) is expected to make the implementation of adaptation actions in Indonesia more effectively and in an integrated manner. In addition, it is also expected to provide a greater impact in supporting the achievement of sustainable and adaptative/resilient development to climate change.

1.2 Purpose and ObjectiveThe purpose of the development of RAN-API is to produce a national action plan to adapt to the impacts of climate change, which is coordinated in an integrated manner with all stakeholders involved, including from the government, community organizations, public, private, and so forth.

The main objective of adaptation to climate change in the RAN-API is the implementation of a sustainable development system which has a high resilence to climate change impacts.

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RAN-API document is developed with the following specific objectives:• To provide direction for mainstreaming climate change adaptation issues in the national

development planning process.• To provide guidance for sectoral and cross-sectoral climate change adaptation action in

the short-term (2013-2014), medium-term (2015-2019), and long-term (2020-2025) planning.

• To provide direction for short-term priority adaptation actions to be proposed so that it can get special attention and support from international funding.

• As a direction for the sector and local government in developing synergized adaptation actions and efforts to build more effective communication and coordination systems.

1.3 RAN-API in the National Development PlanningRAN-API is part of Indonesia’s national development framework. In terms of national development planning, RAN-API is a cross-cutting thematic plan that is specific in preparing a more climate change resilient development plan (climate proof/ resilient development) at the national level. RAN-API is expected to provide input to the future Government Work Plan (RKP) and the National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN), so that the RKP and RPJMN become more responsive to the impacts of climate change.

RAN-API is not a separate document which has formal legal power of its own, but it becomes the main input and an integral part of national development planning documents and Line Ministries planning. RAN-API is also a reference for local governments in developing local strategy/action plan for climate change adaptation.

Note: RPJPN: Long Term National Development Planning; RPJPD: Long Term Regional National Development Planning; RTRWN: National Spatial Planning; RTRW Kab: District Spatial Planning; RDTR: Detailed Spatial Planning; Renstra K/L: Line Ministries’s Strategic Plan; RPJMN: Mid Term National Development Planning; RPJMD: Mid Term Regional Development Planning; Renstra SKPD: Local Government Agency’s Strategic Planning; Renja K/L: Line Ministry Work Plan; RKP: Government Work Plan; RKPD: Local Government Work Plan; Renja SKPD: Local Government Agency’s Work Plan

Position of RAN-API in the national development framework

(a)


1.4 Approach and Framework RAN-RAN-API is developed by referring to the existing study documents and govenrment work plans. The development began with a review of the existing documents, identify the risks of climate change on various areas of life, and set goals, objectives, strategies, as well as action plans to anticipate the risks of climate change in the future which are synchronized with the Line Ministries work programs.

RAN-API document consists of national adaptation actions that will be implemented within the next 1-2 years (2013 – 2014) and actions that will be mainstreamed to the next RPJMN (2015-2019 and 2020-2025). RAN-API document that has been developed will then be reviewed periodically to continue to be improved with a more specific scientific studies.


Development of RAN-API is based on a scientific belief on climate change itself. One of the important scientific basis is the fourth assessment report (AR4), published by the IPCC in 2007. By using a variety of observational data and the output of global climate models (GCM), the report confirms the role of contribution of human activities (anthropogenic factors) in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere is accelerating the rate of global average surface temperature increase up to 0.74 ° C or approximately ± 0.18° over the period of 1906-2005 (IPCC, 2007). Trend of increasing global temperatures (global warming) is believed to have caused climate change in various places in the world today.

2.1 Analysis of Climate Change in Indonesia Based Observation Data2.1.1 Trend in Surface Temperature Changes

Effect of global warming to the increase in surface temperature in Indonesia is estimated to not be greater than 1.0° C during the 20th century. An accurate estimation is difficult to obtain due to the lack of consistent data recording in Indonesia territory.

