Origin of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea (South Korea):An approach using haplotype Network analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequences of the parasite
Origin of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea (South Korea):An approach using haplotype Network analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequences of the parasite
Moritoshi Iwagamia, Megumi Fukumotoa, b,Weon-Gyu Khoc, Shigeyuki Kanoa, b
Moritoshi Iwagamia, Megumi Fukumotoa, b,Weon-Gyu Khoc, Shigeyuki Kanoa, b
JITMM 2009, Bangkok, 3-4, Dec, 2009
aResearch Institute, International Medical Center of JapanbGraduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences,
University of Tsukuba, JapancDepartment of Malariology,
Paik Institute of Clinical Research and Department of Parasitology, Inje University, College of Medicine, Korea
World Health Organization 2008
JITMM 2009, Bangkok, 3-4, Dec, 2009
World Distribution of MalariaWorld Distribution of Malaria
Demilitarized zone (DMZ) in South Korea
Trends Parasitol (2007) 24:143-150
JITMM 2009, Bangkok, 3-4, Dec, 2009
Malaria endemic area in South KoreaMalaria endemic area in South Korea
Trends Parasitol (2007) 24:143-150JITMM 2009, Bangkok, 3-4, Dec, 2009
Num
ber o
f pat
ient
s
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Annual number of vivax malaria patients reported in South Korea (1993–2006)
Annual number of vivax malaria patients reported in South Korea (1993–2006)
Proportion of P. vivax malaria patients in South Korea (1993–2007)
Proportion of P. vivax malaria patients in South Korea (1993–2007)
Korean J Parasitol (2009) 47:S39-50
SoldiersVeteransCivilians
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 070
20
40
60
80
100Pe
rcen
t (%
) out
of t
he to
tal p
atie
nts
JITMM 2009, Bangkok, 3-4, Dec, 2009
Map of Korean peninsular and JapanMap of Korean peninsular and Japan
Demilitarized ZoneDemilitarized Zone
Google MapJITMM 2009, Bangkok, 3-4, Dec, 2009
2002
ObjectiveObjective
The objective of this study is to estimate the origin of the Plasmodium vivax (Pv) population in South Korea by phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequences of Pv isolates from South Korea and other countries in the world.
JITMM 2009, Bangkok, 3-4, Dec, 2009
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
• 11 South Korean Pv isolates• 10 other Pv isolates (Southeast Asia, South Asia,
Western Pacific, Middle East, South America, Africa)• 282 Pv isolates (including 1 North Korean isolate) from
GenBank database
DNA Analysis• Mitochondrial (mt) DNA analysis (PCR & Sequencing)Phylogenetic Analyses• A neighbor-joining tree• A haplotype network tree (Median-joining method)
Materials
Methods
JITMM 2009, Bangkok, 3-4, Dec, 2009
A Y 7 9 1 5 7 1 P h i l i p p i n e s A Y 7 9 1 6 4 4 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a
A Y 7 9 1 6 2 6 I r a n A Y 7 9 1 6 3 6 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a A Y 7 9 1 5 6 4 S o l o m o n I s l a n d s A Y 7 9 1 6 3 9 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a A Y 7 9 1 6 3 0 I n d i a A Y 7 9 1 5 6 6 V a n u a t u A Y 7 9 1 5 6 5 V a n u a t u
A Y 7 9 1 6 3 7 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a A Y 7 9 1 6 3 2 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a
A Y 7 9 1 6 4 3 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a A Y 7 9 1 6 3 5 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a
