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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSICAL PLANNING
SURVEYING AND MAPPING AUTHORITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES FOR SLOVENIA
Ljubljana, December 31,1995
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Published and edited bySurveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of SloveniaKristanova ulica 1, Ljubljana, Slovenia
DirectorAleš Seliškar
Project HeadEma Pogorelčnik
AuthorDalibor Radovan M. Sc., Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Jamova 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Co-author and lectorViktor Majdič Ph. D., Faculty of Education, Kardeljeva ploščad 16, Ljubljana, Slovenia
PrinterInstitute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Jamova 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
TranslationWayne J.D. Tuttle
Edition: 200 copies
© Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia
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INTRODUCTION
In accordance with Resolution IV/4 of the United Nations on the standardization of geographical names, every country is supposed to produce toponymic guidelines. The following Toponymic Guidelines for Slovenia is intended for Slovene and foreign editors of maps and other works whose content refers to toponyms. The guidelines are in accordance with resolutions adopted at conferences on the standardization of geographical names of the United Nations, of which Slovenia has been a full member since 1992. In their form and contents they are similar to the toponymic guidelines of other countries. Together with the Glossary of Toponymic Terminology they form the basis for the work of Slovenia's Commission for the Standardization of Geographical Names.
The Commission for the Standardization of Geographical Names was first appointed in 1986 and again in 1990. Due to staff changes and the reorganization of the government bodies that participated in the Commission, it became inactive after 1991. The Government of the Republic of Slovenia reappointed the Commission in September 1995.
The primary task of the Commission is to direct and harmonize the work and to resolve problems in the field of standardization of geographical names in the Republic of Slovenia. The purpose of the standardization of geographical names is to define their written forms and make uniform the use of geographical names, both domestic and foreign.
Aleš Seliškar, DirectorSurveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
1. Population2. Official Languages3. The Slovene Alphabet4. Slovene Dialects5. Rules for Writing Geographical Names6. Names Authorities and the Standardization of Geographical Names7. Toponymic Sources
7.1. Maps7.2. Toponymic Gazetters
8. Glossary of Generic Terms and Designations on Maps9. Abbreviations on Maps
9.1. Abbreviations of Slovene Words9.2. Abbreviations of Italian Words with Slovene Translation9.3. Abbreviations of German Words with Slovene Translation9.4. Abbreviations of Hungarian Words with Slovene Translation9.5. Abbreviations of Croatian Words with Slovene Translation
10. Administrative Division of Slovenia by Municipalities
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1. Population
In Slovenia, the majority population is Slovene while autochthonous Italian and Hungarian ethnic minorities live in some municipalities. According to the 1991 population census, 1,965,986 people live in Slovenia, 87.84 % are Slovene, 0.16 % are Italian, and 0.43 % are Hungarian; the remaining 11.57 % are of Croatian, Serbian, Muslim, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Albanian, or other ethnic origin (Statistical Annual 1995, Volume XXXIV, Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, 1995).
2. Official Languages
The official language of the Republic of Slovenia is Slovene. In the territory of municipalities where Italian or Hungarian minorities live, Italian and Hungarian are also official languages (Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 33/1991). A small portion of the population who mostly immigrated in the last ten years use Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Albanian, or some other language as their mother tongue; however, these languages do not have the status of official or minority languages because they are not autochthonous in the territory of Slovenia. Slovene is understood or actively mastered by the great majority of the non-Slovene population.
Slovene is a Slavic language of Indo-European origin. Some two million Slovenes use it as the language of communication in Slovenia and around the world, and it ranks among the smallest of the Slavic languages. There are Slovene minorities in Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the surroundings of Gorizia and Udine, and the Trieste area), in Austria (Carinthia, Styria), and in Hungary (Szlovénviék, Porabje) where they are autochthonous and use Slovene geographical names for objects in their territories. In spite of various legislation regulations regarding the protection of the Slovene minorities in these territories, Slovene geographical names largely do not appear in official documents of these countries or on their maps.
Italian is a Romance language of Indo-European origin and together with Slovene is an official language in parts of the littoral Slovene municipalities of Koper/Capodistria, Izola/Isola, and Piran/Pirano. They use the Latin alphabet.
Hungarian is a Finno-Ugric language originating in the Urals and together with Slovene is an official language in parts of the Prekmurje municipalities of Hodoš-Šalovci/Hodos-Šalovci, Moravske Toplice, and Lendava/Lendva that stretch in a five to eight kilometer wide belt along the border with Hungary and include thirty-six settlements. Like the Italians, they use their own Latin alphabet.
Both minority languages are therefore of only local importance. The use of geographical names in bilingual territories is regulated by the Decree
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on Geographical Names in Plans and Maps in Ethnically-Mixed Territories (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 11/1980). The borders of the ethnically-mixed territories are determined by the statutes of the corresponding municipalities. As determined by the Decree, on all plans and maps of these areas, the Slovene name must be put first and the Italian or Hungarian name second. The font and height of the letters must be the same for both languages. These guidelines apply to the names of settlements, hamlets, streets, names of pieces of land, names of landscapes, running and standing waters, mountain peaks, and mountain ranges.
For further information see Toponimska navodila za Italijo in Madžarsko (Toponymic Guidelines for Italy and Hungary). Geographical names in other languages that do not have their origin in Slovenia do not appear in documents and maps.
3. The Slovene Alphabet
The Slovene alphabet has twenty-five small and capital letters and belongs to the Latin system. The order of the letters simultaneously represents alphabetical order, according to which we arrange words and therefore geographical names. Of the cardinal letters in the Latin script, the Slovene alphabet does not have the consonant letters Q, X, Y, and W, but it contains letters Č, Š, and Ž. Letters from other Latin scripts that the Slovene alphabet does not have appear in writing of foreign and minority geographical names. With the exception of the diacritical marks on Č, Š, and Ž, other diacritical marks in the writing of Slovene geographical names are not used in toponymic and cartographical practice.
