Oper This do Assessm (E2B EI Public P Ee Ee Ee Ee rational gu ocument giv ment studies I). It is inte Private Partn eBG eBG eBG eBG EeBGu uidance fo ves guidanc s within the nded for th nership. Guid Guid Guid Guid uide Gu Part A r Life Cycl Build ce and defi e framework he use by L de de de de uidanc A: PROD e Assessm dings Initi ines metho k of the En LCA practitio ce Doc DUCTS ment studie ative ods and pro ergy Efficie oners within ument S es of the E ovisions to nt Building n research p t Energy Effi conduct Li European I projects of icient fe Cycle Initiative the E2B
Transcript
Oper
This doAssessm(E2B EIPublic P
EeEeEeEe
rational gu
ocument givment studiesI). It is intePrivate Partn
eBGeBGeBGeBGEeBGu
uidance fo
ves guidancs within thended for thnership.
GuidGuidGuidGuiduide Gu
Part Ar Life Cycl
Build
ce and defie frameworkhe use by L
de de de de
uidanc
A: PRODe Assessmdings Initi
ines methok of the En
LCA practitio
ce Doc
DUCTSment studie
ative
ods and proergy Efficieoners within
ument
S es of the E
ovisions to nt Building n research p
t
Energy Effi
conduct LiEuropean Iprojects of
icient
fe Cycle Initiative the E2B
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Products What is EeBGuide?
page 1 of 297
What is EeBGuide?
The European EeBGuide research project develops methods, rules and operational guidance for the preparation of life cycle assessment (LCA) studies for energy-efficient buildings and building products. Ongoing research under the framework of the Energy-Efficient Building European Initiative creates technologies for an energy-efficient Europe. LCA is used to assess the environmental benefits of new technologies. The EeBGuide manuals and guidance will support LCA practitioners in obtaining comparative results from their work.
Authors
Bastian Wittstock1, Johannes Gantner1, Katrin Lenz1
Tom Saunders2, Jane Anderson2, Claire Carter2, Zsoka Gyetvai2, Johannes Kreißig2, Anna Braune2
Sébastien Lasvaux3, Boris Bosdevigie3, Manuel Bazzana3, Nicoleta Schiopu3, Emmanuel Jayr3, Sylviane Nibel3, Jacques Chevalier3, Julien Hans3
Pere Fullana-i-Palmer4 , Cristina Gazulla4
Jo-Anne Mundy5, Tim Barrow-Williams5
Christer Sjöström6 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (IBP), Germany 2 PE International AG, Germany 3 Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), France 4 Escola Superior de Comerç International (ESCI), Spain 5 BRE Global Ltd (BRE), UK 6 Prof Ch Sjöström Consultancy, Sweden
Disclaimer
The EeBGuide project is a Coordination and Support Action (CSA), co-funded by the Europe-an Commission under FP7.
Coordination and Support Action – ‘EeB.ENV.2011.3.1.5-2: Operational guidance for Life Cy-cle Assessment studies of the Energy-Efficient Buildings Initiative’
Contract: 285490 Start date of contract: 1 November 2011; duration: 1 year
The authors are solely responsible for this information, and it does not necessarily represent the opinion of the European Community. The European Community is not responsible for any use that might be made of the data appearing there.
Operational guidance for life cycle assessment studies of the Energy-Efficient Buildings Initia-tive (EeBGuide) is a European Commission funded project aimed at producing expert guid-ance for conducting life cycle assessment (LCA) studies for energy-efficient buildings and building products under the framework of the Energy-Efficient Building European Initiative (E2B EI).The EeBGuide guidance document will provide a common methodology supporting reliable assessment and comparison of efficient new buildings and products. It will support LCA practitioners in industry and research.
In order to ensure acceptance by LCA practitioners, the EeBGuide was developed with a strong focus on applicability. Therefore stakeholders and LCA experts were involved from the beginning, describing the questions and problems that usually appear while conducting an LCA study.
The critical questions and problems suggested by stakeholders and LCA experts were col-lected and documented. In response to the strong interest from LCA practitioners, those questions and problems were further explained and combined with potential solutions. The documentation was reviewed for relevance by internal and external experts, and amended for missing aspects. An additional workshop with European experts, and a public consultation with industry partners, provided further feedback on applicability.
The final EeB Guidance document is accessible as a web-based interactive document with filter functions to facilitate its use. It also provides links to further detailed information sources, training materials and reporting templates.
1.1 Energy-efficient buildings in Europe ..................................................................... 8
1.2 Basic information about this guidance document ................................................. 10
1.2.1 Goal of this guidance .................................................................................. 10
1.2.2 Scope of this guidance ................................................................................ 10
1.2.3 Primary audience for EeBGuide ................................................................... 11
1.2.4 Secondary audience for EeBGuide ............................................................... 12
1.3 Life cycle analysis in the construction sector ....................................................... 12
1.3.1 Previous European projects on LCA of buildings ............................................ 12
1.3.2 European standardization works on LCA of buildings ..................................... 14
1.3.3 LCA studies within research projects of the Energy-Efficient Building European Initiative (E2B EI) .................................................................................................... 16
1.4 EeBGuide within the European context ............................................................... 17
2 Methodological approach of the EeBGuide ................................................................ 24
2.1 Identification of important aspects for product and building LCA studies ............... 24
2.2 Reference documents for the EeBGuide .............................................................. 24
2.3 Procedure for choosing provisions from both CEN TC 350 standards and the ILCD Handbook ................................................................................................................... 24
2.3.1 EeBGuide provisions for different goal definition: strictness vs. flexibility ........ 27
2.4 Use of three study types .................................................................................... 27
Literature ..................................................................................................................... 275
Annex C: List of available references for Life Cycle Impact Assessment indicators chosen in EN 15804/EN 15978 ..................................................................................................... 287
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Products List of Tables
page 4 of 297
List of Tables
Table 1: Selected standard set of parameter values for the baseline scenario ..................... 41 Table 2: Modular information for the different stages of the building assessment, according to EN 15978 and EN 15804 ............................................................................................. 44 Table 3: Example of the template document for each important aspect in the EeBGuide ..... 45 Table 4: Description of the icons used ............................................................................. 45 Table 5: Implementation of the different study types for buildings .................................... 48 Table 6: The ISO 15686 standards, with the general title Building and constructed assets – Service life planning, includes the following parts ............................................................. 61 Table 7: Combination of two main aspects of the decision context: decision oriented and type of consequences in background system or other systems [ILBD 2010a] ..................... 74
List of Figures
Figure 1: Ratio of use phase to production/EoL for a 10–20 year old building compared with a newly built Passivhaus .................................................................................................. 9 Figure 2: Relation between product LCA and building LCA along the life cycle modules. Figure based on EN 15804and EN 15978 ......................................................................... 15 Figure 3: Current European situation in the context of EPD and building LCAs .................... 18 Figure 4: EeBGuide within the European context ......... Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert. Figure 5: Procedure for adaptation from the CEN TC 350 standards and ILCD Handbook .... 26 Figure 6: LCA as an iterative process [ILCD 2011a] .......................................................... 28 Figure 7: Life cycle assessment framework according to ISO 14040/ ISO 14044 ................. 51 Figure 8: Decision tree to identify relevant aspects for a study .......................................... 53 Figure 9: The working life of construction works as illustrated in the CPD Guidance Paper on Durability [Guidance Paper F 2004]. ................................................................................ 59 Figure 10: the service life planning concept ...................................................................... 60 Figure 11: Cradle-to-grave, cradle-to-gate and gate-to-gate datasets as parts of the complete life cycle .......................................................................................................... 98 Figure 12: Concept of precision ..................................................................................... 131 Figure 13: Focusing efforts on key data ......................................................................... 131 Figure 14: Concept of precision ..................................................................................... 165 Figure 15: Example of performance over time relation depending on operations [EN 15804] ................................................................................................................................... 220 Figure 16: Replacement rate [EN15804] ........................................................................ 221
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products List of Abbreviations
page 5 of 297
List of Abbreviations
ADP abiotic depletion potential
ADPE abiotic resource depletion potential for elements
ADPF abiotic resource depletion potential of fossil fuels
AP acidification potential
BLBSB benefits and loads beyond the system boundary
BREEAM BRE Environmental Assessment Method
BWR basic work requirements
CML Centrum voor Milieukunde, Leiden (NL)
CPD Construction Products Directive
CPR Construction Products Regulation
CRU components for reuse
DGNB Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (German Sustainable Building Council)
DSLT dynamic surface leaching test
E2B EI Energy-Efficient Building European Initiative
ECO European Construction Product Organization
EE exported energy per energy carrier
EMAS Eco-Management and Audit System Regulations
EoL end of life
EP eutrophication potential
EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
EPD Environmental Product Declaration
ESL estimated service life
ETAP Environmental Technologies Action Plan
FW use of net fresh water
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products List of Abbreviations
page 6 of 297
GPP Green Public Procurement
GWP global warming potential (climate change)
HQE Haute Qualité Environmentale (French association and certification mark)
HWD hazardous waste disposed
IBU Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. (German EPD programme)
ID Interpretative Documents
ILCD International Reference Life Cycle Data System
IPP Integrated Public Policy
LCA life cycle assessment
LCC life cycle costing
LCI life cycle inventory (analysis)
LCIA life cycle impact assessment
LHV low heating value
MER materials for energy recovery
MFR materials for recycling
NHWD non-hazardous waste disposed
NPP net primary production
NRSF use of non-renewable secondary fuels
ODP ozone layer depletion potential
PCM phase change material
PCR Product Category Rules
PENRE use of non-renewable primary energy (excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials)
PENRM non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials
PENRT total use of non-renewable primary energy resources
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products List of Abbreviations
page 7 of 297
PERE use of renewable primary energy (excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials)
PERM use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materi-als
PERT total use of renewable primary energy resources
In the last 20 years energy efficiency has become an increasingly important aspect of the planning and evaluation of buildings, as well as a subject of legislation within the EU. As a result, the operational energy consumption of new and refurbished buildings has decreased considerably during this time. Figure 1 shows the ratio between the operational energy (for regulated uses such heating, ventilation, cooling and lighting according to the EPBD1) during the use phase, and the embodied energy due to the fabrication of the building products as well as their end of life (EoL). The use phase for the older buildings dominates all other life cycle stages. Today, new buildings may consume less than 15 kWh final energy for heating per m² per year if they complying with the Passivhaus standard.2 The new types of ‘energy surplus’ or ‘positive energy’ building may even be net producers of energy. Therefore the ratio between operational impacts (the use phase) and the embodied impacts (e.g. for pro-duction and EoL) is now more or less balanced (Figure 1).
1 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Directive 2002/91/EC, EPBD): www.epbd-ca.eu 2 http://www.passiv.de/en_/02_informations/02_passive-house-requirements/02_passive-house-requirements.htm
EeBGuid
Figure 1built Pas
These cimportaresult, t‘from cra multic
Life cycproductmateriaronmen
LCA hasExtensiv2010c]. [EN 158ies of cother ru
3 Fraunhner 2012
de Draft
: Ratio of usssivhaus3
changes emnt to consithe Energy-radle to gracriteria fram
cle assessmts and buildl flows enttal burdens
s been defive docume More spec804] and [Econstructionules.
hofer Institut2
t Guidance
se phase to p
mphasize thder the em-Efficient Buave’, with enmework that
ment (LCA) dings. It moering or leas.
ined as a gentation on ific definitio
EN 15978]. Tn products
te for Buildin
e documen
production/E
at as well mbodied impuildings Initnergy consut includes, fo
is the metodels a proaving the p
generally apLCA is gi
ons on howThis documand buildin
ng Physics (I
nt – Buildin
EoL for a 10–
as optimizipacts of thetiative now umption befor example
hod used toduct’s techproduct sys
pplicable mven in theto use LCA
ment providengs, and ho
IBP), Depart
ngs Intro
–20 year old
ng the use e materials needs to coing only on, waste gen
to address hnical life cystem, and a
method in [Ie ILCD HanA in the cones guidanceow to apply
ment of Life
oduction
building com
phase of aused in its
onsider a life environm
neration and
the environycle, documassessing th
ISO 14040]ndbook [ILnstruction ine on how toy the availa
cycle Engine
page
mpared with
a building is constructiofe cycle per
mental aspecd climate ch
nmental immenting enehe associat
] and [ISO LCD 2011a,ndustry are o conduct LCable standa
1.2 Basic information about this guidance document
1.2.1 Goal of this guidance
This guidance document – the EeBGuide – provides information on calculation rules, metrics, provisions and instructions for LCA studies of energy-efficient buildings and building products for European research projects of the E2B Initiative. The core objective is to give pragmatic and relevant guidance to LCA practitioners and construction experts on how to move forward in the field of LCA towards comparative, meaningful study results, both within individual studies and between them.
This document is the outcome of the European research project ‘EeBGuide – Operational guidance for Life Cycle Assessment Studies of the Energy-Efficient Buildings Initiative’, which ran from November 2011 to October 2012. The project was co-funded as a coordination and support action (CSA) by the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Pro-gramme, contract no. 285490. The project was coordinated by the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics Sustainable Construction Group (Germany). Other members of the consorti-um were PE International AG (Germany), Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (France), Escola Superior de Comerç International (Spain), BRE Global Ltd (UK) and Prof Ch Sjöström Consultancy (Sweden). As members of the review panel, Friderik Knéz and Dr Wolf-ram Trinius contributed to the development of the document, as well.
LCA studies are generally conducted for one specific scope. Within the construction sector, such a scope typically refers to construction products or to buildings, particularly in the field of research for energy-efficient buildings. In order to simplify access to relevant guidance of for practitioners, the EeBGuide project yielded two separate documents: one for building products, and one for buildings. Some elements are common to the two documents, but others differ, owing to the different scope.
1.2.2 Scope of this guidance
This guidance is focused on LCA studies of buildings and building products within the frame-work of the Energy-Efficient Building European Initiative (E2B EI), which creates technolo-gies for an energy-efficient Europe. LCA assesses the environmental loads and performance of these new products and technologies, demonstrated mainly within building applications. LCA is used within European research projects on matters of energy efficiency in the con-struction sector that are managed under the E2B EI umbrella. The main aim of this guidance is to provide rules and instructions on how to conduct LCA studies consistently within such research projects.
A variety of questions, aspects and topics often arise during such an LCA study, but the an-swers in the literature and standards are often not coherent, or sufficiently extensive. The key objective of this guide is therefore to provide information on definitions, calculation
rules, assumptions and comparative results of LCA studies for energy-efficient buildings and building products with regard to such aspects.
The guidance is based on existing ISO standards on LCA [ISO 14040-44], European stand-ards [EN 15804] and [EN 15978] with regard to LCA, and other reference documents [ILCD 2010a], [ILCD 2010b], [ILCD 2010c], as well as on current discussion topics within the LCA construction community. It brings this information together in one comprehensive guide. It also clarifies aspects that are not totally consistent or may even be contradictory in the vari-ous LCA-related standards and reference documents, as well as those aspects that are gen-erally not specified.
There are two main approaches to LCA studies: attributional and consequential. Attributional LCA studies generally do not investigate the potential consequences of a product system for the background system or for other systems (the ILCD Handbook denotes this as decision context situation A). By contrast, consequential LCA studies do investigate those conse-quences (decision context situation B in the ILCD Handbook). In section G-02, guidance is given on how to identify the decision context of a study. In general, this guidance document is limited to the case of attributional LCA studies. This is consistent with CEN standards EN 15804 and EN 15978, which are limited solely to this case.
For consequential LCA studies, various scientific aspects are yet to be clarified, and a broad scientific consensus on the different aspects is yet to be reached. If a practitioner identifies the need to conduct a consequential LCA study, guidance can be found in the literature and in the ILCD Handbook.
1.2.3 Primary audience for EeBGuide
The EeBGuide is oriented mainly at LCA practitioners and/or building LCA tool developers. It is not an introduction for novice LCA users, as it assumes a basic knowledge of the standards [ISO 14040], [ISO 14044], the ILCD Handbook, and EN 15978 and EN 15804, as well as practical experience, although detailed knowledge of these is not required. However, it is assumed that the reader using this document has access to these sources (especially the ISO and CEN standards) as they are referred to, and need to be consulted in detail for some items.
The principal audience for this document is the LCA practitioner who is required to deliver an LCA study within a European research project, particularly those that fall under the EeB PPP framework (see 1.3.3). For this audience, the document contains the rules and guidance to produce the study in a generally agreed and consistent way. The goal of projects of the EeB PPP framework is to “deliver, implement and optimize building and district concepts that
have the technical, economic and societal potential to drastically decrease energy consump-tion and reduce CO2 emissions in both new and existing buildings across the European Un-ion”.4 LCA plays a large role as a measuring instrument in these projects, but the main focus clearly lies on technical innovations. The target audience of the project outcomes is mainly researchers, companies, designers and consultants in the field of construction.
1.2.4 Secondary audience for EeBGuide
The secondary audience includes LCA practitioners who seek practical yet scientifically sound guidance to deliver an LCA study that is, as far as possible, in line both with the European standards on environmental performances of buildings (EN 15804 and EN 15978) and with the ILCD Handbook. Another secondary audience comprises developers of LCA software for buildings. They can use the EeBGuide provisions and guidance as guidelines in choosing con-sistent data, methodology, reference or default values according to the various study types when developing or updating their LCA software for buildings.
A further secondary audience comprises experts responsible for the definition of calculation rules for building labelling systems, as well as for national or European EPD programmes. For these people, the EeBGuide provides generally agreed calculation methods that are charac-terized by good consistency with existing approaches, and a general agreement among Eu-ropean stakeholders on the calculation method. Using the EeBGuide as a basis for the devel-opment of new EPD or building rating programmes, or for the revision of existing ones, will improve the overall consistency of the application of LCA in the context of the European con-struction industry, which is surely a key concern of many stakeholders.
In the case of the secondary audience, a basic knowledge and experience of LCA methodol-ogy and standards is also presumed.
1.3 Life cycle analysis in the construction sector
1.3.1 Previous European projects on LCA of buildings
Several European projects dealing with LCA and buildings have been conducted over the past few years. Most of them were aimed at adapting the methodological rules for LCA stud-ies in the construction sector and enabling the development of user-friendly tools that can be used by building stakeholders, who are usually not LCA experts. These projects included, for
4 Website of the EeB PPP Initiative: http://www.e2b-ei.eu/e2bjti_about.php?sSe=1
example, REGENER,5 Annex 31 IEA,6 PRESCO,7 IMPRO-Building,8 ENSLIC Building9 and LoRe-LCA.10
Two previous projects conducted under the Seventh Framework Programme (ENSLIC-Building and LoRe-LCA) may be seen as closely connected with the goals and scope of the EeBGuide project. These two projects have helped to define LCA methodology for the con-struction sector, and have identified needs for further research. Below are presented the citations from the projects’ websites.
“The ENSLIC project (ENergy Saving through promotion of Life Cycle assessment in build-ings) promotes the use of life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques in design for new buildings and for refurbishment, in order to achieve an energy saving in the construction and opera-tion of buildings. This action draw on the existing information generated from previous re-search projects regarding: design for low energy consumption, integrated planning, envi-ronmental performance evaluation of buildings, design for sustainability and LCA techniques applied to buildings. The output – compiled with the collaboration of key target groups – is a set of guidelines with a methodology which clarifies the various aspects of the LCA, e.g. pur-pose, benefits, requirements, flexibility and different techniques. This is applied to real build-ings by a number of collaborating target groups. The results are disseminated to a wide tar-get group through multiple channels and the potential for energy saving highlighted. Through this project tools for use in an integral planning process are being promoted to stakeholders who require a means to optimize environmental performance of buildings in a truly sustainable way.” [ENSLIC 2011]
“LoRe-LCA (“Low Resource consumption buildings and constructions by use of LCA in design and decision making”) aims to coordinate activities regarding the application of LCA in the European construction sector, focusing on comparing and improving the functional units used for LCA for whole buildings, improving the possibilities to compare results for different alternatives during design stage, and for comparison of results for different buildings. The project focuses on harmonisation and use of LCA-methods in design and decision-making for reaching overall goals of reduced resource consumption.” [LoRe-LCA 2011]
Another interesting initiative covering European countries and some others is the Sustainable Building Alliance (SBA). Officially created in 2008, the SBA is a collaboration between inter-national research institutes, certification bodies and other actors in the building industry. The main research action of SBA aims at answering the need of the real estate and construction
industry for the development and application of harmonized common metrics for assessing building performance, to be implemented in existing certification schemes. A draft Frame-work for Common Metrics was elaborated in 2009 and 2010 by a core group of SBA mem-bers. It covered six main impacts, which included four environmental indicators based on LCA methodology: these deal with energy, water, greenhouse gases (GHG) and waste. The next step was to ensure the operational feasibility and comparability of LCA results for build-ings, especially in terms of calculation rules, Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) data-bases, life cycle stages and considered contributors (i.e. all the factors that are considered in an LCA). This was done in 2011, when the availability and maturity of methods, data and tools were studied. The SBA Common Metrics Framework was pilot-tested on real buildings to analyse its applicability, and possible future integration into existing certification rating schemes. This work has involved seven research and certification bodies in five European countries and in the USA. The working group highlighted the fact that the availability of ho-mogeneous EPDs in each country is a crucial issue. The comparability of LCA environmental indicators is being tested in 2012 through a modelling study in each country, based on a single building design.
In these previous projects, no comprehensive guidance was given in a structured way ac-cording to the LCA steps as defined in ISO 14040 and the life cycle stages of the new Euro-pean standards from CEN TC 350.
1.3.2 European standardization works on LCA of buildings
LCA, as an instrument to assess the environmental performance of buildings and building products, is generally seen as a way to provide a holistic overview of a building’s or product’s life cycle. It is generally standardized in ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 as an instrument to as-sess the environmental performance of products and services. For the construction sector, it is now subject to the standardization activities of the European standardization body CEN TC 350’s committee on sustainability of construction works.
The European standards EN 15804 and EN 15978 provide general calculation rules for LCA of products and buildings. Both standards use a modular description to structure information for the various stages of the building or product life cycle. For some modules, information is provided primarily at the product level; for other modules, it is typically gathered at the building level. Information on the production and assembly of building products (Modules A1–A3) is typically assessed in detail in product LCA studies. In building LCA studies, this information is aggregated to reflect product utilization within the building. Information on operational energy use (Module B6), on the other hand, may be provided for individual products with the use of default scenarios, but information on actual operational energy use is generally gathered within a building LCA study. These relations are reflected in Figure 2.
1.3.3 LCA studies within research projects of the Energy-Efficient Building Euro-pean Initiative (E2B EI)
In numerous European research projects, LCA is used as a supporting study method that is typically seen to be somewhat independent from the rest of the project. If, for instance, LCA is used at the end of a project, the environmental optimization potentials cannot be exploit-ed, as the LCA results cannot be fed back into the technology development cycle.
This guidance document is aimed at improving the use of LCA within such research projects. This chapter therefore gives guidance on how LCA studies should preferably be conducted in European research projects of the Energy-Efficient Building European Initiative (E2B EI).
The primary decision to be made during the compilation of a project proposal is whether LCA should be used as a comparison method for a developed technology (i.e. the developed technology is assessed against a reference scenario that, for example, reflects the conven-tional alternative technology), or whether it should be used as a decision support tool, identi-fying environmental weak points in technical designs and associated improvement potentials that can be realized during technology development. In both cases, certain considerations need to be addressed.
For LCA as an ex-post assessment of a developed technology, such considerations include the following:
Data supply: The critical barrier to obtaining meaningful LCA results is the lack of specific data. LCA is typically not taken into consideration during technology devel-opment processes, and no responsibility is defined for the provision of data. Moreo-ver, intellectual property concerns may hinder the provision of data. This needs to be taken into account by ensuring that, within the work items of tech-nology development, one or several participants are mandated to provide information to the LCA work team.
Definition of objectives for the LCA study: Often, the expectations of participants in a research project concerning the results available from the LCA study do not match the results that the study can provide. Within a project consortium, the expected and possible outcome of an LCA study should be made clear for all stakeholders involved. This includes discussion of the questions that the study needs to answer, the associated level of detail for the study, and the corresponding requirement for data. Also, sufficient resources need to be al-located to the LCA work item to meet the expected outcome.
Usually, it is advisable to define one stand-alone work item (a work package or a task within a work package) for the LCA calculation, and to define data collection for the LCA study as part of technology-related work packages. LCA is a flexible and iterative methodology, and the findings and results of its various steps will influence subse-quent ones. For this reason, it is also advisable that the LCA work item duration be
suitable and sufficient to provide relevant feedback to other work items of the pro-ject.
For LCA as a decision support tool in technology development, such considerations include the following:
Integration into the development cycle: To use LCA as a supporting tool within tech-nology development, the LCA study work item should be included directly in the technology development work item. This supports direct interaction between the LCA experts and the technology development experts, and ensures direct data exchange. It also means that procedures need to be established that allow the technology de-velopment to consider relevant LCA results, and that the exchange between technol-ogy development and the LCA study needs to be set up with iterative cycles.
Iterative approach to LCA: The results are only as meaningful as the technical data that is fed into the LCA calculations. This means that a procedure should be estab-lished that takes account of the fact that imprecise data are provided in the early de-sign stages, and that imprecise LCA feedback is provided then. With several iteration cycles, the data provision and LCA feedback have to be refined in a stepwise fashion.
Such a use of LCA is challenging, because it requires significant flexibility from all ac-tors, and asks for innovative development procedures. But it also it has the potential to yield the best outcome in terms of improving the environmental performance of a technical system, which should always be the ultimate goal of using environmental assessment methods.
1.4 EeBGuide within the European context
The primary objective of the EeBGuide is to provide consistent calculation rules and opera-tional guidance for LCA studies conducted within the context of research projects within the Energy-Efficient Buildings European Initiative (E2B EI, or Energy-Efficient Buildings Public Private Partnership, EeB PPP). Such research projects use LCA for supporting decisions dur-ing the development of technologies, and/or as an assessment method for quantifying the environmental benefits of innovative technologies (see 1.3.3). LCA studies – whether they cover comparative assertions or investigate individual products or buildings – are intended to be comparable in the wider context of the E2B Initiative. This means that they should be based on similar methods, assumptions and mechanisms, and yield credible, comparable results.
To give the full picture of the EeBGuide, it is useful to understand how it is embedded in the European context, and to discuss what its role could be within this context. Figure 3 illus-trates the current, potentially confusing situation relating to EPDs, building LCA, building labelling and legislative activities in the European context.
Figure 3: Current European situation in the context of EPD and building LCAs
LCA is currently used as the basis for product assessments, and especially in providing EPDs, which form an important data source for building assessments used in building labelling schemes. This basis is not consistently defined by the various standards and the ILCD Hand-book; definitions may conflict, and different approaches to conducting a study may be cho-sen. The forthcoming Construction Products Regulation (CPR) [CPR 2011] contains additional Basic (Work) Requirements (BWR),11 particularly the addition of ‘environment’ to BWR 3 (hy-giene and health) and the new BWR 7 (Sustainable use of natural resources), stating that “EPD should be used when available for the assessment of the sustainable use of resources and of the impact of construction works on the environment.”
Both the European standards EN 15804 and EN 15978 and the ILCD Handbook are based on the international standards ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. The European standards define the general framework and general calculation methods for building and product LCAs. The Eu-
11 Former ‘essential requirements’, as defined in the Construction Products Directive (CPD 89/106/EEC) of 1989, are replaced by ‘basic requirements’ (sometimes called ‘basic work require-ments’, BWR) in the new Construction Products Regulation (CPR 305/2011/EU) of 2011.
ISO 14040ISO 14044
EN 15804(Products)
EN 15978(Buildings)
ECO andnational EPD programmes
No focus on buildings
EPD
Construction ProductRegulation (CPR)
Marketing of products/ CE - compliance
Use of data?
Building LCA
European Commission
EU - Parliament
Man
date
Data supply
Certification
Involvement of LCA practitioners
Current link / influence / requirement
Future link / influence / requirement
ILCD Handbook
Required
Growinginformationstock
Generalrequirement:Consistency
No consistent use of EPD for building certifi-ation across
ropean ECO EPD platform (as the potential umbrella body for national EPD programmes) and national EPD programmes have individual sets of rules, and may refer to EN 15804. Building labelling schemes (such as DGNB,12 HQE,13 VERDE14 or BREEAM15) use their own individual sets of calculation rules for building LCA, and may refer to EN 15978. As a consequence, the European landscape of LCA calculation rules is currently not harmonized, and the links be-tween EPD data and building LCAs (which use EPD data for the products used) are not nec-essarily well established. However, the ongoing efforts of projects such as SBA Common Metrics are contributing to the development of common rules.
In the field of legislation, the revision of the Building Products Directive (CPD) to the Building products Regulation (CPR) has created a demand for building product EPDs as a mechanism to meet the additional requirements (see above). Consequently, building product manufac-turers are faced with the need for EPDs for their products, and the subsequent provision of such EPDs will lead to a stock of product-specific environmental information not seen to date. The utilization of such information may well lead to a wide use of LCA for assessing the environmental performance of buildings. One core requirement for such an application is consistency between data supply (product data/EPD) and data use (building LCA). In this context, consistency will be enhanced by this guidance document, which represents an ex-cellent step towards consistent LCA calculation models within the European construction in-dustry. Figure 4 illustrates the link that the EeBGuide is able to establish between the various standards, building labelling schemes, EPD programmes, legislation and other items within the European context.
Altogether, several dimensions of impact and scope can be associated with the EeBGuide. These impacts are explained in more detail in the following paragraphs.
Impact on LCA practitioners and technology development within E2B EI research projects
The EeBGuide enables LCA practitioners, from both private and public organizations, to quantify environmental impacts in a consistent way. The guidance can be applied in as-sessing the life cycle of whole buildings (existing and new) and of existing building products and technological solutions (existing or under development) within the E2B Initiative. It al-lows practitioners to perform LCA studies in a clear, predefined and well-structured way by delivering scientifically sound, practically applicable, and quality-assured guidance. In addi-tion, high-quality life cycle inventory (LCI) data on buildings and building products can be obtained by following the EeBGuide, applying time- and cost-saving mechanisms for con-ducting future LCA studies and providing reporting templates.
By using the guidance document in future studies (beyond the FP7 arena), the EeBGuide will help LCA practitioners to produce more robust, harmonized, and quality-assured LCA results. The ability to quantify the environmental performance of newly developed products consist-ently, and to compare this performance with that of existing products, may lead both to the reduction of their environmental impacts and to significant promotion of these new products, and thus contribute considerably to technology development in the EU.
Impact on building labelling schemes and national EPD programmes
Labelling schemes for sustainable buildings have received tremendous attention over recent years, and are seen as a major driver for innovation and implementation of sustainable
ILCD Handbook
ISO 14040ISO 14044
EN 15804
EN 15978 EeBGuide:
Guidance for products
Guidance for buildings
CPR
Rules of the ECO
EPD platform
Consistent building LCAs in Europe
Rules for product LCAs in EeB PPP and E2B EI research
projects
Rules for building LCAs in EeB PPP and E2B EI research
projects
Requirement:Assured consistency
Use for… Use for…
Basis for EeBGuide Outcomes of EeBGuide
Recommendations for usewithin EPD programmes
Recommendations for use in building certification schemes
thinking in the European construction sector. This document, and the additional reporting templates for buildings, may quite likely form a basis for integrating LCA into labelling schemes. In this context, building LCA depends strongly on calculation methods that are suitably applicable to such studies, and on reliable data for individual construction products. Such data may be provided by the EPDs of manufacturer-specific products, or by generic LCA data for average construction products. For the purpose of setting up generic databases, and to enable a growing number of LCA experts to contribute to that task, common rules and specifications as well as guidance will be required, and these are provided by the EeBGuide.
For the further consideration of aspects related to building labelling, relevant stakeholders have been invited to participate in the public consultation on the EeBGuide. Special attention has therefore been paid to the expected impacts of the EeBGuide on labelling schemes, and to the potential resulting benefits and opportunities for stakeholders.
This EeBGuide may also have an impact on the various EPD programmes throughout Europe. Although EPD programmes generally provide the required provisions for conducting the LCA study for an EPD, these provisions may differ between different EPD programmes, and oper-ational guidance on how to conduct the product LCA study may be missing. The EeBGuide will be useful in the formulation of Product Category Rules (PCR) as the basis for EPD for ‘new’ product categories, or for EPD programmes that are being newly established. In par-ticular, for innovative solutions that are currently under development, or which will be devel-oped within the Energy-Efficient Buildings Initiative, guidance on how to conduct an ade-quate study may help the formulation of appropriate PCRs. Here, the EeBGuide may yield useful guidance.
Impact on standards, legislation and political background
In the past, practice in building-related LCA studies has been quite diverse. On the one hand, the building and construction sector appeared to be the most advanced sector in terms of ongoing standardization activities concerning LCA studies. On the other hand, many LCA studies are still conducted without proper (or even any) reference to current standards, because of a lack of either resources or knowledge concerning the existing standards and ongoing standardization activities.
Current and recent activities cover both the definition of LCA calculation rules in detail for building labelling by individual labelling schemes (for example, the German DGNB scheme includes building LCA on the basis of very specific rules) and framework standardization ac-tivities such as those developed within CEN TC 350. A general consensus is needed for the future development of LCA methodology, but the resulting standards do not advise the prac-titioner in sufficient detail on how to conduct a study.
In this context, the EeBGuide fills a current gap, and thereby has the potential to reach be-yond the impact originally anticipated within the E2B Initiative. With regard to current and future standardization activities, the EeBGuide may serve as a guideline for the development of directly applicable and highly operational standards for the application of LCA within the building and construction sector, and possibly even within other sectors. This would result in generally improved quality and scientific soundness of LCA studies within the E2B Initiative and beyond. In this way, the EeBGuide will enables legislative bodies to place greater reli-ance on LCA as a policy instrument. It will increase the usefulness of LCA studies, and foster their use in decision support and policymaking, ensuring that decisions and policies are formed on the basis of integrated environmental assessments.
At the European policy level, the EeBGuide will provide a direct link from the construction industry to the European Platform on LCA and the ILCD data network. In addition, this guide will have an indirect impact on the following European policies:
The Integrated Product Policy (IPP) Communication (2003), which aims to pro-vide general support, through a series of broad activities and measures, for re-ducing the environmental impacts of goods and services (products) throughout their life cycle. According to the IPP, LCA is the best framework for assessing the potential environmental impacts of products. Following the IPP, the European Commission has developed the ILCD Handbook, among other activities. This EeBGuide uses the ILCD Handbook to give more pragmatic and specific guidance to LCA practitioners within the construction sector.
The Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste, and the The-matic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, both from 2005, which tackle the topic from the waste and resource sides respectively. A key de-velopment of the Resource Thematic Strategy is the development of decoupling indicators for Europe. Key deliverables of the Waste Thematic Strategy are the development of waste guidelines. LCA in general and the EeBGuide in particular have the potential to address related issues, with the use of appropriate environ-mental indicators and the assessment of impact categories.
The new Construction Products Regulation (CPR) has amended the third basic work requirement with the reference to environment and added the seventh basic work requirement, sustainable use of natural resources. The amended and the new basic work requirements will need quantitative assessment on the amount and type of resource consumption related to one product, and the European Par-liament suggested the use of EPD for this purpose. As the CPR will have to be broadly implemented in the harmonized European product standards, standardi-zation for such LCA studies in conjunction with intensive guidance is required, and the EeBGuide will contribute to the provision of such guidance, in support of EPD programmes and of both published and forthcoming CEN standards.
The Lead Market Initiative for Europe on Sustainable Construction, in which LCA is directly mentioned as a means to describe sustainable construction and an in-tegrated life-cycle-oriented approach to construction, which is seen as an ap-proach to the successful promotion of sustainable construction.
The most important and recent instruments are the Sustainable Consumption and Production Action Plan (SCP) and the Sustainable Industrial Policy (SIP). SCP and SIP will build on, and further develop, among others, the Integrated Product Poli-cy (IPP), the Resource and Waste Thematic Strategies, Green Public Procurement (GPP), the Environmental Technologies Action Plan (ETAP), and the Eco-label and Eco-Management and Audit System (EMAS) Regulations. It will also further de-velop the Energy-using Products Directive (EuP). The JRC-IES, with its European Platform on LCA project (ILCD data network), is mandated to support the imple-mentation of the SCP with data and methods.
Social impact
The social impacts derived from the development of this EeBGuide can be diverse in nature. Among the most relevant ones are the creation of new, high-technology jobs by improving Europe’s competitiveness, healthy and secure working conditions, and the general well-being offered by a healthy environment. These are the impacts that can be directly linked with technologies, and their contribution to our future lives. The integration of participatory ap-proaches into the development of this guidance document strengthens these aspects of the social impact, contributing to a more democratic and more knowledge-based society.
Impact on European competitiveness
The EeBGuide will enhance the competitiveness of European industry by its contribution to sustainable development. It supports the goal of decoupling growth from resource depletion, which is an economic, environmental, and social necessity for European industry. Assessing and improving the environmental performance of products, technologies and services, EeBGuide delivers the framework for a consistent environmental evaluation.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 24 of 297
2 Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
2.1 Identification of important aspects for product and building LCA studies
The EeBGuide benefits from a comprehensive approach to identifying key aspects of the LCA methodology applied to products and buildings that need further clarification. Using the steps of the LCA framework (goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assess-ment, interpretation), as well as the life cycle stages of a building from cradle to grave, al-lowed identification of aspects where provisions and guidance were missing. The need to adapt the guidance to different stakeholders and different stages of a project also led to the definition of different study types: screening, simplified and complete LCA (see below).
The various aspects were defined based on literature searches, analysis of reference docu-ments (see below), and consultation with LCA experts during brainstorming meetings among the EeBGuide partners. For example, aspects such as definition of the functional unit for a product, the use of EPD data in building LCA studies, end-of-life scenarios, the choice of en-vironmental indicators, and the normalization step led to many questions that need to be addressed, and provisions and guidance clearly documented.