Trends in annual average temperature for land areas in Indonesia, based on data from the CRU TS3.1. (CRU data is one of the global climate database of the University of East Anglia, often used as an alternative to local observational data)

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2.1.2 Trend in Rainfall Changes

According to several studies that compare January rainfall on the period of 1980-2010 to the 1961-1990 (baseline data), the change in the average rainfall value is not uniform for Indonesia. The average rainfall for the period of 1980 – 2010 for most of Sumatra Island is increasing about 10-50 mm compared to 1961 - 1990. As for other areas, there are areas which average rainfall value is increasing, but some are decreasing.

Examples of the results of rainfall trends analysis in January from GPCC data: (a) the average baseline value of 1961-1990 (baseline) and (b) the difference in the average value of the period 1980-2010 (data until 2007) compared with the baseline (Bappenas, 2010c).

2.1.3 Trend in Sea Level Rise

Data from Simple Ocean Data Assimilation/SODA shows the characteristic of Indonesia’s sea level rise (SLR) with the 30-50 years pattern (1860-1910, 1910-1950, 1950-1990) or multi-decade variations (decadal). This data also shows that Indonesia’s SLR is about 0.8 mm/year and increasing to 1.6 mm/year since 1960 and then jumped to 7 mm/year in 1993.

Average SLR anomalous variations in Indonesian waters in 1860-2010, which is calculated from SODA data (full green line), ROMS-SODA (red dashed line), and altimeter (blue dotted line). It also shown the linear trend lines calculated for each data.

2.1.4 Trend in Extreme Weather and Climate Events

Extreme weather and climate events are an intrinsic part of the climate system that are irregular (chaotic). On the other hand, climate change is allegedly has the potential to increase the frequency of extreme events in various regions of the world.

The trend of change in the odds of daily extreme rainfall based on CDF analysis of TRMM satellite data indicates an increased chance of daily extreme rainfall in most parts of Indonesia,


except for some areas in Maluku (colored blue), within a period of approximately 10 years ranging from 1998 to 2008 .

(a) CDF curve with a threshold value for highest 1% daily rainfall chances based on TRMM satellite data for the period of 1998-2008. (b) The distribution of value changes in extreme daily rainfall chances in the TRMM data for the 2003-2008 period relative to the value of opportunities in 1998-2002 period.

2.2 Climate Change Projection Based on IPCC-AR4 ModelsClimate projection result is highly dependent on the scenarios of increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) concentration in the atmosphere which is based on the assumption of global socio-economic development and the main technologies that support it. In the IPCC-AR4, the scenarios used are based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES).

2.2.1 Projection on Increase in Surface Temperature

IPCC-AR4 models assume that the temperature rise is caused predominantly by the effects of GHGs spread evenly in the atmosphere, therefore the projected average increase in temperature for the region of Malang in East Java can represent all regions in Indonesia. As shown in the figure, it can be said the projected increase in average surface temperature throughout Indonesia due to GHGs until the period of 2020-2050 is approximately 0.8 - 1°C relative to recent climatic period in the 20th century (Bappenas, 2010c).

Average surface temperature projections for the area of Malang, East Java based on IPCC-AR4 model after going through downscaling process. Showing also historical data from 1951 to 2010 and the results of GCM model simulations for the 20th century and projections for the three SRES scenarios B1, A1B, and A2. Monthly time series data was first smoothed to show the long-term trend (KLH, 2012a)


2.2.2 Projection on Rainfall Changes

IPCC-AR4 models generally show changes in rainfall patterns are more varied in Indonesia, both temporally and spatially. Projection analysis based on the output of seven GCM on average showed no significant change for the period of 2020 to 2050 (Bappenas, 2010c). This indicates that, up to 2020-2050 period, natural climate variability is more involved than the effects of GHGs in determining changes in rainfall. However, the changes leading up to and after 2050 needs more attention.

SNC report (KLH, 2010) shows the trend of fourteen GCM models to the changes in seasonal rainfall in Indonesia based on two emission scenarios (SRES A2 and B1) for 2025 and 2050. The models that are part of the two scenarios agree that there is a trend towards reduced rainfall in June-July-August (JJA) and the transition to the September-October-November (SON) in Java and Nusa Tenggara Islands. In addition, the models also agree that Java and Nusa Tenggara Islands have increased rainfall in December-January-February (DJF). This trend is likely to contrast with the projection for most areas in the other islands.