A Y 7 9 1 6 9 2 M e l a n e s i a A Y 7 9 1 6 4 1 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a
A Y 7 9 1 6 5 0 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a A Y 7 9 1 6 5 7 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a
A Y 7 9 1 6 3 4 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a A Y 5 9 8 1 1 6 S o l o m o n I s l a n d s
A Y 7 9 1 6 2 5 I r a n A Y 7 9 1 6 7 7 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a
A Y 7 9 1 6 5 2 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a A Y 7 9 1 6 8 6 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a A Y 7 9 1 6 4 8 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a A Y 7 9 1 6 4 6 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a
A Y 7 9 1 6 5 9 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a A Y 7 9 1 5 5 5 B o r m e o
P N G I M C J A Y 7 9 1 5 3 8 B r a z i l A Y 5 9 8 0 9 0 B r a z i l A Y 7 9 1 5 3 9 B r a z i l A Y 5 9 8 0 9 4 B r a z i l
A Y 5 9 8 0 7 6 B r a z i l B r a z i l I M C J A Y 7 9 1 5 4 8 P a n a m a A Y 7 9 1 5 4 7 C o l o m b i a A Y 7 9 1 5 4 3 E l S a l v a d o r A Y 7 9 1 5 3 1 B r a z i l A Y 5 9 8 0 7 5 B r a z i l A Y 7 9 1 5 4 1 N i c a r u a g u a A Y 5 9 8 0 7 4 B r a z i l A Y 7 9 1 5 4 2 P a n a m a A Y 7 9 1 5 4 5 H o n d u r a s A Y 7 9 1 5 2 9 B r a z i l
A Y 7 9 1 5 5 0 S . C . A m e r i c a A Y 7 9 1 5 5 1 E l S a l v a d o r A Y 7 9 1 5 4 4 D o m i n i c a n R e p u b l i c
A Y 7 9 1 5 3 0 B r a z i l A Y 5 9 8 1 1 8 S o l o m o n I s l a n d s
A Y 5 9 8 0 9 3 B r a z i l A Y 5 9 8 0 8 4 B r a z i l A Y 5 9 8 0 8 5 B r a z i l A Y 7 9 1 5 1 7 A f r i c a A Y 7 9 1 6 2 9 P a k i s t a n
A Y 7 9 1 6 0 9 I n d i a I r a n I M C J A Y 7 9 1 5 1 9 A f r i c a
A Y 7 9 1 5 2 7 N . W . A f r i c a A Y 7 9 1 5 2 1 E t h i o p i a
A Y 7 9 1 5 7 5 S r i L a n k a A Y 7 9 1 6 2 1 I n d i a
A Y 7 9 1 5 2 5 E t h i o p i a A Y 7 9 1 6 1 0 I n d i a
A Y 7 9 1 6 2 4 I n d i a I n d i a I M C J
A Y 7 9 1 5 1 8 A f r i c a A Y 7 9 1 5 5 7 S r i L a n k a
A Y 5 9 8 1 2 0 I n d i a A Y 7 9 1 6 0 8 I n d i a A Y 7 9 1 6 0 7 I n d i a
A Y 7 9 1 6 2 8 I n d i a A Y 7 9 1 6 2 3 B a n g l a d e s h
A Y 7 9 1 6 2 7 P a k i s t a n A Y 5 9 8 0 5 5 T h a i l a n d
A Y 5 9 8 1 2 6 V i e t n a m A Y 5 9 8 1 1 2 B a n g l a d e s h
A Y 5 9 8 1 2 5 V i e t n a m A Y 5 9 8 0 6 0 T h a i l a n d
A Y 5 9 8 1 1 0 B a n g l a d e s h A Y 5 9 8 0 4 0 T h a i l a n d A Y 5 9 8 0 3 8 T h a i l a n d A Y 5 9 8 1 1 1 B a n g l a d e s h A Y 5 9 8 0 4 9 T h a i l a n d A Y 5 9 8 1 2 2 V i e t n a m A Y 7 9 1 5 8 4 V i e t n a m
A Y 5 9 8 0 6 8 T h a i l a n d A Y 5 9 8 0 6 9 T h a i l a n d A Y 5 9 8 1 1 4 B a n g l a d e s h
A Y 5 9 8 0 3 7 T h a i l a n d A Y 5 9 8 0 4 8 T h a i l a n d A Y 5 9 8 0 7 0 T h a i l a n d A Y 5 9 8 0 3 6 T h a i l a n d
A Y 5 9 8 0 5 7 T h a i l a n d A Y 5 9 8 1 2 7 V i e t n a m A Y 5 9 8 0 4 4 T h a i l a n d A Y 5 9 8 0 3 5 T h a i l a n d
A Y 5 9 8 0 4 3 T h a i l a n d A Y 5 9 8 0 4 6 T h a i l a n d
A Y 5 9 8 0 6 5 T h a i l a n d A Y 7 9 1 5 9 4 G u a n g X i . C h i n a A Y 7 9 1 5 9 9 G u a n g X i . C h i n a
A Y 7 9 1 6 0 0 G u a n g X i . C h i n a K o r e a A 4 A Y 5 9 8 1 3 3 S o u t h e r n . C h i n a K o r e a A 2 K o r e a A 3 K o r e a A 1 A Y 5 9 8 1 3 2 S o u t h e r n . C h i n a K o r e a B 1 A Y 5 9 8 1 3 9 S o u t h e r n . C h i n a
K o r e a A 5 A Y 7 9 1 5 6 3 I n d o n e s i a A Y 7 9 1 5 8 1 V i e t n a m