With the twenty-five letters of the Slovene alphabet we write twenty-nine phonemes; many phonemes are written with e (the phonemes /e/, / /, and / /) and o (the phonemes /o/ and / /). The phoneme / / is written with the digraph dž. In the table below, the Slovene alphabet is explained with five columns including the successive numbers of the letters, capital and small letters, the phones of the letters in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and examples of generic terms and geographical names. Examples of vowels are given in both stressed and unstressed forms with corresponding diacritical marks which in practice are not written.
No.
Letter Phone Generic term Geographical name
1. A a , a: čas, nalóga; vás Solkan, Réka; Láško2. B b b bilka Brezje3. C c ts cunja Cerovec4. Č č t čaplja Češnjevek5. D d d deblo Davča6. E e e:, , :, césta; čep; peta;
stebčrCésta; Borje, Jeseníce; Celje; Pekel, Gráben
7. F f f frača Frankolovo
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8. G g g goba Gradišče9. H h h hrana Horjul
10.
I i i, i: nit, nikóli; lípa Tržič, Pirán; Lípa
11.
J j j jelka Javorje
12.
K k k koza Kranj
13.
L l l lipa Lipica
14.
M m m maslo Medvode
15.
N n n nebo Naklo
16.
O o o:, , : nóša; koš, obad; sôba
Lóg; Lom, Náklo; Bôhinj
17.
P p p polje Petrovče
18.
R r r riba Rakovnik
19.
S s s slama Sevnica
20.
Š š šola Šmartno
21.
T t t trava Trebnje
22.
U u u, u: kruh, uhó; kúhati Buč, Lukávci; Rúdnik
23.
V v v vaza Vipava
24.
Z z z zemlja Zagorje
25.
Ž ž žemlja Železniki
4. Slovene Dialects
Of all the Slavic languages, Slovene is the most divided according to dialects. According to the most recognized classification, it has more than forty dialects and distinctive speeches (Fran Ramovš, Dialekti, Ljubljana, 1935). These are divided into seven dialect groups that are distinguished primarily according to their phonetic differences and general hearing impression. These groups are Gorenjska, Štajerska, Primorska, Dolenjska with Bela krajina and Kolpa region subdialects, Pannonian, Carinthian, and Rovte. The Kočevje region where a majority German-speaking population lived until World War II is today a mixed dialect area because of postwar immigration of populations from various parts of Slovenia. Individual dialects and dialect groups differ in vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and phonetics mainly according to long stressed vowels.
5. Rules for Writing Geographical Names
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The explanation of the writing of Slovene geographical names that follows between the two markers (§) has been extracted from Slovene Orthography 1, Rules (Editorial board: Jože Toporišič et al.), third revised edition, Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana 1994, pages 21-22. The rules were adopted at an assembly of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts on May 18, 1989.
§
In Slovene orthography, geographical names are divided into settlement and non-settlement names: settlement names include the names of towns, villages, boroughs, and hamlets (Trst, Kranjska Gora, Pliberk, Lome); non-settlement names are all the other names (Podrta gora, Slovenija, Jadransko morje). For names of parts of settlements (Pobrežje, Zelena jama), the same rules apply as for non-settlement names.
Geographical names contain one or more words: Ljubljana, Gorica, Novo mesto, Šmarje pri Jelšah, Severna Amerika, Spodnja Šiška. They are mostly one-part names (Dramlje, Vavta vas, Šmarje pri Jelšah), some are two-part names (Ljubljana Bežigrad). Double names such as Šmarje-Sap, Gorenja vas-Reteče, Pri Cerkvi-Struge are very rare as are those beginning with prepositions such as Pod Vasco. Among multi-word names, those starting with a preposition or prepositional names are specially treated.
1. All the elements of settlement names begin with capital letters, the exceptions being non-first prepositions and the nouns mesto, trg, vas (vesca), selo (sela, selce), and naselje (unless they begin a name):
– Škofja Loka, Gornji Grad, Velika Nedelja, Bohinjska Bela, Blejska Dobrava, Rogaška Slatina, Dolenjske Toplice, Kanalski Lom, Kranjska Gora, Bloška Polica, Gornja Straža, Sladki Vrh, Železna Kapla, Gornji Senik, Drenov Grič, Mirna Peč, Kočevski Rog (hamlet), Velika Dolina, Zidani Most, Špeter Slovenov, Dolenje Mokro Polje, Zgornji Jakobski Dol;
– Črni Vrh nad Idrijo, Most na Soči, Šmarje pri Jelšah, Pri Žagi, Za Vrhom pri Črnivcu, Vrh pri Sveti Trojici, Otočec pri Novem mestu;
– Dolenja vas, Stara vas, Spodnja vesca, Novo mesto, Stari trg, Opatje selo, Uršna sela, Dolenje selce, Ribiško naselje;
– Pri Treh Hišah; in dialect Ta na Bili.
In place of a distinguishing prepositional addition, occasionally for technical reasons a nominative addition in parenthesis is used: Črni Vrh nad Idrijo = Črni Vrh (Idrija).
Non-settlement descriptions after settlement names preserve their normal written form: Gradišče v Slovenskih goricah, Zavrh pod Šmarno goro, Tolsti Vrh pri Ravnah na Koroškem.
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When names of settlements from other languages contain the words vas, mesto, trg, or selo, they are written in small letters when Slovenized or translated: Carsko selo, Devinska Nova vas, Dunajsko Novo mesto; however, if they are not Slovenized, they keep their foreign written form regarding capitalization: Devinská Nová Ves.
Distinguishing additions to settlement names (such as compass directions, etc.) are written with small letters, for example, Ljubljana zahod, Celje okolica. The addition DEL is written with a hyphen: Rdeči Breg - DEL.
Settlement names such as Ivan Dol, Jazbin Vrh, and Jerman Vrh, are sometimes treated as composite words and are therefore written together, for example, Josipdol -a, Jordankal -a, Knezdol -a.
