REQUIREM

ENTS

ANALY

SIS

PR

ES

EN

TE

D B

Y I

I BA

ST

UD

Y G

RO

UP

: JU

LI E

,

AL

EX

I S,

NI C

OL

E

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS?

Requirements Analysis (Chapter 6)

• describes how business analysts prioritize and progressively elaborate

stakeholder and solution requirements in order to enable the project team

to implement a solution that will meet the needs of the sponsoring

organization and stakeholders.

• involves analyzing stakeholder needs to define solutions that meet those

needs, assessing the current state of the business to identify and

recommend improvements, and the verification and validation of the

resulting requirements.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AREASWhere does Requirements Analysis sit within the knowledge areas?

SCOPE

In-scope:

• What is Requirements Analysis

• Where does it fits in the framework

• Inputs, Tasks and Outputs:• 6.1 Prioritise Requirements• 6.2 Organise Requirements • 6.3 Specify and Model Requirements

• Methods – Voting, MoSCoW, Timeboxing – Budgeting

• Addams Family holiday requirements

• Quiz

REQ. ANALYSIS - INPUTS, TASKS AND OUTPUTS

TASKS (IN-SCOPE)

Stakeholders:

• Mr Addams

• Mortisca

• Cousin IT

• Wednesday

• Pugsly

THE ADDAMS FAMILY - REQUIREMENTS

Method:

• Hard to contact, used email and group conference calls.

Output:

• Summarized results presented – brief report

Stakeholders:

• Mr Addams

• Mortisca

• Cousin IT

• Wednesday

• Pugsly

Requirements:

• Wifi

• Minimal light

• Duration of holiday

THE ADDAMS FAMILY - REQUIREMENTS

VOTING

Voting methods:

• eMail voting

• Stickers or marking pen on posters, coloured paper or butchers paper

• Poker chips / group session

• Surveys

• Tally the totals, list highest to lowest

• Report back to stakeholders

 Poker chips image: http://www.danielmello.net/creativeworks/shorties/ 28/06/2013Paper image: http://www.eckersleys.com.au/products/craft/scrapbooking/scrapping-paper 28/6/2013

VOTING VIA EMAIL

Outlook image: http://www.technipages.com/outlook-2010-2007-send-a-vote-email.html 28/9/2013

Why/when to use it?

• To get agreement with multiple stakeholders, or reduce multiple options

• When peers need to make a decision • When hierarchy doesn’t dictate the top priorities• When locations are spread around• (optional) Consider weighted voting based on influence

VOTING VIA EMAIL

Outlook image: http://www.technipages.com/outlook-2010-2007-send-a-vote-email.html 28/9/2013

To set up eMail voting:

• From my Outlook …

• New message >

• Options tab >

• click Use Voting Buttons >

• click Custom …

VOTING VIA EMAIL

Outlook 2010 image: JRose 28/9/2013

eMail voting – Properties dialog

• Enter whatever options you need in the Use voting buttons free-text field

• with colons separating the options (;) no spaces

• Click Close

• Back at the untitled email, the Use Voting Buttons will now have the new options included – and selected.

VOTING - OUTPUTS

• In the eMail invitation, the Vote button includes the list of options for people to select between (in this case, Indian, Thai or chinese)

• Outlook enables easy tallying once votinghas started (see Tracking tab)

• Survey - reports

Image: http://www.techrepublic.com/article/techrepublic-tutorial-use-outlooks-built-in-voting-feature-to-create-custom-voting-buttons/1052321 28/06/2013

METHOD – MOSCOW ANALYSIS

What is MoSoW? Recommended method for setting priorities.

MoSCoW analysis divides requirements into four categories:

Must: a requirement that must satisfied in the final solution, if not delivered it could result in project failure.

Should: a high-priority item that should be included in the solution if it is possible. Often a critical requirement but one which can be satisfied in other ways if strictly necessary.

Could: a requirement which is considered desirable but not necessary. Included if time and resources permit. The first to go if the project timeline or budget comes under pressure.

Won’t/Wouldn’t: a requirement that stakeholders have agreed will not be implemented in a given release, but may be considered for the future.