A Y 7 9 1 5 6 2 I n d o n e s i a A Y 7 9 1 6 9 0 P a p u a N e w G u i n e a / S o l o m o n I s l a n d I n d o n e s i a I M C J A Y 5 9 8 1 0 0 I n d o n e s i a A Y 5 9 8 0 9 9 I n d o n e s i a A Y 5 9 8 1 0 1 I n d o n e s i a A Y 5 9 8 1 0 8 I n d o n e s i a
A Y 7 9 1 5 7 2 I n d o n e s i a A Y 5 9 8 0 9 8 I n d o n e s i a A Y 7 9 1 5 7 3 E a s t T i m o r A Y 7 9 1 5 6 7 I n d o n e s i a
A Y 7 9 1 5 8 5 Y u n n a n . C h i n a A Y 7 9 1 5 8 6 Y u n n a n . C h i n a A Y 7 9 1 5 8 9 G u a n g X i . C h i n a A Y 7 9 1 5 9 3 G u a n g X i . C h i n a
A Y 7 9 1 5 9 0 G u a n g X i . C h i n a K o r e a B 5 A Y 5 9 8 1 2 8 S o u t h e r n . C h i n a A Y 7 9 1 5 8 8 G u a n g X i . C h i n a K o r e a B 4 A Y 7 9 1 5 9 5 G u a n g X i . C h i n a K o r e a B 2 K o r e a B 3
A Y 7 9 1 5 5 4 N o r t h K o r e a A m a m o t o
A Y 7 9 1 5 9 2 G u a n g X i . C h i n a K o r e a I C
0.0001
Neighbor-Joining Tree Neighbor-Joining Tree Papua New Guinea Western Pacific
Central & South America
South AsiaMiddle EastAfrica
Southeast Asia (Indochina peninsula)
Southern China Group A
Indonesia
• Kimura 2-parameter model • P. vivax mtDNA sequences• 145 isolates
(124 isolates: GenBank,21 isolates: Present Study)
63
The numbers for interior branch represent the bootstrap values (%) of 500 replications (> 50)
68
50
54
51
85
Southern China Group B
MEGA ver. 3.1JITMM 2009, Bangkok, 3-4, Dec, 2009
South Korea South Korea Group A
South Korea Group BSouth Korea South Korea
Haplotype Network TreeHaplotype Network Tree
P. vivax mtDNA haplotype network tree (Median-joining method) 303 isolates (282 isolates: GenBank, 21 isolates: Present Study) JITMM 2009, Bangkok, 3-4, Dec, 2009
Network ver. 4.5.1.0
Papua New GuineaPapua New GuineaSouth Asia, Middle EastSouth Asia, Middle East
Southern ChinaSouthern China
AfricaAfricaSouth and Central AmericaSouth and Central America
Southeast Asia (Indochina)Southeast Asia (Indochina)
South Korea, North KoreaSouth Korea, North Korea
IndonesiaIndonesia
North KoreaNorth Korea
South Korea BSouth Korea BSouthern China BSouthern China B
Southern Southern China BChina B
Southern Southern China BChina B
Southern Southern China BChina B
Group B complex
South South Korea AKorea A
Southern Southern China AChina A
South South Korea AKorea A
Group A complex
ResultsResults• In South Korea, there were two groups (i.e. SK group
A and B) in the Pv population.
• In Southern China, there were also two groups (i.e. SC group A and B).
• The North Korean isolate was included in the group B complex.
• The direct origin of the Pv population in South Korea is thought to be from North Korea via the DMZ, but the true origin of Pv populations in Korean peninsular is now suggested to be from Southern part of China. The Chinese Pv populations have two different origins.
JITMM 2009, Bangkok, 3-4, Dec, 2009
ConclusionConclusion
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
• S. Looareesuwan: Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
• Disease Control and Prevention Center, International MedicalCenter of Japan
• This study was supported by
Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Research on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases from the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan (H18-SHINKOU-IPPAN-009)
A Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (19406013) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
JITMM 2009, Bangkok, 3-4, Dec, 2009