2. In non-settlement names the first element is always written with a capital and non-first elements with small letters if they are not themselves proper names: Zelena jama, Ulica stare pravde, Vodovodna cesta, Kongresni trg, Pod hrasti, Za vodo, Zmajski most, Ljudski vrt, Gospodarsko razstavišče; Zveza neodvisnih držav, Slovensko primorje, Bela krajina, Bližnji vzhod; Bršljinski potok, Težka voda, Panamski prekop, Niagarski slapovi, Ohridsko jezero, Severno morje, Tihi ocean, Rokavski preliv, Gibraltarska vrata; Velika gora, Kamniško sedlo, Babji zob, Kočevski rog (mountain and region), Ljubljanski grad (elevation), Arihova peč; Ptujsko polje, Dolge njive, Panonska nižina; Trnovski gozd, Krakovski gozd; Viktorijina puščava; Škocjanske jame, Potočka zijalka, Malo brezno; Goriška brda; however Julijske Alpe, Zadnja Trenta, Cesta v Mestni log, Velika Karlovica, Severna Amerika, Severna Irska, Nova Kaledonija, Zahodna Dvina, Nova Mehika, Bosna in Hercegovina.
Special casesPrepositional names have various forms in some syntax situations:a) most often the entire prepositional name, but with the identifying noun
in front: To je vas Pri Treh Hišah (This is the village of Pri Treh Hišah); Prihajam iz zaselka Pri Fari (I come from the hamlet of Pri Fari); Stanujemo v ulici Pod Zidom (We live on Pod Zidom street); Preselil se je v ulico Za Vodo (He moved to Za Vodo street);
b) just the object of the preposition: Prihajam od Fare (I come from Pri Fari); Grem k Trem Hišam (I am going to Pri Treh Hišah);
c) the preposition and its object as one word: Prihajam iz Podzida / iz Zavode (I come from Pod Zidom / Za Vodo).
§
To these rules, we can add the following general instructions and explanations with examples.
Slovene geographical names are phonetically, orthographically, and morphologically adjusted to the standards of the literary language, and
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therefore in official use we have Begunje, not Begne; Tolmin, not Tmin; Bovec, not Bec; Tolsti vrh, not Tovst vrh; Brdo, not Bardo; Orehova vas, not Orejhova ves; Kolpa, not Kupa (the latter forms are used locally). In specific cases when a geographical name was established in the mind of the general population before the standardizing of the Slovene literary language in the second half of the last century, the dialect form of the geographical name can be found in official use, for example, Vučja Gomila instead of Volčja Gomila, Kuk instead of Kolk, Ovsiše instead of Ovsišče, Črešnjice instead of Češnjice, Stanečka vas instead of Staneška vas, etc. In some geographical names the reason for discrepancies with the literary language was ignorance of orthographic or grammatical rules, for example, Drakšl, Hajndl, Zakl instead of Drakšel, Hajndel, Zakel; Paunoviči instead of Pavnoviči; Daljne Njive instead of Daljnje Njive; Brezovi Dol instead of Brezov Dol, while inflections of the type iz Križevec, iz Puconec, v Belavšeku, na Flekušeku are treated as dialect alongside the literary iz Križevcev, iz Puconcev, v Belavšku, na Flekušku.
In some cases the dialect or regional character of a name is preserved in the accent, for example Dólina, Dóbrava, Prístava (in the literary language dolína, dobráva, pristáva). Like other words in the Slovene language, geographical names can be accented in different places: at the beginning (Célje, Máribor, Rádgona), in the middle (Črnómelj, Ljubljána, Jeseníce), or on the final syllable (Cerkljé, Lescé, Svetó – these are least frequent). Therefore the location of the accent for the majority of the geographical proper names is not foreseen in advance, and there are a considerable number of names with two possible accents: Pódčetrtek and Podčetàtek, Ógljenšak and Ogljenšák, Pomján and Pómjan, Sólkan and Solkán, etc. The correct accent variation (possibly two) is considered the one used locally if it is not contrary to the accent norms of the literary language.
Geographical names with unknown or insufficiently known etymological origin remained unchanged (in the literary language sense) in official use, for example Mevkuž (from the personal name Miklavž), Šmarca (from Šent Mavricij), the mountain Na šeh (from na sušeh), Šoštanj (from the German Schönstein), Činžat (from senožet), Voje (from loge), Voklo (from lokev), etc.
The origin of Slovene geographical names is very diverse: In addition to names of Slovene origin (Gradišče, Podgora, Vransko, Bistrica, Triglav), there are numerous names of German origin (Rošpoh, Frajhajm, Boštanj), Roman origin (Solkan, Medana, Izola, Soča, Istra), Hungarian origin (Apače, Kaniža), and Celtic or even older origin (Celje, Kranj, Tamar, Sava, Karavanke). More than half of Slovene geographical names originate from personal names (Artmanja vas, Braslovče, Mengeš, Šmohor), although with non-settlement geographical names their share is considerably smaller.
Double names are written with a hyphen. As a rule, both parts are inflected (Hrastje-Mota, iz Hrastja-Mote, v Hrastju-Moti) though in some
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case only part (Pince-Marof, iz Pince-Marofa, v Pince-Marofu) or only one part is used in the non-nominative case (Zadlaz-Čadrg, iz Zadlaza, v Zadlazu) or both parts are inflected but not at the same time (Šmarje-Sap, iz Šmarja, v Šmarju or iz Sapa, v Sapu) (the examples cited are taken from chapter 7.2 of the lexicon Slovenska krajevna imena).