2.2 Reference documents for the EeBGuide
The EeBGuide refers to several sources that provide rules and guidance for LCA practitioners. The first such source is the original ISO standards on life cycle assessment, i.e. [ISO 14040] and [ISO 14044]. In addition, the ILCD Handbook provides extended guidance on LCA in general. The ILCD series of technical guidance documents for LCA have been developed to support LCA practitioners in the planning, performance and documentation of complete and detailed LCAs. The recommendations given in the handbook are in line with the requirements of ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. Other important sources of guidance for the LCA practitioner are [EN 15804] and [EN 15978], which define LCA of building products and buildings more specifically. These European standards were developed by the CEN technical committee on sustainability of construction works (CEN TC 350). Other reference documents considered for setting provisions and rules were the ISO standards on service life planning (the ISO 15686 series), and various scientific reports and articles.
2.3 Procedure for choosing provisions from both CEN TC 350 standards and the ILCD Handbook
The ILCD Handbook was written by a panel of scientific researchers and experts in LCA, whereas the CEN TC 350 standards were written by a panel of building stakeholders as well
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 25 of 297
as LCA experts. The level of detail varies considerably between the CEN standards (around 50 pages) and the ILCD Handbook (around 1000 pages in total). The main differences be-tween the ILCD and CEN TC 350 standards can be found in their terminology and provisions. For example, EN 15804/EN 15978 proposed new terms such as the ‘functional equivalent’ of a building to adapt the ‘functional unit’ term defined in ISO 14040 and in the ILCD for the building sector. As a result, these documents may often conflict in the definition, the level of detail and finally the provisions to adopt for each LCA step, and for each life cycle stage. A systematic procedure was therefore adopted in the EeBGuide for choosing the basis of the guidance included for each aspect.
As mentioned above, the EeBGuide tries to combine provisions and guidance from the EN 15804 and EN 15978 standards and the ILCD Handbook (see Figure 5). If cases of contradic-tory approaches appear in the reference sources, then the EeBGuide always tries to state a provision or guidance transparently for both the standard and the ILCD Handbook. As far as possible, the EeBGuide provisions follow the European standards [EN 15804] and [EN 15978] closely. If the standard does not mention a certain aspect, or if it is not very clear on that aspect, provisions and guidance from the ILCD Handbook are provided. Where no existing guidance is available, other provisions are proposed by the EeBGuide.
EeBGuidapproac
Figure 5
Guidancpresent meant tand exp
de Drch of the Ee
: Procedure
ce can incluan interpre
to be a provperts.
raft GuidaeBGuide
for adaptati
ude links to etation of tvision, but r
nce docum
ion from the
further intethe standarrather a me
ment – B
CEN TC 350
eresting or rd or the ILeans to shar
Buildings
0 standards a
important inLCD Handbore LCA expe
Method
and ILCD Ha
nformation,ook. This ineriences from
dological
page 2
andbook
, or to examnterpretatiom LCA prac
6 of 297
mples, or on is not ctitioners
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 27 of 297
2.3.1 EeBGuide provisions for different goal definition: strictness vs. flexibility
LCA has been developed as a flexible system that can be adjusted to answer different kinds of question [CALCAS 2009]. In this context, standardization is always a difficult task, as it is done under a specific goal definition (e.g. EN 15804 is developed for giving rules for EPD). According to [CALCAS 2009], standards contribute to the harmonization of terms and proce-dures that are needed for comparison (as practised by rating agencies or consumer agen-cies). Thus standardization is often not helpful for the optimization of specific processes. Individual concepts that address the specific problems and goals are often more appropriate for such cases.
The practitioner should be aware that for some key aspects, such as goal definition, follow-ing the ILCD Handbook may lead to provisions that are different from those in the EN 15804/EN 15978 standards. Hence it is very important to distinguish the different provisions found in the EeBGuide. Although some provisions can be used for all studies, others may be used only under the goals and scope of the EN 15804/EN 15978 standards. For example, most of the time provisions for product LCA are in line with EN 15804.
The EeBGuide has two related objectives when choosing provisions from both CEN TC 350 standards and the ILCD Handbook. First, it is structured in line with the EN 15804 and EN 15978 standards (Modules A, B, C and D), so the provisions (based either on ILCD or EeBGuide) provides consistent rules for implementation of the two standards in practice. This is the ‘rigid’ part of the EeBGuide, which enables it to be in line with more operational pro-jects such as the SBA Common Metrics. Such a perspective is more likely to fall under the secondary audience, e.g. for EPD and building certification purposes (but not only these).
Second, it is structured according to the life cycle steps of the LCA framework. It clearly de-fines provisions for the different goals and scope of building and product LCA studies. Here, the intention is to detail the different definitions of goal and scope that may be found in practice, for example in comparing two innovative products in an E2B EI research project, or assessing the introduction of a new technology into the market by the use of consequential modelling. This is the ‘flexible’ part of the EeBGuide. Such a perspective is more likely to fall under the primary audience, as E2B EI projects (but not only these).
2.4 Use of three study types
LCA studies can be undertaken to meet a multitude of different goals, and often different goals are addressed in one single study. Depending on its goals, the study will have a differ-
EeBGuidapproac
ent scopthe ILCD
Figure 6
In the cin otherthat canduring asign alteing projations wdata, mstakeho
Within tfied andLCA stuconductof the a
16 For mbook. Ge“The iter
de Drch of the Ee
pe and leveD Handbook
6: LCA as an i
constructionr sectors. Un be adaptean architecternative (firject a compwill often n
methodologyolder’s requi
this guidelind completedy for prodted at theseassessment,
more informateneral guide rative approa
raft GuidaeBGuide
el of detail. k (see Figur
iterative pro
n sector, LCUsers such ed to the stural comperst iteration
plete LCA mot necessay and resulirements.
ne, three d (see 3.1.1
ducts (i.e. pe different l, the experi
tion about thfor life cycle
ach to LCA”
nce docum
Generally sre 6).16
ocess [ILCD 2
CA studies cas architec
specifics of etition may n in Figure 6ay be requirily be perflts need to
ifferent LCA1Fehler! Uroducts, maevels of deience of the
he iterative ae assessmen
ment – B
speaking, LC
2011a]
cannot be cocts and desa building conduct a
6), whereasired (third iformed by
o be adapte
A study typngültiger aterials, cometail, depende practitione
approach to nt: detailed g
Buildings
CA is an ite
ompleted wsign engineproject, anscreening Ls at a moreteration in the same s
ed to the g
pes have beEigenverw
mponents oding on, forer (architec
LCA please guidance [IL
Method
rative proce
with the samers required to their nLCA for supe advanced Figure 6). Tstakeholdergoal of the
een definedweis auf Tor services) r example, ct, LCA expe
look at ChapCD 2010c] a
dological
page 2
ess, as illust
me level of e user-friendneeds. An apporting his
stage of thThese differr. In each c
study, and
: screeningTextmarkeor buildingthe goal anert), the da
pter 4 of ILCas well as Pr
8 of 297
trated in
detail as dly tools architect s/her de-he build-rent iter-case the d to the
g, simpli-e.). Each s can be nd scope ata avail-
CD Hand-rovision 4
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 29 of 297
ability, or the state of development of the product or building being assessed. These levels of detail have several implications for the following aspects:
- Completeness of the assessment o System boundaries (e.g. selection of building components included,
and inclusion of selected life cycle stages or information modules) o Calculation rules (e.g. for energy and water consumption) o Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) (e.g. for number of indicators to
be used) o Interpretation for building-level applications of the LCA results (e.g.
comparability) - Data representativeness (e.g. use of specific or generic LCA data, input data
based on estimations or on precise calculations) - Documentation of LCA results - Communication of LCA report and results
For building assessments, the aim of both screening and simplified LCAs is to simplify the completion of a building LCA study by the practitioners, for example, in the early design stages. Several aspects need to be adapted (e.g. data types and calculation rules) to stream-line the LCA of buildings. For example, default values and adapted calculation rules can be used for estimating the impacts of the building components, water and energy consumption. It is also possible to adapt the system boundaries in screening and simplified LCA, for exam-ple by omitting details such as joints or individual services during the use stage.
In this guidance, as far as possible, for screening and simplified LCA the insignificance or irrelevance of a life cycle stage, or a contributor (e.g. deconstruction activities), or an indica-tor (e.g. ADP, GWP, POCP) should be justified by the scientific evidence for each aspect (e.g. by a comparison between a full building LCA study and a simplified one omitting one of these aspects).17 As far as possible, the EeBGuide supports this approach of justified, sound simplification, as shown in previous studies e.g. [Kellenberger 2009]. It enables the LCA methodology for the building sector to be streamlined, while maintaining the precision of the results as far as possible, and adapting the LCA methodology to the needs of the building stakeholders.
As a result, the EeBGuide provides mainly guidance on the data types (e.g. use of default values in early design stages) and calculation rules for both screening and simplified LCA. The final choice of omitting life cycle stages or LCIA indicators is left to the practitioner.
17 The practitioner will not have to conduct such a work of validation. It is intended to be done more by researchers, or within an expert group, in order to support and strengthen the simplification rules proposed in the EeBGuide study types.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 30 of 297
Note: However, it is strongly recommended that LCA studies be performed with more than one LCIA indicator, and covering several life cycle stages; the results of single-stage or sin-gle-indicator studies can be misleading, and the approach does not match life cycle thinking. Issues such as burden shifting can occur, but may not be detected, and it is the core objec-tive of the LCA methodology to obtain a comprehensive view of the environmental perfor-mance of a technical system. As the EeBGuide is related primarily to energy-efficient build-ings and products, the inclusion of at least PENRT (total use of non-renewable primary ener-gy resources) and if relevant the GWP (global warming potential) and PERT (total use of renewable primary energy resources) is strongly recommended.
The complete LCA approach is proposed for the more advanced phases of a building project. In this case, precise calculation rules have to be followed, and comprehensive system boundaries have to be used in developing a complete LCA study.
The following section explains the different study types in more detail.
Focused assessment
The concept of life cycle assessment generally has two basic connotations:
LCA that covers the entire life cycle of a product or service; LCA that covers more than one environmental area of concern.18
If a practitioner concludes from the goal and scope of a study that the assessment should cover only selected life cycle stages or selected information modules, or that only one single indicator should be assessed, then the practitioner is free to do so. For example, aspects such as specific building components or services can be considered without requiring an in-depth analysis of the entire building. However, under these circumstances such a study can-not be referred to as ‘life cycle assessment’ within the context of this guidance, but should be denoted as a focused assessment.
It is strongly recommended that the calculation methods and applicable provisions given in this document be used for the elements selected for assessment, to ensure the minimum comparability for such studies.
18 This connotation reflects the understanding of the authors of this guidance. ISO 14040/14044 ask for the selection of environmental impact categories based (among other reasons) on the impact category’s relevance for the assessed product system. The authors conclude that this generally leads to the assessment of more than just one indicator to ensure that shifting of burdens is identi-fied.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 31 of 297
Examples of focused assessment:
- Study focused mainly on operational energy use (B6), in order to show the re-sults of different energy supply systems.
- Study for a facility management company, focusing on maintenance (B2), re-pair (B3, B4) and operational water use (B7).
2.4.1 Screening LCA
Purpose
A screening LCA study may serve for an initial (quick) overview of the environmental impacts of a building or a product. The challenge is to adapt the LCA methodology and simplify the use of LCA at the early design stage. With a screening LCA, it is not possible to retrieve de-tailed results on the environmental performance of a building or a product, and comparative assertions according to ISO 14044 cannot be based on it. Comparisons can be made inter-nally, but these comparisons should not be published. This type of study yields an estimate of the environmental performance, which can be helpful in the early stages of design (e.g. for an architect’s draft design0 in of a research project (e.g. to identify environmental hotspots that require an additional, in-depth assessment).
Completeness of assessment
A screening study would typically focus on the main contributors to the system under as-sessment, including (but not limited to) the input materials, water and energy use, and the transportation of users (if relevant). In screening LCA, to avoid misleading results, care is needed to ensure that omitted building products are not significant for the chosen environ-mental indicators. It is also important to use adapted calculation rules for screening LCA (e.g. the use of statistical data for assessing impacts of water consumption). More infor-mation on the calculation rules can be found in Table 5.
Cut-off rules, as specified in EN 15978 and EN 15804, and in the ILCD Handbook, may not apply to screening LCA studies for buildings or products. For example, in the early design stages not all the input raw materials and components are known in detail, which means that some of them are omitted. Rather than systematically neglect them, one option is to try to model these omitted processes using default values. Generally speaking, life cycle modules, inputs and services should be omitted only if their insignificance for the corresponding envi-ronmental indicator can be scientifically justified.
A screening study might focus on one single indicator or several, and most studies should include PENRT (total use of non-renewable primary energy resources) and if relevant the GWP (global warming potential) and PERT (total use of renewable primary energy re-sources). As a general rule, a set of between five and seven additional relevant core LCIA
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 32 of 297
indicators can be used (see the corresponding aspect in section 5 They may be taken from either EN 15804 or EN 15978, and from additional indicators described in the ILCD Hand-book (if relevant for the purpose of the study).
Data representativeness
In comparison with the other study types, a screening study is likely to be based on generic assumptions, according to the goal and scope of the study. For example, if the goal is to conduct an LCA study within a European project, then the use of generic assumptions for the EU context may be sufficient. However, if the goal is (as in most cases) to conduct an LCA study that is representative within a national context, then generic assumptions for the na-tional context are appropriate. Five major areas related to the representativeness of data can be considered: geography, technology, age, time and precision. It is also important to en-sure consistency within the data used.
Geography The data used in a screening study should, as far as is practical, given the existing time and budget constraints, relate to the country from which the building or product originates, and in which it is built or produced. However, as this is not always possible, it is also acceptable to use assumptions from a neighbouring country (with a similar context), or average Europe-an data, or even average global data. In this case, the data used, and their limitations, should be highlighted in the documentation. These provisions do not apply to data on ener-gy, water and waste treatment processes, as national data are preferable (e.g. electricity mix, natural gas) but, otherwise, European data can be used if relevant.
Technology The data used should represent the technology used as closely as possible. For example, if different heating systems are to be assessed from a product or building perspective, or if a comparison of bearing structures from reinforced concrete against timber framing is intend-ed, then the data should reflect an equivalent state-of-the-art technology.
Precision Average environmental quantitative information on the building or product may be taken from generic LCA data, or from default values for major components. For other sources of impacts related to the operational energy and water, and to the construction site, refer to the provisions given in the guidance document.
Consistency A qualitative assessment of whether the LCA methodology is applied uniformly to the various components and processes should be made in relation to the goal and scope of the study.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 33 of 297
Documentation
Use the reporting template provided. The minimum requirements for items reported on can be summarized as follows:
Definition of the goal and scope Life cycle stages included Main input materials/items included, as well as processes for energy, water
etc. Overview of calculation rules, and comment on degree of approxima-
tion/uncertainties Impact categories considered Life cycle impact results and interpretation (conclusions) Statement regarding consistency Results
Communication of LCA report and results
Screening LCAs are for internal communication purposes only (e.g. during an architectural competition), not public comparative purposes. A statement about the uncertainty of the results due to the screening process must be included.
Examples of screening LCAs:
Building LCA study to identify environmental optimization potentials in the early design stages (for an architect or stakeholder, helping to improve the building design).
Supporting documentation for an architectural competition. Comparison of a, innovative new product and an existing one (e.g. within
a company).
2.4.2 Simplified LCA
Purposes
A simplified LCA study can be conducted for a quick assessment of a building or a product. The challenge is to adapt the LCA methodology and simplify its use, but to a more advanced LCA stage than for a screening LCA. With a simplified LCA, a pragmatic approach is applied to a building or product LCA. It makes possible studies based on information that is already available, e.g. in the planning process. The simplified LCA lies somewhere between the screening LCA and the complete LCA. It may be adapted by the practitioner or the building stakeholder (e.g. the construction company or the design engineer), and to a given stage of the building planning process. For example, if a construction company conducts a simplified
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 34 of 297
LCA, more precise data can be used for the on-site related impacts, but the study can still rely on the definitions of the screening LCA for the other life cycle stages.
The simplified LCA has to be interpreted as an ‘adapted’ LCA, depending on the effort that the LCA practitioner wants to put in for every life cycle stage and contributor.
Completeness of assessment
The main focus here is on the major contributing input materials, water and energy use. More details should be given, compared with a screening study, in order to increase the rep-resentativeness of the study’s results. It is also important to use adapted calculation rules for simplified LCAs (e.g. the possible use of dynamic thermal simulation for assessing operation-al energy use). More information on the calculation rules can be found in Table 5. The study may consider a more comprehensive set of environmental impact categories than for a screening LCA, for example taken from both EN 15804 and EN 15978, and additional indica-tors described in the ILCD Handbook (if relevant for the purpose of the study).
Cut-off rules as specified in EN 15978 and 15804 may not apply to simplified LCA studies for buildings, products or services. In early design, for example, not all the input raw materials and components are known in detail, so that some of them have to be omitted. Rather than systematically neglect them, one option is to try to model them using default values . How-ever, life cycle modules, inputs and services should be omitted only if a scientific justification shows their insignificance for the corresponding environmental indicator.
Data representativeness
Compared with a screening LCA, the data used for simplified studies should be more repre-sentative of the product, component, element or part of a building under assessment.
Geography The data used in a simplified study should, as far as practicable, given the existing time and budget constraints, relate to the country where the building or building products are pro-duced or being used. However, as this is not always possible, it is also acceptable to use assumptions, for example using data that represent a country with a similar electric energy grid mix and manufacturing technology. When the goal of the study is to conduct an LCA study within a European project, it is also possible to use average European data, as they are more relevant. The use of global average data should be avoided wherever possible. These provisions do not apply to data on energy, water and waste treatment processes, as national data are preferable (e.g. electric mix, natural gas); or European data can be used if relevant.
Technology The data should represent the technology used as closely as possible. If no directly applica-ble dataset is available, a justification for the selection of a dataset should be given.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 35 of 297
In the trade-off between the geographical and technological representativeness of data, careful consideration should be given to using the most appropriate data. No general prefer-ence can be given here, as this is directly dependent on the geographical and technical pa-rameters.
Precision Specific, quantitative environmental information on f building elements, products, materials, components or services should be used wherever possible. EPDs of average products may be used, as well as generic LCA data (e.g. if additional impact categories need to be assessed). For other sources of impacts related to the operational energy, water and the construction site, refer to the provisions given in the guidance document.
Consistency A qualitative assessment of whether the LCA methodology is applied uniformly to the various components and processes should be made in relation to the goal and scope of the study.
Documentation
Use the reporting template provided. The minimum requirements for items reported on can be summarized as follows:
Definition of goal and scope Life cycle stages included, and a clear definition of the system boundary Input materials/items included and excluded, with justification, as well as pro-
cesses for energy, water etc. Overview of calculation rules, and comments on the degree of approxima-
tion/uncertainties Impact categories considered (with justification) Limitations Life cycle impact results and interpretation Statement regarding consistency Results Review statement
Communication of LCA report and results
Communication can be internal or external. For external communication purposes, an inde-pendent review is needed before publication.
Special precautions have to be taken, if it is intended to conduct comparative assertions on the basis of a simplified LCA. The comparability of the focus areas of a simplified study has to be ensured, and the parameters used and assumptions made for the comparison have to be documented in sufficient detail. The limitations of representativeness have to be estimat-ed, reported and discussed, with regard to the consequences for the comparison.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 36 of 297
When performing comparative LCA studies, the same functional equivalent should be used, and similar system boundaries have to be applied to each product system.
Examples of a simplified LCA:
Building LCA study for labelling schemes. LCA of a building conducted by a stakeholder (e.g. environmental engi-
neer, construction engineer, etc.) interested in getting a more detailed ad-vanced assessment than from a screening LCA.
LCA for developing an environmental fact sheet for a specific product.
2.4.3 Complete LCA
Purpose
A complete LCA study reflects the regular approach to LCA, following ISO 14040/14044. It meets the requirements of ISO 14044, and reflects the basis for comparative assertions and other external communication. It covers the entire building’s or product’s life cycle, and yields a comprehensive view of the environmental performance of the building or product. This type of study serves to identify environmental hotspots, and gives assurance concerning the contribution to environmental impacts from individual life cycle stages, building ele-ments, products, components or services. It is recommended that this type of study be used to provide relevant decision support for the detailed design of a building.
Completeness of assessment
Complete LCAs should ideally consider the whole life cycle – that is, from cradle to grave (Module A1 to C4), as well as Module D (if relevant to the goal and scope of the study) – and should consider a comprehensive set of environmental impact categories taken from both EN 15804/EN 15978 and additional indicators described in the ILCD Handbook (if relevant for the purpose of the study).
When a complete LCA is undertaken, to understand the impact of a building over its full life cycle (cradle to grave), care must be taken to review the relevant scenarios that may be applicable to the use phase. Very different assumptions on service life, energy in use, pat-terns of use, disposal and recycling may be appropriate, leading to more than one scenario evaluation to reflect different practice and impacts. In addition, hundreds of different prod-ucts are used in the construction of buildings, and it may be very challenging to obtain quan-titative environmental information about their production, transportation, service life, recy-clability, etc.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 37 of 297
The assessment should accurately represent the quantification of the building and scenarios used. In EN 15804 and EN 15978 the following criteria for exclusion of inputs and outputs are defined:
o “1% of renewable and non-renewable primary energy usage and o 1% of the total mass input of that unit process. o The total of neglected input flows per module, e.g. per Module A, B, C or D
shall be a maximum of 5% of energy usage and mass.”19
In the ILCD Handbook these criteria for exclusion of inputs and outputs are defined more strictly as an iterative approach to get as close to 100% as possible.
For a complete LCA the recommendations of the ILCD Handbook should be followed. The definition of the cut-off rules mentioned in EN 15804 and EN 15978 could possibly generate misleading results in specific cases (e.g. in studies with a focus on toxicity). Therefore the EeBGuide stresses that the cut-off rules have to be defined in accordance with the goal and scope of the study.
Whenever LCI data are available for describing, for example, a raw material (for a product LCA) or LCA or EPD data on a building product (for a building LCA), it should be taken into account in the study. Cut-off rules aim only at easing the process of doing an LCA, for exam-ple by neglecting plastic bags for an upstream raw material (for a product LCA), or for ne-glecting minor components in a building (but ensuring that the simplification does not bias the results). For more information, see the cut-off aspect in the guidance document.
In practice, LCA practitioners may face significant challenges to meet these requirements for buildings, as extensive documentation of the building products used in a construction project is required. To-day, such extensive documentation is not generally state-of-the-art for typical construction projects. Experience shows that the situation may be improved significantly if the project developer/investor, the architect and the construction company cooperate from the early design stages onwards, to establish extensive and automated documentation sys-tems for the construction materials and specific products used.
Data representativeness
For a complete LCA, stricter requirements must be considered to ensure an appropriate level of data representativeness. ISO 14044 provides a full list of the rules in the following areas:
19 EN 15804: Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction products. CEN – European Committee for Standardization. Brussels: CEN – CENELEC 2011.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 38 of 297
- Time-related coverage: the period over which the data should be collected, and how recent this data must be.
- Geographical coverage: the geographical area from which data should be collected in order to meet the requirements of the goal and scope of the study.
- Technology coverage: the LCI data should reflect the technology applicable to the product, component, element or part of the building under study.
- Precision: a measure of the variability of the data values. - Completeness: the percentage of flow that is measured or estimated. - Representativeness: a qualitative assessment of the degree to which the dataset re-
flects the true population of interest (i.e. geographical coverage, time period and technology coverage).
- Reproducibility: a qualitative assessment of the extent to which information about the methodology and data values would allow an independent practitioner to reproduce the results reported in the study.
- Sources of the data. - Uncertainty of the information (e.g. data, models and assumptions).
Geography LCI data should represent the country in which the material is sold, or in which the process or activity is taking place (wherever it occurs in the life cycle).
Technology LCI data should reflect the technology applicable to the product, component, element or part of the building under study.
Precision Specific descriptions of the products (component, element, or part of the building) should be used. Specific EPDs may be used (e.g. if the chosen indicators are covered by the EN 15804/EN 15978 list of indicators), as well as specific LCA data (e.g. if additional impact cat-egories need to be assessed). For other sources of impacts related to the operational energy, water and the construction site, refer to the provisions given in the guidance document.
Consistency A qualitative assessment should be made of whether the study methodology is applied uni-formly to the various components of the analysis.
Documentation
Use the reporting template provided. The minimum requirements for items reported on can be summarized as follows:
- Definition of the goal and scope - Life cycle stages included, and a clear definition of the system boundary
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 39 of 297
- Input materials/items included, and any excluded, with justification (cut-off rules) - Impact categories considered (with justification) - Assumptions and comment on degree of approximation/uncertainties - Main assumptions and limitations - Life cycle impact results, broken down by life cycle stage and module - Statement on consistency - Interpretation and conclusions - Review statement
Communication of LCA report and results
Communication can be internal or external. For external communication purposes, an inde-pendent review/verification is needed before publication.
Most complete LCAs will be conducted for producing LCA studies of buildings for the detailed design and assessment stages. If a complete LCA is to be used to provide a comparative assertion intended to be disclosed to the public, then there are further requirements set within ISO 14044, and the LCA will require critical review by a panel of interested parties.
Examples of a complete LCA:
- Comparative LCA study of different buildings or building designs. - Selection of the most appropriate construction strategy for the refurbishment
of a building’s envelope. - Detailed identification of the environmental hotspots of a product or a build-
ing.
2.5 Use of a baseline scenario
Deviations in the final results of product and building LCAs may arise from the use of differ-ent sets of parameter values, depending on the goal and scope and according to the study type definitions (see previous section). This can be an issue when comparing the outcomes of research projects. As a result, the methodological approach for the guidance document includes the use of a baseline scenario. A common set of parameter values for all European research projects is highly useful for supporting and providing consistency in comparisons.
The EeBGuide suggests some parameters some as a baseline scenario (see Table 1). The use of these parameters is suggested, but is not mandatory for all LCA studies conducted either within E2B EI projects or externally (LCA tool development, certification schemes). Even within E2B EI projects, such a reduced list of parameters does not guarantee compara-ble results among different project results. Differences may occur from, for example, differ-ent choices of LCA data, or from different modelling approaches for the energy consumption
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 40 of 297
assessment, as the EeBGuide cannot recommend the choice of, say, only one LCA database or one dynamic thermal simulation software package to be used in E2B EI research projects. The provisions and guidance included in the guide help overcome this issue, but they cannot ensure total comparability of all LCA studies performed in the various E2B EI projects. In addition, the baseline scenario is goal and scope dependent, and a set of parameter values cannot be proposed for all situations (e.g. stand-alone LCAs, comparative assertions).
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 41 of 297
Table 1: Selected standard set of parameter values for the baseline scenario
Parameter Standard parameter value
Reference study period 50 years
LCA data for electricity con-sumption
European (annual) average datasets or national (annual) average data if more relevant for the study
Future technological develop-ments (Modules B, C and D)
No future technological developments are assessed; cur-rently used technology is the basis for the assessment
Average transportation distance in Europe for Module A4
300 km20
Carbon storage Carbon sequestration is not considered explicitly
End-of-life scenarios (Modules C and D)
Use contemporary percentages for each building material (do not use a probabilistic scenario)
If comparable results are sought between different E2B EI research projects, practitioners should select a standard set of parameter values for their studies that is as uniform as possi-ble. This includes the parameters listed above (adaptations are possible, if relevant), and the definition of the system boundaries for the building elements, operational energy and water use.21
Note: the parameter choices given in Table 1 are neither ‘correct’ nor scientifically proven to be the best values, but rather represent a set of definitions to form a common basis for dif-ferent studies. Therefore, in general, no scientific proof is given for these values. If available, reference to a third-party source is provided. If not, the values or decisions for these param-eters have been defined by this guidance’s authors.
Additional in-depth work is needed to determine a comprehensive set of parameter values for the baseline scenario for product or building LCA studies with specific goals and scopes. The EeBGuide partners believe that this is the only way to move towards comparable results
20 The value of 300 km resembles the average value of 293 km identified in the IMPRO-Building study [Nemry 2008] and the 260 km (median value) or 341 km (mean value) identified as average values reported in the French EPDs for transportation to the building site [Lasvaux 2010] 21 The practitioner can use the reporting template VALUES for reporting the results of LCA case stud-ies. The template provides a list of building components to take into account (mandatory and optional ones, due to possible lack of data). The building components considered should be identical, to ensure comparability between different E2B EI research projects. It is also important to pay attention to the system boundaries applied in the case of operational energy and water use.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings Methodological approach of the EeBGuide
page 42 of 297
among different LCA studies. To that end, contributions from projects such as SBA Common Metrics,22 Superbuildings23 and OpenHouse24 can be very helpful.
22 Sustainable Building Alliance Research Project: “Piloting SBA Common Metrics” Phase 1 – 2011, Technical and operational feasibility of the SBA common metrics Practical modelling of case studies. More information online: http://sballiance.org/ 23 http://cic.vtt.fi/superbuildings/node/2 24 http://www.openhouse-fp7.eu/
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Buildings How to use this guidance document
page 43 of 297
3 How to use this guidance document
3.1 Structure of the guidance document
This guidance document is structured in two parts: one dedicated to the LCA of building products, and the other to the LCA of buildings. Both documents contain a general section covering the implementation of study types, and guidance on how to conduct LCA studies in general. Within the general section, and within sections for the various life cycle modules, important aspects that require consideration when conducting an LCA study are noted, along with provisions and guidance on these aspects. Some of these aspects are common to prod-ucts and buildings, but others are specific to either products or buildings.
Within the context of this document, the word ‘building product’ is used for everything that is not a whole building (e.g. building parts, elements, components, products, services).
Also, in this guidance no specific definition is given for an energy-efficient building. Generally speaking, it corresponds to the current best practice in Europe, reflected by energy-efficient labels such as Passivhaus25 in Germany, BBC-Effinergie26 in France, or the new thermal regu-lation (e.g. RT 2012 in France27). As a result, the aspects defined in EeBGuide apply for all kinds of energy-efficient building in Europe.
Each document is structured according to the life cycle stages of a building from cradle to grave, as given in the EN 15804 and EN 15978 standards, and shown in Table 2. The con-ventional terms used in EN 15804 and EN 15978 reflect one possible way to depict the build-ing life cycle. For example, the standard chose to exclude Module D (accounting for the recy-cling potential) from the system boundary of a building. This should be interpreted only as a conventional term. Under the specific goal and scope of a study (e.g. design for recycling LCA studies), the use of Module D or other modelling scope may be needed if relevant. However, the EeBGuide partners believe that it makes sense to follow the conventional terms in EN 15804 and EN 15978 for describing the life cycle of a building or a product, in order not to reinvent or redefine such aspects.
The guidance document uses a substructure for the general aspects common to both levels (products and buildings) that corresponds to the usual LCA framework – goal and scope def-inition, life cycle inventory analysis (LCI), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), interpretation, reporting – according to the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards as well as the ILCD Hand-book. This structure helps experienced users who are not directly familiar with the EN 15804/EN 15978 structure to navigate quickly through the document.
For each important aspect defined in the EeBGuide (see section 2.1), a template reporting the relevant information is provided. It includes the description of the aspect, the rules from EN 15804/EN 15978, the ILCD Handbook and other sources (if relevant), and the main pro-visions and guidance. Table 3 presents the different parts of the template.
28 Generally speaking, Module D, describing the “benefits and load beyond the system boundary”, which is a defined term in EN 15804/EN 15978, may be handled within the same LCA study. As a re-sult, it may be within the system boundary of ‘design for recycling’ approaches and LCA studies. The reader of the EeBGuide should consider the name of Module D as a convention.
EeBGuidguidanc
Table 3:
For impthese ar
Table 4:
I
de Drce documen
Example of
Ov
Name of DescriptioRelated s
Related s
Relevant
Relevant
ProvisionRules fro
Guidance
proved oriere listed in T
Description
Icon
aft Guidant
the templat
verview of th
the aspect on of the aspstudy objectiv
study phase
for (study ty
for (product
s m
e
ntation, icoTable 4.
of the icons
Meaning DescriptioThe aspetypical quProvisionHow to a
Meaning General: Aspects tor are indsection. Life cycleAspects grouped Life cycleAspects t
Life cycleAspects t
Module DAspects tbeyond tNew buildAspects t
Existing bAspects t
Products:Aspects ttioned heScreeningAspects awhether nition of ‘SimplifiedAspects awhether nition of ‘CompleteAspects awhether nition of ‘ApplicablIf the icothe aspecCan be aIf the icopect (e.gbe applie
nce docum
D
that do not rdependent o
e stage A accthat relate here.
e stage B accthat relate to
e stage C accthat relate to
D according tthat relate tohe system bodings: that relate to
buildings: that relate to
: that relate toere. g: are sorted byan aspect is ‘screening’).d: are sorted byan aspect is ‘simplified’).e: are sorted byan aspect is ‘complete’).e:
on has a blacct is relevantpplied:
on has a gre. the aspect
ed to new bu
ment – Bu
Description
relate to a siof individual
cording to CEto life cycl
cording to CEo life cycle sta
cording to CEo life cycle sta
to CEN TC 35o issues beyooundaries) a
o new buildin
o existing bui
o products, m
y the study important fo
y the study important fo
y the study important fo
ck backgrount for new bui
ey backgrounis applicable
ildings).
uildings
of icons
ngle life cycllife cycle sta
EN TC 350 (Ele stage A
EN TC 350 (Eage B (use)
EN TC 350 (Eage C (end o
50 (EN 15804ond the life re grouped h
ngs are ment
ildings are m
materials, co
type that thor a screenin
type that thor a simplifie
type that thor a complet
nd, the aspeildings).
nd, the define to existing
How to
e stage, butges, are gro
EN 15804 and(product an
EN 15804 andare grouped
EN 15804 andof life) are gr
4 and EN 159cycle studiedhere.
ioned here.
mentioned he
omponents a
ey apply to. ng LCA (see
ey apply to. ed LCA (see
ey apply to. te LCA (see
ct is relevan
ition can be buildings, b
o use this
page 4
t cover severouped in the
d EN 15978)nd construct
d EN 15978) here.
d EN 15978)rouped here.
978): d (benefits a
re.
nd services
This icon syTable 5 for
This icon syTable 5 for
This icon syTable 5 for
nt for that sc
relevant forbut if needed
46 of 297
ral stages ‘General’
): tion) are
):
): .
and loads
are men-
ymbolizes the defi-
ymbolizes the defi-
ymbolizes the defi-
cope (e.g.
r that as-d can also
EeBGuidguidanc
I
Every aplained.This refThis proit provisare provaspect.
3.1.1 I
Table 5 and comscribes (e.g. wiand usecycle stapplicatare manmissing EfficientEeBGuid
Note: Tnents an
29 The Eknowledto regulaHandbooor signifLCA, are
de Drce documen
Icon
aspect cons. Then, whfers mainly ovision is msion can sevided for ev
Implemen
gives specmplete) arethe first apthin the deed. In a simtages are ation of the ndatory, op
data.29 Tht Buildings de, this can
The term ‘pnd services
EeBGuide defge, is based ar updates, ok and the Cficance of a pe highly welco
aft Guidant
Meaning Not appliIf the icofor that a
sists of fourerever possto the Euro
mandatory forve as guidvery aspect,
ntation of t
ific informae currently pproach, whsign stage)mplified LCAaddressed. LCA metho
ptional becahe term ‘mInitiative ( be conside
product’ refe.
finition of ston expert jubased on th
CEN TC 350 sparticular lifeomed to sup
nce docum
D
cable: on has a greyaspect (e.g. a
r parts. Firssible, a proopean standor Europeandance or an, and finally
the study
tion about himplement
here most o: thus defauA study, deComplete L
odology. Foause of theiandatory’ hE2B EI). Foered as a gu
ers to buildi
tudy types isudgement ashe new knowstandards Foe cycle stage
pport the cho
ment – Bu
Description
y backgroundaspect does
st it is brieovision is gidards (EN 1n research n informatioy operationa
type defin
how the thrted within tof the inforult values oetailed dataLCA reflectr each leveir minor relhere specifor other pruideline.
ing-related
s a proposals well as on wledge that wor example, ne, thus leadioices made in
uildings
of icons
d and is crosnot concern
efly describeiven for the15978, EN 1projects, bu
on source. Tal guidance
nitions
ree LCA stuthe EeBGuimation on
of generic aa are used, ts the mostel, Table 5levance, or ically relateojects, or f
products, c
l that, to thescientific wowill be devenew researchng to its rem
n this guidan
How to
ssed, the defnew building
ed, and thee issue rela15804) or thut if appliedThen links tis given fo
dy types (sde framewthe buildingssumptionsand a grea
t comprehehighlights toptional be
es to projefor the seco
construction
e best of therks. Howeveloped by aph studies shomoval in a scce.
o use this
page 4
finition is notgs).
e main issuating to thehe ILCD Had in other cto further l
or every pro
screening, swork. Screeng is still vers need to beater numbeensive and those moduecause of c
ects of the ondary aud
n materials,
e EeBGuide er, this will bplying both owing the irrcreening or s
47 of 297
t relevant
ue is ex-e aspect. andbook. contexts, iterature blematic
implified ning de-ry rough e chosen er of life detailed
ules that currently Energy-
dience of
compo-
partners’ be subject the ILCD relevance simplified
EeBGuiddocume
Table 5:
de Draftent
: Implementa
t Guidance
ation of the
e documen
different stu
nt - Produc
udy types for
cts How
r buildings
to use thiss guidance
page 48
8 of 297
EeBGuiddocume
de Draftent
t Guidancee documennt - Produccts How to use thiss guidance
page 49
9 of 297
EeBGuiddocume
de Draftent
t Guidancee documen
nt - Produccts How to use this
s guidance
page 50
0 of 297
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 51 of 297
3.2 How to conduct an LCA study within the field of energy-efficient buildings
Every LCA study generally follows ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, which provide general rules on how to conduct an LCA study – independent of the scope of assessment, type of product or associated industrial sector. They define the separate phases for such studies, and provide general rules for the application of this methodology. The defined phases are:
- Goal and scope definition. - Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI). - Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). - Interpretation.