2.2.3 Projection on Sea Level Rise

The increase in sea level (sea level rise/SLR) provides a huge potential threat to Indonesia which is an archipelagic country consisting many islands and small islands. In 2050, SLR due to global warming is projected to reach 35-40 cm relative to year 2000. Based on these projections, the maximum SLR (including the dynamics of melting ice) in Indonesia can reach up to 175 cm in 2100 (Bappenas, 2010b).

Estimates of the rate of increase in sea level in Indonesia based on the model that takes into account the dynamics of melting ice (Bappenas, 2010b)

2.2.4 Projection on Weather and Climate Extreme Events

Analysis on extreme events projection is not easy to do because it requires plenty of time for analysis and more detailed data. Therefore, it can be understood that a comprehensive study related to extreme events in Indonesia is still very limited.


Studies on changes in the odds of extreme events in the Indonesian territory are more focused on extreme rainfall events. As for the extreme events related to the temperature change such as heat waves, do not show a significant trend at least up to 2050, either according to the study of historical data (such as that written by Manton et al, 2001), as well as GCM studies.

2.3 Potential Impacts of Climate ChangeTheoretically, the change in climate indicators such as surface temperature, precipitation, sea surface temperature, sea level, extreme climate events (ENSO, IOD, DMI, IPO), and extreme weather events (heavy rain, strong storm winds, and storm surge) which have been projected above will give rise to a variety of potential impacts on areas related to national development system whether in terms of economic , livelihood, ecosystem, as well as special regions.

Climate change impacts in Indonesia have been studies quite a lot eventhough the scope of the studies are generally still in national scale. The two main references which can be used are the Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR) developed by Bappenas and Second National Communication (SNC) developed by KLH, both in 2010.

In ICCSR, it was mentioned that the potential impacts of climate hazards can affect the key sectors such as water, marine and fisheries, health, agriculture, and forestry. In the water sector, climate change may lead to the four major hazard, i.e., decrease in water availability, floods, landslides, and droughts which are generally caused by the parameters of rainfall and extreme weather and climate events.

ICCSR and SNC documents have identified the distribution of major climate change hazard risks level in Indonesia. Java, Bali and Sumatra islands are mentioned as three areas that have high and very high risk compared to other regions.The risk is associated with a high degree of vulnerability caused by population, residential areas, and infrastructure in the three regions.

The level of climate change risks in Indonesia by region (modified from the data of ICCSR and SNC documents)

Risks Sumatra Java-Bali Kalimantan SulawesiNusa

Tenggara Maluku Papua

Decrease in water availability

M, H, VH H, VH L, M H, VH H, VH L, M L

Flood H, VH H, VH L, M, H L, M, H L L L, M

Drought H, VH H, VH L L, M L, M, VH L L

Coastal inundation

M, H M, H, VH M, H, VH M, H M, H M, H M, H

The spread of dengue fever

L, M, H L, M, H L, M L, M L, M L, M L, M, H

The spread of Malaria

L, M L, M, H L, M L, M, H L, M, H, VH M, H M, H, VH

The spread of Diarrhea

L, M, H L, M, H L, M, H L, M, H L, M, H L, M, H L, M, H, VH

Decrease in rice production

H, VH H, VH - - H, VH - -

Forest fires M, H, VH M, H - - - - -

Note: L: Low; M: Moderate; H: High; VH: Very High


Adaptation to climate change is adjustment in ecological, social and economic systems in response to impacts of climate change that have occurred or are expected to occur. This refers to the processes, practices, and structures to reduce potential losses and take advantage of the changes caused by climate change. More specifically, adaptation to climate change means reducing vulnerability by increasing the resilience of a system.

3.1 RAN-API: Policy Direction Systematic and integrated efforts with a reliable strategy, as well as joint commitment and responsibility of various stakeholders are needed in mainstreaming climate change in national or local development agenda. RAN-API is a reflection of the sector and cross-sector readiness in responding to and anticipating the threat of climate change through programs and actions which are based on the projections in the future.