Non-Slovene geographical proper names as a rule are written in un-Slovenized form if the names are from areas where the Latin alphabet is used; otherwise, we both Slovenize them and pronounce them always using only Slovene phonemes. Geographical names from Latin alphabet areas are also Slovenized if they are names of:
a) continents: Evropa, Azija, Antarktika;b) oceans and other large bodies of water: Atlantik, Pacifik, Baltik;c) countries: Avstrija, Švedska, Španija; frequently federal states: Teksas,
Kalifornija, Pensilvanija, but Liechtenstein, Ohio, Georgia, Iowa;d) larger islands, archipelagos, and peninsulas: Grenland, Korzika, Havaji,
Jukatan;e) most capitals: Bukarešta, Praga, Varšava, Pariz, but Bonn, Washington,
New York;f) some larger, frequently mentioned cities: Ženeva, Lozana, Krakov,
Jeruzalem;g) larger regions, mountain ranges, rivers, lakes: Lombardija, Šampanja,
Provansa, Škotska, Mazovše, Kordiljere, Karnijske Alpe, Adiža, Sena, Temza, Gardsko jezero.
Multi-word names composed totally or partly from common noun components are as a rule translated: Južna Amerika, Severno Ledeno morje, Ognjena zemlja, Združene države Amerike, Bližnji vzhod, Skalno gorovje, Dunajsko Novo mesto, Elizejske poljane, Peta avenija, Rdeči trg, Bela hiša, Brandenburška vrata, etc.
It is incorrect to write geographical names from non-Latin areas unphonetically, for example, Karachi instead of Karači, Baghdad instead of Bagdad, Djakarta instead of Džakarta, Seoul instead of Seul, etc. Only Chinese names may be written according to the pinjin version (Peking and Beijing, Šanghaj and Shanghai).
Slovene variations of some exonyms are written phonetically, for example, Rim, Neapelj, Firence, Benetke, Dunaj, Pulj, Reka, Solun, Carigrad, as are the names (at least in the past) in Slovene ethnic areas outside the border of the Republic of Slovenia: Celovec, Beljak, Gradec, Gorica, Čedad, Tržič, Trbiž, Gornji Senik, Monošter. The corresponding foreign names are used along with the Slovene names usually only for identification, mostly in international or interlanguage communications: Dunaj (Wien), Rim (Roma), Tržič (Monfalcone), Monošter (Szentgotthard), etc.
In writing Slovene geographical proper names, only letters of the Slovene alphabet are used (or in bilingual areas Italian or Hungarian letters) and
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no graphemes for special dialect sounds: therefore Pušča and Kuzma and not Püšča or Küzma as they are pronounced locally. Letters from other Latin alphabets may only be used in naming streets and squares if they are a component part of the proper name for which the street or square is named: Clevelandska ulica, Zoisova cesta, Wolfova ulica, Trg Marxa in Engelsa, etc. (they are pronounced with Slovene sounds but respecting the English, Italian, or German phonetic value of the letters).
6. Names Authorities and the Standardization of Geographical Names
The names of basic spatial units are officially maintained by the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia and the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia in the computer-supported Register of Spatial Units in graphical and descriptive form. The procedure of naming, renaming, combining, and separating settlements and streets is dealt with by the Regulations on Defining of Settlements and Streets and the Designation of Settlements, Streets, and Buildings and Guidelines for Registering the Areas of Territorial Units and House Numbers, both published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 11/1980. Changes, abrogations, new names, and related legislation are also published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia (see Chapter 7).
The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia is also responsible for the technical management of the computer graphical-descriptive Register of Geographical Names (see Chapter 7).
Ministry of the Environment and Physical PlanningSurveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of SloveniaKristanova 11000 LjubljanaDirector: Aleš Seliškar, dipl. ing. geod.Contact person for the field of toponymy: Ema Pogorelčnik, dipl. ing. geod.
Statistical Office of the Republic of SloveniaVožarski pot 121000 LjubljanaDirector: Tomaž Banovec, dipl. ing. geod.
Responsibility for deciding the remainder of geographical names has not yet been precisely defined. The interdisciplinary toponymic organ re-established in 1995 by the Government of the Republic of Slovenia is engaged in the standardization of geographical names in Slovenia.
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Name of the organ: Commission for the Standardization of Geographical NamesPresident of the Commission: Ph. D. Milan Orožen Adamič, prof. geogr., prof. biol.Scientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and ArtsGeographical InstituteGosposka 131000 Ljubljana
7. Toponymic Sources
7.1. Maps
The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia manages, collects, maintains, updates, stores, and publishes basic topographical maps, topographical and general maps, aerial photographs, and all other official and systematically arranged geodetic spatial data which are in principle public and available to all users.
According to some estimates, there are between 150,000 and 200,000 geographical names in the territory of Slovenia. Not all geographical names on plans and maps are official nor have they been coordinated among materials of various scales, but the majority have been professionally surveyed and verified. The exceptions are place names (settlements and basic spatial units) taken from the Register of Spatial Units; however, because of the time taken by the renewal of the maps, official names only appear on maps that have been updated in the last few years.
Below are the names of systematic maps in current use. In addition to those listed there are several older systematic maps that can only serve as historical sources. On such maps, geographical names and texts are sometimes given in Serbian, German, Italian, or Hungarian.
The mathematical basis for all topographical and general maps is a Gauss-Krüger projection on a Bessel ellipsoid. Slovenia is uniformly divided on sheets or in one single sheet completely covered by plans and maps and their scanograms with the following scales:
Basic topographical maps 1:5,000 / 1:10,000 (BTM 5 / BTM 10)
The system consists of 2,530 1:5,000 scale sheets and 258 1:10,000 scale sheets, the latter covering mountainous and forested areas. About 100 sheets are renewed annually. They contain over 80 % of all geographical names in the territory of Slovenia. In making the maps the majority of the names were coordinated with the Krajevni leksikon Slovenije and verified
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at the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts, although this does not mean they have official status.