Figure 7: Life cycle assessment framework according to ISO 14040/ ISO 14044
For LCA studies in the field of energy-efficient buildings, this approach is generally main-tained. It is specified in more detail both in the ILCD Handbook and in CEN’s standards EN 15804 and EN 15978. Detailed descriptions of the steps that need to be addressed, following ISO 14040/14044, are defined in this guidance document.
The individual work items per step may vary, but to ensure that a study meets the basic requirements for LCA studies, every step has to be taken. So, for instance, the ISO 14040/14044 standards assume an LCA procedure that links elementary and intermediate flows (mass and energy flows that enter or leave a product system, e.g. as emissions to air) to unit processes. The development of the product model and the compilation of all these elementary flows take place during the life cycle inventory (LCI) step. If, as is frequently found in the construction sector, especially with EPD data, LCA data are provided using im-pact category indicators instead of elementary flows, the selection of environmental impact
Goal and scope definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Inte
rpre
tatio
n
LCA framework Direct applications:
• Product development and improvement
• Strategic planning
• Public policy making
• Marketing
• Other
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 52 of 297
categories (to be defined within the ‘Goal and scope definition’ step), the life cycle inventory and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) steps may already be completed by the data pro-vider. The actual indicators evaluated in a study are therefore necessarily restricted, based on the available indicators listed for the data provided. In this context, it should be noted that, following EN 15804 and EN 15978, the LCIA steps are expected to be the responsibility of data providers (of background data or of specific EPD data).
So, if the LCA practitioner uses this kind of information source (i.e. EPD or LCA impact re-sults), special care should be applied to ensure consistency between the calculations already made by data providers and those to be made by the practitioner. In particular, matching of the list of materials and quantities, often provided by the architect or construction company with the datasets available in the LCA database used, requires careful attention, and is fre-quently a challenge for the LCA practitioner. In addition, the use of EPD or LCA impact re-sults should ensure that the same rules for LCI and characterization factors have been fol-lowed.
3.2.1 How to start and proceed with an LCA study
The first step, for both building and product LCAs, is to define the goal and scope of the study. This will determine the type of study that is required, and identify the relevant as-pects that need to be considered. The decision tree shown in Figure 8 can help identify the type of study required for a given application.
The scope definition process will identify those life cycle stages that should be assessed, and those that will remain optional. It will also specify the data quality requirements and calcula-tion rules (e.g. default values for screening LCA). Refer to Table 5 for identification of the mandatory and optional aspects (contributors and life cycle stages).
On the basis of the study type chosen and the life cycle stages of concern, the remaining relevant aspects are then taken into account during the set-up of the LCA building model, and when defining individual parameters of the system.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 53 of 297
Figure 8: Decision tree to identify relevant aspects for a study
As the term ‘energy efficiency’ implies a lower energy input into a building or building ser-vice through a more advantageous benefit/input ratio, a comparison of the situation with or without the technology concerned may be required to identify the actual environmental con-sequences of utilizing such a technology. Careful definition of the two situations and a com-prehensive life cycle view (inclusion of all relevant life cycle stages) are necessary to cover all the environmental consequences. Also, the comparison should be made on the basis of a common functional equivalent (i.e. a representation of the required technical characteristics and functionalities of the building or product).
3.2.2 LCA study set-up: generic template
After selection of the study type and the subsequent filtering of aspects, the LCA study is set up according to general LCA practice, based on ISO 14040/14044. This process is briefly explained below with a generic template of how to set up an LCA study.
LCA practitioner with need to do an LCA
study
Product or building?
Use of the study?
Building Product
Screening LCA for buildings
Quick assessment for internal purposes only
Simplified LCA for buildings
Easy-to-use assessment with focus on individual elements
Complete LCA for buildings
Comprehensive assessmentfor minimum uncertainty or
comparisons
Use of the study?
Screening LCA for products
Quick assessment for internal purposes only
Simplified LCA for products
Easy-to-use assessment with focus on individual elements
Complete LCA for products
Comprehensive assessmentfor minimum uncertainty or
comparisons
All life cycle stages/modules
should be considered
All life cycle stages should be considered
Selection of life cycle stages/modules to consider
Selection of life cycle stages/modules to consider
Selection of life cycle stages/modules to consider
Selection of life cycle stages/modules to consider
Filtering of aspects that need to be taken into account – orientation: icons with each aspect
LCA study in line with the relevant aspects
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 54 of 297
Step 1: Goal and scope definition
The definition of goal and scope relates mainly to the identification of study type and as-pects considered for the LCA study, as described in section 3.2.1. Based on the goals of the study, and its intended application and audience, further specifications have to be made:
- The object of the assessment (e.g. building, or innovative technology) and its function (e.g. office use, or energy-producing façade collector).
- Definition of a functional equivalent – especially important for comparative assertions.
- System boundaries – the life cycle phases to be included, depending on the study type or guidance for applying cut-off rules (e.g. with regard to infra-structure and transport), should be specified.
- Procedure for allocation – several common allocation cases (e.g. for co-production, or reuse and recycling) with regard to mass, energy or envi-ronmental significance are required.
- Choice of environmental impact categories, indicators and characterization models used for the impact assessment.
- Data requirements and quality – the type of data to be used (e.g. generic or specific), data uncertainty, the use of foreground or background data (e.g. power mix) and specific data quality requirements for comparative as-sertions should be defined; missing data have to be documented.
- Source of the data (origin, representativeness) and producer/sponsor of the LCA should be documented.
- Assumptions and limitations – These may address, for example,. the set-up of specific scenarios for the use phase, the treatment of capital equipment or machinery within the production phase, or deviations from guidance provided within this document; a transparent documentation is required.
Examples and guidance on the above topics are provided within respective aspects of Sec-tion 5.2 ‘Goal and scope definition’ in this guide.
Step 2: Inventory analysis and product model
The method of data collection and the quantification of input and output flows (e.g. materi-als or energy) differ for screening, simplified and complete LCA studies, and depend both on the complexity of the product being assessed and on the assessed life cycle stages. The data sources used (e.g. publicly available or company/product-specific ones) and the quality of background data for the inventory analysis also have an influence on the impact assess-ment. Guidance on data collection, calculation, validation, and relating the information to e.g. life cycle stages or elements of the object of assessment. is provided in Section 5.3 on ‘Life cycle inventory analysis‘. Building and building product contributors that have to be considered are also defined. By using generic data or EPD as a data source for building LCAs, LCA practitioners typically do not need to perform the inventory analysis. Normally,
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 55 of 297
therefore, none of the construction elements is individually modelled back to the elementary flows.
Step 3: Impact assessment
For quantifying potential environmental impacts, it is important to choose both environmen-tally relevant, technically and scientifically valid environmental indicators and the underlying characterization models for impact assessment. Environmental indicators and impact catego-ries for which scientific consensus is not yet reached (e.g. water consumption, land-use change, toxicity and ecotoxicity or carbon sequestration) are addressed within Section 5.4 on ‘Life cycle impact assessment’.
Step 4: Interpretation and documentation
The interpretation of results serves, for example, to identify hot spots (e.g. distinct life cycle phases or elements of the object of assessment contributing to environmental impacts), and provides understanding of the sensitivity and uncertainty of the results. Requirements for and guidance on the use of normalization, grouping or weighting30 are provided in the sec-tions on ‘Interpretation’. Cases where a sensitivity analysis is useful are also defined.
Step 5: Review
An external critical review is necessary for all comparative LCA studies, and for studies that are made publicly available. Guidance on simplifications for the review of stand-alone and screening LCA studies, and for studies within the E2B EI, is provided under the section ‘Re-porting’ in Chapter 5 on ‘General aspects’.
Reporting and review templates are provided online at the official project website (http://www.eebguide.eu), and these are particularly helpful with step 1. They form the basis for documentation that is in line with the present guidance document, and which might be enhanced with further specific information if required or recommended (e.g. if future technologies and innovations are considered).
3.3 Compliance with this guidance
As this guidance is intended to be used both within EeB research projects and by building LCA tool developers, to increase confidence in LCA for decision support and to increase reli-ability in LCA results, practitioners are able to claim compliance with the EeBGuide only if several prerequisites are met:
- Compliance with the individual provisions given for the relevant aspects.
30 Normalization, grouping and weighting are optional according to EN 15978 and EN 15804.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 56 of 297
- Documentation of the LCA study by using the reporting template provided. - Review according to the EeBGuide review requirements.
Review requirements
Any study that claims compliance with this guidance requires an independent review. A re-view in this context is the evaluation of an LCA study by experts who are independent in the sense that they did not take part in the study. A review serves to ensure the quality of a study and thus increase confidence in its results, and in its usefulness as a decision support tool. Specifically, the review is used to ensure that the rules of this guidance are followed, and that the consequences (choices of parameter values, etc.) are reasonable from a tech-nical perspective. For a pragmatic approach to conducting a review, review schemes in the form of checklists are provided within this guidance. These review schemes also contain the distinction between screening, simplified and complete LCA studies.
Critical reviews of LCA studies are defined and required in ISO 14040/14044 for comparative assertions that are intended to be disseminated to the public. Within the context of this guidance, any comparative assertion requires a critical review according to the requirements of ISO 14044. The, major requirements are that:
- The critical review is conducted by a review panel of a minimum of three independ-ent experts.
- The panel chair must be an LCA expert with previous experience in critical review. - The panel must contain a minimum of one technical expert from the field of the as-
sessed product system and a minimum of one LCA expert. - The panel must contain an expert on the impact categories relevant to the product
system under study. - The review report is attached to the study report.
For LCA studies within a European research project the review mught be done by one mem-ber of the consortium (especially if contractual constraints do not permit the commissioning of an external expert to do the review), but they should not be directly involved in the prep-aration of the study.31 The ILCD Handbook also defines requirements for reviewers, espe-cially related to their independence, qualification and experience.
More specifically, for LCA studies that claim to comply with this EeBGuide, reviewers need to:
31 It may be advisable to contact a reviewer during the preparation of a study to take up his or her comments and remarks concerning definition of the goal and scope in the early stages of the pro-ject.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 57 of 297
- Have expertise in LCA methodology, and specifically be familiar with the rules of the EeBGuide
- Have knowledge of the applicable review rules, and specifically be familiar with the EeBGuide review schemes
- Have review or verification experience - Have expertise in the product or process in question, and specifically experience in
the respective building type or product category
If, for particular reasons, the review process requires greater focus, or is used to improve the reliability of the study results in the context of public or external dissemination, it is rec-ommended that practitioners consult the ILCD Handbook for additional information, in the sections Review schemes for life cycle assessment (LCA) and Reviewer qualification for life cycle inventory datasets.
3.4 How to proceed with the service life assessment in building and product LCA studies
This section introduces the main concepts of service life planning. These are useful for prac-titioners who intend to carry out an LCA study for product and building
One characteristic of LCA studies in the construction sector is the assessment of technical systems that often have very long service lives. Estimations of service lifespans of one or more decades are typically more difficult to oversee than the service lifespans of consumer products, for example. As a consequence, and depending on other parameters, estimations of the service life of buildings and products may have a major influence on the LCA results. In this context, the concept of service life planning, which is closely related to [ISO 15686], and which is frequently cited in EN 15804 and EN 15978, is a relevant and very general as-pect of LCA in the construction sector. An introduction to service life planning is therefore given in this section.
There is a considerable momentum behind initiatives to provide the construction sector with methodologies, tools and standards for service life planning and sustainable construction. This EeBGuide can be regarded as a further example of this movement. The following gives a brief introduction to service life planning, as an area derived from scientific research on service life prediction for materials and products. Service life planning of construction works aims to support an approach to engineering of technical systems that meets the require-ments of a life cycle perspective on the overall system.
What is service life planning about?
Buildings are normally expected to be long-lived engineered works. As for any other tech-nical system, they are designed to meet expected requirements over a foreseen lifetime. How, then, should these requirements be expressed, and how can the essential properties
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 58 of 297
of the engineered system be optimized to ensure that the requirements are met? Buildings offer an extra complication, as the long service life will often include a shift or change in performance requirements with time.
Service life planning offers a systematic approach to this process, and over the past two decades standards as well as other tools for life cycle engineering have been developed. A service life planning assessment of a building may be performed for limited technical and economic reasons, but since the end of the 1980s environmental concerns and sustainability in construction have typically been the main driving forces.
A European perspective
The Construction Products Directive (CPD) was created with the aim of removing barriers to trade, and in this specific area it has little direct reference to sustainability. However, it has a clear bearing on the performance of buildings (construction works) over time, and provides important direction for international, European and national work on standards and codes. The CPD fixes the essential requirements for construction works (both buildings and civil engineering works).
These requirements must, subject to normal maintenance, be satisfied for an economically reasonable working life. This horizontal requirement of the CPD presupposes a service life planning assessment of the construction works. The works should be designed for an antici-pated design life (working life), and the service life planned by being composed of service life declared products.
The CPD has an aim of connecting the building and the building products put on the Euro-pean market and used in these works. It therefore specifies the level of performance of these products: they “have such characteristics that the works in which they are to be incor-porated, assembled, applied or installed, can, if properly designed and built, satisfy the es-sential requirements.”32 This is the notion of ‘fitness for the intended use’ of a building prod-uct. The link between the essential requirements of the works and the product characteris-tics to be assessed is fixed in Interpretative Documents (IDs) [Guidance Paper F 2004].
32 Council of the European Communities 1988, Council directive of 21 December 1988 on the approx-imation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to construc-tion products, 89/106/EEC.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 59 of 297
Working life – works
Working life – product Durability
+ Maintenance
Product repair/replacement
Figure 9: The working life of construction works as illustrated in the CPD Guidance Paper on Dura-bility [Guidance Paper F 2004].
The CPD further specifies that a building product is fit for its intended use if it conforms to: (i) a harmonized European standard (drafted by CEN/CENELEC), (ii) a European Technical Approval (issued by an EOTA [CEC 1988] member), or (iii) a non-harmonized technical spec-ification (e.g. a national technical specification) recognized at Community level; the three are denoted as technical specifications. According to the CPD: “The products must be suita-ble for construction works that (as a whole and in their separate parts) are fit for their in-tended use, account being taken of economy, and in this connection satisfy the following essential requirements where the works are subject to regulations containing such require-ments. Such requirements must, subject to normal maintenance, be satisfied for an eco-nomically reasonable working life.” Furthermore, the Interpretative Documents provide that product standards and Guidelines for European Technical Approval (ETAGs) “should include indications concerning the working life of the products in relation to the intended uses and the methods for its assessment.”
The CPD is being revised and elevated to the level of a regulation, Construction Products Regulation (CPR), which is expected to be implemented by July 2013. With CPR’s sustaina-ble use of resources added as the seventh basic requirement (renamed ‘essential require-ments’) for construction works, service life planning is likely to gain even more significance in the European construction context.
Standards for service life planning
ISO standardization (ISO TC59/SC14) to support service life planning started in 1993, when a working group was established through a significant European initiative. Guiding concepts were needed regarding the service life of building products to help implement the Construc-tion Products Directive. As the subject area was rightly seen to have international relevance, ISO work became based on cooperation with CEN.
The scope of ISO TC59/SC14 is to document the steps to be taken at various stages of the building life cycle, to ensure that the resulting building (or other constructed facility) will last for its intended life without incurring large unexpected expenditures.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 60 of 297
The concept
A building (construction work) is designed for a certain design life (working life). Building parts not accessible from a technical and economical point of view should be designed for the same service life as the building. Other building parts and products may have a shorter, but declared, service life (see Figure 10).
Figure 10: the service life planning concept
Service life planning standards
The ISO 15686 standards (see Table 6)33 give guidance on all aspects of service life plan-ning (SLP). Part 1 gives the general design principles and procedures of SLP, whereas Part 8 describes the requirements for reference service lives (RSL) of products and components.
The RSL should be used and adjusted in the design process to establish the service life of a product/component in a particular use or design situation. The Part 8 standard also provides guidance on methods to be used in the design process for this adaptation of an RSL. These methods and models are described under the generic name the factor method, but comprise a set of approaches, from simple checklist adjustments, through multiplication methods, to more advanced (but not necessarily more complicated) functional models.
Who provides reference service lives?
This has been an essential question and point of discussion all through the standardization work. The conclusion – and solution – is that the responsibility for providing RSLs for prod-ucts lies mainly with the producers of the products in question. Research should be under-taken to support these RSLs with methodologies, i.e. how to test and declare a reference service life, and the ISO 15686 standards provide examples. Publicly initiated and funded
33 ISO 15686 standard series ‘Buildings and Constructed Assets – Service Life Planning’, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
Planned service life(a * X = Y years)
Building design life: Y yearsBuilding parts, not repairable: Y yearsBuilding parts, repairable: X years
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 61 of 297
databases have appeared, and may be significant drivers of progress, but will most likely have less influence than market-driven and developed initiatives.
Table 6: The ISO 15686 standards, with the general title Building and constructed assets – Service life planning, includes the following parts
Standard Subject ISO 15686-1 General prin-ciples
Provides general design principles and procedures for planning the service life of buildings and construction works
ISO 15686-2 Service life prediction procedures
Describes a procedure that facilitates service life predictions for building products and components
ISO 15686-3 Performance audits and reviews
Describes the approach and procedures to be applied to pre-briefing, briefing, design, construction, life care management, and disposal of buildings and construction works
ISO/AWI 15686-4 Data requirements
Technical specification describing the data requirements needed to carry out service life planning, considering various service envi-ronments and other in-use conditions. In cooperation with the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI), the aim is also to describe IFC34 compliance for the ISO 15686 series
ISO 15686-5 Life cycle costing
Provides guidance on developing a model of capital and running costs of a project, so that the overall costs can be assessed, and how this data can be used for financial appraisal
ISO 15686-6 Procedure for considering environmental impacts
Standard providing guidance on assessing the relative environ-mental impacts of alternate service life designs, and identifying the interface between environmental LCA and service life planning
ISO 15686-7 Performance evaluation for feedback of service life data from prac-tice
A generic basis for performance evaluation and feedback of ser-vice life data from existing buildings and construction works
ISO 15686-8 Reference service life and service life estimation
Describes how to provide, format and extract reference service lives of components, etc., to establish their service life in a partic-ular application. It also provides the factor method to carry out such estimations.
ISO/TS 15686-9 Guidance on provision of reference service life data
Guides building products manufacturers and standard writers on addressing durability and service life declarations in product standards. The work was performed in cooperation with CEN TG on durability, supporting European product standards.
ISO/CD 15686-10 Func-tional performance
Provides process guidance for managing the capability of a con-structed asset through the service life of that asset to meet the stated levels of requirements.
34 IFC = Industrial Foundation Classes
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 62 of 297
3.5 Further information and training materials
As part of the EeBGuide research project, training materials on the use of the EeBGuide guidance are provided for free access.35
For an introduction to LCA and further reading, the following links to LCA literature may be of help, especially for LCA beginners:
- Guinée, J. B.; Gorrée, M.; Heijungs, R. et al.: Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment Operational Guide to the ISO Standards. Dordrecht u.a. Kluwer Academic Publishers; Kluwer Acad. Publ. (Series Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science, Vol. 7) 2002. ISBN: 1-4020-0557-1. (Language: English), available online: http://cml.leiden.edu/research/industrialecology/researchprojects/finished/new-dutch-lca-guide.html#characterisation-factors-last-update-november-2010
- Jolliet, O.; Saadé, M.; Crettaz, P.: Analyse du Cycle de Vie: Comprendre et réaliser un écobilan. Lausanne: Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes (Collection Gérer l’Environnement) 2002. ISBN: 2-88074-568-3. (Language: French)
- Klöpffer, W.; Grahl, B.: Ökobilanz (LCA). Ein Leitfaden für Ausbildung und Beruf. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2009. ISBN 978-3-527-32043-1. (Language: German)
- Eyerer, P. (Hg.): Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung Werkzeug zum Planen und Wirtschaften in Kreisläufen. Berlin. Springer, 1996. (Language: German)
- Rebitzer, G.; Ekvall, T.; Frischknecht, R., et al.: Life cycle assessment Part 1: Frame-work, goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, and applications. Environment In-ternational 30 (2004) 5, pp. 701–720. Online: doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2003.11.005. (Language: English)
- Pennington, D.; Potting, J.; Finnveden, G., et al.: Life cycle assessment Part 2: Cur-rent impact assessment practice. Environmental International 30 (2004) 5, pp. 721–739. Online: doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2003.12.009. (Language: English)Baumann, H.; Tillman, A-M. ‘The Hitch Hikers Guide to LCA: An Orientation in Life Cycle Assess-ment Methodology and Application’. Studentlitteratur, 2004. (Language: English)
For an introduction to, and further reading applied to the building sector, the following links to LCA literature may be of help, especially for LCA beginners:
– Nemry, F.; Uihlein, A.; Makishi Colodel, C., et al.: Environmental Improvement Poten-tials of Residential Buildings. (IMPRO-Building). (JRC Scientific and Technical Research Series). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 2008. (Language: English) – Peuportier B.: Eco-conception des bâtiments et des quartiers. Presse de l’Ecole des Mines de Paris. (Language: French)
35 Available online: www.eebguide.eu
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products How to use this guidance document
page 63 of 297
– Chevalier J.: Analyse du cycle de vie – Utilisation dans le secteur de la construction. Techniques de l’Ingénieur. (Language: French) – Wittstock B.: Ökobilanz. In: Lemaitre, C., DGNB (Hg.): Nachhaltiges Bauen. DGNB Handbuch Neubau Büro- und Verwaltungsgebäude Version 2009. Stuttgart: DGNB 2009. (Language: German)
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products Overview of the aspects covered in the guidance document
page 64 of 297
4 Overview of the aspects covered in the guidance document
In total, 69 important aspects have been identified in EeBGuide for improving product LCA studies that aim to be compliant with both CEN TC 350 standards and the ILCD Handbook.
G-01 Goal definition for building and product LCA ............................................................ 69
G-02 Classifying the decision context as situation A, B, and C for building and product LCA 73
G-03 Future technical developments and innovation ......................................................... 78
G-04 Comparative assertion for building or product LCA ................................................... 80
G-05 Scope definition for building and product LCA .......................................................... 85
G-06 Distinction between the declared unit and the functional unit ................................... 87
G-10 Definition of system boundaries for products ........................................................... 96
G-11 Cut-off rules for screening, simplified, complete LCA ................................................ 98
G-12 Infrastructure machinery and capital equipment for material production, energy, water, waste and transport for screening and simplified LCA ..................................................... 102
G-13 Infrastructure machinery and capital equipment for material production, energy, water, waste and transport for complete LCA ........................................................................... 106
G-14 Transport of goods in LCA studies ......................................................................... 109
G-15 Accounting for carbon storage/carbon sequestration .............................................. 112
A-01 Distinction between wastes and by-products during the extraction and the processing stages ......................................................................................................................... 181
A-02 Transport of staff in the supply of raw materials .................................................... 186
A-03 Transport of raw materials to the manufacturer ..................................................... 187
A-04 Transport of products to the construction site – screening and simplified LCA .......... 189
A-05 Transport of products to the construction site – complete LCA ................................ 191
B-01 Emissions of dangerous substances to indoor air during the use stage ..................... 196
B-02 Release of dangerous substances to soil and water during the use stage ................. 198
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products Overview of the aspects covered in the guidance document
page 66 of 297
C-05 Transport of wastes to landfill, incineration and recycling facilities – screening and simplified LCA .............................................................................................................. 237
C-06 Transport of wastes to landfill, incineration and recycling facilities – complete LCA ... 238
C-07 Waste treatment vs recycling and recovery process ................................................ 241
C-08 LCA modelling of landfill/disposal .......................................................................... 243
D-01 Inclusion of reuse, recovery or recycling potentials (Module D) in building or product LCA 247
D-02 Reuse – water consumption .................................................................................. 249
D-03 Credits for recycling and energy recovery .............................................................. 251
EeBGuid
5 Ge
5.1 O
This chto severelate bgoal antion stewhich cbuilding
5.2 Go
G-01
G-02 .......
G-03
G-04
G-05
G-06
G-07
G-08
G-09
G-10
G-11
G-12 wate
G-13 wate
G-14
G-15
G-16
G-17
G- 18
G- 19
de Draft
eneral as
Overview
apter addreeral, and thboth to buildd scope de
eps accordincover issuesg product or
oal and Scop
Goal defini
Classifying.................
Future tech
Comparativ
Scope defi
Distinction
Functional
Functional
Energy-eff
Definition o
Cut-off rule
Infrastructr, waste an
Infrastructr, waste an
Transport
Accounting
Allocation .
Allocation
8 Allocation
9 “Allocation
t Guidance
spects
esses aspecherefore repdings and tofinition, theng to ISO s that typicar a building
pe .............
ition for bui
the decisio................
hnical deve
ve assertion
nition for b
between th
equivalent
equivalent
ficient produ
of system b
es for scree
ture machid transport
ture machid transport
of goods in
g for carbon
................
case: reuse
case for ce
n examples
e documen
cts that arepresent como products. e inventory 14040-44. Tally need to.
.................
lding and p
on context a.................
lopments a
n for buildin
uilding and
he declared
.................
vs. function
uct definitio
boundaries f
ening, simpl
nery and ct for screeni
nery and ct for comple
LCA studie
n storage/ca
.................
e, recycling
ement-based
for wooden
nt - Produc
e related nommon LCA They provianalysis, thThe followio be addres
.................
product LCA
as situation .................
nd innovati
ng or produ
product LC
d unit and th
.................
nal unit vs.
on ..............
for products
lified, comp
capital equing and sim
capital equete LCA ......
es ..............
arbon seque
.................
and recove
d materials
n products”
cts Gene
ot to a singlquestions.
ide provisiohe impact aing list descssed when c
................
A ................
A, B, and C................
on ............
ct LCA .......
CA .............
he functiona
................
declared un
................
s ...............
plete LCA ...
ipment for mplified LCA
ipment for ................
................
estration....
................
ery .............
................
” ................
eral aspects
le building Also, thes
ns, rules anssessment cribes the aconducting
.................
.................
C for buildin.................
.................
.................
.................
al unit ........
.................
nit .............
.................
.................
.................
material p.................
material p.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
s
page 6
life cycle stse aspects nd guidanceand the intaspects addan LCA stu
.................
.................
ng and prod.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
production, .................
production, .................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
7 of 297
tage but typically e for the terpreta-dressed, udy on a
......... 69
........ 69
duct LCA........ 73
........ 78
........ 80
........ 85
........ 87
........ 90
........ 92
........ 94
........ 96
........ 98
energy, ...... 102
energy, ...... 106
...... 109
...... 112
...... 114
...... 116
...... 118
...... 120
EeBGuid
G-20
5.3 Lif
G-21
G-22
G-23
G- 24
5.4 Lif
G-25
G-26
G-27
G-28
G-29
G-30
G-31
G-32
5.5 Int
G-33
G-34
G-35
G-36
G-37
5.6 Re
G-38
G-39
G-40
G-41
de Draft
Define refe
fe Cycle Inv
Backgroun
Data select
Data qualit
4 “Collecting
fe Cycle Imp
Choice of e
Choice of e
Abiotic res
Land use in
Biodiversity
Human tox
Ionizing ra
Water cons
terpretation
Normalizat
Weighting
Uncertainty
Sensitivity
Scenario a
eporting .....
Communic
Reproducib
Life cycle i
Critical rev
t Guidance
erence build
ventory Ana
d database
tion for a p
ty .............
g foregroun
pact Assess
environmen
environmen
ources dep
ndicator ....
y indicator
xicity and ec
adiation indi
sumption as
n ...............
tion of indic
of indicator
y analysis fo
analysis ....
nalysis ......
................
cation of LCA
bility .........
nventory do
view ..........
e documen
ding ...........
lysis (LCI) ..
s in LCA stu
roduct LCA
.................
nd and back
ment (LCIA
ntal indicato
ntal indicato
letion indica
.................
.................
cotoxicity in
cator .........
s a new imp
.................
cators .........
rs ..............
or compara
.................
.................
.................
A results ....
.................
ocumentatio
.................
nt - Produc
.................
.................
udies .........
................
.................
kground dat
A) ..............
ors – screen
ors – Comple
ator ...........
.................
.................
ndicators ....
.................
pact catego
.................
.................
.................
ative asserti
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
on .............
.................
cts Gene
................
................
................
................
................
ta for produ
................
ing and sim
ete LCA .....
................
................
................
................
................
ory .............
................
................
................
on ............
................
................
................
................
................
................
................
eral aspects
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
ct LCA” .....
.................
mplified LCA
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
s
page 68
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
A ................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
8 of 297
...... 123
....... 125
...... 125
...... 127
...... 129
...... 133
....... 138
...... 138
...... 142
...... 145
...... 148
...... 150
...... 151
...... 154
...... 155
....... 158
...... 158
...... 161
...... 164
...... 168
...... 170
....... 173
...... 173
...... 174
...... 177
...... 178
EeBGuid
5.2 G
Accordifirst. Thment instructiotive assA, B or
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Pro
de Draft
Goal and Sc
ng to the Ihe ILCD Han the buildion companiesertions, selC); future t
t G
iption Acstscatinsp
Hesor
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
t Guidance
cope
ILCD Handandbook seting sector, es etc.). In ection of aptechnical de
G-01 Goal d
ccording to tudy is a kecope definitttention shonfluence thpeaking, the
ow can thes where ther building LC
dy objective
☒
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
The goal fined accand the in
The docuand EN 1
om:
e documen
book, aspet out to ideand the tatotal, four ppropriate mevelopments
definition f
ISO 14040ey LCA reqution, which ould be paide study ree goal defin
practitionee effort of gCAs?
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
definition fcording to tntended use
umentation 5804.
nt - Produc
ects relatingentify the parget audieaspects havmodelling as; and inno
for buildin
0-44 and thuirement, athen determ
d to this firsesults and nition should
er set up thegoal definit
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
buildingproducts
for a buildinthe ILCD He of the ass
should also
cts Gene
g to goal dpurpose of nce (architve been ideapproaches vation.
ng and pro
e ILCD Hanas it guides mine the LCst step of th
determined be docum
e goal of thion can be
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
ng or produandbook (esessment).
o be in line
eral aspects
efinition shthe differenects, buildi
entified: thefor the stud
oduct LCA
ndbook, theall the deta
CI and LCIAhe LCA meth their appented in de
he study? Arsimplified i
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplifie
uct LCA stude.g. by defi
with ISO 1
s
page 69
hould be adnt types of ng designe
e issue of cody goals (si
e goal defintailed aspecA provisionshodology, wplicability. Getail.
re there spen regard to
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
dy should bining the co
14044, EN
9 of 297
ddressed assess-
ers, con-ompara-ituations
ition of a cts of the s. Special which will Generally
ecial cas-o product
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
be de-ontext
15978
EeBGuid
EN 1
EN 1
ILCD
ISO
Gui
de Draft
15978
15804
CD
O 14044
idance
t Guidance
6 Purpose7 Specific
5.1 Objec
5 Goal de ProvisionsI) SHALL II) SHALL II II IIIII) SHAL III III IIIIV) SHALVI) SHALVII) SHALProvisionsProvisionsI) SHALL I.a) NeedI.b) Spec
ProvisionsI) MAY –
15 Annexsults inte
4.2 Goal a
Goal defishould noaspects: sessmentthe life cyModules Ait is direcEeBGuide
Guidance
e documen
se of the asscation of the
ctive of the
efinition – id
ns: 5.2 Six asL – IntendedL – LimitatioI.a) Impact cI.b) MethodoI.c) AssumptLL – ReasonII.a) InternaII.b) ExternaII.c) DatabaLL – Target aLL – ComparALL – Commins: 5.3 Classns 5.4: NeedL – Product-gd for specificcific guides a
ns 5.5: OptioExtending t
xe D: Avoiderpretation
and scope d
nition is a cote that thisscope of tht, interpretaycle stage aA, B, C andctly connecte.
e for specifi
nt - Produc
sessment he object of
e PCR
dentifying p
aspects of god applicationons of studycoverage lim
dological limption limitatins for studyal al ase developeaudience ofrisons involv
missioner sifying the dd for flexibiligroup and pic guides anand PCRs ov
onally extenthe goal?
ding mislead
definition
crucial aspes step has ihe study, liation, reporaspects of p
d D accordinted to all th
ic aspects o
cts Gene
assessment
purpose and
goal definitions y imitations
mitations tions y
per perspectiof study lved?
decision conlity versus sprocess-typ
nd PCRs overrule ILC
nding the go
ading goal a
ect of each mplications fe cycle invrting and cproducts anng to EN 15he provision
hed in the bnal modellinmost familare availabCD). This moduction of rginal effec
eral aspects
t) are:
neric unit pcations undees; ype III envi
cision suppotem boundat application
renewable enal technolo
roduct group
neric unit pntified unde
k gives the f
hall be wheare big enounts and resun capacity oSituation A.
ccounting” iport. Situatioinguished fr
ms”). “The m
of a nation
uct groups
rting”
uilding sectng (or situaiar to the
ble, especiamodelling ap
a new tects. The que
s
page 7
process or Ler situation
ironmental
ort that willdaries via mns of situat
energy techlogy develop
ups with the
process or Ler situation
following ad
hether the cough to ovesult in largeoutside the
A.”
if the LCA on C1 (“incfrom situatiomost releva
n, industry
with the la
tor have useation A in ILCA practit
ally consequpproach asschnology oestions addr
5 of 297
LCI re-A;
decla-
ll have market tion B
chnolo-opment
e larg-
LCI re-B.
dvice:
conse-ercome e-scale e fore-
is not cluding ion C2 ant ap-
sector
largest
ed the ILCD). tioner. uential sesses r new ressed
EeBGuid
de Draftt Guidance
are differ
An attributy unit orimpacts oand techquences) significanoften seeparts of t
A conseqof produci.e. by assystems. consequeforests dconsequeof one ra
Conductinfor LCA bes within er is reqmay redu
The Euroconsequeconsequethe buildthe methpractitionthereforesponding
1) Guidaquential
The practHandboo
e documen
ent in these
utional LCA r one piece of this prodnical conseof the life c
nt impacts oen as a fethe real wor
uential LCActs or technssessing theAs an exam
ences of incue to energ
ences of a sre earth.
ng a consebackground
the assessuired to ma
uce the sign
opean standential LCA. ential LCA, ing and co
hod of choicner needs to make himliterature.
ance for thl LCA in th
titioner shok) for the fo
developmenical equipLCA used
nt - Produc
e two mode
assesses thof a produc
duct is lineaequences (acycle of theon other teasible simprld.
A, by contranologies wite consequenmple, the acreased pregy crop hashift of tech
equential LCdata, and t
sed system.ake an incr
nificance of
dards EN 1It may be but for the
onstruction ce. If a cono fully undem or herse
he choice e building
ould use attollowing ap
ent of PCR pment; for ecodesi
cts Gene
elling approa
he environmct. Any scalar. This meand possiblye assessed sechnical sysplification in
st, assessesth considerances of the ssessment
essure for trvesting, ornologies du
CA may restypically inc As a consereased numa result.
15804 and valid for s
e most comsector an
nsequential erstand the lf thorough
between g sector
tributional Lplications:
or EPD of
gn of an ind
eral aspects
aches.
mental impaing-up of th
eans that thy also the system are tems, prodn the proce
s the enviroation of theassessed liof biofuel mhe availabler include thue to the red
sult in speccreases the equence, thmber of ass
EN 15978 specific cas
mmon applicattributionaLCA is conrelated me
hly familiar
attributio
LCA (situatio
building pro
dividual pro
s
page 76
act of one qhe environmhe environmeconomic cseen not toucts, etc. Tess of mod
onmental ime indirect efife cycle onmight include land in trhe assessmduced avail
cial requireoptions or
he LCA pracsumptions,
do not coses to condcations of Lal LCA shounducted, thethodologies
with the
onal and co
on A in the
roducts and
oduct or bui
6 of 297
quanti-mental mental conse-o have This is delling
mpacts ffects, other de the ropical ent of lability
ments choic-
ctition-which
nsider duct a LCA in uld be e LCA s, and corre-
onse-
e ILCD
tech-
lding.
EeBGuid
de Draftt Guidance
The practHandboo
Situation have a dcompany potentialsin the bui
Whereas system veall the bumany buipeak demincreaseding stockspecific gtems thasystem.
2) Guidation acco
EN 15978a result, in terms tion A (at
3) Speci
The use otioner madatasets)ling for S
In the LCon how tapplied. neighbougiven in t
e documen
titioner mayk) for the fo
building semarginal eenergies onew enviro
C is uncleadecision sup
always hass. Generallyilding secto
a single proery much (uilding sectildings are
mand when d CO2 emissk should relgoal and sct are large
ance for stording to E
8 and EN 1provisions aof scope dettributional
fic guidan
of situation ay rely on . The practituations A,
CA communto decide wThis is esprhood or athe ILCD H
nt - Produc
y use consollowing ap
ector policyeffects of a or new teconmental re
ar in the ILpport. Howes support, sy speaking, or will rely o
oduct or bu(situation A)tor is consiheating by thermal po
sions [Peupolate to a sicope, situate enough to
tudies comEN 15804/
5804 relateand guidancefinition andmodelling)
nce and cu
B needs apbackgroun
titioner can , B, and C’ f
nity, there which type opecially trudistrict) foandbook. I
cts Gene
equential Lplications:
y developmwidespread
chnologies fegulations).