By considering the definition of adaptation as an effort to improve system resilience to the impacts of climate change, adaptation to climate change in Indonesia is directed as the following:1. Efforts to adjust the strategy, policy, management, technology and attitude aimed at

reducing the negative impacts of climate change and, if possible, to maximize its positive benefits.

POLICY DIRECTION AND OBJECTIVE OF NATIONAL

ACTION PLAN FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

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2. Efforts to reduce the nature (direct, indirect, continuous, discontinuous, and permanent) and rate of climate change impacts.

By paying attention to sectors and aspects of development, despite being affected by the effects of climate change, national development goals can still be achieved as long as there are resilience in the economic, social and environment. In addition, resilence is also needed in special regions such as small islands, coastal and urban areas.

Therefore, the strategic objectives of RAN-API are directed to (a) build economic resilence, (b) establish the livelihood (social) resilience to climate change impacts (livelihood resilience), (c) maintaining the sustainability of environmental services (ecosystem resilience) and (d) strengthen the resilience in special regions such as urban areas, as well as coastal and small islands. In addition, to reinforce the above objectives, it requires support system which are reflected in the management of knowledge, planning and budgeting, capacity building, as well as monitoring and evaluation.

Strategic goals and objectives of RAN-API


3.2 RAN-API: Target, Strategy dan Action PlanBy paying attention to the sectors and aspects of development which are affected by climate change as previously described; the RAN-API targets, strategies and cluster of action plans are presented by 5 (five) areas as follows:

RAN-API Target, Strategy and Action Plan

Target Strategy Cluster of Action Plan

1. E

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1.1. Sub-Sector of Food Security

• Decreased rate of agricultural and fisheries food production loss due to climate change

• New growth areas of food production in areas with low climate risk and minimum environmental impact are developed

• Food security system for farmers, fishermen and community (micro) with a healthy, nutritious and balanced food pattern, and diversified to the optimum level is developed

• Adjustment and development of farming systems to climate change

• Development and implementation of adaptive technology to climate stress

• Development and optimization of land, water and genetic resources

1. Adjustment of Food Production Systems

2. Expansion of farming and aquaculture areas

3. Repairment and development of agriculture and fisheries infrastructure

4. Acceleration of food diversification

5. Development of innovative and adaptive technology

6. Development of information and communication systems (climate and technology)

7. Supporting programs

1.2. Sub-Sector of Energy Security

• Hidropower and geothermal energy sources at low climate risk areas are esteblished

• High productivity and climate stress resistance crops for bioenergy (biomass and biofuels) is developed

• Organic waste utilization for energy and gas production, especially for high density populated areas to reduce the environmental pollution is optimized and the tolerance interval (vulnerability) of the area to the extreme rainfall impacts is improved

• Increased use of renewable energy sources in remote villages

• Restoration and conservation of rainfall catchment areas in river vasin areas that become the sources of hydropower and geothermal energy stations

• Optimization of organic waste and biomass utilization for the development of energy sources from biofuels

1. Restoration and conservation of rainfall catchment areas

2. Expansion of renewable energy sources utilization

3. Development of innovative and adaptive technology for the cultivation of biofuel source crops and energy source plantations



Target Strategy Cluster of Action Plan2.

Liv

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2.1. Sub-Sector of Health

• Factors of vulnerability and risk to public health that can be caused by climate change is identified and controlled

• The awareness and utilization of early warning system for infectious and non-infectious diseases outbreak caused by climate change

• Regulations, legislation, and institutional capacity at central and local levels on the risks to public health that can be posed by climate change is stengthened

• Increased knowledge, technological innovation, and community participation on health related climate change adaptation

• Strengthening and updating of information on vulnerability and risk to public health due to climate change

• Development of policy, planning, network, and inter-agency cooperation at the local, regional and national level related to public health risk due to climate change

• Capacity building and early warning system development on climate change-related threats to public health in the community and government level

1. Identification and control of factors of vulnerability and risk to public health caused by climate change

2. Strengthening the awareness and utilization of early warning system for infectious and non-infectious diseases outbreak caused by climate change