National topographical map 1:25,000 (NTM 25)
The system consists of 201 sheets containing data from the years 1985 and 1986. The new NTM 25 has been in the process of development since 1994 and will probably be finished by 1997. Geographical names outside the border of Slovenia on the old border sheets are written phonetically in Serbian. Some abbreviations and common names are also written in Serbian on the old sheets. The names of settlements on the new NTM 25 will be written in their official form according to data from the Register of Spatial Units. Geographical names on new border sheets are being verified by the Scientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts. According to estimates, there are around 60,000 geographical names on the NTM 25.
Topographical map 1:50,000 (TM 50)
The system consists of 35 sheets. The map has not been regularly renewed and at present is about ten years old. The Atlas of Slovenia is based on the renewed TM 50 in the same scale and contains 223 sheets of A4 format. It also contains an index of names. The atlas was made by Geodetski zavod of the Republic of Slovenia.
General maps 1:250,000 (GM 250), 1:400,000 (GM 400), 1:750,000 (GM 750), and 1,000,000 (GM 1000)
Each of these maps shows Slovenia and the areas of the neighbouring countries in one sheet. All the general maps were last renewed in 1995. Geographical names were verified by the Scientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts. Place names are written officially according to data in the Register of Spatial Units. Due to cartographic generalization some smaller settlements were omitted depending on the scale of the map. On GM 250 there are about 8,000 geographical names.
Land cadastre plans
Relative to the large number of geographical names, land cadastre plans are also important cartographic sources since with various coordinate systems and scales they cover all of Slovenia. There are around 30,000 land cadastre plans. In addition to place names and hydronyms they also contain microtoponyms, largely names of pieces of land that are not found to such an extent in BTM 5 and BTM 10. Almost 90 % of the plans were made by graphical means in scales of 1:2,880 (the majority),
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1:1,440, 1:720 and 1:5,760; consequently, the coordinates of parcel borders are unclear. Newer plans of coordinate measurement are done in Gauss-Krüger projection in scales of 1:1,000, 1:2,000, and 1:2.500. For historical reasons the geographical names and texts on the maps are written not only in Slovene but also in German, Italian, or Hungarian. They have been corrected into Slovene but are not official. Because some plans were last renewed over one hundred years ago, they are unreliable as modern source in spite of their wealth of names.
7.2. Toponymiyc Gazetters
In Slovenia there are many various gazetters in digital and analogue (written) form. The following are considered the most complete and most important.
Register of Geographical Names (RGN)
The Register of Geographical Names is a graphical-descriptive database of geographical names for which the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia is responsible. It contains names inside the border of Slovenia (endonyms) and those foreign geographical names which appear on the new NTM 25 border sheets. Its sources are mostly the basic topographical maps BTM 5 and BTM 10 and the national topographical map NTM 25. The system is also open for the entering of names from cartographic sources of other scales. In parallel with the updating of the contents of BTM 5 and BTM 10, names are taken annually from around one hundred sheets. Names from the NTM 25 are taken randomly as needed. By the beginning of 1996, about 10 % of the BTM 5 and BTM 10 sheets and 13 % of the NTM 25 sheets had been covered. The names do not have official status, except for settlements whose names have been compared and coordinated by computer with the data in the Register of Spatial Units.
The Register of Geographical Names is composed of two linked databases: the first is written and contains names in their complete orthographically and grammatically correct form, while the second is graphical and contains names in the form written on the maps. In the graphical database, the position of each name on the map is marked with a polygon in the Gauss-Krüger coordinate system. Both databases list numerous attributes for each individual name so that inquiries regarding location and meaning are possible with the software that is part of the RGN. This was elaborated using DOS and UNIX operating systems in conjunction with the Oracle database and the Arc/Info geographical information system. The software uses fonts of various types for this purpose in the Slovene, English, Hungarian, Italian, Croatian, and German alphabets.
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In the wider sense, the Register of Geographical Names is a component part of the digital topographical database and is currently used for computerized plotting of reproduction originals for the geographical names layer the BTM 5. The gradual standardization of the more important geographical names in the RGN is planned according to the principles of United Nations resolutions.
Register of Spatial Units (RSU)
The Register of Spatial Units is a digital, graphical-descriptive database of the basic spatial units of Slovenia and is the responsibility of the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia and the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. It is the only source with officially certified geographical names. The data is continually supplemented in accordance with the law.
According to the data in the RSU, Slovenia measures approximately 20,237 km2. Homogeneously and entirely it is covered by the following hierarchy of units: the state, administrative units, cadastral districts, municipalities, settlements, statistical districts, and spatial districts. In addition to these, obligatory units for the RSU are house numbers belonging to the centroids of buildings. In future, the inclusion of the axes of streets is planned. To all the units, except house numbers and spatial and statistical districts, the officially certified name is assigned. Multi-word names of settlements are capitalized in accordance with Slovene orthography and are verified by the Committee for the Dictionary Section of Slovene Orthography at the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts. Bilingual names of municipalities and settlements are written in accordance with statements in the statutes of municipalities where members of the Italian and Hungarian minorities live. They are stated on the principle of equal use as prescribed by the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia. In addition to names, the RSU contains digital graphical presentation of borders and centroids of spatial units with the accuracy of the BTM 5 and their ciphers and identifiers.
The Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia occasionally publishes printed surveys of changes and the official situation of municipalities with their corresponding settlements on the basis of the RSU. The last such brochure is entitled Settlements According to Municipalities of the Republic of Slovenia, Methodological Material, No. 6, Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana 1995.
Lexicon of Place Names of Slovenia ( Krajevni leksikon Slovenije )
The Lexicon of Place Names of Slovenia has been published in two versions. The first is in four volumes and contains the majority of geographical names on the territory of Slovenia with exhaustive descriptions of landscapes, places, and people. Although somewhat
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outdated, for the time being it is still the most extensive publication of its kind in Slovenia.