LCD Handboever, even such as ben
most of thn situations
uilding does ), this will ndered. For using elect
ower plantsortier 2008]ituation B dtion B may o potentially
mplying wi/EN 15978
e solely to ace that are d inventory in the EeBG
rrent limit
ppropriate Lnd databaserefer to the
for more gu
is no commof decision ue for medr which no n these cas
eral aspects
LCA (situatio
ent (e.g. asd developmfor product.
ook, as it isan interna
nchmarking,he time the s A or B.
not changeno longer bexample, i
tricity, this s are turned]. Assessingdecision cobe used fo
y influence
th goal an8
attributionain line withanalysis re
Guide.
ts for cons
LCI data. Uses (providine provision ‘idance and
monly agreecontext sit
dium-scale strict recom
ses, the use
s
page 7
on B in the
ssessment ment of renets; orientat
s intended l LCA study, or improve
e LCA practi
e the backgbe the case in France, wleads to a wd on, resultg the entire ntext. Undeor individua
e the backg
nd scope d
l LCA studih these stanefer only to
sequential
sually, the png consequ‘6.5.4 LCI m rules.
ed understatuation shousystems (e
mmendatione of a situa
7 of 297
e ILCD
of the ewable ion of
not to y in a ement itioner
ground when
where winter ting in build-er the al sys-ground
efini-
es. As ndards situa-
LCA
practi-uential model-
anding uld be e.g. a ns are tion A
EeBGuid
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
de Draft
t G
iption Thve(ethchdanimm
Hin
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
t Guidance
or B shomodificat
As the dirently a min referri2010], [E2012] theincluding ket mechin the sycan be afuture deexplorativtarget be
G-03 Future
his aspect elopments e.g. scenarihe current hanging rapay’s availabical systems
modelled optmay not be t
ow can techng LCA stud
dy objective
☒
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
e documen
uld be justions on the
stinction bemuch-discusng to the rEarles 2011ere are stilthe selecti
hanisms, anstem bound
a useful apvelopmentsve (what creached?).
re technica
includes thewith regardos on enerbusiness w
pidly. In coble technolos may chantion may bethe preferab
hnical deveies?
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
nt - Produc
tified by pre backgroun
etween attrssed topic, recent revie1] and [Zal several ison of appro
nd the affecdaries. Theproach in ds. Scenarioscan happen.
al developm
e possibilityd to technorgy recoverworld, techontrast, builogy (the prnge significae preferableble option u
lopments a
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
buildingproducts
cts Gene
roviding evind system.
ibutional anthe practitiew articles amagni 201sues to addopriate datacted procese authors stdealing wits can be pre?), or norm
ments and
y of considologies, may, or recycnologies anlding and precautionaryantly withine, based on under future
nd innovati
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
eral aspects
idence e.g.
nd consequeoner may apublished 2]. Accorddress in coa, the identses that shtate that sch present edictive (whmative (how
d innovatio
ering the eaterials andling) withinnd product
product LCAy principle). the comingtoday’s gen
e conditions
on be dealt
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplifie
s
page 78
on the po
ential LCA ialso be inteby [Frischking to [Za
onsequentiatification of
hould be inccenario modmechanism
hat will happw can a sp
on
effects of fud end-of-lifen a buildingtion techniqAs are base. Some mag decades. neral condits.
t in product
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
8 of 297
ossible
is cur-rested knecht magni l LCA, f mar-cluded delling
ms and pen?), pecific
uture de-e options g LCA. In ques are ed on to-ajor tech-
Hence a tions, but
or build-
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
EeBGuid
Pro
EN 1
EN 1
de Draft
ovisions
Rules from
15978
15804
t Guidance
EPDs for based ondevelopedthe basisshould bemphasiztoday’s teWhere reeffect of shown bytions havsources. opments be treateFuture dwhere:
th th a
co th
de
The abtive goever, tderstafor exahighly cumstatechnoly statLCA.
om:
8.7.4 Scerecovery
6.3.8 Dev
e documen
building pr the attribud for the inds of currente rated by
zes that theechnology. Televant, alo
changes oy a separateve to be dFor comparshould be ad in the samevelopment
he assumptihe assumpti
sensitivity omparison whe external evelopment
bove restricoal justifiesthe goal of nd the effeample, whainsulated b
ances it canology. If thisted that the
enarios for w– Module C
veloping pro
nt - Produc
roducts, anutional LCA dustry are ct practice. y economicae scenarios This reflectsongside EPDof productioe scenario wdocumenterative asseravoided or,me way for ts may be
ons made aons are docanalysis h
with the basreview com
ts are includ
ctions are vas certain limf the LCA foect of a futuat is the impbuilding or n be appros type of LCe study diffe
waste procC3
oduct level
cts Gene
nd building-approach, aclear that thEN 15978 al and techshould be
s the baseliD and builon techniquwithin a send, and sho
rtions the co where theyboth produdescribed
are justifiedcumented thas been cseline scenamments onded.
alid for EPDmitations. Inor a producure developplication of an energy-priate to coCA is underters from a
cessing for
scenarios
eral aspects
-level LCA aand the Eurhey should mentions t
hnical feasipractical, ane scenarioding-level Lues, materinsitivity analould be baonsiderationy are consid
uct systems.within sep
; ransparentlyconducted aario; n this asses
D, and in ILCn some circuct or buildinpment and a changing using produonsider the taken, it mumore usua
reuse, recy
s
page 79
assessmentropean stanbe considerthat technoibility. EN and be baso. LCA studiesials etc. mlysis. All assased on ren of future dered, they. parate scen
y; and reporte
ssment of
LCD the comumstances,
ng may be tits implicatenergy mix
uct? In theseffects of
ust be very l EPD or bu
ycling and e
9 of 297
ts, are ndards red on ologies 15804
sed on
s, the ay be sump-eliable devel-
y must
narios,
ed by
future
mpara-, how-to un-ions – x for a se cir-future clear-
uilding
energy
EeBGuid
ILCD
Gui
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
de Draft
CD
idance
t G
iption Coeqa fosyascoththbocy
H
lated study
t Guidance
Provisions
In every should beportant thtechnologcompanyTo assessscenario day’s decshifts. Such dev
a a ne
Third-parsearch – basis for Any assushould un
G-04 Comp
omparative quivalence competing
orms the saystems or bspects haveomparative he systems here are otoundary, thycle impact
ow can a co
dy objective
e documen
ns: 7.4.3.7 F
study, a e assessed.hat scenariogies. Scenaing informas the impacmodelling cisions may
elopments shift in the shift in the ew technolo
rty forecast the practitioderiving ass
umptions mndergo a th
parative as
assertion isof one build building pame functiobuildings is e to be takeassertion. under com
ther aspectshe backgrouassessmen
omparative
ve ☐
nt - Produc
Future proce
baseline s. Accordingos for the urio-based q
ation, and mcts of futuremay be cay be expec
could be, foenergy mixenergy effi
ogies to rec
studies or oner’s own sumptions f
made, and tird-party re
ssertion fo
s an enviroding produc
product (or on. Usually,the main gen into accOne of the
mparison (ses that needund databat methodolo
assertion b
☐ stand-alone
cts Gene
esses and e
scenario ref to EN 158
use and EoLquantificatiomay be inclue technologrried out, icted as a
or example:x over a buiiciency of thycle constru
– if this isforecast st
for future tethe resultineview.
or building
nmental clact (or one ban alterna
, the compoal of a coount to con
ese is the fuee the ‘funcd to be coase, the lifeogy applied
be made in
LCA
eral aspects
elementary f
flecting cur804 and ENL stages be ons can be uded in the ical developf significanresult of fu
: lding’s life c
he building uction waste
within the udies shoulechnology sng modellin
g or produc
aim regardinbuilding destive buildinarison of amparative Lnduct a meunctional eqctional equionsidered, se cycle inved.
building LCA
☒ compa
s
page 80
flows
rrent technN 15978, it
based on toprovided a
assessmentpments, sep
nt impacts outure techn
cycle; envelope;
te.
e focus of tld be used ashifts. g conseque
ct LCA
ng the supesign) compang design) talternative pLCA study. eaningful anquivalence ivalent’ aspsuch as theentory, and
A applicatio
arative assertio
0 of 297
nology is im-oday’s as ac-t. parate on to-nology
he re-as the
ences,
eriority or ared with that per-products, Different
nd robust between
pect), but e system d the life
ons?
on
EeBGuid
Relastudpha
Relefor
Pro
EN 1
EN 1
ISO
ISO
de Draft
lated udy ase
g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15978
15804
O 14040
O 14044
t Guidance
☒
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
In a comcomparedILCD, thequiremen
EN 15978comparisosame envand in the
The provtions to c
om:
Purpose oEN 15978making pformance
5.1 ObjecEN 15804comparat
4.3 Key fe5.2 Goal a6 Reporti7.2 Need
4.2.2 Goa4.2.3 Sco4.2.3.7 C4.4.5 LCIbe disclos5.3 Furthto be disc
e documen
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
mparative std are equive same funnts and alloc
8 provides ton of two vironmentae ILCD Han
visions of ENcompare cra
of the asses78 states thprocess, for e of differen
ctive of the 4 states thative assertio
features of aand scope ding
d for critical
al of the stuope of the stComparison IA intended sed to the p
her reportingclosed to th
nt - Produc
anal-CI)
impame
buildingproducts
tudy, it muvalent in functional uncation proce
the practitiobuildings.
l indicatorsndbook.
N 15804 madle-to-grav
ssment hat it can br example: cnt design op
PCR at the “declaons.”
an LCA definition
review
udy study between sy
d to be usedpublic g requireme
he public
cts Gene
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
st be ensuunction. Acit, system edures have
oner with ruThe compa
s, using tho
may be usedve product a
be used forcomparisonptions”.
larations bas
ystems d in compar
ents for com
eral aspects
☐
interpretation
LCA simplifie
red that thccording to boundary,
e to be appl
ules to be carison also ose defined
d under veralternatives
or “assistancns of the en
sed on this
rative assert
mparative as
s
page 8
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
he systems ISO 14044data quali
lied.
considered has to us in the sta
ry specific (cf. guidan
ce in a decnvironmenta
s standard a
rtions intend
assertion inte
1 of 297
☐
rting
lete LCA
being 4 and ty re-
in the se the andard
condi-nce).
ecision-al per-
are not
ded to
tended
EeBGuid
ILCD
de Draft
CD
t Guidance
6.10 Com6.10.3 Co6.10.4 Me6.10.5 Da6.10.6 Id6.10.7 Sc6.10.8 Ca Main provHandbookI) ISO 14applied toII) All asconsistenIII) UnceIV) The cgy, next tV) The ebe left ouVI) An LCcomparatVII) If onfor those to identifyis demonrelevant main con Main pro(summaryVIII) TheIX) The ket relevabe considX) The seaverage pthe affectXI) If theof perforshould coly used mXII) For c
e documen
mparison betonsidered alethodologicata quality rdentical partcenarios in sarbon footpr
ovisions for aok): 4044:2006 pto non-asserspects of thntly especialertainty and completeneto the overa
excluded prout of all modLCIA shall betive studies nly one impe studies, it fy environmenstrated thatenvironmen
nclusions.
ovisions for ry of the ILCe compared study shou
vant and avadered misleaselected funproduction/
cted stakehoe system nermance of onsider thatmodel. comparative
nt - Produc
etween systealternatives, cal, assumptrequirementts of the comsupport of c
print studies
all compa
provisions frtive compathe goal anlly for: LCI m
d accuracy caess/cut-off (rall environmrocesses thadels.
be performes (for public pact categort shall highligmental preferat the two contal impact
r studies wCD Handboo
d systems shuld include pvailable alterading. nctional unit/operation/uolders. eeds to be rthe compa
t potentially
e micro-leve
cts Gene
tems the functio
ptions and dants ompared syscomparisonss and other s
arative stud
for compariarative studind scope demodel, assu
calculation s(in%) shall mental impaat are ident
ed for LCA communica
ory (e.g. caright that the
erable alterncompared syts to a deg
with similok): hall have thepotentially e
ernatives, as
it should ref/use scenari
replaced toared functioy a newer sy
el studies (S
eral aspects
onal unit, andata consiste
stems ns selected com
udies (summ
rison assertioies. efinition shaumptions, dshall supportbe met for
act. tical for all
studies inteation). rbon footpri
he comparisonatives. Thisystems do ngree that w
lar functio
e same funcenvironmens otherwise
eflect well-jurios; it shall
o meet the rional unit, ystem will re
(Situation A)
s
page 8
nd assumptitency
omparisons
mary of the
tions shall a
hall be addrdata quality.rt this analyr mass and
alternatives
ended to su
rint) is consson is not sus applies unnot differ in
would chang
onal equiv
nctional unit.ntally better
e the study
ustified typill be agreed
required duthe replace
replace the
A), each com
2 of 297
tions
e ILCD
also be
dressed .
ysis. d ener-
es may
upport
sidered uitable nless it n other ge the
valent
t. er mar-
would
pical or d with
uration cement initial-
mpared
EeBGuid
Gui
de Draft
idance
t Guidance
scenario sably best XIII) For for each ance of ssequenceXIV) Invo
For buildconducteThe majoalternativshould behas. Thisand buildlevels of functionswithin thebuilding ptwo desigshould idand theseUsers whcomparinthe choicin conducity of bacIt should sign tool parative aAs a genecomparisothe compfacades arefer to sIf the prait may beplementement theprovidingmay be fo
e documen
shall be comt and worst r comparativof the ana
situation A, es of the anaolvement of
ding LCA ad to chooseor focus of ves that are directed tos may including physicthe indoor . Thereforee planning tphysics andgn alternatidentify adde should beho are not Lg their builde of adequacting the LCckground da
be noted tor not – thassertions geral rule, it on and to o
parison. Thisare to be cohould rema
actitioner che beneficial ed for assese given gui supplemeound on the
nt - Produc
omplementedt cases. Unceive meso/malysed altern
except for nalysed decif interested
pplications,e among def the LCA pre truly como identifyin
ude techniccal functionenvironme
e, design ateam, includd energy peives are noitional solu
e included inLCA expertding’s desigate – compCA study, esata, etc. (sethat – indephe provisiongiven in thisis advisable
only alter ths means, foompared, thain identicalhooses to uto use a to
ssments. Toidance. Thental matere EeBGuide
cts Gene
ed with assucertainty calcmacro-level (natives sha
r processes ision.
d parties in r
, comparatesign alternapractitioner mparable. g all functio
cal functionns, such asnt, but alsoalternativesding the arcerformance ot truly comutions to enn the compas typically ugn alternativparable – despecially witee below). pendently ons and guidas document e to use unhese parts tor instance, he building for both alse an LCA d
ool that hasool providere EeBGuideial for toolInfoHub.
eral aspects
umption scelculation sha(situation B
all apply theaffected by
review.
ive assertioatives. has to lie
Therefore ons that a ds, e.g. strus ensuring o architectu
should alwchitect, struexperts. If
mparable, thnsure comparative LCA use dedicatves. Such toesign alternath regard to
of using a deance items should be aiform systemthat belongif two desigthat the deternatives. design tool the EeBGu
rs are encoe project su providers.
s
page 8
enarios of reall be perforB): the scee modellingy large-scale
ons are ty
on defininspecial atte
design alteructural funcspecified q
ural and aesways be a
uctural engif the functiohe planningparable feastudy.
ted LCA tooools may suatives, and o the compa
edicated LCconcerningattended tom models f
g to the objgn alternatiesign altern
for comparuide guidancouraged to upported th. These ma
3 of 297
eason-ormed. enarios g guid-le con-
pically
g two ention native ctions, quality sthetic agreed neers, ons of team
atures,
ols for upport assist
arabil-
CA de-g com-o. for the ject of ves of
natives
risons, ce im-imple-his by aterial
EeBGuid
36 www.
de Draft
sintef.no/pro
t Guidance
1) Practnatives Because d(functionabuilt-in dauniform mwhen comConcernintions, theof the LCto the ICLUseful inffound in (FP7), av 2) Compin E2B EUnder spproduct athe produEN 15804parative provisions
oject/LoRe-LC
e documen
tical guida
design softwal unit, systatabases, itmethodologmparing twong the backe user can CA softwareLD handbooformation oone of theailable onlin
parative asEI researchpecific condand an innouct model is4 should beassertion rs if no prov
CA/Deliverab
nt - Produc
ance when
ware contaitem boundat is generallical decisiono building dkground datlook at the
e for buildinok. on the use oe deliverablne.36
ssertion foh projectsditions, it movative pros from crade applied, iules accord
visions exist
bles/LoRE-LC
cts Gene
n comparin
ins built-in maries, cut-ofy importantns, but also
design alterntabase usedmethodolo
ngs to chec
of LCA in thles of the
or product
may be posoduct followdle to graveif necessaryding to ILCin the EN 1
CA-WP4-D4.1
eral aspects
ng buildin
methodologff criteria, ett not only too to use the natives. d for the coogical reportck for consi
e design of LoRe-LCA E
t LCA base
ssible to cowing EN 158e. All the oty, to complD; otherwis15804 stand
1-KTH-report
s
page 84
g design a
gical decisiotc.), as welo apply gen
e same softw
omparative rt or user mistency acco
f buildings cEuropean p
ed on EN 1
ompare a re804 provisiother provisioly with these use thedard.
t_20111213.
4 of 297
alter-
ons l as
nerally ware
asser-manual ording
can be project
15804
egular ons, if ons of com- ILCD
pdf
EeBGuid
The aspby the IThese a
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Pro
EN 1
de Draft
pects relateILCD Handbaspects are
t G
iption Acdemthinstreria
Hcapr
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15978
t Guidance
ed to the scbook. They closely rela
G-05 Scope
ccording to efinition of
methodologyhe study (i.entended apptated. Exameference floa (complete
ow can theases whereroduct or bu
dy objective
☒
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
The scopcontext a
The docuand EN 1
om:
6 Purpose7 Specific
e documen
cope definitiaim to iden
ated to the g
e definition
[ISO 1404a study is
y, quality, re. based onplications, amples of reqw definitioneness).
e practitionee the effortuilding LCAs
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
pe definitionnd the inte
umentation 5804.
se of the asscation of the
nt - Produc
ion are prentify what tgoal definit
n for build
40], [ISO 14s the step reporting ann the reasonand the addquirements ns, derivatio
er set up tt of scope s?
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
buildingproducts
n of a studnded use o
should also
sessment he object of
cts Gene
sented beloto analyse, ion aspects
ding and pr
4044], and where the nd review ins for the stdressees ofinclude the
on of system
the scope odefinition c
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
dy should bf the assess
o be in line
assessment
eral aspects
ow in the oand how th.
roduct LCA
the ILCD Hmain requn accordantudy), the df the resulte function, m boundarie
of the studycan be sim
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplifie
be defined sment.
with ISO 1
t
s
page 8
order recomhis should b
A
Handbook, tuirements rence with thedecision conts [ILCD 20functional
es, and cut-
y? Are thermplified in r
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
according t
14044, EN
5 of 297
mended be done.
he scope elated to e goal of ntext, the 010c] are unit and
p is closely LCA practiti4 and EN 15nt for the coguidance o
(see the rule
tical guidang to the s
pe of the ststudy, such
tion site (Moumption (Mo
sion of anyroject, and s for scope
nt - Produc
s and their is for the LCA
what to an
nsistency of producibilitys of LCA deltion, functioI modelling pving system
aring the bachnological rographical re
me-related rees, quality a
mparison betntifying criticnning report
definition
nce for pro
linked to tioner does 5978 if the ontext of thon how to des from ILC
ance for pscope defin
udy definesh as the buodule A5), odule B7), a
y module dethe LCA p
e definition
cts Gene
information CA
nalyse and h
f methods, ayliverables an
onal unit, anprovisions f
m boundarie
asis for the irepresentatrepresentativepresentativand sources
tween systeical review nting
oduct or bu
the goal denot start froscope defin
he study. Ifefine the di
CD).
product anition of E
s the variouuilding prodenergy con
and transpo
epends on tractitioner. in EN 1580
eral aspects
modules to
how
assumptions
nd intendednd referencefor situationes and cut-o
impact assetiveness iveness veness s of required
ems needs
uilding LCA
efinition. It om ‘zero’, bnition withinnot, it is reifferent asp
nd buildinN 15804/E
us contributducts (Modunsumption (ort of people
he goal defGenerally
04 and EN
s
page 86
o be include
s, and data
d applicatione flow ns A, B and off criteria
essment
ed data and
A studies
is recommbut rather fon these stanecommendepects of the
ng LCA stEN 15978
tors to incluules A, B, C(Module B6e (during th
finition, the speaking, a15978 shou
6 of 297
ed
ons
C (com-
d infor-
ended ollows ndards ed that
scope
udies
ude in C, D), ), wa-he use
stage all the uld be
EeBGuid
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
de Draft
t
iption
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
t Guidance
applied.
3) Predecording
The definance is asimplifiedpletenessboundarie(e.g. usethe definalso helpstudy.
G-06al un
The fuct syof scato theunit sfunctiqualitthe por knoessaryand to
dy objective
☒
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
e documen
efined scoto EeBGui
nition of thealso broadlyd or comples of the asses and cutof default
ition of the regarding
6 Distinctionit
functional uystem for usale or referee given funshould be donal unit c
ty. The decrecise functown, or why to distingo give opera
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
nt - Produc
ope of proide study t
e scope of ay predefineete LCA). Prsessment (t-off-criteriavalues), do
e scope. Thdocumenta
on betwee
unit represese as a refeence on whnction of thdefined accocomprises aclared unit tion of the hen the LCAguish betweational guid
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
buildingproducts
cts Gene
duct and types
a study withed through rovisions foe.g. adaptea), data reocumentatioe reportingation of the
en the dec
nts the quaerence unit hich the LCAhe product. ording to tha function, is used insproduct at
A does not een these tdance.
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
eral aspects
building L
hin the conthe study
or aspects sed calculatioepresentativon and comtemplates
e goal and
clared unit
antified perffor the LCA
A results arIn other c
he future usa quantity
tead of a fthe buildincover a fulltwo concep
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplifie
s
page 8
LCA studie
ntext of thistype (scree
such as theon rules, sveness andmmunication
of the EeBscope of a
t and the f
rformance oA study. It ire based, ancases, the fse of the by, a duratiofunctional ung level is nl life cycle. pts for prod
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA compl
7 of 297
es ac-
s guid-ening,
e com-system d type n help BGuide n LCA
function-
of a prod-s the unit nd relates functional
building. A on and a unit when not stated It is nec-
duct LCA,
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
EeBGuid
Pro
EN 1
ILCD
de Draft
ovisions
Rules from
15804
CD
t Guidance
The prafor the unit.
The decplementproductIn othethe futution, a q
Under snumberunit, asconceptstructiouct is inpoint at
m:
6.3.1 Fu6.3.2 DeProvisioI) SHALII) MAYIII) SHAIV) SHA I I I Ition proV) MAY VI) SHAVII) SH V V VVII) SHVII) SHA
e documen
actitioner shcorrect de
clared unit sted directly ts. er cases, thure use of quantity, a d
special condr of possibls defined int of the funn product ancorporatedt which the
Functional unDeclared unitons: 6.4 FunLL – IdentifyY – Photos, sALL – IdentALL – FunctiIV.a) FunctIV.b) in whIV.c) for whIV.d) to wh
ovided (whaY – ObligatorALL – MeasuHOULD – Alte
VII.a) MateVII.b) MonoVII.c) Multif
HOULD – HigHALL – Comp
nt - Produc
hould refer efinitions of
should be uin the build
he functionathe buildinduration an
ditions (e.g.le applicatin EN 15804nctional uniare often clod in the builproduct is a
nit it nction, funcfy system orspecificatio
tify functiontional unit, dtion providehich quantityhat durationhat quality (at) ory and positurement meternatives aerials and otofunctional ifunctional pghly variableparative stu
cts Gene
to EN 15 8f the functi
used for rawding, and fo
al unit shoug. A functio
nd a quality.
if a buildinons in a b4, may be t, as the fuosely relatelding, and tassessed.
ctional unit, r process ons n(s) and fundetails ed (what), y (how mucn (how long(in what wa
itioning propethods
and complemther applicaprocesses
processes le function udies
eral aspects
804 and theonal unit a
w materials tor non-appli
uld be definonal unit co.
g product hbuilding), th
more apprunctions proed to the wathis cannot
and referen
nctional unit(
ch), g), ay and how
perties
ments to theation unspec
s
page 88
e ILCD Hanand the de
that are noication-spec
ned accordomprises a
has a ratherhen the deropriate thaovided by aay that the be known
nce flow
t(s)
w well is the
he functionalcific product
8 of 297
dbook eclared
t im-cific
ing to func-
r large eclared an the a con-prod-at the
e func-
l unit cts
EeBGuid
ISO
Gui
de Draft
O 14044
idance
t Guidance
4.2.3.2
1) Spec
There aThe firstional uthat cantions insection in fenciconstruSimilarlyexternaoptions block indeclaredaggregaas instadeclared
2) Spec
For prodefined For cradof the pand it isinclude productcycle. NTC 350 and incling suchpost-ga
e documen
Function an
cific guida
are two casst is for rawunit does non be used inn the buildinmight be ung or in joiction and ty, a concrel wall, and will impac
n the buildid unit is usated at the alled can bd units inclu
by item, e.g1 lighting-fiby mass, e.by length, ebe specifiedby area, e.(dimensionsby volume,crete.
cific guida
oduct LCA (with the co
dle-to-gate product withs therefore information
t within theNeverthelessthe recommlude informh a scenariote life cycl
nt - Produc
nd functiona
ance for de
ses when itw materials ot really man a wide vang or cons
used in uppeinery. For ethe service
ete block cowith thin j
ct differentlng or cons
sed, allowingbuilding le
be considereude:
g. 1 brick, itting, 1 rad.g. 1 kg of ce.g. 1 m of d); .g. 1 m2 of s must be s, e.g. 1 m3
ance for de
(e.g. EPD),ompany thaand cradle
hin the buildnot easy ton on the ree building os, during dmended rou
mation for ono, much of le stage w
cts Gene
nal unit
efining the
t is relevan(e.g. cemenake sense. ariety of diffstruction woer floor coneach of thes
life of theould be usedjoint or noy on the t
struction wog the releva
evel, where ed over the
1 window (diator; cement; pipe, 1 m o
f wall elemespecified); 3 of timber,
efining the
the functiat commissio-to-site proding or cono find a funequired funor constructiscussions o
ute was to idne or more the require
ould origin
eral aspects
e declared
t to define nt, gravel) fThe secon
ferent or simorks: for exstruction, inse functions timber mid in either rmal mortahermal per
orks. In thisant data to the functio
e building l
dimensions
of a beam (
ents, 1 m2
, 1 m3 of r
e functiona
onal unit hons the LCA
oduct LCA dstruction wo
nctional unitnctional pertion works on the devedentify reasof these sceed informatate from t
s
page 89
unit
a declaredfor which ad is for promultaneousxample, a tn a partitions, the wastaight be diffan internal
ar; each of rformance os second cabe provide
on of the prlife. Examp
s to be spec
(dimensions
of roof ele
ready-mixed
al unit
has to be cA or EPD studata, the fu
works is uncet, which neerformance oover the felopment osonable sceenarios. In tion to descthe building
9 of 297
d unit. a func-oducts s func-timber n wall, age in ferent. or an these
of the ase, a ed and roduct ples of
cified),
s must
ments
d con-
closely udy. nction ertain, eds to of the ull life
of CEN enarios
defin-cribe a g, and
EeBGuid
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Pro
de Draft
t G
iption ActhbufodebudeofdiH
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
ovisions
t Guidance
would bThe fun‘maintasure a tthe defirespondFor comtions mrelevant
G-07 Funct
ccording tohe requireduilding or aor comparisecision-makuilding or reesign optionf functionalifferent systow should t
dy objective
☒
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
At the buregard totechnical quired serelevant f
The func
e documen
be related tonctional unining the futhermal resinition of thding aspect)mparative pay be relevt functions
tional equiv
[EN 15643 and quant
an assembleon. Usually
king procesefurbish an ns. In such equivalenttems/optionthe function
ve ☒
☐
e inventoanalysis (
existing buildings
uilding levelo EN 15978and functio
ervice life. Ofor inclusion
ctional equiv
nt - Produc
o the produnit has a qunction ovesistance of he relevant ). purposes, dvant. With tshould be c
ivalent
3-1], the futified functed system y, assessmess regarding
existing bucases com
ts. For this ns, it is essenal equivale
☒ stand-alone
ory (LCI)
iass
(
buildingproducts
, the functi8. it needs onal requireOther specin in the info
valent conc
cts Gene
uct being stuuantity (e.
er 50 years’2 m²/W.K’)service life
ifferent, simthe definitiocovered.
unctional eqtional and/o(part of wo
ents of indivg, for instauilding, or wparison shoreason, in
ential to defent be corre
LCA
☐
mpact sessment (LCIA)
screening
onal equivato include
ements, theific requiremormation on
cept may b
eral aspects
udied. g. 1 m²), ) and a qua). It is closof the prod
multaneouson of the fu
quivalent is or technicalorks), whichvidual objecance, whethwhich are thould be mad comparativfine the funectly defined
☒ compa
☒
interpretation
LCA simplifie
alent shouldthe buildin
e pattern ofments or con the functio
be used at
s
page 90
a durationality e.g. ‘“
sely connecduct (cf. th
ly applyingunctional un
a represenl requiremeh is used ascts form paher to builhe most apde only on ve studies ctional equd?
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
d be definedng type, ref use and tonditions monal equiva
the sub-bu
0 of 297
n (e.g. to en-ted to
he cor-
func-nit, all
ntation of ent for a s a basis art of the d a new propriate the basis between ivalent.
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
d with levant he re-
may be lent.
uilding
EeBGuid
EN 1
EN 1
ILCD
Gui
de Draft
Rules from
15978
15804
CD
idance
t Guidance
level. EN the compnents). Ining, ensu
om:
7.2 Funct
6.3.2. Fun5.3 Comp
ProvisionsI) SHALL II) MAY –III) SHALIV) SHAL IV IV IV IVprovided V) MAY –VI) SHALVII) SHO VI VI VIVII) SHOVII) SHAL In practicportant tolent. ISOings propthe ‘referis conven
In EN 15terms of equivalentics of thtional equ
e documen
15804 defiparison is cn such casering that th
tional equiv
unctional uniparability of
ns: 6.4 FunctL – Identify s– Photos, spLL – IdentifyLL – FunctioV.a) FunctioV.b) in whichV.c) for whaV.d) to what(what)
ency of the ng differentof assessingvided for bug, transpor
5 of 297
zed?
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
ust be
ticular, nent or uilding-
opera-
ropean (EPBD)
uilding will not ficient’ whole tiation g their uilding rtation
EeBGuid
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
39 http://
de Draft
t
iption
lated study
lated udy ase
g
/ec.europa.e
t Guidance
and lighti
Energy-usrelated pr
Energy-resulation, energy usand whicThese are
In all casdesign ofthe prodube assess
G-10 D
The sythe gothe praEPD, tcradle used inof the approa15804.define
How ca
dy objective
☒
goal and scopedefinition
eu/enterprise
e documen
ng.
sing produroducts in t
elated prodor productsse of the buch are not e also cover
es, the partf the buildinuct, and thesed at the b
Definition
ystem bounoal and scopactitioner ishe system to gate, cr
n ecodesignproducts, t
ach) – that . Generally what to inc
an the syste
ve ☒
☐
e inventoanalysis (
e/policies/sus
nt - Produc
ucts (EuP) the EcoDesi
ucts (ErP) s with thermuilding, but part of thered by the E
ticular use ong, are keye operationabuilding leve
n of system
ndaries of ppe of the ss likely to foboundaries
radle to gatn, it may bethus extend
is, includinspeaking,
clude, espec
em bounda
☒ stand-alone
ory (LCI)
impame
stainable-bus
cts Gene
are now gn Directive
are productmal mass, wdo not dire
e building-inEcoDesign D
of the prody to undersal performael.
m boundari
product LCAstudy. If theollow the Es can vary,te with optie relevant ting the systng Module the main
cially for the
ries be defi
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
siness/ecode
eral aspects
covered ale.
ts such as which have aectly use enntegrated tDirective.39
ucts in the tanding thence of the
ies for pro
A can be dife goal is toN 15804 stadepending
ions, or crao include thtem boundaD if the stuissue for ae production
ned for prod
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
sign/index_e
s
page 96
longside en
windows aan impact o
nergy themstechnical sy
building, ane performanbuilding ca
oducts
fferent, depo create antandards. B on the typ
adle-to-gravhe recyclingary (a cradludy complie
any productn stage.
duct LCA?
arative asserti
☐
n repor
en.htm
6 of 297
nergy-
nd in-on the selves, ystem.
nd the nce of n only
pending onEPD, then
ut even forpe of data:ve. For LCAg potentialsle-to-cradlees with ENt LCA is to
on
☐
rting
r
A
EeBGuid
Relefor
Pro
EN 1
ILCD
de Draft
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15804
CD
t Guidance
new
buildings
The pract15804, de
For LCA should bedle to gate
If the resthe rules Handbook
om:
6.3.4 Syst
Provisionspleteness)“I) SHALL II) SHALL III) SHALLIV) SHALLV) SHALL VI) SHALLVII) SHALVIII) SHAL Provisions“[…] I) SH I.a
I.b
I.c)
I.d
II) SHALL
As an illusent life cy
e documen
existing buildings
titioner shoepending on
studies thaaware that
e, cradle to
ults are inteused to de
k.
tem bounda
s: 6.6 Deriv)
L – Scope ofL – ProcesseLL – Flows acL –System b
L – List of exL – part-systLL – SystemALL – Quanti
s: 7.2.3 IdenHALL – Idena) Start from
b) Foregroun
c) Backgroun
d) Justify an
L – Initial pro
stration for ycle stages t
nt - Produc
buildingproducts
uld refer ton the goal a
at are comt different s gate with o
tended to befine the sys
aries
iving system
f LCA es within theacross the syboundary dixclusions stem and sy
m-external oftitative cut-o
entifying prontifying procm central pr
und system
und system
nd documen
rocesses des
product LCto take into
cts Gene
screening
o the ILCDnd scope of
mpliant withsystem bouoptions, or
be used for stem bound
m boundarie
he system boystem bouniagram
ystem-systemoff-setting off criteria”
ocesses in atcesses withirocess
nt exclusion
scription”
CA, the ILCDo account an
eral aspects
g LCA simplif
D Handbookf his study.
h EN 15804undaries cancradle to gr
comparativdaries shou
ies and cut
oundary ndary
m relationsh
attributional hin the syste
D Handbooknd the diffe
s
page 9
fied LCA com
k, or otherw
4, the pracn be selecterave.
ve assertionuld follow th
t-off criteria
ships
l modelling em boundary
k details theerent types
7 of 297
mplete LCA
wise EN
ctitioner ed: cra-
ns, then he ILCD
a (com-
ry
he differ-of data.
EeBGuid
Gui
Aspect
Descrip
40 Figure t
de Draft
idance
t G
iption Cumcutyteroofto[I
taken from the
t Guidance
It has to e.g. measstage (seedata are li
Figure 11: of the com
Different c15804 shofound, defor cemenplant).
For E2B Ethe full lifethe gate-tvolved in tfor upstresufficient.
G-11 Cut-of
ut-off rulesmodel 100%ut-off criteriypes, specifem model. Conmental imff. The appao be able toILCD, 2011a
ILCD Handbook
e documen
be mentionsured data fee below). Flikely to be b
Cradle-to-gplete life cyc
cases can bould be apppending onnt, the syst
I research pe cycle. Theto-gate stagthe project
eam or dowThis last re
off rules for
s enable LC% of the pro
ia refer to tfic processeCut-off rulesmpacts that arent parado know wha]. But, if o
k [Detailed guid
nt - Produc
oned that thfrom compaFor the othbased on ba
rave, cradlecle40
be found inplied. Thesen the goal atem bounda
projects, pre practitionge among tthat would
wnstream precommenda
or screening
CA practitiooduct systethe omissiones and prods are quanthave been
dox is that oich process
one knew th
ance for LCA].
cts Gene
he foregroupany) takes her data (e.background d
-to-gate and
n practice. e types of Eand scope (aries will be
roduct LCA er is likely the project like to asse
rocesses theation is also
ng, simplifi
oners to com. Accordinn of non-reducts and etified in relaapproxima
one must kses, elemenhe 100% im
eral aspects
und data coplace during.g. extractiodata.
d gate-to-ga
For EPD daEPD system(e.g. for 1 ke only up t
studies mayto collect fopartners (eess its new e use of gein line with
ied, comple
onduct LCAng to the Ilevant life c
elementary ation to the ted to be enow the fin
ntary flows mpacts of a
s
page 98
ollection (bang the gateion processe
ate datasets
ata, rules fm boundarykg of declato the gate
y be conduoreground de.g. a compproduct), w
eneric data h EN 15804
lete LCA
A without hILCD Handbcycle stagesflows from percentage
excluded vianal result ofetc. can beproduct, th
8 of 297
based on -to-gate
ses), the
as parts
from EN can be
red unit e of the
cted for data for pany in-whereas may be .
having to book, the s, activity the sys-
e of envi-a the cut-f the LCA e left out hen there
EeBGuid
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Pro
EN 1
EN 1
de Draft
wun
W
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
ovisions
Rules from15978
15804
t Guidance
would be nonknown, bu
What should
dy objective
☒
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
In generaFor produEN 1597adopted. For produdefined sdefined tothe compFor screeto the lisaccount. missing dfor theselevel. For compaccordingtice, theycase, the
om:
7.4.3 Crit
7.3.5 CritThe cut-oto a (unitare availawith aver
e documen
o need for ut must be e
the cut-off
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
al, ILCD prouct and bu8 goal and
uct and buistudy typeso allow for
plexity of theening and sist of buildinThe others
data. Howee building p
plete LCA sg to the ILCy may be astudy type
teria for the
teria for theoff rules givit) process slable. Data rage or gen
nt - Produc
a cut-off. Iextrapolated
f rules be fo
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
buildingproducts
ovisions shoilding LCA d scope de
lding LCA ss, the cut-oa simplificae study. mplified bu
ng productss remain opever, they mproducts or
studies, cutCD Handbooapplied accoe is not entir
e exclusion o
e exclusion oven in EN 15shall be inclgaps may
neric data. A
cts Gene
In practice,d from the
or a product
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
ould be follostudies comefinition, th
studies that off rules shation of LCA
ilding LCA, s and technptional – to may be incl
technical e
t-off rules sok, but if thording to Erely a comp
of inputs an
of inputs an5804/EN 15
cluded in thebe filled by
Any assump
eral aspects
, the total measured o
t LCA or a b
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplifie
owed for themplying withe cut-off
comply witould be ad
A, and in pa
the practitionical equipm
date – owuded if defequipment
should be his is not acEN 15804/Eplete LCA).
nd outputs
nd outputs 5978: “All ine calculation
by conservatptions for s
s
page 99
inventory ior calculated
building LCA
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
e cut-off rulth EN 1580rules shou
th EeBGuiddopted. Therticular to r
oner shouldment to taking to potefault valuesat the Eur
applied prichievable inEN 15978 (i
nputs and ouon, for whichative assumsuch choices
9 of 297
is always d data.