3. Strengthening the regulations, legislation, and institutional capacity at central and local levels on the risks to public health that can be posed by climate change

4. Increased knowledge, technological innovation, and community participation on health related climate change adaptation

2.2. Sub-Sector of Settlement

• Study and research on improving the resilience of settlements adaptive to climate change is implemented

• Development and management of settlements with integration of climate change adaptation and sustainable development concept is implemented

• Increased understanding of stakeholders and the public regarding the climate change resilient settlements

• Increased access to decent and affordable housing

• Provision of facilities for study and research activities on the settlement resilience which adaptive to climate change

• Development of residential structures resilient to climate change impacts and affordable

• Dissemination of information to the government at various levels on the settlements which resilient to the impacts of climate change

• Development of the climate change adaptation program of sub-sector of settlement that refers to the the needs arising from climate change issues

1. Studies and researches on increasing the resilience of settlements adaptive to climate change

2. Development and management of Settlement

3. Efforts for community empowerment4. Access to decent and affordable

housing

2.3. Sub-Sector of Infrastructure

• Development of infrastructure resilience that adaptive to climate change

• Infrastructure adaptive to climate change is developed

• Infrastructure that has a direct impact on public health and resilient to climate change is provided and adjusted

• Infrastructure layout management that is integrated with spatial planning in sustainable development concept

• Adjustment of the structure, components, design and location of infrastructure so that it will be resilient to climate change

• Infrastructure improvements that are vulnerable to climate change both in terms of structure, function and location

• Providing support to study and research activities on the concept development of infrastructure resilience to climate change

1. Research and development of concept on infrastructure resilience

2. Development of infrastructure adaptive to climate change

3. Risk reduction on distruption to the transport accessibility functions on road, bridges, railways, ports and airports due to climate change impacts

4. Enhancement, provision, and adjustment of infrastructure that has a direct impact on public health and resilient to climate change

5. Integration to sustainable development6. Improvement on infrastructure support

system for climate change adaptation7. Design, supply and management of

energy infrastructure so that it will be adaptive to climate change



Eco

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• Decreased area of damaged natural terrestrial and marine ecosystems due to climate change

• Increased quantity and quality of coral reefs and forest cover in the priority river basin areas

• Decreased threat level of key species • System for ecosystem resilience is

developed

• Securing the availability of water and protection against extreme climate events

• Prevention of loss of ecosystems and biodiversity

• Maintenance of water supply sustainability, conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity conservation

1. Improvement of spatial planning and land use

2. Management and utilization of sustainable productive areas

3. Improvement of conservation and essential ecosystem area governance

4. Rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems5. Reduction of threats to ecosystems6. Development of information and

communication system


4. S

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4.1 Sub-Sector of Urban Area

• Climate change adaptation is integrated into urban spatial planning plans

• Urban infrastructure and facilities are adjusted to anticipate the threat of climate change

• Increased capacity of urban communities related to climate change issues

• Adjustment of spatial plan for urban area to the threat of climate change

• Sustainable environmental management for urban area

• Improvement on quality of infrastructure and facilities in urban area

• Capacity building for urban area community in facing the threat of climate change

• Development and optimization of research and information sytem on climate in urban area

1. Integration of adaptation into urban spatial planning plans

2. Adjustment of urban infrastructure and facilities to anticipate the threat of climate change

3. Capacity building for urban communities on climate change issues

4.2 Sub-Sector of Coastal and Small Islands area

• Improved capacity of coastal and samll islands community on climate change issues

• Environment and ecosystem is managed and utilized for climate change adaptation

• Structural and non-structural adaptation measures is applied to anticipate the threat of climate change

• Climate change adaptation is integrated into management plan of coastal and small islands area

• Improved climate change adaptation supporting system in coastal and small islands area

• Achievement of livelihood stability for coastal and small islands community to the threat of climate change

• Improvement of environmental quality in coastal and small islands area

• Implementation of adaptation structure development in coastal and small islands area

• Adjustment of coastal and small islands spatial plan to the threat of climate change

• Development and Optimization of research and information system on climate in coastal and small islands area