Authors: Roman Savnik in cooperation with France Planina (all volumes) and Živko Šifrer (Volumes I and II)Title: Lexicon of Place Names of SloveniaSubtitle: A collection of official, topographical, geographical, historical, cultural, economic, and tourist data on all the places of SloveniaTitles of individual volumes:Volume I: Western Part of Slovenia, 1968Volume II: Core of Central Slovenia and its Southeastern Part, 1971Volume III: The World between the Savinjske Alps and the Sotla River, 1976Volume IV: Podravje and Pomurje, 1980Publisher: Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana
The second version is newer but less extensive, in only one volume and with substantially fewer names. In content it is similar to the first version; numerous colour photographs of places, survey maps, and statistical tables have been added. As with the first version, the majority of the data was collected by geography teachers in the field and can be considered reliable.
Milan Orožen Adamič, Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik: Krajevni leksikon Slovenije, Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, 1995.
Slovene Place Names ( Slovenska krajevna imena )
This book contains around 6,000 Slovene place names stated in nominative, genitive, and locative with prepositions, the adjectives formed from them, and the names for male inhabitants and occasionally for female inhabitants – all accented and with pronunciations where necessary. The sources of data were local people and the Lexicon of Place Names of Slovenia (first version). Capitalization of names was done in accordance with the new orthography, official regulations, and data from the RSU if necessary.
Franc Jakopin, Tomo Korošec, Tine Logar, Jakob Rigler, Roman Savnik, Stane Suhadolnik: Slovenska krajevna imena, zbirka Leksikoni Cankarjeve založbe, Cankarjeva založba, Ljubljana 1985.
Atlas of Slovenia ( Atlas Slovenije ) The core of the Atlas of Slovenia is 223 1:50,000 scale topographical maps of A4 format. They cover the entire territory of Slovenia together with the border areas of neighbouring states and thus include almost the entire area settled by the autochthonous Slovene population. Added to the Atlas are thirteen city plans, an general map of Slovenia, descriptions of regions, statistical data, and an index of place names and the names of
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streets in the city plans. The place name index includes the name, type of object, position on the map (page number and cell), and includes places outside Slovenia.
Atlas Slovenije, Založba Mladinska knjiga and Geodetski zavod Slovenije, 2nd edition, Ljubljana 1992.
A Dictionary of Reversed Geographical Names from the Atlas of Slovenia ( Odzadnji slovar zemljepisnih imen po Atlasu Slovenije )
This dictionary contains all the data from the place name index in the Atlas of Slovenia with geographical names arranged alphabetically beginning with the final and not the initial letters of names. It thus conveniently groups place names ending with the same letters.
Metka Furlan: Odzadnji slovar zemljepisnih imen po Atlasu Slovenije, Znanstvenoraziskovalni center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, Etimološko-onomastična sekcija, Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, 1993
8. Glossary of Generic Terms and Designations on Maps
Slovene has three grammatical numbers (singular, dual, plural), three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and six cases. In the list below, Slovene adjectives are written as they most frequently appear on maps: for masculine nominative singular form with the inflection -i, for feminine and neuter nominative singular with the inflection -a or -o respectively, and after the consonants c, č, ž, š, and j in neuter nominative with the suffix -e instead of -o, for example, gorenje and rdeče.
Slovene term English translationalpski alpineambulanta dispensary, clinicamfiteater amphitheatreantena antennaavenija avenueavstrijski Austrianavtobusno postajališče
bus stop
avtocesta expressway, motorwaybanka bankbarje moor, swamp, bogbeli whitebencinska črpalka filling station, petrol stationbivak bivouacboja buoy
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bolnica hospitalbolnišnica hospitalbrdo hill, hillockbreg bank, shore, slope, hillbrezno abyss, chasmbrežina embankmentbrod ford, ferrybrzica rapidbulvar boulevardcarina customscenter centercentralni centralcerkev churchcesta street, road, waycevovod pipelinecisterna cisternčer reef, cragčrni blackdelta deltadeponija dump, tipdesni rightdežela country, land, provincedimnik chimneydok dockdol down(ward), small valleydolenji lowerdolgi longdolina valleydolnji lowerdom home, center, residencedrevo treedržava state, countrydržavna meja national boundaryekvidistanca contour intervalelektrarna power station, power plantestuarij estuaryfontana fountaingasilski dom fire stationgladek smoothglava headglavna cesta main road, highwayglavni principal, maingledališče theatreglobina depthgloboki deepgoli treeless, baregondolska žičnica cableway, gondola