A?
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
les. 4 and
uld be
e pre-ey are reduce
d refer ke into entially s exist opean
marily prac-in this
outputs h data
mptions es shall
EeBGuid
ILCD
ISO
Gui
de Draft
CD
O 14044
idance
t Guidance
be documunit proccontributeprimary edo not ex
6.6.3 Quaria ILCD statmain aspcriteria dbefore thparadox: The appaLCA (so onificant foelementathe iteratILCD ChaFigure 5:and refinetion, modlation, anpletenessto be repprecision LCI/LCA s Provisionspleteness“VIII – SHVIII.a) OvVIII.b) Id
4.2.3.3.3
Cut-off rudatory to The applspecific cdefined, fine specthat shoued when priate dathen con
e documen
mented;In ccess, materites with lessenergy of thxceed 5% o
antitative d
ates: “The apects: the tduring data hat – the pr
arent paradone can shofor the overary flows etctive approacapter 4 and: the initial ned in view odelling (inclund interpres checks anpeated until n requiremenstudy.”
ns: 6.6 Derivs)
SHALL QuantOverall envirodentify the a
3 Criteria for
ules should provide veication of circumstancebut some Pific cut-off uld be incluthe exclusiota are avai
nservative a
nt - Produc
case of insurials and pros than 1% othe total, anof total ener
definition of
application translation collection
procedural is
dox is that how that theerall results)tc. can be leach used whd with moresettings areof the outcoluding of altetation (espnd uncertainl the results
ents as need
iving system
ntitative cut-ronmental imaimed-at cu
r the exclus
not be useerifications fcut-off rulees and the PCR documrules, or thded. Informon of matelable, they assumption
cts Gene
sufficient inpocesses canof mass or rnd all excludrgy use and
f system bo
of cut-off cof the cut-of the indiv
issue of how
one must ke omission o) to be ableleft out. Thihen performe details onre to be revcome of the ternative scpecially connty analysiss meet the cded for the
m boundarie
-off criteriampact ut-off”
sion of input
ed to hide rfor excludedes is alwayproduct; noents for EPe extent of
mation fromrials and prshould be s should b
eral aspects
put data or n be omitterenewable oded materiad mass.”
oundaries –
criteria has -off criteria ividual unit-w to overco
know the fiof a certaine to know wis paradox i
ming an LCAn the inventvisited once subsequent
cenarios), LCntribution, s). These itecompleteneintended ap
es and cut-o
ts and outpu
results. Thed parts. s highly de
o general apPD or labellf the materi
m these souroducts is juincluded in
be made, a
s
page 100
r data gapsed, if the pror non-reneals and proc
the cut-off
s to considea into opera-processes ome an app
final result on process is which procis solved thA, as describntory part ine or several nt LCI data cLCIA results
ependent opproaches cling schemeials and prorces can beustified. If an the LCA. Iand docum
0 of 297
s for a process ewable cesses
f crite-
er two ational and – parent
of the s insig-cesses, hrough ibed in n ILCD l times collec-calcu-com-
ps are cy and of the
(com-
man-
on the can be es de-oducts e stat-appro-If not,
mented
EeBGuid
de Draftt Guidance
transparecan be apbe documproduct s 1) SpeciCut-off ruclusion ofof ancillathe upstrPractitionground LGenerallycomply w15804. Tand modeas EPD, grules are tioner doePractical for buildisimplifiedmass or is generabe accouto complmass andtoxicity apaints, micity effecof the bu010 stanvery toxishould bewise they 2) SpecibuildingThere is and buildfined in ation), or
e documen
ently. If no pplied and tmented transystems (ISO
fic guidanules for builf capital eqry materialeam proces
ners should LCI databasy speaking, with the cuThe cut-off elling for thgeneric baccompliant es not needguidance oing productd approachein energy fo
ally recommnted for, if y exactly w
d energy areand ecotox
may have a lct. In this cilding produdard), thesc (T+), toe included iy should be
ific guidans a differenc
ding LCA. Foan existing in the data
nt - Produc
appropriatethe respectinsparently wO 14044: 4
nce for prolding produ
quipment ofls such as sses. refer to th
se for the the backg
ut-off rule rules are d
he foregrouckground dawith the PCd to be concn the cut-ots and teches such as for the corre
mended thatavailable, r
with the 5%e also limitexicity indicalow energy case they shuct. In currese substancoxic (T), non the invenincluded in
nce for the
ce in terms or product LPCR, e.g.
abase. For b
cts Gene
e data are aive aspect cwith very sp.2.3.3.3).
oduct LCA sct LCA can
f the producplastic pack
he existing cut-off rul
round dataof simplifie
defined maund data. Foata may be CR/EPD procerned withoff rules canhnical equip
EPD may esponding t the availabrather than % cut-off. ed if the scoators. Somor mass in
hould be taent PCRs (eces are ideoxious (Xn)ntory if ther the metho
e cut-off r
of cut-off LCA, the cuEN 15804 building LCA
eral aspects
available atcan be left opecial care
studies be defined
ction plant, kaging of a
common rues that shoshould no
ed approacinly to easeor specific apre-verifiedgramme, so this issue.
n be found pment. Genhave a 5%
life cycle stble LCI of tsystematicaThe cut-of
ope of the se raw maput while h
aken into ace.g. the Freentified – e), or dangere is an LCI dological re
ules for co
rules betweut-off rules a(see the ‘A studies th
s
page 10
t all, cut-offout, which swhen comp
d, e.g. for th or the exc
a raw mate
ules in the ould be ap
ot be modifches such ase data collapplicationsd, i.e. the co that the p
in dedicatenerally spe% cut-off rtage. Howethe raw maally neglectff rules linkstudy is to aaterials, suaving a higccount in th
ench PCR NFe.g. in Franerous (N) – available; eport.
omplete L
een producare general‘Rules fromhe practitio
1 of 297
f rules should paring
he ex-clusion erial in
back-pplied. fied to as EN ection s such cut-off practi-
d PCR aking,
rule in ver, it terials t them ked to assess ch as h tox-he LCI F P01-nce as – and other-
CA of
ct LCA lly de-
m’ sec-oner is
EeBGuid
Aspect
de Draft
t Gp
t Guidance
likely to already aance abooff rules, tified to mEN 1597should nocut-off shcompletestructuralcoveringsenvironmcific impain compleThe provand a com
3) SpecsimplifieFor buildistudy, asof buildinIn the Eeless strictnical equIn the cuing to pocation wois relevanthe limitafied by thAs an alteed that dfar as poEurope, eThis enabplified LCby practit
G-12 Infrasproduction,
e documen
use already cut-off rule
ove). At the which corr
model the fu8 states thot exceed 5hould be us
LCAs. Thel componens being neg
mental impacact categorieete LCA to avisions in ENmplete LCA
ific guidaned LCA of bing LCA, it it is a timeg products.
eBGuide, thet than for cipment may
urrent versiootentially miould be to cnt to neglecation of buihe practitionernative forefault value
ossible (seeeven if theybles the cutCA (validatiotioners thro
structure m, energy, w
nt - Produc
y calculatede linked to building lerespond to ull building.hat the tot5% of totased differene mass of nts which cglected. Howcts than thees. Therefoaccount for N 15978 arfor the cut
nce for thbuildingsis importane-consumin. e cut-off rulcomplete LCy not have Lon of the Eissing data,conduct a cct these itemilding produner. r optional bes be used e 2.4 Studyy are not vet-off rules toon step), whough the use
machinerywater, wa
cts Gene
d LCA or Ethe produc
evel, there ithe number tal excludel energy usntly betweethe buildin
can lead sowever, these structural
ore the cut-oILCD provisre somewhe-off rules as
he cut-off
nt to ease tg task to ac
les for screeCA, as someLCA or EPD EeBGuide th, although tcomplete LCms (see 2.4ucts to inclu
uilding prodfor these o
y types), asery represeno be limitedhile easing e of default
y and capiaste and t
eral aspects
EPD data. Tt LCA studies an additior of building
ed materialsse and masen screeningng is drivenome producse are likely componenoff rules shosions. ere in betwspect.
rules for
he process ccount of p
ening and se building pdata in som
hese may bthe generalCA, and then4 Study typude should
ducts, it is aptional build there are ntative of a d, even for sthe complevalues.
pital equipmtransport f
s
page 10
These dataes (see theonal layer og products
s and procss. Howeveg, simplifien mainly bcts such asy to have h
nts for someould be ext
ween a sim
screening
of doing apossibly hun
simplified LCproducts orme countriebe neglectedl rule for sin see whet
pes). In any always be
also recommding produclikely to exspecific pro
screening oetion of the
ment for mfor screen
2 of 297
have e guid-of cut-quan-
cesses er, the ed and by the s floor higher e spe-ended
plified
g and
n LCA ndreds
CA are r tech-es. d, ow-mplifi-her it
y case, justi-
mend-cts, as xist in oduct.
or sim-study
material ning and
EeBGuid
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Pro
de Draft
si
iption DblstInottainmanfothbocl
Wcain
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
ovisions
t Guidance
simplified L
ifferent LCAle. These dtructure in nfrastructurther dataseal impact thnfrastructuremachinery (tnd process or energy, what the dataoundaries; uded.
When and hapital goodsncluded?
dy objective
☒
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
The inclubackgrouequipmenshould be
In commoence on tinclude inwhich basubject oowing to to decide
e documen
LCA
A databasesdatabases aLCA datasee, especiallts (e.g. the
hat should ne covered hthe factoriesmaterials awater, wasasets from tsometimes
how shoulds, energy p
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
usion or excnd data. Int should ne considered
on LCA prathe databasnfrastructureckground d
of the generrestricted d this matter
nt - Produc
s and datasapply differeets (e.g. owly related te productionnot necessahere comprs, equipmen
and manufaste and tranthe variousinfrastruct
d infrastructproduction,
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
buildingproducts
clusion of in general,
not be exclud depending
ctice, the Lse modellinge in datasetdata to useral inclusiondata availabr in terms o
cts Gene
sets with dent rules fowing to datto processen of electricarily be negrises not ont and maccture produnsport procs databases ture is inclu
ture, etc. rwaste and
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
infrastructuinfrastruct
uded systemg on the im
LCA practitiog, or on thets. As a res
e. Hence, nn or exclusibility, practitof databases
eral aspects
ifferent bouor includingtabase polics that havecity), can haglected usinnly the capchines) that ucts, but alscesses. Curr
do not havuded, and s
related to transportat
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplifie
re is especure, machi
matically, bumpact catego
oner does ne decision wsult, this depo provisionon of infrastioners typis or consist
s
page 103
undaries arg or excludicy or cut-oe a high imave an env
ng cut-off rupital equipmt are used tso the infrarent practicve the samsometimes
material prtion be exc
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
cially relevanery and cut cut-off cories.
not have anwhether or pends direc
n is given ostructure etcally are notent dataset
3 of 297
re availa-ng infra-
off-rules). mpact for ironmen-ules. The ment and to extract structure ces show e system it is ex-
roduction cluded or
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
ant for capital criteria
n influ-not to ctly on on the tc. as, ot free ts. For
EeBGuid
EN 1
ILCD
Gui
de Draft
Rules from
15978
CD
idance
t Guidance
the inclusthe follow
For screemay be oand the cpoints are
om:
7.4.3 Bou7.4.3.1 G7.4.3.2 B
6.6.2 QuaSystematexclusionactivities,specific gsuch activtwice, on
The infracapital eqchines) thture prodand trans
AccordingtransportappropriaLCI/LCA can be aboundarieoff criteri
If the pradata on tthe princof LCA rrules sho
In commaccepted strongly a
e documen
sion or exclwing provisio
ening and siomitted, owicorrespondine important
undaries of General Boundary of
alitative deftic exclusionn of e.g. tr, etc. is nogoal of the Livity types ince with and
structure, mquipment ahat are useducts, andsport proces
g to the I, infrastruct
ate unless study. In pattributed tes unless tha.
actitioner is the productiple of focuesults) should be appl
on LCA praas they a
advised that
nt - Produc
lusion of inons should
mplified LCing to the ang cut-off rt are mentio
f the constru
f the transpo
finition of syn of activitytransport, inot appropriaLCI/LCA stuis to be anad once witho
machinery and machine
ed to extracalso the in
sses.
ILCD Handbture, servicnecessary principle, alto a systemhey are qua
in the position of mat
using on theould prevailied.
actice, howere. To impt data from
cts Gene
nfrastructurebe applied:
A, capital eapplication orules. Examoned in the
uction proce
ort to and fr
ystem bouny types. ILCnfrastructureate unless udy (e.g. if tnalysed, the hout them).”
and capital ery (the facct and procnfrastructur
book, a syces, adminisaccording tll quantitatim should antitatively
tion to (or nterials or the collection l. To this e
ever, backgprove the cm methodolo
eral aspects
e in the for
quipment aof provisionples for casguidance se
ess stage (M
from site (M
ndaries CD states thres, servicesnecessary athe quantita
e system wo”
goods covectories, equess materiae for energ
ystematic estration actito the speively relevabe includedirrelevant, a
needs to) che treatmenof importan
end, the pr
round dataonsistency
ogically cons
s
page 104
reground sy
and machines from EN 1
ses where thection below
Modules A4
Module A4)
that “a systees, administaccording tative relevaould be mo
ered here auipment anals and mangy, water,
exclusion oivities, etc.
ecific goal oant activitied in the sapplying th
collect foregnt of wastent data (in redefined c
asets are tyof a studysistent data
4 of 297
ystem,
ery 15804 hese w.
– A5)
ematic tration to the
ance of odelled
re the d ma-nufac-waste
f e.g. is not
of the s that
system e cut-
ground , then terms
cut-off
pically y, it is abases
EeBGuid
de Draftt Guidance
be used. generally should chthe treatrelevant.
Guidancepart of thincluded depends inclusion care.
From an leave outprevious impact [Fmachiner
The normmanufactLCA. Thesmall, or uct has aconsiderinthe produnot discopotentiallfor buildiso that thbe considmass of i
For renewfrom windly capitalstructure should in
In generabackgrouin any sec
This aspEeBGuide
e documen
This then consistent
heck, depenment of inf
e related to he foregrouby the pracon the impor exclusio
energy or gt the infraststudies havFrischknechry are impor
mal assumptturing proceey may potthe capital
an extremeng the impouction costsunted over y importanngs, equipmhe amount dered, and cnputs for th
wable energd turbines o equipmentor the PV
clude capita
al it wouldnd report ocondary dat
ect may ne if addition
nt - Produc
means that within thending on thefrastructure
cut-off ruleund model ctitioner). Tpact categoon of infrast
global warmtructure relve shown tht 2007]. Inrtant, e.g. w
tion is that ess are nottentially be equipmently low impaortance of s, bearing intime in thet, the likelyment and mof materialcompared whe same pe
gy generatior photovoltt, i.e. the
V cells. In tal equipmen
be good on the inclustasets used
need to benal impact c
cts Gene
t the consie databasee goal and e processes
es should b(i.e. the in
The relevanories assesstructure, et
ming point oated to thethat it repren other caswind power
capital equt significant
relevant ift has a veryact. This cothe annualin mind thate way finany service lifmachinery wls used per with the cutriod.
ion as an etaic (PV) cemanufacturthese instannt.
practice to sion or excl
d, and its sig
e revised icategories s
eral aspects
deration of. However,scope of th
s in the bac
be used for nfrastructurence of procesed. As a ctc. has to b
f view, it me productionesents less ses, capitalor water po
ipment and, and are nf productioy short lifespould be revized capital t environme
ncial costs afe (length owould needannum of
t-off criterio
energy procells, the maire of the tunces, the e
provide inusion of inf
gnificance if
n a futuresuch as lan
s
page 10
f infrastruct, the practihe study, whckground d
infrastructue that is desses and
consequencbe evaluated
may be possn of materia
than 5% ol equipmenower.
d machinerynot considen output ispan, or the
viewed initia costs relatental impacare. If consof useful sed to be revproduction
on of 1% o
cess, e.g. ein impact isurbine and energy proc
nformation frastructuref included.
e version ond use or h
5 of 297
ture is itioner hether data is
ure as irectly inputs e, the d with
ible to als, as of the
nt and
y for a red in s very prod-
ally by tive to cts are idered ervice) viewed
could f total
energy pure-infra-
cesses
in the e with-
of the human
EeBGuid
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Pro
de Draft
t Gp
iption VaThstInottaThanexstessyis
Wcain
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
ovisions
t Guidance
toxicity a
G-13 Infrasproduction,
arious LCA hese databatructure in nfrastructurther dataseal impact thhe infrastrund machinextract and ptructure for s show thatystem boun excluded.
When and hapital goodsncluded?
dy objective
☒
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
The inclubackgrouequipmenshould be
In commoence on clude infr
e documen
nd ecotoxic
structure m, energy, w
databases ases apply LCA datasee, especiallts (e.g. theat should n
ucture coveery (the facprocess maenergy, wa
t the datasndaries; som
how shoulds, energy p
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
usion or excnd data. Int should ne considered
on LCA prathe databa
rastructure
nt - Produc
city are asse
machinerywater, was
and datasedifferent ru
ets (e.g. owly related te productionnot necessaered here cctories, equterials and ater, waste sets from dmetimes inf
infrastructproduction,
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
buildingproducts
clusion of in general,
not be systed, dependin
ctice, the Lase modellinin datasets
cts Gene
essed (as m
y and capiste and tra
ets with diffeules on the wing to datto processen of electricrily be negl
comprises nuipment anmanufactuand transp
ifferent datfrastructure
ture, etc. rwaste and
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
infrastructuinfrastruct
ematically eng on the im
LCA practitiong, or on ts or not. As
eral aspects
mandatory in
pital equipmansport fo
erent boundinclusion o
tabase polics that havecity), can halected becanot only thed machinesre productsport processtabases do
is included
elated to mtransportat
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplifie
re is especure, machi
excluded, bumpact categ
oner does nthe decisiona conseque
s
page 106
ndicators) .
ment for mor complete
daries are aor exclusioncy or cut-oe a high imave an env
ause of cut-e capital eqs) that ares, but also tses. Currennot have t
d, and som
material protion be exc
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
cially relevanery and cut cut-off c
gories.
not have ann whether ence, this m
6 of 297
material te LCA
available. of infra-
off-rules). mpact for ironmen-off rules. quipment used to the infra-t practic-the same
metimes it
oduction, cluded or
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
ant for capital criteria
n influ-to in-
matter
EeBGuid
EN 1
ILCD
Gui
de Draft
Rules from
15978
CD
idance
t Guidance
depends used. Hesion or eavailabilitin terms tice to pror excluson its sig
For the intem, the
For compshould beomission
om:
7.4.3 Bou7.4.3.1 G7.4.3.2 B
6.6.2 QuaSystematexclusionactivities,specific gsuch activtwice, on
The infraonly the and macmanufactwaste and
AccordingtransportappropriaLCI/LCA can be aboundarieoff criteri
If the pra
e documen
directly onnce no provexclusion ofty, practitionof databaserovide inforion of infrasnificance, if
nclusion or following p
plete LCA, e included, of these ele
undaries of General Boundary of
alitative deftic exclusionn of e.g. tr, etc. is nogoal of the Livity types ince with and
structure, mcapital equhines) thatture producd transport
g to the I, infrastruct
ate, unless study. In pattributed tes unless tha.
actitioner is
nt - Produc
n the decisvision is givf infrastrucners typicales or consisrmation in tstructure wf included.
exclusion orovisions sh
infrastructuunless the ements.
f the constru
f the Transp
finition of syn of activityransport, inot appropriaLCI/LCA stuis to be anad once witho
machinery auipment andt are used cts, but alsoprocesses.
ILCD Handbture, servicnecessary
principle, alto a systemhey are qua
in the posi
cts Gene
ion as to wven on the sture etc. ally are not fstent datasthe backgro
within any se
of infrastruchould be ap
ure, capital application
uction proce
port to and f
ystem bouny types. ILCnfrastructureate unless udy (e.g. if tnalysed, the hout them).”
and capital d machinerto extract
o the infras
book, a syces, adminisaccording
ll quantitatim should antitatively
tion to (or n
eral aspects
which backsubject of ts, owing to
free to decidets. It wou
ound report econdary da
tures in theplied.
equipmentof cut-off r
ess stage (M
from site (M
ndaries CD states thres, servicesnecessary athe quantita
e system wo”
goods covery (the factand proces
structure fo
ystematic estration actto the speively relevabe includedirrelevant, a
needs to) c
s
page 107
kground datthe general o restrictedde on this m
uld be goodt on the incatasets used
e foregroun
t and macrules leads
Modules A4,
Module A4)
that “a systees, administaccording tative relevaould be mo
ered here atories, equipss material
or energy, w
exclusion otivities etc. ecific goal oant activitied in the sapplying th
collect foreg
7 of 297
ta are inclu-
d data matter prac-
clusion d, and
d sys-
hinery to the
, A5)
ematic tration to the
ance of odelled
re not pment ls and water,
f e.g. is not of the s that
system e cut-
ground
EeBGuid
de Draftt Guidance
data on tthe princof LCA rrules sho
In commaccepted strongly abe used,across dmeans thwithin thesistent indatabasehowever,documen
In practicsible to chas to bestructure use in the
Guidancepart of tcluded bydepends inclusion care.
From an leave outvious stuof the tequipmenpower.
The normmanufactLCA. Thesmall, if product hby considthe produ
e documen
the productiple of focuesults) should be appl
on LCA praas they a
advised that particularlatabase bo
hat the conse study. EP
n this contes and EPD that both tation on th
cal applicaticonduct a se made beand the ac
e constructi
e related to he foregrouy the practon the impor exclusio
energy or gt infrastructdies have sotal impacnt and mac
mal assumptturing proceey may potthe capital
has an extredering the iuction costs
nt - Produc
tion of matusing on theould prevailied.
actice, howere. To impt data fromly as this orders. To sideration oDs from dif
ext, and conDs is not geEPD prograhis matter.
ions, howevstudy with etween conccuracy of ion sector th
cut-off ruleund model titioner). Tpact categoon of infras
global warmture related shown that ct [Frischknchinery are
tion is that ess are nottentially be l equipmenemely low importance s, bearing in
cts Gene
terials or the collection l. To this e
ever, backgprove the cm methodolo
subject is use one
of infrastrucfferent EPD nsistency benerally assammes and
ver, the pratruly consissistency in available dahe accuracy
es should b(i.e. infras
he relevancories assesstructure etc
ming point oto the prodthis typica
necht 2007important,
capital equt significant
relevant ift has a veimpact. Thiof the ann
n mind that
eral aspects
he treatmenof importan
end, the pr
round dataonsistency
ogically consnot addresconsistent cture is genprogrammeetween gensured. It cgeneric dat
actitioner mstent data.
the considatasets, andy of dataset
be used for structure thce of procesed. As a cc. has to b
f view, it mduction of mlly represen
7]. In othe, e.g. wind
ipment and, and are nf productioery short lifs could init
nual capital t environme
s
page 108
nt of wastent data (in redefined c
asets are tyof a studysistent datassed consisdatabase,
nerally conses may be neric backgcan be exptabases wil
may find it iHere, a de
deration of d for typicats may prev
infrastructuhat is directesses and consequencbe evaluated
may be possmaterials, ants less thaer cases, c power or
d machinerynot considen output isfespan, or tially be rev
costs relatental impac
8 of 297
, then terms
cut-off
pically y, it is abases stently
then, sistent incon-
ground ected, l yield
mpos-ecision
infra-al LCA vail.
ure as tly in-inputs e, the d with
ible to as pre-an 5% capital water
y for a red in s very if the
viewed tive to cts are
EeBGuid
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Rele
de Draft
t G
iption Wcywtrsutae.
H
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
t Guidance
not discotentially ibuildings,that the consideremass of i
For renewfrom windly capitalstructure should in
In generabackgrouin any sec
This aspecategoriegenerally
G-14 Transp
With globalizycle of eve
where severruck, ship oupply, manual impacts c.g. the trans
ow should t
dy objective
☒
goal and scopedefinition
e documen
ounted overmportant, t, equipmenamount of
ed and comnputs for th
wable energd turbines o equipmentor the PV
clude capita
al it wouldnd report ocondary dat
ect may haves such as
available a
sport of go
zed supply ry product.al possibilit
or airplane) ufacturing, connected wsport distan
the transpo
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
nt - Produc
r time in thethe likely se
nt and machmaterials u
mpared withhe same pe
gy generatior photovoltt, i.e. the
V cells. In tal equipmen
be good on the inclustasets used
ve to be reland use o
and address
oods in LCA
chains, log The most ties exist fofor the vaon-site impwith transpnce, the loa
ort of goods
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
cts Gene
e financial ervice life (hinery wouused per ah the cut-oriod.
ion as an etaic (PV) cemanufacturthese instannt.
practice to sion or excl
d, and on its
evised in theor human tsed in this g
A studies
gistic procesimportant
or the activrious life cy
plementationport processd factor or
be conside
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
eral aspects
costs are. Ilength of uld need to nnum of proff criterion
energy procells, the maire of the tunces, the e
provide inusion of inf
s potential s
e future if atoxicity anduidance.
sses occur ones are t
vity of carryycle stages,n, end of lifses depend the empty r
ered?
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
s
page 109
If considereuseful servic
be revieweroduction cn of 1% of
cess, e.g. ein impact isurbine and energy proc
nformation frastructuresignificance
additional id ecotoxicit
throughouttransport prying goods , e.g. raw fe. The env on severareturn.
arative assertio
☐
n repor
9 of 297
ed po-ce) for ed, so can be f total
energy pure-infra-
cesses
in the e with-.
mpact ty are
t the life rocesses, (e.g. by
materials ironmen-l factors,
on
☐
rting
EeBGuid
for
Pro
EN 1
de Draft
ovisions
Rules from
15978
t Guidance
new buildings
Generallytransportraw mateand end o
The EeBGand the cLCA studifacilities whereas ed, the re
The provsede the fer to thematerials tion site –constructincinerati
Other kinproduct mrelevant included, sponding ing site –machiner
om:
In EN 15related tconstruct7.4.3.2 Bo7.4.3.3 Bo7.4.4 Bou7.4.5 Bou7.4.6 Boury (Modu=> Transtion mate
nds of transmay be takefor the goathe practitaspects: ‘T
– screeningry to the bu
5978, the cotransportatiotion, use an
Boundary of Boundary of undaries of undary of thundary for tule D) sport of gooerials should
nt - Produc
buildingproducts
in all LCAesses shouldy, manufac
sions are aing life cyclort to the bnal, owing d be includeld be docum
a specific lifovision provs for the conufacturer’, g and simpli
complete ycling facilit
sport of goen into accoal and scoptioner shoulTransport og and simpilding site –
onventional ion processnd end-of-liff the transpof the construf the use staghe end-of-lifthe benefits
ods, wastes,d be include
cts Gene
screening
A studies od be includecturing, tran
adapted deple stages. Fuilding site to their p
ed for compmented sepa
fe cycle stavided here.rresponding‘Transport fied LCA’, ‘TLCA’, ‘Tranties’.
oods not diount for buipe of the sld refer to tof constructplified LCA’,– complete L
l life cycle sses that ocfe phases. ort to and fruction instalage (Moduleife stage (Mos and loads
s, constructied in the dif
eral aspects
LCA simplifie
of a produced for everynsportation
pending onFor screeninand transp
potentially mplete LCA. Ifarately.
ge (e.g. Mo The practig aspects: ‘of productsTransport osport of w
irectly relatlding LCA sstudy. If ththe provisiotion machin, ‘TransportLCA’.
stages take ccur during
from site (Mllation proce
es B1–B7) Modules C1–C
beyond the
ion equipmefferent life c
s
page 110
ed LCA comple
ct or a buy life cycle sto the site
n the study ng and simport to end-minor relevf they are i
odule A4) sitioner shou‘Transport os to the conof products wastes to la
ted to a bustudies if thehey are incons for the nery to the t of constr
e into accoug the produ
Module A4) cess (Module
–C4) e system bo
ent and concycle stages
0 of 297
ete LCA
ilding, stage:
e, use,
types plified -of-life vance, nclud-
super-uld re-of raw nstruc-to the
andfill,
uilding ey are luded, corre-build-uction
unt the uction,
e A5)
ounda-
nstruc-s
EeBGuid
EN 1
Gui
41 http://
de Draft
15804
idance
/www.un.org
t Guidance
In EN 15related tconstruct6.3.4.2 Pr6.3.4.3 C7.3.2.1 A47.3.2.2 A7.3.4 End=> Transtion mate
Any life cinclude taware thing’, interimpacts tgrave infoeration ofa scenariconstructA1 and Atransportof iron orbasic oxyto the pature is incturer to t
ALL – TypesI.a) Input oI.b) Input oI.c) Input oI.b) EmissiI.b) Other
e I.b) OutputI.b) Output
ss, as produ
sions 7.4.2
sions 7.4.2tions ALL – Full oOULD – Oneeasured dataHOULD – Fo
sions 7.4.2
sions 7.4.2ALL – Inven
OULD – DifHALL – Invemposed of”
sions 7.6 S
nt - Produc
e foreground
Planning dtify newly reage and genfy data and ts lti-annual or
ance-steered
existing exor system
CR can repre
2.4 Types
es of input aof “consumof wastes of resourcesions to air, w
r input and o
ut of wastesut of valuabluct flows”
2.6 Referen
2.7 Repres
operational cne full year ata of operateor paramete
2.11 Interi
2.11 Emissntory only p
ifferentiate pentory partic”
Selecting s
cts Gene
d system of
data collectequired, stuneric data
d information
or generic dad data collec
xperience tand that is
esent this ex
of input a
and output fmed” product
es from natuwater, soiloutput side
sble goods an
ence amoun
sentativen
cycle of theas data basited processerised proce
im quality
sion of parpoorly water
particles sizcles addition
secondary
eral aspects
f an analysed
ction udy-specific
n sources
ata to be prection:
that sufficies of high quaxperience (…
and outpu
flows cts
ure
e interventio
nd services p
nt of the re
ness regar
e process, if is:
esses”
y control
rticles to ar soluble co
ze classes nally as the
LCI data s
s
page 13
ed system
c unit proces
referred?
ently reflectuality is an e(…).”
ut flows to
ons with the
provided by
reference f
rding oper
f required
air ompounds a
e substances
sets
5 of 297
sses
cts the essen-
o col-
he eco-
y the
flow
ration
as par-
s they
EeBGuid
ISO
Gui
de Draft
O 14044
idance
t Guidance
“I) SHAII) SHOIII) MAIV) MA
Provis“(…) II) SHAV) SHA(…)”
4.2.3.6
ILCD gdata cothis stepractitior back
Generaturer p7.4.2.8control GenerThe dascope o SpecifDependgroundis no nare supthe PCIt is verules gtion). Odata frgate pbe respcontexinstead For the
e documen
ALL – Use cOULD – QuaAY – Prefer AY – Prefer w
sions 7.8 M
ALL – CompALL – Use co
6 Data quali
guidance shollection is ep is highlyioner may fkground dat
ally speakinplant should8 Checking l).
ral guidancata collectioof the study
fic guidancding on thed data may need to compposed to mR (e.g. EN ery importagiven in theOne key issrom the marocesses. Hponsible of t, it may bed of using se
e gate-to-ga
nt - Produc
consistent seality-orientepre-verifiedwell-docum
Modelling t
plete systemconsistent da
lity requirem
ould be folla very timey linked toface differeta in practic
g, the foregd follow con
legal limit
ce for prodn should bey.
ce for EPDe EPD progbe made av
mprehensivemeet the qu15804).
ant to compe PCR (EN sue is to knanufacturer.However, un
upstream e relevant tecondary d
ate stage (u
cts Gene
secondary daed selectiond data sets
mented data
the system
m model (…)data to fill ga
ments
lowed. It nee consuming
the overaent challengce.
ground datansistent rulets; provisio
duct LCA se conducted
D studies gram, somevailable for ely review tuality guide
ply as much15804 but
now where . Usually, hnder some process e.gto collect pata availabl
under the c
eral aspects
data sets n of seconda
a sets”
m
) aps
eeds to be g step in thll quality ofes for colle
a collection es (e.g. seens 7.4.2.11
studies d depending
e already pthe practitihe backgro
elines and g
h as possibt also natiowe need t
e controls ocircumstanc
g. extractionrimary datae in backgr
ontrol of th
s
page 136
ary data set
precised thhe LCA. Howf the study
ecting foreg
at the mane ILCD prov1 Interim q
g on the go
pre-verified oner. If so,und data a
goal and sco
ble to the sponal implemto stop collonly the gaces, he man of clay. Ia for this prround datab
he manufact
6 of 297
ts
at the wever, y. The ground
nufac-visions quality
al and
back- there s they ope of
pecific menta-ecting
ate-to-y also n that rocess bases.
turer),
EeBGuid
de Draftt Guidance
the dat
For sintion sit
For grcompahave m(horizoimportaenvironevery 15804 being compaon theleads tent tecissue iprocesefficien
Guida Within lead thgrounding thewill be The limpart ofaccordysis.
e documen
ta collection
ngle manufate or averag
oup of manies (their
more than ontal averagant to maknmental imnational coto calculatto make sunies with a
e final resuto differentichnologies as to have as being hiddnt/less impa
nce for E2
E2B EI reshe use onlyd system. Ine gate to gmore repre
mits encounf the LCA reing to the q
nt - Produc
n is function
acturer’s EPged across m
anufacturer’sdata may one produc
ging accordike sure thatpacts for t
ontext) mayte these groure that th
a limited varlts (e.g. 10ate differenand related a companyden under tacting produ
2B EI resea
search projey of genericn some casgate informaesentative ontered durieport. The inquality of da
cts Gene
n of the typ
PD, data camore than o
s EPD, datbe already
ction site). ing to the It the differhe producty provide moup of man
he declaratiriability. By0% for GWnt group of environmethat has h
the “averaguction proce
arch proje
ects, some c data for es, where tation for thof the produng the datnterpretatioata collecte
eral aspects
e of EPD.
an be takenone the pro
ta are takeaveraged They needLCD). In thent companion of the
more specifnufacturer’son is reprerequesting
WP, 20% focompanies ntal impactshigher impage” value thesses.
cts
confidentiaboth foreg
the companhe LCA studuct. a collection
on of resultsd during th
s
page 137
n from 1 production site
en from difinternally i
d to be aveat case, it inies have sproduct. PC
fic rules thas EPD. Thisesentative og a low varior acidificati that have ts. Otherwisacting prodanks to the
ality reasonround and
ny is keen ody, the mod
n step shous should be he inventory
7 of 297
roduc-es.
fferent f they
eraged s very similar CR (in an EN s issue of the iability ion) it differ-
se, the uction
e more
s may back-
on giv-delling
uld be made
y anal-
EeBGuid
5.4 L
The aspfying wor endpaspects
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Pro
de Draft
ife Cycle I
pects relatewhich impactpoint) and hs are linked
t GLC
iption ThpothlifSeofpaanpochtralhe
Wegin
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
ovisions
t Guidance
Impact Ass
d to life cyct assessmenhow many into the ‘goa
G-25 ChoiceLCA
he choice oollution tranhe LCA literfe cycle impelected LCI f secondaryact indicatony LCA stuossible to change, ozonrophication l damage cealth, and d
What are thegories to bndicators an
dy objective
☐
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
In genera
e documen
sessment
cle impact ant methodsndicators shl and scope
ce of enviro
of a set of nsfer. Curreature. They
pact assessmflows can
y energy thors directly, dy. Mid-pocharacterizene depletioand resourccategories damage to t
e useful ande reported d which me
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
al, the set o
nt - Produc
(LCIA)
assessment s to use, whhould be coe definition’
ronmental
environmenently, a largy fall into dment (LCIA)be useful inroughout thbut they caint LCIA ine different n, photochce depletionsuch as dathe ecosyst
d necessaryfor an ene
ethodology
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
buildingproducts
of indicators
cts Gene
are presenhich types oonsidered toaspects.
indicators
ntal indicatoge number
different: se) indicatorsn track somhe product’an be usefudicators (oenvironmenemical ozonn. End-poinamage to em.
y environmeergy-efficieshould be c
LCA
☒
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
s should be
eral aspects
ted below. of indicator o avoid shift
s – screeni
ors should of indicato
elected LCI , and endpo
me flow qua’s life cycleul in the inter potential ntal problemne formationt LCIA indicresources,
ental indicatnt product chosen?