1. Capacity building for costal and small islands community on climate change issues

2. Management and utilization of environment and ecosystem for climate change adaptation

3. Application of structural and non-structural adaptation measures to anticipate the threat of climate change

4. Integration of adaptation efforts to management plan of coastal and small islands area

5. Improvement on climate change adaptation supporting system in coastal and small islands area



Sup

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• Improved capacity for stakeholders on climate change adaptation

• Accurate and updated climate information system is developed

• Increased research and development on knowledge and technology related to climate change adaptation

• Planning and budgeting responsive to climate change is developed

• Climate change adaptation activities are monitored and evaluated

• Improvement of capacity of highly vulnerable to low vulnerable

• Information development that could increase knowledge and skill on how to reduce climate change vulnerability factors

• Research and development of technology to identify various cause of climate change and climate change disasater adaptation strategy

• Integration of adaptation efforts into development planning and budgeting on local, regional, and national level

• Monitoring and evaluation to obtain information on the progress and achievement of programs, issues to be anticipated, good lesson to be learned, and information to formulate future strategy

1. Capacity building for stakeholders on climate change adaptation

2. Development of accurate and updated climate information system

3. Increasing research and develoment on knowledge and technology related to climate change adaptation

4. Development of planning and budgeting as well as regulation formulation that are responsive to climate change

5. Monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation activities


4.1 Coordination MechanismThe development of RAN-API document is expected to improve the coordination between related Line Ministries and other stakeholders, including private, non-governmental organizations, international cooperation agencies, universities and research institutes. In order to facilitate better coordination of climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the achievement of climate change mitigation and adaptation action plan, the Minister of National Development Planning / Head of Bappenas has issued a ministerial decree No. Kep.38/M.PPN/HK/ 03/2012 on the establishment of the Climate Change Coordination Team. Based on the mandate and composition of its membership, the coordination team has an important role in coordinating cross Line Ministries at the central level.

The Climate Change Coordination Team consists of the Steering Committee team and 6 (six) Working Groups (WG), namely:1. Agriculture WG2. Forestry and Peatlands WG 3. Energy, Transport and Industry WG4. Waste Management WG5. Other Supporting and Cross-Sectoral issues WG6. Adaptation WG

Adaptation Working Group (WG VI) is one of the working groups set up with the following tasks:

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4Chapter


1. To coordinate the implementation of climate change adaptation program2. To synchronize the work plans of each ministry/institution3. To develop RAN-API4. Compiled quarterly and yearly report of the Working Group, and report the implementation

of programs and activities to the Chairman of the Steering Committee Team5. Carry out other relevant duties as directed by the Chairman of the Steering Committee

Team

In implementing RAN-API, role of institutions outside the Adaptation Working Group and Climate Change Coordination Team is still need to be set up, especially for the implementation of adaptation actions in local level. Meanwhile, the division of tasks of RAN-API at the ministerial level is divided into:1. Coordinating Minister for People›s Welfare will coordinate the implementation and

monitoring of RAN-API with the involvement of the Ministers and Governors related to climate change adaptation efforts, and report the integrated implementation of RAN-API to the President at least once a year.

2. Minister of National Development Planning / Head of Bappenas is responsible for coordinating the evaluation and review of RAN-API, and to develop guideline for the development of local climate change adaptation strategy/plan.

3. Minister of Home Affairs is in charge of facilitating the development of local climate change adaptation strategy/ plan together with the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas and the Ministry of Environment.

4. Other Ministries/Institutions according to their own duties are in charge of RAN-API implementation, both with their own funding and cooperation with the international community, as well as monitor the implementation and report the monitoring result periodically to the Minister for National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas.

5. The provincial governments are expected to develop local climate change adaptation strategy/plan which refers to the RAN-API and in accordance with regional development priorities and reflects the ability of the public budget.

6. The Governors convey the local climate change adaptation strategy/plan to the Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas to facilitate the integration of local climate change adaptation strategy/plan into national adaptation efforts.