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gora mountaingorenji upper, highergornji upper, highergorovje mountain range, mountainsgorska veriga mountain chain, rangegorski hrbet ridgegorstvo mountain groupgostilna inngozd wood, forestgozdarska koča forester's hut, refuge, lodgegozdna koča forest hut, refuge, lodgegrad castle, manorgrapa ravinegreben ridge, crestgrič hill, hillockgričevje hillsgrmovje bush, scrubgrob grave, tombgrobišče cemetery, graveyardhangar hangarhidroelektrarna hydroelectric power planthiša househladni cold, coolhotel hotelhrib hillhribovje hilly areahrvaški Croatianigla needleindustrija industryinštitut instituteitalijanski Italianiz of, fromizvir spring, sourcejadranski Adriaticjama cave, cavern, pitjedrska elektrarna nuclear power plantjez damjezero lakejug southjužni southernkamen stone, rockkamnolom quarrykamp campgroundkanal canalkanjon canyonkapela chapelkatedrala cathedral
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klif cliffkmetija farmknjižnica librarykoča hut, refuge, lodgekolovoz track, lanekopa rounded hillkotlina basinkrajina landscape, region, countrykraški karstickrater craterkratki shortkriž cross, crucifixkrižišče crossing, intersectionlaguna lagoonled iceledenik glacierledina piece of landletališče airportlevi leftlovska koča hunters' lodge, hutluka harbour, portluknja hole, pit, hollowmadžarski Hungarianmakija scrubmali small, littlemarkirana pot marked path or trailmeja border, boundary, frontiermejni prehod border crossingmerilo scalemestna četrt city quarter, districtmestni urbanmesto town, citymetro metromlaka poolmlin grain millmočvirje swamp, marsh, bogmokri wet, dampmorena morainemorje seamorski marinemorski greben reefmorski rokav inletmost bridgemotel motelmrzli coldmuzej museumna on, upon
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nabrežje embankment, quaynacionalni park national parknaftovod oil pipelinenaklon slope, gradientnamakalni kanal irrigation ditchnaravni rezervat nature reservenarod nationnarodni national (ethnic)naselje settlement, townnasip embankmentnizki lownižavje lowlandsnižina lowlandsnižji lowerNOB National Liberation Warnotranji innernovi newob byobala coast, shoreobčina municipalityoddajnik transmitterokno windowokraj districtokrogli roundosrednji central, mainostri sharpotočje archipelagootok islandožina strait, narrow, isthmuspark parkparkirišče parking lotpašnik grazing land, pasturepesek sandplanina mountain pasture area, alpplaninska koča mountain hutplaninski dom mountain lodgeplaninsko zavetišče mountain shelter, refugeplanota plateauplanšarija shepherd's hutplavalni bazen swimming poolplaža beachplinarna gas plantplitvi shallowplitvina shoal, shallowspod underpodjetje companypodmorski undersea, submarine
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področje region, areapodzemni undergroundpokopališče cemeterypokrajina landscapepolje fieldpolotok peninsulapostaja stationpošta post officepot path, trail, waypotok stream, creek, brookpredmestje suburbprednji frontpredor tunnelpregrada barrierprehod straitprekop canalprelaz passprepad abyss, precipicepri nearpristan quayprovinca provincerafinerija refineryravnina plain, flatlandrazpoka crevasserazvalina ruinrdeči redregija regionreka riverrestavracija restaurantrezervoar reservoirribnik fish pondribogojnica fish farm, hatcheryrog hornrt cape, point, promontoryrudnik mineruševina ruinruševje heathersadovnjak orchardsamostan monasterysedežnica chairliftsedlo saddle, passsever northseverni northernsilos silosinagoga synagoguesipina sand bank, duneskala rock, cliff
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skalnati zob jagslap waterfallslatina spaslovenski Slovenesmučarska skakalnica
ski jump
smučarska vlečnica ski liftsneg snowsoline salt workssoteska gorge, canyonspodnji lowerspomenik monumentsprednji frontsprehajališče alleysredišče centersrednji middlestadion stadiumstari old, ancientstena rock wall, cliffsteza footpath, trailstolp towerstrelišče shooting rangestrmi steepsuhi dry, thinsveti (Sv.) holy (Saint)svetilnik lighthouseširoki wide, broadškrbina narrow mountain passšola schoolšportno igrišče sports ground, athletic fieldtelefon telephonetelegraf telegraphterasa terraceterme thermal bathstermoelektrarna thermal power planttok stream, currenttopli warmtoplice spa, thermal bathstovarna factorytrajekt ferrytravnik meadowtrdnjava stronghold, forttrg square, boroughtrgovina shoptunel tunnelTV stolp TV towerulica street, alley, lane
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umetni artificialustje mouth, estuaryutrdba fortv invas villageveleposlaništvo embassyveliki large, greatv gradnji under constructionvišavje highlandsvišji highervinograd vineyardvisoki high, tallvnanji outervoda watervodni stolp water towervodnjak wellvotlina cavernv projektu under project, projectedvrata gate, doorv rekonstrukciji under reconstructionvrh peak, summit, topvroči hotvrt gardenvrtača doline, sinkhole, hollowvrtec kindergartenvzhod eastvzhodni easternvzpenjača cablewayzadnji back, rearzahod westzahodni westernzaliv bay, gulfzaselek hamletzdravilišče health spazeleni greenzgornji upper, higherzid wallzunanji outer, externalzvonik bell tower, campaniležaga saw millželeznica railwayželezniška postaja railway stationželezniška proga railway linežičnica cablewayživalski vrt zoo
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9. Abbreviations on Maps
Source: National Topographical Map 1:25,000 scale
9.1. Abbreviations of Slovene Words
Orographical names
br. brdo, bregdol. dolinagl. glavagr. grebenizv. izvirj. jamajez. jezerokam. kamenkan. kanalo. otokpl. planinapol. polotokp. potokpr. preval, prelazr. rekas. sedlost. stenaškr. škrbinaz. zaliv