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplifie
as compre
s
page 138
They aim a(e.g. LCI, mt of burdens
ning and sim
always try ors can be indicators, oint LCIA in
antities: e.g. These areerpretation indicators)
ms, such ason, acidificacators referdamage to
tors and imor building
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
hensive as
8 of 297
at identi-midpoint s. These
implified
to avoid found in midpoint
ndicators. . the use e not im-phase of make it s climate
ation, eu-r to actu-o human
pact cat-g? Which
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
possi-
EeBGuid
EN 1
EN 1
ILCD
de Draft
Rules from
15978
15804
CD
t Guidance
ble, to avfined proeach studtext of th
Required and EN 1the produother ind
For screeregulatedLCA a renot all thIn additioused to p
ndbook – Paent methodoements for spe impact cThis can beo model sucon, land use
nt - Produc
n shifting. Tarding the they depen
ental indicatdards (whic
e building led to be incl
mplified LC. Generallyof indicator4 and EN 1 indicators ore consiste
e environme
scribing env
aring the baA methodoloer than sele
Reminder flonder flows to
reminder floidentify rem
Assessment ulation of LC
Part – Analyologies for uspecific impacategories, be seen as ach a methode and resou
cts Gene
The EeBGuinumber an
nd on the g
tors to use ch are harm
evel), and auded.
A studies thy speaking, rs may be 5978 indicataken from ent set of in
ental indicato
vironmental
asis for impaogies: […] slecting and
ows to keep orig
lows from imminder flows
t – calculatinCIA results
ysing of exiuse in Life C
pact categorimany altera sign that
od. Clear exaurces.”
eral aspects
de does nond the type goal, the sco
are given monized indlso in the I
he choice ofin screeninselected, w
ators have tthe ILCD H
ndicators (if
tors
l impacts
act assessmselect comp
d combining
ginal inform
mpact assess in the flow
ng LCIA resu
isting EnviroCycle Assessries rnative metthere is no
xamples are
s
page 139
ot provide pof indicato
ope and the
in the EN dicators beILCD Handb
f indicators ng and simwhich meanto be considHandbook mf relevant).
ment plete set of g individual
mation for sp
ssment w name
sults
ronmental Isment
thods have o clear conse acidificatio
9 of 297
prede-ors for e con-
15978 tween
book if
is not plified s that dered.
may be
f single l LCIA
specific
Impact
e been sensus on, eu-
EeBGuid
Gui
de Draft
idance
t Guidance
The operaken down tal indicatbook) andtype.
1) Calculed impac15804/E
Various Lindicators the ILCD the ILCD this reportas the reEeBGuide,mation in EP, POCP However, 15804/EN– AP (acidceedance,– EP (eutexceedanc A new meZelm 2008culations: 1998]. AsLCIA indicCML methprogrammsome genmethods a PS: Please Harmonizabe revised 2) Calculand add
e documen
ational guidinto two m
tors (in botd the numb
lation rulect assessmN 15978
CIA methothat are mHandbook – Recommet, several mecommende, the ILCDAppendix Band ADP (bdeviations
15978 anddification p, unit mole trophicationce, unit: mo
ethod is now8]. Other LC
for examps a result, ccators shoulhods are fremes usually eric databaand also yie
e note that t
ation of thed once there
lation ruleditional in
nt - Produc
ance for thmain aspectsth CEN TC er of indica
es (i.e. chament meth
ods are curmentioned inhas releaseended Life methods areed method
D-recommenB for the folboth elemens in unitsd the ILCD-rpotential, unH+ eq);
n potential, ole N eq).
w suggesteCIA methodple the CMcare has told be clearlyequently usprovide re
ses. Using elds a numb
the ADP gu
e LCIA indicre are agree
es for eachformation
cts Gene
e environms: the calcu350 standa
ators to sele
aracterizathod) for ea
rrently avain the CEN Te the reportCycle Impae analysed,d for eachnded metholowing LCIAnts and fosss are currrecommendnit kg SO2-
unit: kg P
d for POCPds have beeL 2002 apo be taken,y stated. Insed for mid
esults at indsuch data r
ber of indica
uidance is gi
cators is exped methods
h indicatorn (wastes
eral aspects
mental indicalation rules
ards and in ect, depend
tion factorach LCIA i
lable to caTC 350 stant ‘Characteract Assessm and one is impact c
ods are proA indicatorssils). rently founed methods
-equiv. vs.
O43--equiv.
P calculationen used so proach bas, and the m LCA studiedpoint indicdicator levereduces the ators to cho
iven in a se
pected soonbetween CE
r describinetc.) in
s
page 140
ators can bs for environ the ILCD
ding on the
rs and assoindicator
alculate thendards. Recrization fact
ment Methods then suggcategory. Iovided for s: GWP, OD
nd betwees for: accumulate
vs. accum
ns based onfar for POC
sed on [Demethod usees across Eucators. Alsoel, as is do choice of i
oose from.
eparate aspe
n. The aspeCEN and ILC
ng resourcEN 1580
0 of 297
e bro-nmen-Hand-study
ociat-in EN
e LCIA cently, tors of ds’. In gested n the infor-
DP, AP,
n EN
ed ex-
ulated
n [Van CP cal-erwent ed for urope, o, EPD one by mpact
ect.
ect will CD.
e use 04/EN
EeBGuid
de Draftt Guidance
15978
According flows’ (seemay be aweasily detstudies donon-renewused by a(e.g. ‘use backgroundata provi 3) CalcuILCD Han
Currently impact caILCD HandLCIA modare is substrict provaspects fomandatory 4) Numbtype.
To select ahave indicsystems arespond tocategoriesAdditionalcity’ etc.) them.
For screenstudies us
– pro
– iare
e documen
to the ILCe ILCD ruleware that, termined. Io not providwable primaa raw mateof seconda
nd data, thiders.
lation rulendbook)
there is noategories nodbook), suc
delling betwbject to discvisions on or more dey in the EeB
ber of indi
a relevant scators covend human o these ares, as some a aspects (sprovide gu
ning and sising a single
if the decisoach, or foc
f the full LCe not availa
nt - Produc
CD Handboes above). Tso far, not
In fact, thede this inforary energyrial’). Other
ary fuels’). Ais problem
es for opt
o agreemeot covered ch as land uween midpocussion. Thethese aspeetailed guidBGuide.
cators to
set of indicaring the thrhealth. The
ea of protecare still bei
see ‘Biodiveuidance for
implified LCe indicator u
sion-maker cuses only o
CI data neeble for som
cts Gene
ook, these The practitio
all the rese backgroumation in a
y excluding rs are poteAs the practultimately
tional ind
nt on a sinin CEN TC
use, toxicityoint indicatoerefore the ects. Pleasedance on t
consider,
ators, the pree area ofe indicators ction, but dng debatedrsity’, ‘Landthe practiti
CA it may bunder specif
is not veryon energy o
eded to calcme national c
eral aspects
flows are oner and LCource use ind databasconsistent primary e
ntially moretitioner canneeds to b
icators (ta
ngle calculaC 350 (but y or ecotoxiors and enEeBGuide
e consult ththose aspec
depending
ractitioner sf protectionof EN 1580o not includ
d within the d use’, ‘Toxioner who w
be possiblefic condition
y familiar wor greenhou
culate all thcontext.
s
page 14
called ‘remCA tool deveindicators cses used inway (e.g. ‘
energy resoe easily ava
nnot influencbe solved b
taken from
ation methoavailable
icity. The tyndpoint indidoes not p
he correspocts that ar
g on the s
should also : resources04/EN 1597de all the i LCA commicity and ecwould like t
e to conducns. For exam
with the LCuse gas issu
e LCIA indi
1 of 297
minder eloper can be n LCA use of ources ailable ce the by the
m the
od for in the ype of cators rovide onding re not
study
try to s, eco-78 cor-mpact
munity. cotoxi-to use
ct LCA mple:
CA ap-es;
cators
EeBGuid
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
de Draft
t G
iption ThpothinpoqulifthteprfoLCso
Wegin
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
t Guidance
However, tal indicatselection from the and simpli
The indicaconsideredand scopeconsumpt
G-26 Choice
he choice oollution tranhe LCA literndicators, moint LCIA iuantity of flfe cycle. Thhe interpretential indicaroblems, suormation, aCIA indicatoources, dam
What are thegories to bndicators an
dy objective
☐
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
e documen
it is strongor be used,of indicatorILCD Handified LCA.
ators considd for a scree of the stuion and was
ce of enviro
of a set of nsfer. Currerature. The
midpoint life ndicators. Sows, e.g. these are nottation phaseators) makeuch as climacidification,ors refer to
mage to hum
e useful ande reported d which me
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
nt - Produc
ly recomme, to avoid ers from thedbook if rel
dered in theeening or sudy): non-reste.
onmental
environmenently, a largey refer to
cycle impaSelected LChe use of set impact inde of any LCe it possible
mate change, eutrophico actual daman health,
d necessaryfor an ene
ethodology
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
building products
cts Gene
ended that e.g. shiftinge EN 15978levant) is r
e SBA commsimplified Lenewable p
indicators
ntal indicatoge number different tyct assessmeCI flows caecondary en
dicators direCA study. Me to charace, ozone decation and mage categ and damag
y environmeergy-efficieshould be c
LCA
☒
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
eral aspects
more than g of burdens8/EN 15804recommend
mon metricsCA (if relev
primary ene
s – Comple
ors should of indicato
ypes of indent (LCIA) an be usefunergy throuectly, but thidpoint LCIcterize diffeepletion, phresource d
gories, suchge to the ec
ental indicatnt product chosen?
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplifie
s
page 14
one environs. To that e4 standardsded for scre
s project mvant for theergy, GWP,
ete LCA
always try ors can be icator: seleindicators, ul in trackiughout the hey can be uIA indicatorerent envirohotochemicdepletion. Eh as damagcosystem.
tors and imor building
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
2 of 297
nmen-end, a s (and eening
may be e goal water
to avoid found in
ected LCI and end-ng some product’s useful for s (or po-onmental cal ozone End-point ge to re-
pact cat-g? Which
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
EeBGuid
Pro
EN 1
EN 1
ILCD
de Draft
ovisions
Rules from
15978
15804
CD
t Guidance
In generable to avfined prostudy typthe study
Environm15804 stauct and tindicators
For compEN 15978for impacconsideretaken fro
om:
11 Calcul
7.2.3 Par
Provisions“[…] VI) LCIA metmethodsProvisionsI) MAY –purposes II) SHALLIII) SHAL
8 Life CycProvisions
ILCD HanAssessme4 Require“For somselected. on how teutrophic
e documen
al, the set ovoid burdenovisions regape, as they y.
mental indicaandards (wthe buildings need to be
plete LCA st8 and EN 15ct categorieed, if relevam the exist
lation of the
rameters de
ns: 6.7 PrepaMAY – LCIA
ethods rathe”
ns: 7.4.3.8 R– Use reminsL – exclude LL – Clearly
cle Impact Ans: 8.2 Calcu
ndbook – Pent methodoements for s
me impact cThis can b
to model scation, land
nt - Produc
of indicatorsn shifting. Tarding the depend on
ators to chohich are hag level), ane included.
tudies the 5804 shouldes not coverant for the ting LCIA m
e environme
escribing env
paring the baA methodolo
her than sel
Reminder flonder flows t
e reminder fly identify rem
Assessmentulation of LC
Part – Analydologies for specific impcategories, be seen as asuch a met
d use and re
cts Gene
s should be The EeBGuidnumber orthe goal, th
oose are givarmonized ind also in th
environmend be used. Hred by the LCA study.ethods in th
ental indicat
nvironmenta
basis for implogies: […] selecting and
ows to keep orig
flows from imminder flow
t – calculatiLCIA results
ysing of exiuse in Life C
pact categormany altera sign that thod. Clear esources.”
eral aspects
as comprede does notype of ind
he scope an
ven in the Endicators behe ILCD Ha
ntal indicatoHowever, oCEN standa. In this cahe ILCD Ha
tors
al impacts
pact assessmselect comp
d combining
ginal inform
impact assesws in the flow
ing LCIA res
isting EnviroCycle Assesries rnative met
t there is nor examples
s
page 143
hensive as ot provide pdicators fornd the cont
EN 15978 aetween the andbook, if
ors mentionoptional indiards may aase, they mndbook
ment plete set of g individual
mation for sp
essment ow name
sults
ronmental Issment
ethods haveo clear consare acidific
3 of 297
possi-prede-r each text of
nd EN prod-other
ned in cators lso be
may be
f single l LCIA
specific
Impact
e been sensus cation,
EeBGuid
Gui
de Draft
idance
t Guidance
The operinto two tors (in band the n
1) Calcuated me
Various LindicatorsILCD Hanthe ILCD this reporas the rEeBGuidemation inAP, EP, PHowever,15804/EN– AP (acceedance– EP (euexceedan A new m[Van ZelmPOCP cal[Derwentused for L PS: Pleas Harmonizbe revised 2) Calcuuse and 15978
Accordingflows’ (semay be aeasily destudies d
e documen
ational guidmain aspecboth the CEnumber of in
ulation rulethod) for e
LCIA methos mentionendbook has– Recomm
rt, several mrecommende, the ILCDn Appendix OCP and AD, deviationN 15978 andidification p
e, unit mole trophication
nce, unit: m
ethod is nom 2008]. Olculations: t 1998]. As LCIA indicat
se note that
zation of theed once ther
ulation ruladditiona
g to the ILee ILCD ruleaware that, etermined. Io not provi
nt - Produc
dance for thcts: the calcEN TC 350 ndicators to
es (i.e. cheach LCIA
ods are cured in the Cs released
mended Life methods arded methodD-recommen
B for the DP (both elns in unitsd the ILCD-potential, u H+ eq); n potential,
mole N eq).
ow suggestOther LCIAfor exampl
s a result, ctors should
t the ADP gu
he LCIA indicre are agree
les for eaal informat
LCD Handbes above). Tso far, not
In fact, theide this info
cts Gene
he environmculations rulstandards a
o select, dep
haracterizaA indicator
rrently avaiCEN TC 35the report Cycle Impa
re analysed,d for eachnded methofollowing Lements ands are curr-recommendnit kg SO2-
unit: kg P
ed for the A methods
e, the CMLcare has tobe clearly s
uidance is g
cators is exped methods
ach indicattion (wast
ook, these The practitiot all the rese backgrouormation in
eral aspects
mental indicaes for envirand in the pending on
ation factoin EN 158
lable to ca0 standard‘Characteri
act Assessm, and one ish impact cods are proLCIA indicatd fossils). rently founded method-equiv. vs.
PO43--equiv.
POCP calcuhave been L 2002 appbe taken,
stated.
given in a se
xpected soons between C
tor describtes etc.) in
flows are oner and LCsource use iund databas
a consisten
s
page 144
ators can bronmental iILCD Handthe study t
ors and as804/EN 15
alculate theds. Recentlyization fact
ment Methods then suggcategory. Irovided for tors: GWP,
nd betweeds for: accumulate
vs. accum
ulations basused so f
proach basand the m
eparate asp
n. The aspeCEN and ILC
bing reson EN 1580
called ‘remCA tool deveindicators cses used innt way (e.g
4 of 297
e split ndica-
dbook) type.
ssoci-5978
e LCIA y, the ors of ds’. In gested n the infor-ODP,
en EN
ed ex-
ulated
sed on far for ed on
method
pect.
ect will CD.
urces 04/EN
minder eloper can be n LCA g. ‘use
EeBGuid
Aspect
Descrip
de Draft
t G
iption InThinca(ede
t Guidance
of non-reused by a(e.g. ‘usebackgroudata prov 3) CalcuILCD Ha
Currentlyimpact caILCD HanLCIA modare is substrict proaspects fmandator 4) Numbtype.
To selectto have iecosystemcorresponpact catemunity. Aecotoxicitto use the
For comp15978/ENfrom the
G-27 Abioti
n LCA, diffehese can be
ndicators), oator), on aecoindicatoreveloped at
e documen
enewable pra raw mate
e of secondand data, th
viders.
ulation rulandbook)
there is nategories nndbook), sudelling betwbject to discovisions on for more dry in the Ee
ber of indi
t a relevantindicators cms and humnd to theseegories, as sAdditional aty’ etc.) proem.
plete LCA sN 15804 shILCD Hand
tic resource
erent indicate based on on a mass f
surplus ofr approach)t CML Leide
nt - Produc
rimary enererial’). Otheary fuels’). Ahis problem
les for op
no agreemenot covereduch as land ween midpocussion. Ththese aspe
detailed guieBGuide.
icators to
t set of indicovering thman health.e area of prsome are sspects (see
ovide guidan
studies, theould be usebook if rele
ces depletio
tors can bea thermodyflow approaf energy th), or on a scen).
cts Gene
rgy excludiners are poteAs the prac
m ultimately
ptional ind
ent on a sin in CEN TCuse, toxicityoint indicaterefore theects. Pleasedance on t
consider,
icators, the e three are The indicaotection, bu
still being dee ‘Biodiversince for the
e full list oed as well
evant for the
ion indicato
e used for aynamic appach (use of hat will be carcity appr
eral aspects
ng primary eentially moretitioner canneeds to b
dicators (t
ngle calculaC 350 (but y or ecotoxors and en EeBGuide
e consult ththose aspe
dependin
practitioneea of proteators of EN ut do not inebated withty’, ‘Land upractitione
of impact cas missing e goal of the
tor
assessing throach (use a total masneeded fo
roach (use o
s
page 14
energy resoe easily ava
nnot influenbe solved b
taken from
ation methot available xicity. The tyndpoint indidoes not p
he correspoects that ar
ng on the s
er should alection: reso15804/EN
nclude all thhin the LCAuse’, ‘Toxiciter who wou
categories categories e study.
he use of reof energy oss requiremr future exof the ADP
5 of 297
ources ailable ce the by the
m the
od for in the ype of cators rovide onding re not
study
lso try urces, 15978 he im-A com-ty and ld like
in EN taken
esources. or exergy
ment indi-xtractions indicator
EeBGuid
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Pro
EN 1
EN 1
ILCD
de Draft
Acpoamrere[Icare
Wm
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15978
15804
CD
t Guidance
ccording to otential (ADmount of a esource (theesult is diviILCD, 2011aator, but dieserve and t
life cycle oent. This ime, in some rhave differeources. Theording to th
eral aspects
978 provideressed in mcontext thatns (if only th
ators ionizing rad
ms in LCA leis European
ng LCIA resu
e cycle impa
hat can be uhknecht 200ethod that mch. The fatork carried oatmospheriData from Ues.”
5804 and E
ct category
of a producmpact actuaregions of tent environme current prheir type (oc
s
page 15
e a flow indm3). This indt relies heavhe GWP ind
adiation andlevel are intn standard.”
sults
act assessm
used at the000]. ILCD meets the gete and expout by Drei
ric and liquiUNSCEAR (
EN 15978 a
ry
ct or a builally dependthe world, tmental impractice in LCocean, river,
5 of 297
dicator dicator vily on dicator
d their tended ”
ment in
e mid-states
general posure
eicer et id dis-(1993)
are re-
ding can s on the the same
pacts, de-CA is that , ground-
EeBGuid
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Pro
EN 1
EN 1
ILCD
Gui
de Draft
Inthtein
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15978
15804
CD
idance
t Guidance
n this contehe scarcity oer) should bng its origin?
dy objective
☐
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
As there related topresent. i.e. use othe studytion, the scribed.
om:
11 Calcul
7.2.3 Para
8 Life cycProvisions
Provisions
1) Pract
Two casethe LCI inavailable water con
e documen
ext, should of water bebe considere?
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
is no como water conThe provisi
of the indicay mention tindicator t
lation of the
rameters de
cle impact ans: 8.2 Calcu
ns: 7.4.3.6 R
ical guidan
es can be dndicator (cureferences
nsumption.
nt - Produc
a factor foe considereed? How sh
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
buildingproducts
mmonly agrensumption, ions of EN ator ‘net frethe use of that is used
e environme
escribing env
assessment ulation of LC
Resource ele
nce for the
differentiateurrently profor the use
cts Gene
r regional ad? What tyhould wate
LCA
☒
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
eed methoscarcity of15804 and
esh water’. Yan LCIA in
d for the as
ental indicat
nvironmenta
t – calculatinCIA results
ementary flo
e use of EN
ed for guidaovided in thee of a new i
eral aspects
availability bype of water demand b
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplifie
d for assesf water is n
EN 15978 Yet, if the gdicator for ssessment
tors
al impacts
ng LCIA resu
lows
N 15804 in
ance: practie CEN TC 3mpact categ
s
page 156
be includeder (e.g. drinbe classified
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
ssing the inot conside
should be goal and sco
water consneeds to b
sults
ndicator
cal calculat350 standargory indicat
6 of 297
d? Should nking wa-d regard-
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
mpact red at used,
ope of sump-be de-
tion of rds) or tor for
EeBGuid
de Draftt Guidance
– If the ‘EN 978, input andbine-use Salted wawater.
2) Practnew imp
– If a wagory, it please coworking gshould bethe latestconsulted At the staard on wafootprint Revision available
Please alsclusion omethodolvarious dcalculatio
e documen
net fresh wit should be
d water outinventory fater is also
tical guidapact categ
ater indicatohas to be
onsult the fgroup ‘Assee consideredt developmed.
andardizatioater footprin– Requirem
of this asp– and used
so note thaof water in logies can bdata sourceon of a wate
nt - Produc
water’ indicae calculatedtput from a flows are noexcluded,
ance for tory
or is to be documente
following soessment of d, and are eents of the
on level, thent: ISO/CD
ments and g
pect is requd by the EN
at some of one way
be found ines could refer indicator.
cts Gene
ator is used d as the difproduct sy
ot to be accas this cate
the use of
considered ed separatources. Res
Freshwateespecially rwater impa
e ISO is also14046 Life uidelines.
ired if a ge15804/159
the EPD por another
n such EPD fer to diffe
eral aspects
according tfference bestem. Thuscounted foregory deals
f a water
as an optioely. For mults from thr Use withielevant. Sciact categor
o working ocycle asses
enerally acc78 standard
rogrammes. Additionaprogramme
erent metho
s
page 157
to EN 1580etween the s cooling anr in the indis only with
indicator
onal impactmore informhe UNEP/ Sin LCA’ (Wientific papery can be a
on a new stassment – W
cepted methds.
s consider tal informatioes. Howeveodologies fo
7 of 297
04 and water
nd tur-icator. ‘fresh’
as a
t cate-mation, SETAC ULCA) ers on lso be
and-Water
hod is
the in-on on er, the or the
EeBGuid
5.5 In
The asppresentbe comtion can(goal a‘goal de
Here, wFor exaysis for
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Pro
de Draft
nterpretat
pects relateted (see bemunicated n take placnd scope, efinition’ asp
we refer maample, aspe
comparativ
t G
iption AcprreDpr
H
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
t Guidance
tion
ed to the lifelow). They externally (
ce not only inventory apects.
inly to the ‘ects such asve assertion
G-33 Norma
ccording toression of ieference by ifferent norretation of r
ow can this
dy objective
☐
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
The normand build14044. Hmay be maker, an
om:
e documen
e cycle inteaim at ana
(e.g. for comonce the s
analysis, im
interpretatis the norman and sensit
malization o
o the ILCD ndicators (Ldividing th
rmalization results in th
s issue be co
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
malization ofdings) shouowever, in very helpfund assist int
nt - Produc
rpretation aalysing the mparative astudy is copact assess
on’ aspectsalization or tivity analys
of indicato
Handbook,LCIA, midp
he indicator factors can
he building s
onsidered w
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
building products
f indicators uld remain certain circ
ul for the terpretation
cts Gene
according toresults, espassertion). Gmpleted, bsment). Th
s following tweighting o
sis are fully
ors
the normaoints or enresults by
n be appliedsector.
within this g
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
(which arean optiona
cumstances LCA practit
n of the stud
eral aspects
o the ILCD pecially if thGenerally sput also durese aspects
the impact aof indicatorsdiscussed in
alization stedpoints) rethe respectd in practic
guidance do
☒ compa
☒
interpretation
LCA simplifie
the LCA real stage, athe norma
tioner and/dy results.
s
page 158
Handbook hey are intepeaking, intring each Ls are linked
assessments, uncertainn this sectio
ep refers toelative to a tive reference to help t
ocument?
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
esults of proaccording tolization of r/or the dec
8 of 297
are now ended to terpreta-LCA step d to the
t results. nty anal-on.
o the ex-common ce value. the inter-
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
oducts o ISO results cision-
EeBGuid
ILCD
Gui
de Draft
CD
idance
t Guidance
“ProvisionNormalisaXIII) MAYaddition oto suppor
“ProvisionIV) SHAL
IV.e)plica
Img
IV.e)Ia
If the nocase studThe assuTwo typeing two ty
1) Help global se
In this careferenceand for aization faper indicafy the keyspecific stthe numbavailable able to omethod uas the gloFor examThe Neth
e documen
ns: 6.7 Prepation and wY – Results optional stert the result
ns: 10.3 ThLL – Main re) Life cycle
able: […] IV.e.vi) datmalization, gether with) Life cycle iIV.f.iv) full and expert j
ormalizationdies it shoumptions sh
es of normaypes of obje
to identifet of indica
ase, the LCe (e.g. at th given timectors are avator per yeay indicatorstudy. It is aber of indicain the ILCD
obtain the nusually provobal warmin
mple, the CMherlands (1
nt - Produc
paring the bweighting: […
interpretatieps under ISlts interpreta
hree levels oeport, with t
impact ass
ta and indicgrouping o
h the normainterpretatiotransparencjudgements
n step is cold be carrieould be doclization of rective:
fy the moators
CA results ahe Europeae period (e.gvailable at tar. Doing ths that are da way to ideators from D Handbooknormalizatiovides normang potentialML 2002 me1997), We
cts Gene
basis for the[…] tion: NormaISO 14044:2tation (see p
of reporting the followingsessment re
cator resultor weightingalized, groupion: […]
ncy in termsts.
onsidered fed out in lincumented aresults can b
ost relevan
are scaled an level, or g. 1 year). the world, Ehis will enabriven by the
entify hotspEN 15804/Ek (if relevan
on factors foalization facl (GWP), or ethod providstern Euro
eral aspects
e impact ass
alisation and2006 that apart 6.3.6)”
requiremenng aspects […esults calcul
ts reached pg shall be mped or weig
s of value ch
for product ne with the as transparebe used in p
nt indicato
to a commin some n
Generally sEuropean anble the prace building sots, and redEN15978 ornt). The maor each indctors for thendpoint in
des normaliope (1995)
s
page 159
ssessment […
d weighting are recomm”
nts […] […] ulation, whe
prior to anymade availabghted results
choices, ratio
or buildingILCD Hand
ently as pospractice, an
ors among
mon geogranational conspeaking, nond national ctitioner to isector, and duce for exr other indiain issue is dicator. Thehe midpoint,ndicators. ization facto
and the
9 of 297
[…]
are in mended
ere ap-
ny nor-ble to-ts.
ionales
g LCA dbook. ssible. nswer-
g the
aphical ntexts) ormal-levels
identi-in the ample cators to be
e LCIA , such
ors for world
EeBGuid
48 https49 http:/
50 http://_Draft.p51 http://
de Draft
://sites.goo//www.sinte
/www.bre.copdf /www.sintef
t Guidance
(1995). OIMPACT 2Some of tion to thards. PrenormalizaExamplescontext (Mid-poinindicatoGWP AP POCP EP
Other inPrimary demandWater cotion radioactwaste Other w
[Peuporti Example context cgy.50
A compreLoRe-LCA
2) Comp
ogle.com/sitef.no/projec
o.uk/filelibrar
.no/project/L
e documen
Other impac2002 and Rethese LCIA
he baseline vious Europ
ation factorss of normamean impacnt rs
ndicators energy onsump-
tive
wastes er 2008]
of normalizcan be foun
ehensive setA.51
parison of
te/lciarecipect/LoRe-LCA
ry/greenguid
LoRe-LCA/De
nt - Produc
ct assessmeeCiPe,48 als
A methods mindicators gpean projecs through thlization faccts per pers
Unit
kg eq-CO2
kg eq-SO2
kg eq-C2H4
kg eq-PO43-
Unit
MJ
m3
dm3
kg-eq
zation factond in the B
t of normal
LCA result
e/characteriA/Deliverab
de/PDF/Envir
eliverables/Lo
cts Gene
ent methodso provide nmay be usegiven in thects have prheir online dtors that cson and per
equiv-/year868062.3 19.7
- 38.1
eq-per
48 670
339
0.51
10400
ors that canBRE Environ
ization facto
ts with ex
isation-and-bles/LoRE-LC
onmental_Pr
oRE-LCA-WP
eral aspects
s, such as normalizatioed in a build
EN 15978/rovided the deliverablesan be usedr year) can -person
rson
0
0
n be used fnmental Pro
ors are desc
isting ben
-normalisatiCA-WP5-D5
rofiles_Metho
P5-D5.1-EMI_
s
page 160
Eco-indicaton values. ding LCA in/EN 15804 svalues for
s.49 d for the Fbe found b
Source
CITEPA CITEPA CITEPA IFEN
Source Observatoide l’énergie
IFEN
ANDRA
ADEME
for the Eurofiles Metho
cribed in de
chmarks
ion-factors 5.1-EMI_Fin
odology_200
_Final.pdf
0 of 297
or 99,
n addi-stand-these
French elow:
ire e
opean odolo-
etail in
al.pdf
07_-
EeBGuid
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
52 Thesvalues fstudy m
53 ILCD H
de Draft
t G
iption AcstasthnoteDta
H
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
se values afor building
matches tho
Handbook, 2
t Guidance
In the buset of tararchitect question:rent bestcan be nalternativAppendixGermany
G-34 Weigh
ccording totep of the Is a fully aghe normalizormalized iended to reifferent wei
ation of resu
ow can this
dy objective
☐
goal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
re early ous. They can
ose used for
2012.
e documen
uilding sectrgets for oveor a real e “Does the
t and good normalized ves with curx B provide
and France
hting of ind
o the ILCD ISO 14044 gregated re
zation of inndicator is flect the reighting metults in the b
s issue be co
ve ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
utputs fromn be used for deriving th
nt - Produc
tor, practitioerall enviro
estate manastudied bupractice?”to existing
rrent practices some fire.52
ndicators
Handbook, standard toesult. Genendicators (multiplied
elative impothods can bbuilding sect
onsidered w
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
buildingproducts
two ongoifor comparishe reference
cts Gene
oners may nmental pe
ager may neilding perfoIn this part
g reference ce. rst referenc
the weighto support terally speaksee aspectby a specif
ortance of thbe applied intor.
within this g
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
ing nationason only if te values.
eral aspects
be asked terformance. eed to answorm well comticular casevalues to
ce values f
ting step rehe interpre
king, it is a t ‘normalizafic weightinhe various n practice t
guidance do
☐ compa
☒
interpretation
LCA simplifie
l efforts tothe scope a
s
page 16
to comply w For exampwer the follmpared wit
e, the LCA rcompare d
for building
efers to anetation of th
subsequenation’), wheng factor thimpact cateto help the
ocument?
arative assertio
☐
n repor
ed LCA comp
o provide reand hypothe
1 of 297
with a ple, an owing
th cur-results design
gs for
optional he profile t step to ere each hat is in-egories.53 interpre-
on
☐
rting
lete LCA
eference esis of a
EeBGuid
Pro
EN 1
ILCD
Gui
54 ILCD zation ba55 ISO 14
de Draft
ovisions
Rules from
15978
CD
idance
Handbook, 2asis and wei4044:4.4.5
t Guidance
The weigproducts documenstances tmaker in
om:
11. Calcu“The stanof the ind
“ProvisionNormalizaXIII) MAYaddition oto suppor
“ProvisionIV) SHAL
IV.e)plica
Img
IV.e)Ia
If weightwith regakeep in mstep, whiLCA pracassertions
2012, Part: Gghting set”
e documen
ghting of noand buildint, in accordhe weightinorder to ea
ulation of thendard does dividual indi
ns: 6.7 Prepation and wY – Results optional stert the result
ns: 10.3 ThLL – Main re) Life cycle
able: […] IV.e.vi) datmalization, gether with) Life cycle iIV.f.iv) full and expert j
ting is chosard to the mind that tich should bctitioner shos;55 and, wh
General Guide
nt - Produc
ormalized inngs) remai
dance with Ing of indicaase the inte
he environmnot presen
dicators.”
paring the bweighting: […
interpretatieps under ISlts interpreta
hree levels oeport, with t
impact ass
ta and indicgrouping o
h the normainterpretatiotransparencjudgements
sen in the cILCD Han
the weightibe documeould not ushenever suc
e for Life Cy
cts Gene
ndicators (wns an optioISO 14044. tors may brpretation s
mental indicant any meth
basis for the[…] tion: NormaISO 14044:2tation (see p
of reporting the followingsessment re
cator resultor weightingalized, groupion: […]
ncy in termsts
case study,dbook.54 Tng step in
ented as trase weightinch indicator
ycle Assessme
eral aspects
which are thonal stage However, ie asked forstage.
ators hodology for
e impact ass
alisation and2006 that apart 6.3.6)”
requiremenng aspects […esults calcul
ts reached pg shall be mped or weig
s of value ch
, this shoulhe LCA praLCA is alw
ansparently g indicatorsrs are used,
ent § 6.7.6 “
s
page 16
he LCA resuin this gui
in certain cir by the dec
r the aggreg
ssessment […
d weighting are recomm”
nts […] […] ulation, whe
prior to anymade availabghted results
choices, ratio
ld be carrieractitioner sways a subj
as possibles in compa, should inc
“Selection of
2 of 297
ults of dance ircum-cision-
egation
[…]
are in mended
ere ap-
ny nor-ble to-ts.
ionales
ed out should jective e. The arative lude a
f normali-
EeBGuid
56 ISO 1457 https58 http://w_-_Draf
59 www.
de Draft
4044:4.1 ://sites.goo
www.bre.coft.pdf
ecoeffect.se/
t Guidance
statemenfor reduc
In practic – The firmethods factors us2002+ anflecting tsources) developethe cultuweightingspectivestion of hmate chaaccording In the LCing a damseries of – The sean LCA sferent meby publicexpert paLCA and the BRE weightingsuch as E
ogle.com/sit
o.uk/filelibra
/
e documen
t that ‘It shing LCA res
ce, different
rst approacthat are ussed in the nd ReCiPe) hree areas may be bars of the Ec
ural perspecg factors, i.. Thus the uman healt
ange, radiatg to each pe
CA of buildinmage indicaassumption
cond approtudy, and techanisms cc policymakeanels, and sconstructionEnvironme
g methods aEcoEffect in
te/lciarecipe
ary/greengu
nt - Produc
hould be recsults to a sin
t approache
ches are tysed by LCALCIA metho to go fromof protecti
ased on difco-indicatorctive basede. egalitariamidpoint cth (such astion and ozoerspective.
ngs, the praator (if relevns.
oach uses ethis should can be useders or induso on [ILCDn sector ca
ental Profileare also imSweden.59
e/characteri
uide/PDF/En
cts Gene
cognized thangle overall
es can be us
ypically alreA practitioneods (such am midpoint ion: humanfferent assur99 methodd on [Hofsan, hierarchcategories, s carcinogeone depletio
actitioner svant for the
expert panebe done o
d, such as sstry panels
D 2011a]. En be found es Methodo
mplemented
isation-and-
nvironmenta
eral aspects
at there is nscore or nu
sed to weig
eady includers. For exaas Eco-indic
to endpoinn health, ecumptions. Fd, as well astetter 1998hical and ine.g. for the
enic, respiraon) are wei
hould be cae study), as
els. They arn a case-bysetting the ws, broad staxamples of for the Eur
ology, for ein some bu
-normalisati
al_Profiles_M
s
page 163
no scientificumber.’56.
ht the indic
ded in finalample, weigcator 99, IMnt indicatorcosystem anFor exampleas ReCiPe57,8] to adapndividualistie area of patory effectighted diffe
autious whes it is based
re defined y-case basisweighting fakeholder pf weighting ropean contexample.58 uilding LCA
ion-factors
Methodolog
3 of 297
c basis
cators.
LCIA ghting
MPACT rs (re-nd re-e, the , used pt the c per-
protec-ts, cli-erently
en us-d on a
within s. Dif-factors panels, in the text in Other tools,
gy_2007
EeBGuid
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Rele
60 http://
de Draft
t G
iption Anamchgrununbisiceceoucoinmwcebe
Info
lated study
lated udy ase
g
levant
/www.sintef
t Guidance
A comprethe LoRe-
G-35 Uncer
n uncertainmple, a lowhain of builregated ovencertainty cncertainty dility betwees should noertainty anaertainty anaus types ofond case, nng decisionmain robust,when the difentage oftee stated tha
n this conteor comparat
dy objective
☐
goal and scopedefinition
.no/project/L
e documen
ehensive lis-LCA projec
rtainty ana
nty analysis w variance lelding produer the life ccan be foundue to choicn the sourc
ot be confusalysis for a alysis for a f uncertaintnot all of then-making, it , even if thfferences bn used by at A is bette
ext, when ative assertio
ve ☐
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
LoRe-LCA/De
nt - Produc
st of weighct.60
alysis for c
measures eads to a h
ucts and bucycle. Follownd in LCA: pces, spatial ces and the sed with a stand-alonecomparativ
ty mentioneem are pret is importahe absolutebetween twLCA practit
er than B).
nd how shoon in the bu
☐ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impame
eliverables/Lo
cts Gene
hting metho
comparativ
the variabihigh precisiouildings as wing [Huijbparameter uvariability, objects. Indata qualitye LCA shoulve assertioned above aresent. In a cnt only to e
e LCA is uno alternativtioners as t
ould an uncuilding secto
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
oRE-LCA-WP
eral aspects
ods is descr
ve assertio
lity of the don. Becausea whole, u
bregts 2001uncertainty,temporal v
n general, ay assessmeld not be co
n: in the firsre present, comparativeensure thatcertain. Th
ves are lesshe level be
certainty anor?