Could and would requirements are 'nice to have' and do not affect the overall success of the project.

Benefits: Helps understand the most important requirements.

MOSCOW ANALYSIS – ADDAMS FAMILY EXAMPLEMust – The holiday duration must be for a total of 7 days, within $1Million

Or

Should – The holiday destination should be held in a cold destination.

- The Addams family should have individual activities they can participate in.

Could – The Addams family could visit some weird places.

or

Wish list, want or won’t – The Addams family won’t participate in grave digging activities while on holiday.

METHODS – TIMEBOXING – BUDGETING

What is Timeboxing/Budgeting?

• A technique to prioritise requirements for investigation and implementation based on allocation of a fixed resource.

•It is used when the solution approach has been determine.

All In: Begin with all eligible requirements with assigned Duration or Cost. Remove the requirements in order to meet the calendar dates or budget limits.

All out: Begin with adding the requirement(s) with assigned duration or cost to the calendar or budget. Stop when the calendar dates are met or budget limit is reached.

Selective: Begin by identifying high priority requirements added to the calendar or budget. Add or remove requirements in order to meet the calendar date or budget.

TIMEBOXING – BUDGETING – ADDAMS FAMILY EXAMPLE

Budget for the whole trip: $10m

Activities:

• Cousin’s IT Haircut - $3m

• Cold Cave’s tour guide - $4m

• Cold Cave tour without guide - $2m

• Expected shopping cost - $3m

• WiFi cost - $750,000

• Morticia’s ‘dead coffin’ beauty products - $6m

PROCESS MODELLING

9.21.1. To understand how work that involves multiple roles and departments is performed within an organisation.

• Initiated by an event in the business domain, such as a sale of a product to a customer, a request for information by a senior executive, or a failure to complete a transaction.

• There are a number of frameworks and methodologies that focus on process improvement methods, such as Six Sigma, Lean, and a large number of proprietary BPM approaches.

PROCESS MODELLING

9.21.1. To understand how work that involves multiple roles and departments is performed within an organisation.

• Initiated by an event in the business domain, such as a sale of a product to a customer, a request for information by a senior executive, or a failure to complete a transaction.

• There are a number of frameworks and methodologies that focus on process improvement methods, such as Six Sigma, Lean, and a large number of proprietary BPM approaches.

PROCESS MODELLING

Advantages:

• Most stakeholders are comfortable with the basic elements of and concepts behind a process model.

• Process models are effective at showing how to handle a large number of scenarios and parallel branches.

• Process models are likely to have value in their own right, as they will be used by business stakeholders for training and co-ordination of activities.

Disadvantages:

• Process models can become extremely complex and unwieldy if not structured carefully. Complex processes may involve enough activities and roles to make them almost impossible for a single individual to understand.

• Problems in a process cannot always be identified by looking at the model. It is usually necessary to engage stakeholders directly to find problems they have encountered.

PROCESS MODELLING BASIC SHAPES

Activity

Subprocess

Start/End

Decision

Process Flow

Document

Database/System

PROCESS MODELLING

Cross Functional Diagram

Func

tion

AFu

nctio

n B

Func

tion

C

Activity A Activity BYes

Activity CNo

Activity D

PROCESS MODELLING

• Great way to communicate visually

• Showing Addams Family vacation with each person in their own swim lane

• Use of colour

• KISS principal

• Include a legend and any scaleon X and Y axis (eg Names, ay of the week)

USE CASES AND SCENARIOS

9.26.1 Scenarios and use cases are written to describe how an actor interacts with a solution to accomplish one or more of that actor’s goals, or to respond to an event.

Scenarios:

• scenario is generally understood to describe just one way that an actor can accomplish a particular goal.

• written as a series of steps performed by actors or by the solution that enable an actor to achieve a goal.

Use Cases:

• describes several scenarios in the form of primary and alternate flows. The primary or basic flow represents the simplest way to accomplish the goal of the use case.

SCENARIOS

9.26.1 Scenarios and use cases are written to describe how an actor interacts with a solution to accomplish one or more of that actor’s goals, or to respond to an event.