Local governments have an important role in the implementation of adaptation in accordance with the conditions of local area and the level of vulnerability of their respective regions. The local climate change adaptation strategy/plan (provincial and district/city) should be integrated with local development planning, in this case the Local Medium Development Plan (RPJMD) and the provincial/district/city spatial planning (RTRW) documents. In addition, the local climate change strategy/plan document contains the priority programs and activities by sector and closely linked to each Strategic Plan (Renstra) of relevant local government agencies (SKPD).


4.2 Adaptation Funding MechanismTo date there is no climate change adaptation funding policy specifically developed to support the implementation of adaptation action plans in Indonesia. However, the funding for the climate change adaptation is part of the funding for overall development that are based on the annual development plan at the central, province and district/city.

In the medium-term development planning, the climate change issue has received priority for funding through the state budget (APBN) mechanism. In addition, climate change funding policy is not only from domestic funding sources, but developed from various other sources of funding, including from the private sector and international cooperation. Various programs for adaptation to climate change is widely supported by funding from international cooperation, both in the form of capacity building and financing of pilot projects.

4.2.1 Sources of Domestic Funding

Domestic funding by the state budget, in accordance with the RPJMN 2010 – 2014 and the current year annual work plan, is the top priority for RAN-API funding. Other domestic funding resources include local budget (APBD), government debt, private investment (banking and non-banking), and corporate social responsibility program (CSR).

Funds from the state budget in general will be channeled through the central government ministries/institutions as well as the State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN) with a mechanism that has been established. Nevertheless, funds from the state budget can be piped back to the private sector with a particular mechanism in accordance with the type of source of funds. Main source of funding in local level is the local budget, in accordance with the capabilities and priorities of the local government.

Some domestic private funding sources for climate change adaptation activities include banking, non-banking, CSR, public private partnerships (PPP), and insurance. Domestic private funding can be identified to support the funding coming from the government.

4.2.2 Sources of International Funding

Source of fund from several international institutions are widely available and can be used by both the government and private sectors. The use of this funding source is highly dependent on the existing proposal mechanism in each fund providing institution. Related to climate change, the UNFCCC mechanism opens access for developing countries to receive fund from developed countries. GEF is appointed as the institution which manages and transfers the funds through a multilateral institution such as World Bank and UNDP which act as a representative.

New funding mechanism through UNFCCC has not yet been decided. Although, in the Copenhagen Agreement there has been plans to establish a Copenhagen Green Climate Fund, to date there has not been any agreement about the form it will take, the transfer mechanism, and the criteria required to receive such funds.

Other international funding mechanisms which requires more attention are as follows: the Adaptation Fund, Least Developed Countries fund, Special Climate Change Fund, Climate and Development Knowledge Network, Global Climate Change Aliance, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, and the International Climate Initiative. Several bilateral and multilateral cooperation could also be used to support adaptation activities.

To be able to access these international funds, the capacity of Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF) as an institution which is aimed to accommodate national and international grants for climate change needs to be increased. The increase of capacity will allow ICCTF to get accreditation as National Implementing Entity (NIE).


4.3 Monitoring, Evaluation, Review and Reporting MechanismIn the implementation of RAN-API, a monitoring, evaluation, reporting and review mechanism will be developed. This mechanism will be a part of RAN-API development and update cycle which is based on the development of current climate change in the national and global level.

4.3.1 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Mechanism

RAN-API monitoring and evaluation process is required to make sure the achievement of its targets and objectives. The process of RAN-API monitoring is done by the related Line Ministries and is reported periodically to the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas. The monitoring and evaluation mechanism has to be in line with the monitoring and evaluation activities which has been done for development activities.

4.3.2 RAN-API Review Mechanism

Climate change adaptation requires a comprehensive study as the basis, taking into account the dynamic developments occurring globally and nationally. In addition to the development of existing science and technology, various new breakthroughs may be found in the future. Ministry of National Development Planning /Bappenas together with related Ministries/Institutions will conduct the evaluation process and review of integrated RAN-API periodically in accordance with national requirements and the latest global developments.