☒ compa
☒
interpretation
P5-D5.1-EMI_
s
page 164
ribed in de
on
data valuese of the lonncertainties], different , model unc
variability, an uncertain
ent. Similarlyonfused witst case, all whereas in
e assertion t the LCA rehis is especs than 20%elow which
nalysis be pe
arative assertio
☐
n repor
_Final.pdf
4 of 297
etail in
s: for ex-ng supply s are ag-types of
certainty, nd varia-
nty analy-y, an un-th an un-the vari-
n the se-support-
esults re-ially true
% (a per-it cannot
erformed
on
☐
rting
EeBGuid
for
Pro
ILCD
Gui
61 Figure
de Draft
ovisions
Rules from
CD
idance
e taken from
t Guidance
new buildings
An uncertions, andaddresseddiscussionused. Alssideration
om:
ProvisionsI.a.vi) Co“Uncertainit has alrenarios.” “It is recoand uncer ANNEX E: 16.3 Aggre“Three matainty, cho The ILCD pects (fall(or ‘uncerpoint.
Figure 14:
1) Gene
The main
the ILCD Ha
e documen
existing buildings
rtainty analyd should bed by scenans of uncerso, the ongn.
ns: 6.5.4 LCIomparative snty calculatioeady been us
co-product undary, anocation accoaving the syge (A1–A3)rom allocate.3.4.6). If s
2 of 297
subdi-
ed ac-y with ndard ducts, ion in terest to EN
book –
treat-undary
4, the g with alloca-, allo-
cannot ut the
15978
(with d can ording ystem ) shall ed co-such a
EeBGuidModule
de DraA – Produc
ft Guidancct and Const
co-prodand shor bene
EN 158tion proincludeknown stream15804 These dbasic pEN ISOand scocovers producfacturetion andependsion, arecycleLCA stuEN 158dures smeans one upor leav
Where the sysducing two seor otheinputs
Howevor morresults ductionbark an
In thes
ce documetruction Pro
duct allocatall be justifefits from A
804 does novided with
e the additioas system data that “shall be cdata shall b
procedures aO 14044 haope of EN 1all constru
ts use co-pe, as well and at end odence, it is as the impaed wastes isudy, not ju804 also reqshall be apthat differe
pstream dating the syst
possible, ifstem shouldonly one o
parate proder mechanisand outputs
er, there arre outputs.
in the prodn of sawn tind waste tim
se instance
ent - Prodocess stage
tion is not pfied. Theref
A1-A3 do no
ot include hin ISO 140onal functioexpansion)does not r
clearly statebe in line wiand assumpave been re15804 and uction prodproducts, byas producingof life. In thnot possibl
act both ofs required st the impaquires, in 6pplied consent allocatiotaset than atem bounda
f there is md be brokenoutput. Thisducts on twsms such ass of the sys
re many sitFor exampduction of mber alwaymber, which
es, the oth
ducts As
possible, othfore, as a g
ot appear in
the second044, “expanons related), but does respect theed and justith EN ISO ptions for cefined in ENEN 15643-2ucts, and iy-products g them duris situatione to use thf the produto provide
acts of the .4.2, that “istently thron procedurare used forary.
more than n down untis is the cas
wo productios monitoringstem betwee
tuations whle, the prodbroken stonys results inh can be ch
er outputs
spects con
her methodsgeneral rulemodule D.”
option for nding the pr
to the co-provide tha
e allocation tified in the14044 alloco-product aN 15804 to2. This is ben many caand wastes
ring manufa, where thee process o
uct and co-input data main produthe same croughout thres should nr other co-p
one outputl the systeme where a fon lines – hg should be en the two
here a systeduction of cnes and du
n the producipped.
can be co
ncerning
page 18
s may be ce, potential ”
r avoiding aroduct syste-products” (at any use oprinciples
e project rcation rules.allocation uso reflect theecause EN 1ases construs in their macture, conere is such of system e-products a for the pruct of a procalculation phe study,” not be applproducts en
t from a sym studied isfactory pro
here submee used to spproduction
em producecut stone aust; and thection of saw
onsidered a
3 of 297
hosen loads
alloca-em to (often of up-in EN eport. .” The sed in e goal 15804 uction manu-struc-inter-
expan-and of roduct ocess. proce-which ied to tering
only traded s ‘fob’ (free nce or transace of delived in Chicag
s of relevaal and locat
acturing was can be cong input, bhere the wed input, thebe used. Whcycled inputary (end-oft for co-pro
2 Transport
relevant to manufacturin
e ☒
☐
e inventoanalysis (
ent - Prodocess stage
uppliers. If mources on med prices inata. Hundreproducts.
e on board asport.) The verance: e.ggo.
nt and apption, and sh
aste that is onsidered asbut all impaaste outputen additionahere the out, then the f-waste staoduct alloca
t of staff in
consider thng life cycle
☒ stand-alone
ory (LCI)
impamen
ducts As
market pricmany producn terms of fueds of webThe relevaat the locatother price
g. ‘cif Chica
propriate dahould be co
recycled ins closed-looacts must bt is not sufal upstreamtput is moradditional
ate) shouldtion.
n the supp
he transpore stages?
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
spects con
es are not kct prices, inutures. Thesites are av
ant search tion of the e type is ‘cigo’ for the
ata will varyonsidered o
nto the samop recycling be reported fficient to m
m data for the than suffoutput flow
d be consid
ply of raw
t of staff d
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
ncerning
page 18
known, thencluding histe web is a uvailable on term for msupplier, wif’, stating aprice of ste
ry, dependinon a case-sp
me cradle-towhere ther in Modulematch the he recycledficient to prow, at the sydered as
materials
during the e
arative assertio
☐
n report
6 of 297
re are torical unique
most market without a spe-eel as
ng on pecific
o-gate re is a s A1–linked input oduce ystem a co-
extraction
on
☐
ting
EeBGuidModule
for
Prov
EN 1
Guid
Aspect
Descrip
de DraA – Produc
ovisions
Rules from
15804
idance
t
iption
ft Guidancct and Const
new buildings
TypicalsignificNationaand fo(e.g. osuch ru
m:
6.3.5 C
Screenraw ma
Compleindividuquiremstaff onsite. Scosts anized ttricity a
A-03
Severuct. Dof infotranspthe liffrom t
How consid
ce documetruction Pro
existing buildings
ly, the tranance in relaal EPD progr improvedf the nationules.
Criteria for t
ing and simaterials shou
ete LCA: Unual process ent for thatn their jourignificance as a proxy that petrol aand natural
3 Transport
al raw mateDepending oormation froport of raw fe cycle mathe manufa
should the dered for a
ent - Prodocess stage
constructioproducts
nsport of staation to thegrammes md consistencnal EPD pro
the exclusio
mplified LCAuld not be i
nless the en is likely tot process, irney to andcould be for primaryand diesel agas.
t of raw m
erials are non the numom the supmaterials in
ay be relevacturing plan
transport product LCA
ducts As
on screening
aff is not ine use of eneay have indcy with theogramme),it
on of inputs
A: Transpoincluded.
nergy used f exceed 1%it is not necd from the ereviewed if
y energy, aare often h
materials to
needed for mber of raw pliers, it man an accuravant if the nt.
of raw matA?
spects con
LCA simplified
ncluded, owergy within dividual rulee EPDs of t may be ad
and output
rt of staff
for transpor% of the pricessary to cextraction of necessarylthough it sighly taxed
o the manu
manufacturmaterials a
ay be difficuate way. Hosuppliers a
terials to th
ncerning
page 18
d LCA compl
wing to its lathe cut-off
es on this mone progradvisable to
ts
in the sup
rt of staff foimary energcollect dataor manufacy by considshould be rd relative to
ufacturer
ring a buildand the avault to accouowever, thisare located
he manufa
7 of 297
ete LCA
ack of rules.
matter, amme apply
ply of
or any gy re-a from turing dering recog-o elec-
ing prod-ailabilities nt for the s stage of far away
cturer be
EeBGuidModule
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
EN 1
Guid
de DraA – Produc
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15804
idance
ft Guidancct and Const
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
Transpoin Moduthe cut-the prov(data qcompara
m:
6.3.4.2
Within only forand timmanufaccess. EaA2 is mgrammefor the suppliershould bmissing,EPD proown desensitivi
ce documetruction Pro
e ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
ort of raw mule A2 thoug-off rules (evisions on duality, ILCDative assert
Product sta
Modules A1 materials wber, for excturing sitearlier transpmandatory es may havepractitione
rs and the be available, it is recomogrammes fault valuesity analysis)
ent - Prodocess stage
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impamen
building products
materials togh it may be.g. from ENdata qualityD entry levtions).
age
1–A3, transwith very lo
xample. Mode from the port journeyin any cra
e more sper is collecti
manufactue, and shoummended tand PCR, s should be).
ducts As
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
o the manube considereN 15804). Cy as given ael, use of
sport is geow manufacdule A2 incprevious prys are incluadle-to-gatecific rules oion of dataurer. Geneuld be requthat defaultbe used; oe used (wh
spects con
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
facturer shoed not relevConcerning above shouconsistent d
nerally a scturing impacludes only roduction ouded in Moe EPD. Naon this topic on the disrally speakested. Howt values, e.otherwise thich should
ncerning
page 18
arative assertio
☐
n report
d LCA compl
ould be incvant accordthe use of
uld be considata source
significant imact – aggretransport t
or extractionodule A1. Mational EPDc. The mainstances betking, thesewever, if dat.g. from nathe practitiobe subject
8 of 297
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
cluded ing to data, dered es for
mpact egates to the n pro-
Module D pro- issue tween
data ta are ational oner’s ted to
EeBGuidModule
6.3 M
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
de DraA – Produc
Module A4
t Asi
iption Thfasitnugita
Shcoes
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
ft Guidancct and Const
– Transpo
-04 Transpimplified L
his aspect icturer’s prote. In practumber of mven buildin
ain without c
hould the tould the tras be allowed
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
For screeoptional, vance at t
If data amay be inder the cdistances of EN 158pacts of athe impactransport,
ce documetruction Pro
ort to the s
port of proLCA
s related tooduction pltice, the asmanufactureg product. close coope
transport onsportationd for?
e ☒
☐
e inventoanalysis (
existingbuildings
ning and sibecause othe scale of
re availablencluded in acut-off rules
and load f804. This inany transpoct of manu, and the im
ent - Prodocess stage
site
oducts to t
o the transplant (or frossessment oers or the Such detai
eration with
of products n distance b
☒ stand-alone
ory (LCI)
iass
(
buildingproducts
implified LCof both potf full buildin
e, transpora screenings. The pracfactors. Rulencludes theort-related lufacturing mmpact of d
ducts As
the constr
port of builom regionaof transpornumber ofled informathe buildin
to constrube for each
LCA
☐
mpact sessment (LCIA)
screening
CA, transporentially mis
ng LCAs.
t of producg or simplifictitioner shoes should f
e impacts olosses of mmaterial thadisposing of
spects con
ruction site
ding producl storage) trtation impaf regional sation may bg industry.
uction site building pr
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
rt to the cossing data
cts to the ied LCA unlould use avollow the ref the transp
material and at is wastef the waste
ncerning
page 18
te – screen
cts from thto the conact dependsstorage probe impossib
be includeroduct? Sho
arative assertio
☐
n repor
d LCA compl
onstruction and minor
constructioless they faverage tranecommendaport and th its disposa
ed as a rese). Losses s
9 of 297
ning and
he manu-struction s on the oviding a le to ob-
d? What ould loss-
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
site is r rele-
n site all un-nsport ations he im-al (i.e. sult of should
EeBGuidModule
EN 1
EN 1
Guid
67 http://
de DraA – Produc
Rules from
15978
15804
idance
/epp.eurosta
ft Guidancct and Const
be docum
m:
7.4.3.2 Bo
6.2.3 A4–
Modellingtive, and15804/EN
1) Specif
For buildironmentatransport sumed fo2008]; [Lbulk prodto travel statistics mass) of per trip.67
2) Specif
Previous transport tors in mphotochelinked to have shotransportaprocess ras the anwaste or
at.ec.europa.
ce documetruction Pro
mented, whe
Boundary of
–A5, Constru
of the life linked to
N 15978.
fic guidan
ing LCA, traal impact,
distance, aor all buildLasvaux 201ducts such a
shorter disshow that, ‘Other non-
7
fic guidan
studies harepresents
median valuemical ozonair emissio
own for ‘cration to thelated to thcillary prodthe building
eu/portal/pa
ent - Prodocess stage
ere they occ
f the transpo
ruction proce
cycle stagecorrespond
ce for buil
ansport maallowing paverage trading produc10]. Howeveas aggregatstances. Fofor almost -metallic m
ce for prod
ve shown s up to 15%es [Lasvaux
ne potentiaons of lorrieradle-to-gathe building he product)ucts, compag process [K
age/portal/tra
ducts As
cur.
ort to and fr
cess stage, i
e ‘Transportding cut-of
lding LCA
ay be not sroxy data nsport distacts, based er, most butes or readyor example,all memberineral prod
duct LCA s
that for cr% of the usx 2010]. Tl (POCP), es than thete with opsite and t
) that transpare with miKellenberge
ansport/data
spects con
from site (Mo
information
to the site’f rules def
studies
significant ito be use
ances of 30on previou
uilding prody-mixed co, Eurostat r states, moucts’ travel
studies
radle-to-grasual life cyche highest this indica
e other onetions data’ he construport is of renor aspectsr 2009].
/database
ncerning
page 19
Module A4)
n modules
’ should be fined e.g.
n terms of ed. As a d00 km can bus work [Nducts, particncrete, are freight tran
ore than 50%less than 5
ave productcle impact in
share is foator being es. Other st’ (includingction instaelevance, as, such as c
0 of 297
itera-in EN
envi-default be as-Nemry cularly
likely nsport % (by 50 km
t LCA ndica-or the more
tudies g only llation s well utting
EeBGuidModule
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
de DraA – Produc
t A
iption Thfasitnugita
Shcoes
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
ft Guidancct and Const
Other stusions fromof the emcounting and the erenewablephase in b
-05 Transp
his aspect icturer’s prote. In practumber of mven buildin
ain without c
hould the tould the tras be allowed
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
Transportcomplete
The practtors, or arules prov
ce documetruction Pro
udies, e.g. m freight trambodied cafor replace
end of life),e primary building LCA
port of pro
s related tooduction pltice, the asmanufactureg product. close coope
transport onsportationd for?
e ☒
☐
e inventoanalysis (
existingbuildings
t of productLCA.
titioner shoaverage distvided in EN
ent - Prodocess stage
from the Uansport of barbon fromement of b, it does noenergy, owAs, based o
oducts to t
o the transplant (or frossessment oers or the Such detai
eration with
of products n distance b
☒ stand-alone
ory (LCI)
iass
(
buildingproducts
ts to the co
uld use spetances and
N 15804 sh
ducts As
UK, have esbuilding pro
m manufactuilding prodt represent
wing to theon a French
the constr
port of builom regionaof transpornumber ofled informathe buildin
to constrube for each
LCA
☐
mpact sessment (LCIA)
screening
onstruction
ecific transp load factoould be ap
spects con
stimated thoducts repreure. For buducts durinmore than
e higher shcase study
ruction site
ding producl storage) trtation impaf regional sation may bg industry.
uction site building pr
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
site should
port distancors if data aplied. This
ncerning
page 19
hat carbon esent at leauilding LCA
ng the use n 5% of thehare of the
y [Lasvaux 2
e – comple
cts from thto the conact dependsstorage probe impossib
be includeroduct? Sho
arative assertio
☐
n repor
d LCA compl
d be include
ces and loaare missingincludes th
1 of 297
emis-st 5% A (ac-stage
e non-e use 2010].
ete LCA
he manu-struction s on the oviding a le to ob-
d? What ould loss-
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
ed for
d fac-g. The he im-
EeBGuidModule
EN 1
EN 1
Guid
de DraA – Produc
Rules from
15978
15804
idance
ft Guidancct and Const
pacts of tof materiathat is wathe waste
m:
7.4.3.2 Bo
6.2.3 A4–
The practnational France). Dsea contawaste geproducer warehousScandinavchant’s dedatasets account opercentagber of deetc. can this is raportant. Ishould bethis phasshould bo
1) Specif
Specific dbuildings,can be a[Nemry 2ticularly bare likelytransport
ce documetruction Pro
the transpoal and its dasted as a re). Losses sh
Boundary of
–A5, Constru
titioner shoEPD prograData on disainer etc.) nerated. Tror to was
se. For examvia should epot. Unlesfor transpoof typical vge of emptyeliveries, sizbe gathere
arely usefulImpacts of e considerese, its manoth be consi
fic guidan
distances sh, otherwise ssumed for
2008; Lasvabulk producy to travel
statistics s
ent - Prodocess stage
rt and the idisposal (i.eresult of trahould be do
f the transpo
ruction proce
ould use spammes (e.gstance traveshould be
ransports shste treatmemple, the tbe included
ss transportort per tonnvehicle sizey return jouze of truck, ed and usedl unless thwaste that
ed. This menufacturing idered in Mo
ce for buil
hould be co default avr all buildinaux 2010]. cts such as shorter disshow that,
ducts As
impacts of . the impacansport andocumented,
ort to and fr
cess stage, i
pecific datag. such speelled and mcollected fo
hould be cont, not jusransport ofd, not just is likely to ne-kilometree, fuel efficurneys. More
Euroclass, d to generahe transport is created eans that if
he replacemance and reent or part f subcompoarts). Althoue building
erstand it auch as defin
furbishmend/or replac
ent - Prod
valid undement (e.g. Ud maintenannd with state the numbrvice life ofonal informa
mpasses all n acceptab
and technica
responsive
nt of a broeplacementeplacement
in EN 1597
e distinctionnot straightfthe scope olife.
t covers the], including) constructcement of tem.
ment moduepair modulis replaced
onents, andugh this ultinto subcom
as the replaned in the E
nt covers ccement activ
ducts As
er a specificUV, heat, hnce that cte-of-the-arber of replaf a buildingation.
actions relale conditional performa
or reactive
oken compt of a whot).
78 and EN
between tforward, thof the inten
e replacemg the prodution elemena partition
ule is distines by the f(maintenan
d repair thetimately depmponents, acement of PD.
concerted prvity across
spects con
c set of cohumidity, eomply withrt practices.acements. Sg product’ a
ated to retun in which itnces [EN 15
treatment
ponent or pole element
15804 is a
the maintene example
nded use th
ent of a whuction and nt. Examplwall, and r
nguished fract that a cnce include e replacempends on thit seems rea complete
rogrammes a significan
ncerning
page 21
nditions, noetc.), and ph the prod. The RSL sSee the aspand ‘replace
urning a prt can perfo5804], inclu
of a constru
part becaut should b
a window w
nance and given for
hat defines
hole construinstallation
les given ireplacemen
rom the mcomplete cothe replaceent of damhe breakdoeasonable tte functiona
s of maintennt part or
9 of 297
otably proper ucer’s
should pects: ement
roduct rm its
uding:
uction
use of be as-
with a
repair repair refer-
uction n of a in EN t of a
ainte-ompo-ement maged wn of to un-al unit
nance, whole
EeBGuidModule
de Drae B – Use s
ft Guidancstage
section ofjor changnical syste[…] chang
Ththbu
All these life plannithe type opart could
Figure 15:tions [EN 1
This figurcases are
Furthermo
Perf
orm
ance
leve
l
Pro
ce docume
f the buildine of the intem related ge of use’ [
he refurbishat would im
uilding perfo
aspects areing, as descof operationd be represe
Example of15804]
re is shownpossible, s
peod
ovna
fa
ore, “servic
oduct end of life (sudd
Reparation (lack maintenanc
Increase of perfodue to refurb
ent - Prod
ng [EN 1580ternal layouto heating’EN 15978].
hment modmpact on seormances a
e related tocribed in thns and perfoented as fo
f performanc
n only for such as:
erformance d; verall decreance operatilure at imp
ice life pla
(example ofden failure)
ofce)
rmances bishment
ducts As
04]. Examput (partition’ and ‘modif
dule addresseveral buildind/or funct
o the notioe ISO 1568ormance ofllows:
ce over time
explanation
stability ov
ease of petions; plementation
anning can
Referenservice
spects con
les provideding)’, a ‘chafication for
ses importang compontions.
ns of durab86 series. Ref a given pro
relation dep
n purpose,
ver the refer
rformance
n.
only addr
Referestudy pe
nce life
ncerning
page 22
d include: ‘ange of the the purpos
ant modificaents, and m
bility and selations betoduct or bu
pending on o
and many
rence study
despite m
dress forese
Time
nce eriod
Operations: Mainte
RepaReplac
Refurbis
0 of 297
a ma-tech-
e of a
ations modify
ervice tween uilding
opera-
other
y peri-
ainte-
eeable
enancearationcementshment
EeBGuidModule
EN 1
EN 1
Guid
de Drae B – Use s
Rules from
15978
15804
idance
ft Guidancstage
changes. risks, it isdefective cesses” [I
In the casspecific pdistinctionIn that spall cases: RSL) and tribution placemen
Figure 16:
m:
7.4.4.1 Ge8.6.3 Sce
6.3.3. Ref6.3.4.4.2 Annex A
As the dis
ce docume
Since servs not applic
performanISO 15686-
se of soundroduct for an between pecific casei.e. prematobsolescenof replacem
nt (including
Replacemen
General enarios for m
eference serv – B4 Repla
stinction be
Rep
lace
men
t ra
te
ReplaReplaReplapart (
ent - Prod
vice life placable to thence resulting1, part B.8.
d statistical a given couthe causes
e, replacemeture failure,nce. The figment rate g building de
nt rate [EN1
maintenance
rvice life acement
etween Mod
cement causedcement causedcement causedproduct still m
B3
ducts As
anning is ce estimationng from unf
2.].
feedback ontry or regiof replacem
ent causes , failure duegure below according econstructio
15804]
e, repair, re
dules B2 to
d by foreseeabld by unforeseead by obsolesceneets its initial p
spects con
concerned wn of obsolesnforeseeable
n the replaon, it is unlment could would natu
e to foreseepresents a to the maion).
eplacement
B5 is not st
le loss of perfoable loss of pernce of the prodperformance re
B2 +
ncerning
page 22
with foreseescence […] e events or
cement ratlikely that a be easily murally encomeable ageinghypotheticain causes o
traightforwa
Time
rmance (RSL). rformance. duct or the builequirements).
B5B4
1 of 297
eeable ] or to r pro-
e of a a clear made. mpass g (i.e. al dis-of re-
ard, it
ding
5
EeBGuidModule
de Drae B – Use s
ft Guidancstage
is recommoping prothe distin
Foag
Foingsoing
B2 – Ma
For produmaintain inal level,nents. Exscheduledwall, dooing, suchsquare m
For buildimodules needed (eetc.).
Mapecoingcasere
Masis
ce docume
mended thaoduct and bction betwe
or end of lifegeing, decay
- causereferelead t
- causescena
or end of lifg the buildi
olescence, sg, modificat
- cause
intenance
uct LCA, thisthe perform, including xample incd replacemer or window
h as tiles (etre), etc.
ng LCA, maas providede.g. curren
aintenance erformed uontext (e.g. g on the
aused by aceeable evenepair moduleaintenance stent with t
ent - Prod
at the followbuilding LCAeen the cau
fe related toy, degradat
es related tence serviceto maintenaes related tarios. fe related ting’s perforsuch as motion of regu
es lead to re
:
s module shmance of pr
scheduled clude: scheent of light w frame; ree.g. a cert
aintenance d within EPt or state-o
should be nder normamaintenanclimate).
ccidents, imnts (such ase (see belowscenarios
the building
ducts As
wing principA. These prses of end o
o performantions, etc.):to foreseeae life) in a
ance and repo unforesee
to modificatrmance leveodification oulation, etc.efurbishmen
hould coverroducts, or treplacemen
eduled repbulbs from
eplacementtain numbe
should takePD, as well of-the-art p
understooal conditionce of a proProduct mproper insta
s flood), etcw). at the bui’s physical
spects con
ples be appinciples areof life:
nce decreas
able eventsa defined splacement seable event
tion of expeel or functioof activities ): nt scenarios
r all operatioto return thnt of parts
placement m luminairest of small eer of tile p
e into accoas addition
practices, re
d as the sns. This apduct could codification allation or hc. should be
lding scale structure: m
ncerning
page 22
plied when de based sole
se over time
s (i.e. relatset of condscenarios; ts lead to
ectations reonalities (e.ginside the
s.
ons necesshem to their and subcoof boiler
s; repaintingelements ofper 10 year
unt maintenal informatecommenda
set of operapplies in a change, deand opera
handling, une covered b
should bemaintenanc
2 of 297
devel-ely on
e (e.g.
ted to ditions
repair
egard-g. ob-build-
ary to r orig-ompo-parts; g of a f roof-rs per
nance tion if ations,
ations given pend-ations nfore-by the
e con-e of a
EeBGuidModule
de Drae B – Use s
ft Guidancstage
givne
B3 – Rep
For produbaseline s
For buildbaseline sto produc– that is, use of a etc.
Fohisra
Fothreth
B4 – Rep
Replacemplacemennot meetrequiremelescence, number oment freq
It arse
For produfunctionament incl
pr tra
ce docume
ven compoeighbouring
pair:
uct LCA, thscenario.
ing LCA, thscenario. Thct modificat
outside thproduct, u
or existing bstory of thetion);
or new buile environm
eparation duat causes d
placement
ment is necent occurs at t its initialents after p
and be coof replacemquency’.
is recommre outside tervice life be
uct LCA, rel unit by a ude [EN 15
roduction ofansportation
ent - Prod
onent shoulg componen
he repair m
he repair mhe repair mtion outside e scope of nforeseeab
buildings, re building (
ldings, repamental impacue to flooddamage, etc
t:
essarily relathe end ofperforman
product instovered by
ments is furt
mended thathe scope e treated as
eplacement new one a
978]:
f the replacn of the re
ducts As
ld take intonts (e.g. acc
module sho
module shomodule may
the scope normal conle events s
epair scena(i.e. exampl
air scenariocts of a sped, the impac.).
ated to thef life of a prce requirem
tallation shoa specific ther describ
t replacemof conditions repair.
covers theafter RSL.
ed componeeplaced com
spects con
o account cessibility).
uld not be
uld not be cover all opof the mainnditions, incsuch as floo
arios could es based o
os could beecific risk (eact of impr
e reference roduct: thatments (moould be conscenario: s
bed in the
ent causedn defined b
e replacemeThe bound
ent and ancmponent an
ncerning
page 22
the influen
included i
e included iperations rentenance mcluding impod or vand
be based oon previous
e used to ae.g. the improper insta
service lifet is, when itodification onsidered as see below)aspect ‘Re
d by eventsby the refe
ent of the aries of re
cillary produd ancillary
3 of 297
nce of
in the
in the elated
module proper alism,
on the repa-
assess pact of llation
e. Re-t does of the obso-. The place-
s that erence
whole place-
ucts; prod-
EeBGuidModule
de Drae B – Use s
ft Guidancstage
ucm
thuc
walar
thlar
Most of tproduct L
If plalatmclemretio
For buildi
Resisgivnem
B 5 – Re
For produ
ce docume
cts, includinaterials dure process
cts; aste managry productse end-of-lifry products
these may LCA, for inst
- The tsimila
- The rconstr
no differeacement scted productent scenarearly statedodules are
eplacement on because
ng LCA, rep
- replacEPDs tion);
- additio
eplacement stent with tven compoeighbouringent of othe
efurbishme
uct LCA, no
ent - Prod
ng productioring transpoof replacing
gement of ts; fe stage of s.
be similar tance:
ransport scar to A4 – Treplacementruction.
ences arisescenario andtion, transprio is not nd whether similar to tprocess is of the build
placement s
cement mo(or cradle
onal LCA da
scenarios the buildingonent shoulg componenr componen
ent
o refurbishm
ducts As
on impacts aortation; g the comp
the remove
the remove
to other m
cenario of transport. t process m
s from a cd an installaport, end onecessary. or not the
those used different fr
ding structu
should inclu
odules as d-to-gate EP
ata to cover
at the buig physical sld take intonts (e.g. accnts, etc.).
ment modu
spects con
and aspects
ponents and
ed compone
ed compone
modules for
he new com
may be sim
comparisonation scenarf life, etc.) In any casassumptio
for other mrom the ini
ure, etc.).
de:
escribed inPD with co
r componen
lding scale structure. Ro account cessibility, p
ule need be
ncerning
page 22
s of any los
d ancillary
ent and of
ent and of
r cradle-to-
mponent m
milar to C1
n between rio (includin then a repse, it shou
ons regardinmodules (e.gitial implem
n cradle-to-orrespondin
nts without
should beReplacementhe influenpossible re
e included i
4 of 297
ses of
prod-
ancil-
ancil-
-grave
ay be
– De-
a re-ng re-place-
uld be ng B4 g. the
menta-
-grave g op-
EPD.
e con-t of a
nce of place-
in the
EeBGuidModule
Aspect
de Drae B – Use s
t
ft Guidancstage
baseline sproduct s
For buildithe baselreferencedeveloped
A shth
It is recomlong refemodificatitime. Refence studbearing c
Addition
The progan impactformanceheating). dressed u
Accordingbased ontaking intin ISO 15
B-12 cycle
ce docume
scenario, acale.
ng LCA, theine scenari
e study perd. For exam
- to assswitch
- to aswould
refurbishmhould be dean the refe
mmended trence studyion of the furbishmentdy period is omponents
nal recomm
ressive losst on the ove of insulatioIf sufficien
using a sens
g to NEN 15n empirical, to account t5686-1, -2, -
2 Robustnee of a build
ent - Prod
s this is hi
e refurbishmio if the buriod. Additio
mple:
sess the mhing from a ssess the ed affect the
ment(or decoeveloped if erence study
that a refury periods (building us
t scenarios longer than and structu
mendation
s of performerall performon may leadnt data are sitivity analy
5804 (Anneprobabilist
the intende-7 and -8” [
ess of datading produ
ducts As
ghly depen
ment moduuilding servonal refurb
modification commercia
effect of anbuildings.
onstruction/the service
y period.
rbishment s>100 yearsse is expeccould also
n the refereural elemen
s:
mance of smance of thd to an incravailable, tysis.
ex A), Refetic or statised use (desc[EN 15804,
ta (LCA, seuct
spects con
ndent on inf
le should noice life is e
bishment sc
of buildingal building ton expected
/new constre life of the
cenario be s) are beingcted over s
be develoence servicents.
some comphe building rease of enhese aspec
rence servistical data acription of uAnnex A].
ervice life)
ncerning
page 22
formation a
ot be includequivalent tcenarios ma
g functionso habitation
d regulation
ruction) scee building i
developed g consideresuch a periped if the e life of the
ponents will(e.g. loss oergy deman
cts should b
ice life “couand shall ause) as desc
) to model
5 of 297
at the
ded in to the ay be
(e.g. n); n that
enario s less
when ed, as iod of refer- load-
have of per-nd for be ad-
uld be always scribed
l the life
EeBGuidModule
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
EN 1
ISO
Guid
de Drae B – Use s
iption
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15804
O 15686 Pt 1
idance
ft Guidancstage
How r
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
In line
m:
6.3.3 R
7.3.3.2
8.2 LCA
Annex
1 7.1.4 T
LCA stuuct, in considevant pa
Where phase the useproduc
ce docume
representati
e ☒
☐
e inventoanalysis (
existing buildings
with harmo
Reference se
2 Reference
CA-related el
A Requirem
Taking accou
udies may which case
ered, and searts of ISO
an LCA formay be hae scenarios ts. It may b
ent - Prod
ive is a prod
☒ stand-alone
ory (LCI)
impamen
building products
onized stand
service life (R
e service life
lements of t
ments and g
ount of varia
be conducte the use pervice life d15686.
r an averagrder to defand applic
be relevant
ducts As
duction pro
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
dards or tec
(RSL)
e
the project
guidance on
ability and re
ted on a spphase for tdata be gen
ge product ifine robustlycation in thet to determi
spects con
cess for a p
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
chnical appr
report
n the referen
reliability
pecific manhat specific
nerated in li
is being devy, owing toe building, aine differen
ncerning
page 22
product?
arative assertio
☐
n report
d LCA compl
rovals.
nce service
ufacturer’s c product cne with the
veloped, tho the variatas well as
nt use phase
6 of 297
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
life
prod-an be e rele-
he use tion in in the e sce-
EeBGuidModule
de Drae B – Use s
ft Guidancstage
narios this is key enconside
EN 158one prthe EPVariancstanda
Some ance fructs, mproduc
For simused. Fshould ous socountrilife dat
ce docume
based on passociated
nvironmentaered as a si
804 requiresoduct’s datD should bce could berd deviation
EPD prograrom the memeaning thats with simi
mplified andFor complebe conside
ources, incles. It is rec
ta used in th
ent - Prod
performancewith differe
al indicatorngle averag
s that, wheta, the varibe describede reported un.
ammes mayean LCIA resat results milar perform
d screening ete LCA, thered. Generiluding e.g.commendedhe context o
ducts As
e criteria foent manufars), the proge group.
re an EPD iance from d in the prousing the co
y have spesults for EP
must be repmance.
LCAs, genee service lic service lif the natiod that practof the respe
spects con
or the prodacturing impoduct types
is producedthe mean
oject reportoefficient of
cific rules lD covering
ported for s
eric service ife for the fe data are nal databatitioners refective LCA s
ncerning
page 22
ducts, althopacts (±10s should n
d from moredata reportt for the vef variation o
limiting thea range of
smaller grou
life data cspecific prprovided in
ases of difffer to the sstudy.
7 of 297
ugh if % for ot be
e than ted in erifier. or the
e vari-prod-
ups of
an be roduct n vari-ferent ervice
EeBGuidModule
8 As
8.1 O
This chachapter ventory scribes
C-01
C-02
C-03
C-04
8.2 Mo
8.3 Mo
C-05 simpl
C-06
8.4 Mo
C-07
8.5 Mo
C-08
de Drae C – End o
spects co
Overview
apter addreprovide pranalysis s
the aspects
End-of-was
End of life
Choice of d
Waste class
odule C1 – D
odule C2 – T
Transport ified LCA ...
Transport o
odule C3 – W
Waste trea
odule C4 - D
LCA model
ft Guidancof Life stag
oncernin
esses aspecrovisions, ruteps accord
s addressed
ste status ..
(EoL) scena
data ..........
sification ...
De-construc
Transport ..
of wastes t................
of wastes to
Waste proce
tment vs re
Disposal .....
ling of landf
ce documee
ng Modu
cts that are ules and guding to [IS in Module
.................
arios ..........
.................
.................
ction, demo
.................
to landfill, .................
o landfill, in
essing ........
ecycling and
.................
fill/disposal
ent - Prod
ule C – E
related to uidance for SO 14040] C.
.................
.................
.................
.................
olition stage
.................
incineration.................
cineration a
.................
d recovery p
.................
................
ducts As
End of Lif
life cycle sthe goal anand [ISO 1
................
................
................
................
................
................
n and recyc................
and recyclin
................
process .....
................
................
spects con
fe stage
tage C. All nd scope de14044]. The
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
cling facilitie.................
ng facilities –
.................
.................
.................
.................
ncerning
page 22
e
the aspectefinition ande following
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
es – screen.................
– complete
.................
.................
.................
.................
8 of 297
ts of this d the in- list de-
....... 229
....... 231
....... 233
....... 234
....... 236
....... 237
ning and ....... 237
LCA 238
....... 241
....... 241
....... 243
....... 243
EeBGuidModule
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
EN 1
Guid
de Drae C – End o
t C
iption Dithst
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15804
idance
ft Guidancof Life stag
C-01 End-of
ifferent couhe waste trate be defin
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
The provWaste Dwhen thestate, moreached tis coveredgiven in2008/98/C=OJ:L:20that natiolegislationbe applied
m:
6.3.4.2 Pralso to ra
6.3.4.5 En
EN 15804tem boun
These end
ce documee
of-waste st
ntries definreatment oned?
e ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
visions in Eirective, sh
e end-of-waodule D is the end-of-wd from modn the EurCE http08:312:000
onal rules (n) on the spd, if availab
Product stageaw materials
End-of-life st
4 follows thndary at the
d-of-waste
ent - Prod
tatus
ne a waste’sor recycling
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impamen
building products
EN 15804, hould be foaste state isused: furthwaste statedule D. The ropean W://eur-lex.e03:0030:en(the implempecific definble and appr
ge: End-of-Ws or product
tage: Definit
he Waste Fe end-of-wa
criteria are
ducts As
s end-of-waprocess. H
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
which are ollowed. Ths reached. her processe (e.g. recycdefinition oaste Direc
europa.eu/L:PDF, see a
mentation ofnition of theropriate.