• a scenario is generally understood to describe just one way that an actor can accomplish a particular goal.

WHAT IS A USE CASE? DEFINITION #1

“Use Case” Definition #1‐

A “Use Case” describes how a user reaches a specific goal.

Use Cases vs. Requirements

“Are use cases requirements?” - Yes, they are a specific type of “Functional” Requirement or sometimes referred to as Behavioural Requirements of system.

Use Cases vs. User Stories (Agile)

Use Cases describe the “behaviour” to be built into the system to meet users needs. They are requirements.

User Stories describe the “User needs” that is needed to be done by a person in their day-to-day job. They are not requirements.

USE CASES

Advantages:

• clarifying scope and providing a high-level understanding of user behavioural goals

Disadvantages:

• The BA might frequently a temptation to use them to capture all requirements.

• may also be difficult to apply to situations.

• Use cases do not have any features to support integration or the discovery of common elements

USE CASES - WHO ARE THEY FOR?

Primary readers are:• Business Analyst• Project/Program Managers• Programmers• QA Testers• Product Managers• Engineering Managers

Review & Approvers of the functionality:• Managers & Executive• Customers• Partners

WHAT IS A USE CASE? DEFINITION #2

“User Case” – Definition #2

A “User Case” describes how an actor interacts with a system in order to achieve a goal.

Definition of Common Terms• System – a computer, electronic or mechanical system• System User Design (SUD) - system developed for the project• External System• Actor - human person or external system• Goal – why the Actor interacts with the SUD• Pre-condition – state the SUD before interactions• Post-condition - state the SUD is in after the interactions

USE CASES – WHY?

Key Benefits:

• Can be written using a standard template and process.

Programmers:

• Use cases are easier to read and understand.

Users, Customers:

• Use cases are easier to identify.

Approved & Executives:

• Use cases help with identifying what needs to be removed, or what is missing.

QUESTIONS

QUIZ

10 Questions

QUESTION 1

In prioritizing requirements, your team decided to select requirements that present the

highest risk of project failure and implement it first. What is the basis of prioritization

used?

A. Business or technical risk

B. Business value

C. Implementation difficulty

D. Likelihood of success

QUESTION 1 - ANSWER

In prioritizing requirements, your team decided to select requirements that present the

highest risk of project failure and implement it first. What is the basis of prioritization

used?

A. Business or technical risk

B. Business value

C. Implementation difficulty

D. Likelihood of success

Answer: A. BABOK 6.1.4

Which of the following statement best describes the purpose of organizing requirements?

A. To analyze stated requirements in order to define the required capabilities of a potential solution that will fulfil stakeholder needs

B. To create a set of views of the requirements for the new business solution that are comprehensive, complete, consistent, and understood from all stakeholder perspectives.

C. Describe the structures and types of requirements information that stakeholders expect.

D. To analyze expressed stakeholder desires and/or the current state of the organization using a combination of textual statements, matrices, diagrams and formal models.

QUESTION 2

Which of the following statement best describes the purpose of organizing

requirements?

A. To analyze stated requirements in order to define the required capabilities of a potential solution that will fulfil stakeholder needs

B. To create a set of views of the requirements for the new business solution that are comprehensive, complete, consistent, and understood from all stakeholder perspectives.

C. Describe the structures and types of requirements information that stakeholders expect.

D. To analyze expressed stakeholder desires and/or the current state of the organization using a combination of textual statements, matrices, diagrams and formal models.

Answer: B. BABOK 6.2.1A is the purpose of requirement analysis as a whole. C is an input to the organize requirement task. D is the purpose of 6.3 Specify & Model Requirements

QUESTION 2 - ANSWER

Analysts should work to identify opportunities to improve the operation of the

business. Some common examples of opportunities that a business analyst is likely to

identify include all of the follow EXCEPT:

A. Automate Or Simplify The Work People Perform

B. Reduce Complexity Of Interfaces

C. Increase Consistency Of Behavior

D. Improve Access To Stakeholders

Answer: D. BABOK 6.3.4.5

QUESTION 3

Analysts should work to identify opportunities to improve the operation of the

business. Some common examples of opportunities that a business analyst is likely to

identify include all of the follow EXCEPT:

A. Automate Or Simplify The Work People Perform

B. Reduce Complexity Of Interfaces

C. Increase Consistency Of Behavior

D. Improve Access To Stakeholders

Answer: D. BABOK 6.3.4.5

QUESTION 3 - ANSWER

MoSCoW stands for:

M__________

S___________

C __________

W__________

QUESTION 4

MoSCoW stands for:

M__________

S___________

C __________

W__________

M - MustS - ShouldC - CouldW – Won’t

QUESTION 4 - ANSWER

In a requirement prioritization session, the team has decided to begin with adding the

requirements with assigned duration or cost to the calendar and stop when the

calendar dates are met or budget limit is reached. What prioritization technique is

used?

A. MoSCoW

B. Time boxing/budgeting – All in

C. Time boxing/budgeting – All Out

D. Voting

QUESTION 5

In a requirement prioritization session, the team has decided to begin with adding the

requirements with assigned duration or cost to the calendar and stop when the

calendar dates are met or budget limit is reached. What prioritization technique is

used?

A. MoSCoW

B. Time boxing/budgeting – All in

C. Time boxing/budgeting – All Out

D. Voting

Answer: C. BABOK 6.1.5.3

QUESTION 5 - ANSWER

In a requirement prioritization session, you gave stakeholders play money and asked

them to distribute among proposed features and requirements. What prioritization

technique are you using?

A. Texas Hold-em

B. Decision Analysis

C. Budget based

D. Voting

QUESTION 6

In a requirement prioritization session, you gave stakeholders play money and asked

them to distribute among proposed features and requirements. What prioritization

technique are you using?

A. Texas Hold-em

B. Decision Analysis

C. Budget based

D. Voting

Answer: D. BABOK 6.1.3.4

QUESTION 6 - ANSWER

Please link the correct cardinality description to its notion in an Entity-Relationship

diagram:

A. Only one

B. Any number (Zero to many)

C. Any number from one to many

D. Zero to one

QUESTION 7

Please link the correct cardinality description to its notion in an Entity-Relationship

diagram:

Answer: BABOK 9.7.3

Only one(A)

Any number (Zero to many) (B)

Any number from one to many (C)

Zero to one (D)

QUESTION 7 - ANSWER

What do Terminal Points in process modelling diagrams represent?

A. Terminal points represent the end of a process or process flow.

B. Terminal points represent the beginning of a process or process flow.

C. Terminal points represent the beginning or end of a process or process flow.

D. Terminal points occur outside the scope of a process and may be the result of actions taken, messages received, or the passage of time

QUESTION 8

8 What do Terminal Points in process modelling diagrams represent?

A. Terminal points represent the end of a process or process flow.

B. Terminal points represent the beginning of a process or process flow.

C. Terminal points represent the beginning or end of a process or process flow.

D. Terminal points occur outside the scope of a process and may be the result of actions taken, messages received, or the passage of time

Answer: C. BABOK 9.21.3

QUESTION 8 - ANSWER

Which of the following statement about elements in use cases are incorrect?

A. The post conditions must be true for all possible flows through the use case.

B. The association line indicates that an actor has access (of some kind) to the functionality represented by the use case.

C. Include relationship allows for the base use case to make use of functionality present in another use case.

D. The included use case needs to be a complete use case in its own right at all time.

QUESTION 9

Which of the following statement about elements in use cases are incorrect?

A. The post conditions must be true for all possible flows through the use case.

B. The association line indicates that an actor has access (of some kind) to the functionality represented by the use case.

C. Include relationship allows for the base use case to make use of functionality present in another use case.

D. The included use case needs to be a complete use case in its own right at all time.

[Please Double check Answer in BABOK 9.26.3 points 5 & 6]

Answer: D. BABOK 9.26.3

QUESTION 9 - ANSWER

In flow chart diagrams, what shape is used to represent a decision?

A. Diamond

B. Rectangle

C. Rounded rectangle

D. Parallelogram

Answer: A. BABOK 9.21.2

QUESTION 10 - ANSWER