Names and descriptions of built objects
b.č. bencinska črpalkabol. bolnišnicadep. deponija odpadkovg.k. gozdarska, gozdna kočag.g. gozdno gospodarstvoh.e. hidroelektrarnah. hotelind. industrija, industrijskij.e. jedrska elektrarnak.z. kmetijska zadrugak.k. kmetijski kombinatl.i.k. lesnoindustrijski kombinatl.k. lovska kočal. lukaml. mlinm. motelplan. planšarija, planinaplin. plinarnaraf. rafinerijasam. samostansil. silosš. šolat.e. termoelektrarnatov. tovarna
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ž. žagaž.p. železniška postaja
Adjectives
Čr., čr. črni -a -oDol., dol. dolnji -a -e, dolenji -a -eGor., gor. gornji -a -e, gorenji -a -ejuž. južni -a -o -eM., m. mali -a -o -eN., n. novi -a -o -esev. severni -a -o -eSp., sp. spodnji -a -eSr., sr. srednji -a -eSt., st. stari -a -o -eSv. sveti -a -o Št., št. šent-V., v. veliki -a -o -eVis., vis. visoki -a -o -evzh. vzhodni -a -o -ezah. zahodni -a -o -eZg., zg. zgornji -a -e
9.2. Abbreviations of Italian Words with Slovene Translation
Nouns
C. Cima vrhF. Fiume rekaI. Isola otokCap. Capo rtCl. Colle grič, bregCan. Canale kanal, prekopCor. Corno vrhL. Lago jezeroLag. Laguna lagunaMlg. Malga planina, planšarijaMt. Monte gora, hribP. Passo prelaz, prevalPt. Punta vrh, rtR. Rio, Rivo potokV. Valle, Vallone dolina, zaliv
Adjectives
di Sp. di Sopra (z)gornji -a -edi St. di Sotto spodnji -a -eG. Grande veliki -a -o -eInf. Inferiore spodnji -a -eMagg. Maggiore veliki -a -o -eMin. Minore mali -a -o -eMz. Mezzo srednji -a -eN. Novo, Nuovo novi -a -o -e
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Picc. Piccolo mali -a -o -eSup. Superiore (z)gornji -a -e
9.3. Abbreviations of German Words with Slovene Translation
Nouns
A. Alm planina, planšarijaB. Bach potokBg. Berg goraBgw. Bergwerk rudnikFd. Feld poljeFl. Fluss rekaGrb. Graben grapaH. Höhle jamaHt. Hütte kočaKg. Kogel vrhKn. Kanal kanal, prekopKp. Koppe kopa, vrhMl. Mühle mlinSp. Spitze vrhSt. Stein stena, skalaWd. Wald gozd
Adjectives
Gr. Gross veliki -a -o -eHtr. Hinter zadnji -a -eKl. Klein mali -a -o -eMit. Mittel srednji -a -eNd. Nieder spodnji -a -eOb. Ober (z)gornji -a -eSkt. Sankt sveti -a -oUnt. Unter spodnji -a -e
9.4. Abbreviations of Hungarian Words with Slovene Translation
Nouns
b. bérc vrhcs. csúcs vrhcstn. csatorna kanal, prekopd. domb grič, brege. erdõ gozdfl. folyó rekah. hegy hrib, gorahal. halom gričmz. mezõ polje, ledinap. patak potoktp. telep naseljevg. völgy dolina
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Adjectives
a. alsó spodnji -a -ebs. belsõ notranji -a -ef. felsõ (z)gornji -a -ek. kis mali -a -o -ekp. közép srednji -a -eks. külsõ zunanji -a -en. nagy veliki -a -o -esn. szent sveti -a -o
9.5. Abbreviations of Croatian Words with Slovene Translation
b.st. benzinska stanica bencinska črpalkaDK drvni kombinat lesnoindustrijski kombinathr. hrid čerPK poljoprivredni kombinat kmetijski kombinatplič. pličina plitvinašk. škola šolašp. špilja podzemska jamatv. tvornica tovarnau. uvala uvala (manjši zaliv)
10. Administrative Division of Slovenia by Municipalities
Toponymically the two most important information layers in the system of RSU units are the 147 municipalities and the 5,956 settlements (situation on 1. 1. 1995). The municipalities on average measure 138 km2
and are listed below (Settlements according to Municipalities of the Republic of Slovenia, Methodological Material, No. 6, Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana 1995).
No. Municipality1 Ajdovščina2 Beltinci3 Bled4 Bohinj5 Borovnica6 Bovec7 Brda8 Brezovica9 Brežice
10 Cankova-Tišina11 Celje12 Cerklje na Gorenjskem13 Cerknica14 Cerkno15 Črenšovci16 Črna na Koroškem17 Črnomelj
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18 Destrnik-Trnovska vas19 Divača20 Dobrepolje21 Dobrova-Horjul-Polhov Gradec22 Dol pri Ljubljani23 Domžale24 Dornava25 Dravograd26 Duplek27 Gorenja vas-Poljane28 Gorišnica29 Gornja Radgona30 Gornji Grad31 Gornji Petrovci32 Grosuplje33 Hodoš-Šalovci/Hodos-Šalovci34 Hrastnik35 Hrpelje-Kozina36 Idrija37 Ig38 Ilirska Bistrica39 Ivančna Gorica40 Izola/Isola41 Jesenice42 Juršinci43 Kamnik44 Kanal45 Kidričevo46 Kobarid47 Kobilje48 Kočevje49 Komen50 Koper/Capodistria51 Kozje52 Kranj53 Kranjska Gora54 Krško55 Kungota56 Kuzma57 Laško58 Lenart59 Lendava/Lendva60 Litija61 Ljubljana62 Ljubno63 Ljutomer64 Logatec65 Loška dolina66 Loški Potok67 Luče68 Lukovica69 Majšperk70 Maribor71 Medvode72 Mengeš73 Metlika
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74 Mežica75 Miren-Kostanjevica76 Mislinja77 Moravče78 Moravske Toplice79 Mozirje80 Murska Sobota81 Muta82 Naklo83 Nazarje84 Nova Gorica85 Novo mesto86 Odranci87 Ormož88 Osilnica89 Pesnica90 Piran/Pirano91 Pivka92 Podčetrtek93 Podvelka-Ribnica94 Postojna95 Preddvor96 Ptuj97 Puconci98 Rače-Fram99 Radeče
100 Radenci101 Radlje ob Dravi102 Radovljica103 Ravne-Prevalje104 Ribnica105 Rogaševci106 Rogaška Slatina107 Rogatec108 Ruše109 Semič110 Sevnica111 Sežana112 Slovenj Gradec113 Slovenska Bistrica114 Slovenske Konjice115 Starše116 Sveti Jurij117 Šenčur118 Šentilj119 Šentjernej120 Šentjur pri Celju121 Škocjan122 Škofja Loka123 Škofljica124 Šmarje pri Jelšah125 Šmartno ob Paki126 Šoštanj127 Štore128 Tolmin129 Trbovlje
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130 Trebnje131 Tržič132 Turnišče133 Velenje134 Velike Lašče135 Videm136 Vipava137 Vitanje138 Vodice139 Vojnik140 Vrhnika141 Vuzenica142 Zagorje ob Savi143 Zavrč144 Zreče145 Žalec146 Železniki147 Žiri