RAN-API PILOT SITES SELECTION

5Chapter

The formulation of local climate change adaptation strategy/plan based on a complete vulnerability assessment is important for the implementation of adaptation. However, given the limited resources and capacity of local governments, the central government has the initative to conduct climate change adaptation pilot activities for the RAN-API in the vulnerable regions. These pilot activities location is selected based on the available vulnerability assessment documents which have been developed by various ministries/institutions, development partners and civil society organization (CSO) in collaboration with the local governments.

The implementation of the pilot activities is expected to give a good and full overview on climate change adaptation implementation at local level, these including the activities initiatied by or in cooperation between central government, local government, development partners and community.

It is also expected that the pilot activities can encourage local governments in putting climate change impacts as one of important factors to the development and to conduct adequate assessment, as well as planning and integrating it into the local climate change adaptation strategy/plan. The local climate change adaptation strategy/plan needs to be synchronized with the local government development planning and budgeting. To ensure that the adaptation activities are implemented appropriately, a monitoring and evaluation system is required. The result of monitoring and evaluation can be used as feedback to the next adaptation planning.

To support the implementation of the pilot activities, coordination between central government (line ministries) and local government (SKPD or local government agencies) related to adaptation actions is needed. Therefore, based on adaptation actions listed in RAN-API document, appropriate Quick Win activities are need to be selected as the pilot projects at the vulnerable areas that need special attention for adaptation.


The selection of pilot activities location is conducted based on several criterias, as follow:1. Availability of complete vulnerability assessment, consist of climate assessment, potential

impact, affected sector, and cluster of adaptation activities recommendation. 2. Local government’s commitment to climate change adaptation, shown by the existing

adaptation strategy and plan, mainstreaming to local development plan and budget, 3. Previous or existing adaptation related activities, funded by local budget or other

funding resources (private, development partners, etc.)4. Establishment of local climate change working group/task force 5. Linkage with RAN-API

Based on above criterias, there are 15 regions with high scoring result (score 4 and 5 out of 5), which are recommended as priority pilot location for the RAN-API, namely:

Priority Regions for RAN-API Pilot Activities

No Province/Regency/City Score1 Bali Province 52 Semarang City 53 Pekalongan City 54 West Java Province 55 Blitar City 56 Bandar Lampung City 57 East Java Province 48 Malang District 49 Batu City 410 Malang City 411 West Nusa Tenggara Province 412 Lombok Island 413 Tarakan District 414 South Sumatra Province 415 North Sumatra Province 4


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Reference

Bappenas, 2010a. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Synthesis Report, edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-3764-49-8.

Bappenas, 2010b. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Basis Saintifik: Analisis dan Proyeksi Kenaikan Muka Air Laut dan Cuaca Ekstrim, edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia.

Bappenas, 2010c. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Basis Saintifik: Analisis dan Proyeksi Temperatur dan Curah Hujan, edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia.

Bappenas, 2010d. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Sektor Kelautan dan Perikanan, edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia.

Bappenas, 2010e. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Sektor Kesehatan, edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia.

Bappenas, 2010f. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Sektor Pertanian, edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia.

Bappenas, 2010g. Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap - ICCSR: Sektor Sumber Daya Air, edited by Bappenas, Republik Indonesia.

IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeRep., 996 pp pp, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2010. Indonesia Second National Communication Under The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Jakarta, November 2010

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012. Climate Change Risk and Adaptation Assessment Greater Malang, Jakarta, June 2012

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012. Climate Change Risk and Adaptation Assessment Tarakan, Jakarta, June 2012

Manton, M.J., Della-Marta, P.M., Haylock, M.R., Hennessy, K.J., Nicholls, N., Chambers, L.E., Collins, D.A., Daw, G., Finet, A., Gunawan, D., Inape, K., Isobe, H., Kestin, T.S., Lefale, P., Leyu, C.H. Lwin, T., Maitrepierre, L., Ouprasitwong, N., Page, C.M., Pahalad, J., Plummer, N., Salinger, M.J., Suppiah, R., Tran, V.L., Trewin, B., Tibig, I. and Yee, D. 2001. Trends in extreme daily rainfall and temperature in southeast Asia and the South Pacific: 1916–1998. International Journal of Climatology, 21, 269–284

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