Waste definicts manufact
ition of the e
ramework Dste state us
e used for a
spects con
ste status aHow should
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
copied fromhey includeBased on t
sing of matcling, energof the end-octive [EuroexUriServ/Larticle 6]. Tf the Direct end-of-was
ition of this tured outsid
end-of-wast
Directive in sing the sam
ssessing th
ncerning
page 22
at different d the end-
arative assertio
☐
n report
d LCA compl
m the Euroe the definthe end-of-terials that gy recovery,of-waste staopean DirLexUriServ.dThis also mtive into naste status s
s standard ade Europe.
ste status
setting theme criteria.
e system b
9 of 297
points in -of-waste
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
opean nition, waste have
, etc.) atus is ective do?urimeans ational should
applies
e sys-
ound-
EeBGuidModule
de Drae C – End o
ft Guidancof Life stag
ary for thstage (C3secondaryA3), and life cycle and use (
The Wastplementethe samebut to havThis may one purpmarket foin anothevents the
The end-oreached wnational imeans thapplied inrope, EN waste staplied, irrethe LCA papply thethis in theBy the saconsider tin Europeplementatcision muFor examseveral Mfor the enthe materIt would nend-of-wawaste is pMember S
ce documee
e waste tre3), but also y/waste mafor decidingstages, inc
(B2–B5).
te Framewod individual
e material mve reached be, for exaose in one
or the materer, or becau
use of the
of-waste stawhen the mmplementatat the rules
n the first pl15804 is cle
ate (i.e. fromespective of practitioner m to the wae backgrounme argumethe end-of-w
e, and set a tion of the Wst be statedple, a tradeember Stat
nd-of-wasterial/fuel hasnot be appraste state inproduced is State may h
ent - Prod
eatment of cfor setting
aterial and g the systecluding man
ork Directivlly within eamay be con
the end-ofample, beca
Member Srial exists inuse nationamaterial in
ate for wastmaterial is no
tion of the s of the (natlace. If the ear that them the Wastelegislation should consaste to decind report. ent, within Ewaste criterdifferent enWaste Framd and justife associationtes may choe state for ss different sropriate to tn another Mcompletely
have a comm
ducts As
constructiong the systemsecondary m boundarynufacturing
ve, as with ach EU Memnsidered a wf-waste statause the maState but non one Membl legislationthat Memb
te in Europeo longer conWaste Framtional) contwaste arise
e same rulese Frameworin the relevsider the enide the end
Europe, the ria and appnd-of-waste
mework Direied in the bn study covoose a consecondary/w
status in difftake a best-Member Staty different. Fmon use an
spects con
n products m boundaryfuel to many for wastes(A1–A3), c
other EU dmber State. waste in onte in anotheaterial is comot in anotheber State thn in one Meber State.
e is considensidered a wmework Direext of a stu
es or is treats regarding rk Directive)vant countrynd-of-waste-of-waste st
LCA practitly them to we state thanective. In thackground
vering produervative/wo
waste materferent Mem-case choicete if the situFor examplend active ma
ncerning
page 23
at the end y for the inpnufacturings arising froconstruction
directives, This mean
ne Member er Member mmonly useer, or beca
hat does notember State
ered to be waste undeective. This udy should bted outside the end-of) should bey. In this cae criteria anstate, and ju
tioner can awastes prodn national imhis case, thereport.
ucts producorst-case chrial/fuel inpu
mber States.e based on uation where, another arket for a
0 of 297
of life put of (A1–om all n (A5)
is im-s that State State. ed for
ause a t exist e pre-
er the
be Eu-f-e ap-ase, d ustify
also duced m-e de-
ed in hoice uts if
the re the
mate-
EeBGuidModule
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
de Drae C – End o
t C
iption Inan
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
ft Guidancof Life stag
rial, and twaste is cwaste in athe wastetion in anmeant thetreatmentwaste stausage andderlying E
C-02 End of
n different cnd materials
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
EoL scenmost comnational c
Sensitivitymix of wa
This aspegramme. programm
m:
ce documee
the end-of-wcollected. Tha location we. In this caother Membe manufactut associated
ate where thd active maEN 15804.
f life (EoL)
countries, vs. Should ge
e ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
arios are bmmon matercontext, as s
y analyses aste treatme
ect is likelyIt may be
me that refe
ent - Prod
waste statehe manufac
where therese it would ber State tourer was abd with the whe recoverearket. This f
) scenarios
various opteneral scen
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impamen
building products
based on crials. They scenarios a
are possibent options
y to be pr advisable
er to the con
ducts As
e may be secturer, howe is no commnot be app
o decide theble to avoidwaste to ached material hfollows the ‘
s
ions exist farios be de
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
urrent treahave to be re likely to
le to asses.
redefined into adopt runtext of the
spects con
t at the poiever, produmon usage opropriate to e end-of-wathe burden
hieve the nahad a more‘polluter pay
for the endfined for en
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
tment techdefined devary nation
ss the impa
n every naules from te product LC
ncerning
page 23
nt where thuces the samor market fuse the situ
aste state, ifns of waste ational end-e local commys’ principle
d of life of nd-of-life ro
arative assertio
☐
n report
d LCA compl
hnologies foepending onnally.
act of the f
ational EPDthe nationaCA study.
1 of 297
he me for ua-f this
-of-mon e un-
products outes?
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
or the n each
future
D pro-al EPD
EeBGuidModule
EN 1
Guid
de Drae C – End o
15804
idance
ft Guidancof Life stag
5.4 Additi
6.3.4.6 En
6.3.8 Dev
7.3 Scena
7.3.4 End
End-of-lifetion schemay referscenarios
Current ptechnical scenarios performanvided if a
The defaurent wast50 years’ the mix oadditionawaste madefault scmonly lananother M
For each ing to varrecovery, vided by statistics
EoL scenuseful if toptions malso proviavailable.
ce documee
tional inform
End-of-life st
veloping pro
arios and ad
d of life
e scenariosemes or EPr to the DGfor differen
practice shoinformationand chara
nce during scenario is
ult scenariote managemtime. It is i
of recovery l scenarios anagement cenario mayndfilled in oMember Sta
o should bement practiimportant ttechniquescan be usedoptions th
y vary: for one Membete, and recy
he percentaf-life optionor reuse, shrogramme, -level schem
be providedt is sold in ignificantly ce on the meful, for exa
ducts As
arios
chnical infor
given withinmes. For ee (e.g. criteof materials.
ed for deveng the techthe productal EoL life
e based on ce, and noo use avera used and d to illustrahat are avaexample, a
er State, uycled in ano
age of end-ns, such as hould be esor may be
mes.
d for each more than across Mem
most advantaample, in d
spects con
rmation
n national bexample, foeria 1 to 5)
loping scenhnical condt’s technicacycle stage
actual acht on what age recovernot the beste the effecailable. Geoa waste mased for eneother Memb
-of-life matelandfill, incistimated. Te available
EoL optionone Memb
mber Statesageous EoL
determining
ncerning
page 23
building ceror Germany: predefine
narios. Additions unde
al and funces, must be
ievement inmight happ
ry rates basst case, althct of the diffographicallyay be more ergy recoveber State.
erial typicalineration, e
This may bethrough na
n. These mber State, as. Such scenL option cur
the best w
2 of 297
rtifica-y, one d EoL
itional erlying ctional e pro-
n cur-pen in sed on hough ferent y, the com-
ery in
ly go-energy e pro-ational
ay be as EoL narios rrently way to
EeBGuidModule
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
EN 1
de Drae C – End o
t C
iption Sh
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15804
ft Guidancof Life stag
dispose o
Alternativthe typicaprocedure
Material-sticular magy recovenon-haza
C-03 Choice
hould gener
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
Recyclingthe provisto be preadopted w
m:
6.3.4.6 En
6.3.6 Sele
6.3.8 Dev
ce documee
f constructi
vely, or addial mix of EOe is less use
specific modaterials, to tery; otherwrdous waste
e of data
ric (materia
e ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
processes sions in EN edefined inwithin the c
End-of-life st
ection of da
veloping pro
ent - Prod
ion waste a
itionally, a sOL options, eful and info
dels for wastake accoun
wise generice incineratio
l specific) o
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impamen
building products
are always 15804 sho
n every nacontext of th
tage
ata
oduct scena
ducts As
rising.
single EoL sor the mos
ormative.
ste treatment of emissic models oon can be u
or product-s
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
specific to uld be refetional EPD he conducte
arios
spects con
scenario canst common
ent may be ions or the of inert wasused.
specific data
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
a product orred to. Thiprogramm
ed LCA stud
ncerning
page 23
n be provideEoL option
relevant foamount of ste in land
a be used?
arative assertio
☐
n report
d LCA compl
or material.is aspect is
me, and mady.
3 of 297
ed for n. This
or par-ener-
dfill or
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
Thus likely ay be
EeBGuidModule
Guid
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
de Drae C – End o
idance
t C
iption Hoar
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ft Guidancof Life stag
7.3 Scena
7.3.4 End
Current pels for wtake accopublic anspecific d
The defaurent wast50 years’ the mix oadditionawaste madefault scmonly lananother Mbe advisa
C-04 Waste
ow should rdous?
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
ce documee
arios and ad
d of life
practice shoaste treatmount of emd commercatasets that
ult scenariote managemtime. It is i
of recovery l scenarios anagement cenario mayndfilled in oMember Stable to use p
e classifica
output was
e ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
ent - Prod
dditional tec
ould be usement may bissions or tcial backgrot may be us
o should bement practiimportant ttechniquescan be usedoptions th
y vary: for one Membe
ate, and recproduct-spe
ation
stes be clas
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impamen
building products
ducts As
chnical infor
d for scenabe relevant the amountound LCA dsed.
e based on ce, and noo use avera used and d to illustrahat are avaexample, a
er State, ucycled in anoecific end-of
ssified: as e
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
spects con
rmation
arios. Materfor particu
t of energydatabases p
actual acht on what age recovernot the beste the effecailable. Geoa waste mased for eneother Membf-life datase
e.g. inert, n
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
ncerning
page 23
rial-specific ular materiay recovery. provide ma
ievement inmight happ
ry rates basst case, althct of the diffographicallyay be more ergy recoveber State. Iets.
non-hazardo
arative assertio
☐
n report
d LCA compl
4 of 297
mod-als, to
Also, terial-
n cur-pen in sed on hough ferent y, the com-
ery in t may
ous, haz-
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
EeBGuidModule
Prov
EN 1
Guid
72 http://
de Drae C – End o
ovisions
Rules from
15804
idance
/eur-lex.euro
ft Guidancof Life stag
The modthree typeperformed1999/31.7
This aspegramme that are m
m:
6.3.4.6 En
6.3.8 Dev
7.2.5 Othegories an
7.3 Scena
7.3.4 End
Current pwaste trecount of e
EN 15804hazardouswaste covwithin thpossible t
opa.eu/LexUr
ce documee
el should res – hazardd according72
ect is likelyscheme, an
made within
End-of-life st
veloping pro
her environmnd output fl
arios and ad
d of life
practice shoeatment maemissions, o
4 requires ths waste, mevered by the Europeanto report the
riServ/LexUri
ent - Prod
reflect the dous, non-hg to articl
y to be prnd may ben the same
tage
oduct scena
mental inforflows
dditional tec
ould be usay be relevaor of the am
hat the totaeasured at
he Waste Frn Waste Clese figures.
iServ.do?uri=
ducts As
real situathazardous ae 4 of th
redefined ine adopted wcontext.
arios
ormation des
chnical infor
sed for sceant for partmount of en
al amounts the system
ramework Dlassification.
=OJ:L:1999:
spects con
tion. The cand inert wae Landfill
n every nawithin prod
scribing diff
rmation
narios. Speicular mateergy recove
of inert, nom boundary,Directive sho system, a
182:0001:00
ncerning
page 23
classificationaste – shouWaste Dir
ational EPDduct LCA st
fferent wast
ecific modeerials, to takery.
on-hazardou, be reporteould be clasand it shou
019:EN:PDF
5 of 297
n into uld be ective
D pro-tudies
te cat-
els for ke ac-
us and ed. All ssified uld be
EeBGuidModule
8.2 M
No specformatio
de Drae C – End o
Module C1 –
cific aspectson concerni
ft Guidancof Life stag
– De-cons
s are givenng this mod
ce documee
struction, d
for moduledule.
ent - Prod
demolition
e C1 for pr
ducts As
n stage
roducts. Ple
spects con
ease refer t
ncerning
page 23
to EN 15804
6 of 297
4 for in-
EeBGuidModule
8.3 M
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
EN 1
Guid
de Drae C – End o
Module C2 –
t Cci
iption Thscrya
Inwa
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15804
idance
ft Guidancof Life stag
– Transpo
C-05 Transpilities – scr
he transporcenarios. Foy city, a recycountry exi
n this conteaste EoL ro
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
The transoptional fnor releva
This aspefor EoL padopted w
m:
6.3.4.6 En6.3.8 Dev7.3 Scena7.3.4 End
For recyc
ce documee
ort
sport of wacreening an
tation distaor example, ycling plantsts.
ext, how shutes be def
e ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
sport of wasfor screeninance.
ect is likely tprocesses owithin a give
End-of-life stveloping proarios and add of life
cling and di
ent - Prod
astes to land simplifi
ances are likwhereas a
t may be fa
hould represfined for scr
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impamen
building products
stes or recyng and simp
to be predeor in each nen LCA stud
tage oduct scenadditional tec
sposal rout
ducts As
andfill, incfied LCA
kely to be dlandfill facir away as,
sentative dreening and
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
s screening
ycled produplified LCA,
efined, for enational EPDdy.
arios chnical infor
tes, the dist
spects con
cineration
ifferent, delity is likely for example
istances accd simplified
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
cts to EoL owing to t
example in gD programm
rmation
tances will
ncerning
page 23
and recyc
epending onto be foun
e, only one
ccording to LCA?
arative assertio
☐
n report
d LCA compl
facilities rethe assume
generic LCAme, and m
vary, depe
7 of 297
cling fa-
n the EoL d in eve-exists in
different
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
mains ed mi-
A data ay be
ending
EeBGuidModule
Aspect
Descrip
73 http://site.com
de Drae C – End o
t Cci
iption Thscrya
Inwa
/www.sepa.o/html/how_m
ft Guidancof Life stag
on each types maexample, owing to the shorteture mapssites.
Data maydemolitionreport frodatabases
- betweenas for inc- around
For recycdistance wities is stAs an avemay be retext, and results.
C-06 Transpilities – co
he transporcenarios. Foy city, a recycountry exi
n this conteaste EoL ro
org.uk/wastemany_landfil
ce documee
national cy also varyhazardous the limitedest.73 Natios may help
y be currenn site and som [ADEMEs or EPD pro
n 10 and 30ineration w100 km for
cled producwill be highill low, leaderage valueevised if moif the EoL
sport of waomplete LC
tation distaor example, ycling plantsts.
ext, how shutes be def
e/waste_infrals.php
ent - Prod
context. Tray according
waste mayd number ofnal waste min identifyi
ntly availablsorting plan
E 2003]. Foogrammes
0 km for inith energy rhazardous
cts sent to er because,
ding to highe, 250 km fore accurat
L transport
astes to laCA
ances are likwhereas a
t may be fa
hould represfined for co
astructure_m
ducts As
ansport disto the num
y have the f sites, whemanagemenng the loca
le for transnt: e.g. for or example, may take in
ert and nonrecovery; wastes.
a recycling, to date, thher distancefor trucks cte data are is found to
andfill, inc
kely to be dlandfill facir away as,
sentative dmplete LCA
maps.aspx or
spects con
stances for mber of trea
longest traereas inert nt plans or wtions of wa
sport of wathe Frenchcurrent pr
nto account
n-hazardous
facility it he number oes than for an be assuavailable in
o be signifi
cineration
ifferent, delity is likely for example
istances accA?
http://www
ncerning
page 23
different atment siteansport distwaste maywaste infraste manage
aste betweeh context seractice in get:
s wastes, a
is likely thaof recyclinglandfill fac
umed. This n a nationaicant in the
and recyc
epending onto be foun
e, only one
ccording to
.landfill-
8 of 297
waste s. For tance, y have struc-ement
en the ee the eneric
s well
at the g facil-cilities. figure l con-
e final
cling fa-
n the EoL d in eve-exists in
different
EeBGuidModule
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
EN 1
Guid
74 http://site.com
de Drae C – End o
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15804
idance
/www.sepa.o/html/how_m
ft Guidancof Life stag
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
The transbe includevance.
This aspefor EoL padopted w
m:
6.3.4.6 En6.3.8 Dev7.3 Scena7.3.4 End
For recycon each nwaste typsites. Fordistance, may haveinfrastrucmanagem
Data may
org.uk/wastemany_landfil
ce documee
e ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
sport of waed for com
ect is likely tprocesses owithin a give
End-of-life stveloping proarios and add of life
cling and dinational conpes may aexample, owing to t
e the shortecture maps ment sites.
y be curren
e/waste_infrals.php
ent - Prod
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impamen
building products
astes or recplete LCA,
to be predeor in each nen LCA stud
tage oduct scenadditional tec
sposal routntext [SBA 2lso vary achazardous the limited est.74 Nation
may help
ntly availabl
astructure_m
ducts As
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
cycled produeven if may
efined, for enational EPDdy.
arios chnical infor
tes, the dist2012]. Tranccording towaste may number of nal waste min identify
le for trans
maps.aspx or
spects con
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
ucts to EoLybe of assu
example in gD programm
rmation
tances will nsport distano the numb
have the lsites, whe
managemenying the loc
sport of wa
http://www
ncerning
page 23
arative assertio
☐
n report
d LCA compl
L facilities sumed minor
generic LCAme, and m
vary, depences for diffber of trealongest tranereas inert nt plans or cations of
aste betwee
.landfill-
9 of 297
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
should r rele-
A data ay be
ending ferent tment nsport waste waste waste
en the
EeBGuidModule
de Drae C – End o
ft Guidancof Life stag
demolitionreport frodatabases
- betweenas for inc- around
For recycdistance wities is stAs an avemay be retext, and results.
ce documee
n site and som [ADEMEs or EPD pro
n 10 and 30ineration w100 km for
cled producwill be highill low, leaderage valueevised if moif the EoL
ent - Prod
sorting planE 2003]. Foogrammes
0 km for inith energy rhazardous
cts sent to er because,
ding to highe, 250 km fore accurat
L transport
ducts As
nt: e.g. for or example, may take in
ert and nonrecovery; wastes.
a recycling, to date, thher distancefor trucks cte data are is found to
spects con
the Frenchcurrent pr
nto account
n-hazardous
facility it he number oes than for an be assuavailable in
o be signifi
ncerning
page 24
h context seractice in get:
s wastes, a
is likely thaof recyclinglandfill fac
umed. This n a nationaicant in the
40 of 297
ee the eneric
s well
at the g facil-cilities. figure l con-
e final
EeBGuidModule
8.4 M
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
EN 1
75Analyserapport f
de Drae C – End o
Module C3 –
t C
iption Hobuno
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15804
e technico-éfinal - ADEM
ft Guidancof Life stag
– Waste p
C-07 Waste
ow should uilding mateomic feasibi
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
The provi
ScenariosFor examto for esti
This aspegramme,
m:
6.3.4.6 En
6.3.8 Dev
7.3 Scena
7.3.4 End
conomique dE - 2010
ce documee
processing
e treatmen
the waste erials be acility)?
e ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
sions in EN
s should theple, for theimates of th
ect is likelyand may be
End-of-life st
veloping pro
arios and ad
d of life
de 39 plate-f
ent - Prod
nt vs recyc
treatment ccounted fo
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impamen
building products
15804 sho
en be devele French cohe amounts
y to be pre adopted w
tage
oduct scena
dditional tec
formes franç
ducts As
cling and re
and recycor (e.g. diff
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
uld be refer
oped, baseontext [ADEs of sorted a
redefined inwithin a give
arios
chnical infor
çaises de tri/v
spects con
recovery pr
cling/reuse/eferent recyc
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
rred to.
ed on each ME 2010]75
and recycled
n every naen LCA stud
rmation
valorisation d
ncerning
page 24
process
energy reccling practic
arative assertio
☐
n report
d LCA compl
national co5 can be refd materials.
ational EPDdy.
des déchets
41 of 297
overy of ces, eco-
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
ntext. ferred .
D pro-
du BTP -
EeBGuidModule
Guid
de Drae C – End o
idance
ft Guidancof Life stag
Module Cthe produin C4). Inare wastestate is rwhether recycling terminoloreached tlife stage tion mateof waste t
National sule C3 for
The end-treatmentshould beC1) and t
The Loadsystem bo
Energy rean efficiecovery prtion), as tconsidere
Recovery sidered aagement
Incineratiwaste stathe efficiestances, bary can b
ce documee
C3 provides uct reaches n theory, pre treatmenteached area process sprocess wi
ogy for the the end-of-wC3 should
erial. Howevtreatment o
schemes mar various ma
-of-waste st process ime included iransport to
ds and beneoundary are
ecovered byncy greaterrocess impathe materiaed for energ
processes s energy reprocesses,
on of demoate must alsency of incbenefits froe recorded
ent - Prod
informatiothe end-of-
rocesses bet processes,e recycling should be ithin Modul
e process awaste statebe based o
ver, alternaoptions is av
ay provide aterials, bas
state is defmpacts untn Module C waste trea
efits of recye recorded i
y energy recr than 60%acts and aval must havegy recovery
with efficieecovery, ane.g. as inci
olition mateso be considineration (E
om these C3in Module D
ducts As
on on waste-waste state
efore the en, and proceor recoveryincluded ine D. the fo
and more oe. The defaon current ntive scenarvailable.
default scesed on curr
fined in ENtil the end-C3, excludinatment or di
ycling, recoin Module D
covery proc%, is record
oided impae reached t(EN 15804
ncies of lesnd must beneration (M
erials that hadered withinEN 15804 63 processesD.
spects con
e treatmente or is dispond-of-waste esses after ty processes C3 or be ocus shouldon whetherult scenarionational praios can be
narios and ent practice
N 15804 6.of-waste st
ng demolitiosposal (con
very and reD.
esses, e.g. ed in Moducts of convhe end-of-w6.3.4.5 Not
ss than 60%considered
Module C4).
ave not rean Module C46.3.4.5 Note
beyond the
ncerning
page 24
t processesosed of (inc state is reathe end-of-s. When deconsidered
d be less or the wasteo for the enactice for degiven, if a
models fore.
.3.4.5. All tate are reon (considensidered in C
euse beyon
incinerationule D (as thventional gewaste state te 2).
% cannot bed as waste
ached the enC4, irrespecte 2). In boe system b
42 of 297
s until cluded ached waste ciding
d as a on the e has nd-of-emoli-range
Mod-
waste ached red in C2).
nd the
n with he re-enera-to be
e con-man-
nd-of-tive of oth in-ound-
EeBGuidModule
8.5 M
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
EN 1
EN 1
ILC
de Drae C – End o
Module C4
t C
iption Shdaria
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15978
15804
CD
ft Guidancof Life stag
- Disposal
C-08 LCA m
hould generata to use? al?
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
This aspetioners neand have The fate line scensensitivity
m:
8.7.5 Sce
6.3.4.6 En
6.3.7 Dat
6.3.8 Dev
7.3 Scena
7.3.4 End
Provisions
ce documee
modelling o
ral rules be What is the
e ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
ect dependseed to adopno specificof materialsario), and y analysis p
enarios for d
End-of-life st
ta quality req
veloping pro
arios and ad
d-of-life
s 7.4.4.2 Mo
ent - Prod
of landfill/
e defined ree timescale
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impamen
buildingproducts
s on the bapt the procec influence os should benot predicturposes).
disposal – M
tage
equirements
oduct scena
dditional tec
Modelling wa
ducts As
/disposal
garding whe for modell
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
ackground edures fromon it. e based on ted practice
Module C4
s
arios
chnical infor
aste treatme
spects con
hat is deposing the fate
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
database um the backg
current prae in the fu
rmation
ent
ncerning
page 24
sited and we of dispose
arative assertio
☐
n report
d LCA compl
used. LCA pground data
actice (as a uture (exce
43 of 297
hich LCA ed mate-
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
practi-abase,
base-pt for
EeBGuidModule
Guid
de Drae C – End o
idance
ft Guidancof Life stag
I) SHALL
I.a
I.b
I.c
“Note: thconsidere
Within bulandfill orstudy, andatabasescerning thence this cesses haafter 100fore be csumptionsthe complate to prstanding. glected. though thestimationensure thsidered cmaterial (database)
Module Carising fromaterial athe individ
Current lato develo
The choic
ce documee
L – Waste an
a) Model wa
b) Modelling
c) Modelling
he use of geed to limit ti
uilding or pr other dispd is modells. These dahe fate of aspect, but
ave been m years are
considered ss about the
position andractice in tThe practi
For examphey were inn of the faat the treatonsistently (this should).
C4 covers tom the demarising fromdual module
andfilling rap the scena
ce of LCA d
ent - Prod
nd end-of-lif
aste manag
g discarding
g waste as o
eneric wasttime and res
product LCAposal meched with the
atabases halandfilled mt should un
modelled. In identified s
separately. e decay ratd capture rathe various itioner shoule, organicnert, as thite of depostment of lanwith the d
d be the ca
the disposamolition of tm the use e where the
ates and otharios for Mo
data for lan
ducts As
ife product d
gement com
g of goods i
output
te treatmensources requ
A studies, thanisms is t
e use of geave their owmaterial. Thnderstand th
some dataseparately, Databases
tes of biogeates for land
Member Suld ensure
materials is might yiesited materndfill and inatasets for
ase if data
al of end-othe buildingphase (Mode waste aris
her disposaodule C4.
ndfilling sho
spects con
deposition
mpletely
into nature
nt models/pruired for da
he depositintypically noneric data f
wn modellinhe practitionhe way in wbases, emisand their emay also h
enic materidfill gas, wh
States, or tothat this ashould not
eld significarial. The prncineration p
the producare sourced
of-life const. The dispodules B2–Bses.
al processes
ould corresp
ncerning
page 24
processes mata collectio
ng of mateot a focus ofrom backg
ng principlesner cannot
which landfissions that effect can thave specifial in landfihich may no current uaspect is not be handlant errors iractitioner sprocesses isction of biod from the
truction maosal of end-5) is includ
s should be
pond, as a
44 of 297
may be on.”
rial in of the round s con-influ-
ll pro-occur there-fic as-ll and ot re-
under-ot ne-ed as in the should s con-ogenic same
aterial -of-life ded in
e used
mini-
EeBGuidModule
de Drae C – End o
ft Guidancof Life stag
mum, to ardous), adatabasesshould be[EN 1580
For biogethe fate orate, the and the lfor variou
The extenlife also nconsensuleased in leased frolent amouthane em
National centage o
ce documee
the differenalthough ms. In addite inventoried4 6.3.7].
enic materiaof the biogemix of carandfill gas
us materials
nt to whichneeds to be s on exactan average
om biomassunt of sequission
EPD prograof material t
ent - Prod
nt types of more detailetion, the timd from the
als, it is of penic carbon rbon dioxidecapture rat
s and landfil
h biogenic c consideredtly how mue landfill. Ins degradati
uestered CO
ammes maythat will be
ducts As
wastes (ined landfill mme period point of dis
particular rewhen landf
e and methte of the lals vary wide
carbon decad in LCA stuuch methann any eventon will not
ays into meudies, althoune will be gt, the greenbe balance
o the increa
landfill modandfill at the
ncerning
page 24
zardous andavailable in h inputs/oundfill is 100
o take accoudering the
uced from donal assump
ethane at eugh there isgenerated onhouse gased by an eqased GWP o
dels, or thee end of life
45 of 297
d haz-many
utputs years
unt of decay decay, ptions
end of s little or re-es re-quiva-of me-
e per-e.
EeBGuidModule
9 Asthe
9.1 O
This chachapter ventory
Module ing or asigns fo
The follo
D-01 InLCA 247
D-02 Re
D-03 Cr
de Drae D – Bene
spects ce buildin
Overview
apter addreprovide pranalysis ste
D makes ita building por dismantlin
owing list d
nclusion of 7
euse – wate
redits for re
ft Guidancefits and lo
oncerninng life cy
esses aspecrovisions, rueps accordi
t possible toproduct. Thng, or desig
describes th
reuse, reco
er consumpt
cycling and
ce documeoads beyon
ng Modycle
cts that are ules and gung to [ISO
o quantify thhis module gns for recyc
e addressed
overy or rec
tion ...........
energy rec
ent - Prodnd the build
ule D –
related to uidance for 14040] and
he reuse, remay be of cling altern
d aspects in
cycling pote
.................
covery .......
ducts Asding life cyc
– Benefit
life cycle sthe goal and [ISO 1404
ecovery andinterest in atives.
n Module D.
entials (Mod
................
................
spects concle
ts and l
tage D. All nd scope de44].
d recycling passessing
.
dule D) in
.................
.................
ncerning
page 24
loads be
the aspectefinition and
potential ofand compa
building or
.................
.................
46 of 297
eyond
ts of this d the in-
f a build-aring de-
product
....... 249
....... 251
EeBGuidModule
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
de Drae D – Bene
t DD)
iption MarreforeManrecucle
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
ft Guidancefits and lo
D-01 InclusD) in buildin
odule D desry materialsecycling andor both prodecent outcoodules C (end differentecycled matumstances ie results?
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
EN 15978and availaloads resu“The comthe followproduct le
The first vant, andused in that the buthe stand
In generathe buildithat Modu
ce documeoads beyon
sion of reing or prod
scribes the s, secondaryd energy reducts and
ome of expend of life) t approacheerial. As this it necessa
e ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
8 for buildinlable, Modusulting from mmunicationwing rules:evel on Mod
point state data are a
he building ilding level,ard (‘should
al, Module Dng level, bule D is pro
ent - Prodnd the build
euse, recovduct LCA
net benefitry fuels or scovery thatbuildings. D
pert discussand D werees were useis is not neary or man
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impamen
buildingproducts
ng level caule D addres
reuse, recyn from the : [...] if reldule D, this
es that Modavailable. Thprovides da, although td’, not ‘shal
D should beut it is cleaovided “to h
ducts Asding life cyc
very or re
ts related tosecondary pt take placeDisplaying Msions. Before presenteded in otherecessarily dodatory to in
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
alculation stesses the neycling and ereport may
elevant infors information
dule D shouhe second sata for Moduthis is not al’).
e reported ar from bothelp with tr
spects concle
ecycling po
o exported eproducts ree beyond thModule D sre, in somed jointly in o
situations one any monclude Mod
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
tates [8.8] et environmenergy recovy be simplif
ormation is n should be
uld be inclusuggests thule D, this ma mandatory
both on theth EN 1580ransparency
ncerning
page 24
otentials (
energy andesulting fromhe system bseparately ie life cycle one life cycsuch as th
ore, under wule D in th
arative assertio
☐
n report
d LCA compl
that “If relmental benefovery”, and [ified accordi
provided ae reported.”
uded if it isat if any prmust be repry requireme
e product a04 and EN 1y on the be
47 of 297
(Module
second-m reuse, boundary s a very studies,
cle stage, he use of what cir-e life cy-
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
elevant efits or [12.6]
ding to at the
s rele-roduct ported ent of
and at 15978 enefits
EeBGuidModule
EN 1
EN 1
ILCD
Guid
de Drae D – Bene
Rules from
15978
15804
CD
idance
ft Guidancefits and lo
and loadsassessmewith otheD may betem bounapproach
m:
7.4.6 Boury (Modul
6.2.7 D Bmodule
ILCD usebenefits o
If Moduledefault vasor. As thproduct, tproduct le
It could bsessmentboundaryprovided additionaboundary
The benefrom intedisposal iported semodule fstates regtem bounwaste stabe calcula
ce documeoads beyon
s of processent”. Deviatr studies w
e included indary and t
for inputs)
undary for thle D)
Benefits and
es different of recycling,
e D data arealues can behese values this could bevel.
be argued tof both pr
y, although as part of l transpare
y.
efits of expoegrated renen C4) must
eparately frofor any progarding Modndary and hage and sublated” [7.4.6
ent - Prodnd the build
sses beyondting from Ehere recycln the builditreatment omay rende
the benefits
d loads bey
t approache, and Modu
e not provie used, or v may be wobe an incen
that Moduleroducts andthe TC 350the buildin
ency on be
orted energyewable, or
st be reportom any othoduct EPD,dule D that
has an econubstitutes an6], and 8.1
ducts Asding life cyc
d the systemEN 15978 fing credits ing life cycl
of recycling er such com
s and loads
yond the sys
es for the sule D is there
ded by mavalues estimorse than ttive for pro
e D is not rd buildings, 0 standards ng assessmenefits and
y (for examfrom the c
ted in Moduher flows, b
and at tht “Where a nomic value nother prodstates “If
spects concle
m boundaryfor benchmhave been e, but othe(such as uparisons inv
beyond the
ystem bound
system bourefore not di
nufacturersmated by thhe calculate
oducers to p
relevant to as it is outstate that M
ment informloads bey
mple from excapture of ule D, and but Module he building
material floe or has reacduct, then tinformation
ncerning
page 24
y of the objmarking purincluded, M
er aspects ouse of the cvalid.
e system bo
dary, inform
undaries andiscussed.
s within thehe building aed values foprovide data
the life cyctside the syModule D c
mation to pryond the sy
excess genelandfill gasthis must bD is an oplevel EN 1
low exits theached the enthe impactsn on Module
48 of 297
ject of rposes Module of sys-cut-off
ounda-
mation
nd the
e EPD, asses-or the a at a
cle as-ystem
can be rovide ystem
ration s from be re-ptional 15978
he sys-end-of-ts may le D is
EeBGuidModule
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Rele
de Drae D – Bene
t D
iption Twausunwa
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ft Guidancefits and lo
communicrequiremenot need at a proding level. informatiodata withmation wgarding c
The systeinclude Mwhere creThis is, fobelling sychanging troduce tshould en
The othercling build
D-02 Reuse
There are dater and wsed for diffender what cater?
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
ce documeoads beyon
icated in a bent that it bto be calcuuct level muHowever, d
on providedhin Module within their E
urrent prac
em boundarModule D ifedits due tor instance,ystem (DGNthe system
the possibinsure this do
r use of Moding alterna
e – water c
different quwaste watererent appliccircumstanc
e ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
ent - Prodnd the build
building assbe communulated for aust it also bdepending od in ModuleD for produEPD, subjecctice.
ry for the bf full life cyto system e, the case iNB). The pm boundaryility of douoes not occ
dule D is toatives.
consumpti
ality levels r. Dependincations (e.g.ces is it pos
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impamen
ducts Asding life cyc
sessment”, nicated. It iall materialsbe considereon the releve D, practitucts that hact to the no
building lifeycle results expansion ain the Germpractitioner y of the objuble-countincur.
o assess des
tion
of water –ng on these. rainwater ssible to obt
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
spects concle
which shows clear that; only whered in Modulvance of anioners are ave not proormal rules
e cycle mayare assess
are typicallyman Sustain
should be ject of asseng benefits
sign for dism
– freshwatee quality lefor washingtain benefit
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
ncerning
page 24
ws that it is t Module Dre this is dele D at the nd attitude tfree to genovided this for scenari
y be extendsed in a coy accountenable Buildie very clearessment ms or loads
mantling or
er, rainwateevels waterg clothes). ts from the
arative assertio
☐
n report
49 of 297
not a D does efined build-to the nerate infor-os re-
ded to ontext d for. ng la-r that ay in-, and
r recy-
er, grey-, can be How and reuse of
on
☐
ting
EeBGuidModule
for
Prov
EN 1
EN 1
ILCD
Guid
de Drae D – Bene
ovisions
Rules from
15978
15804
CD
idance
ft Guidancefits and lo
new buildings
Module Drelevant aproductioany use oA1–C4 munet outpu
If there ireuse proModule Dtion of the
m:
7.4.6 Boury (Modul
6.2.7 D Bmodule
Not ment
If any wabenefits otogether wtive use)
If a wastesociated wcan be usD , togethproduct it
ce documeoads beyon
existing buildings
D looks at tand availabln waste) aof similar rust be consut flow).
s a net ouocesses aft
D, together we virgin pro
undary for thle D)
Benefits and
ioned
ter from theof this use (with any imare included
e material owith any prosed to substher with a ct substitutes
ent - Prodnd the build
buildingproducts
the loads ale. If water re reused, reused watesidered to ca
utput flow,ter the ‘enwith a cred
oduct.
the benefits
d loads bey
e building is(credit for v
mpacts fromd in Module
or waste eneocesses aftetitute primacredit assocs.
ducts Asding life cyc
screening
and benefitsoutputs or then to caler or matealculate the
then the imd-of-waste
dit associate
s and loads
yond the sys
s reused ouvirgin water the systeme D.
ergy is recyer the ‘end-
ary material iated with t
spects concle
LCA simplified
s of the neany outputlculate the rial as an ie net flow (o
mpacts assostate’ can
ed with the
beyond the
ystem bound
utside the buextraction a
m boundary
ycled, then t-of-waste stcan be incl
the producti
ncerning
page 25
d LCA compl
et output flt flow at Eonet outputinput in Mooutput − in
ociated witn be includ
avoided pr
e system bo
dary, inform
uilding, theand treatmebefore subs
the impactstate’ beforeluded in Moion of the v
0 of 297
ete LCA
ow, if L (not t flow, odules nput =
h any ded in roduc-
ounda-
mation
n the ent, stitu-
s as-e it odule virgin
EeBGuidModule
Aspect
Descrip
Rela
Relastudpha
Relefor
Prov
EN 1
de Drae D – Bene
t D
iption Ho
lated study
lated dy
ase g
levant
ovisions
Rules from
15978
ft Guidancefits and lo
D-03 Credit
ow should c
y objective
☒
oal and scopedefinition
new
buildings
Where reused in thC4, then put.
If there isboundaryproductioquired totuted canby deducvirgin resFor energ(for heat secondarycant part
m:
7.4.6 Boury (Modul
8.8 ScenaModule D
ce documeoads beyon
ts for recyc
credits for r
e ☒
☐
e inventory ysis (LC
existing buildings
ecycled mathe productiothe net out
s a net outpy (as it prodon), then th produce th
n be providecting the imources. Forgy, this will
energy) oy energy. Iof the ener
undary for thle D)
arios for beD
ent - Prodnd the build
ycling and e
recycling an
☒ stand-alone
anal-CI)
impamen
buildingproducts
terial or eneon of produtput flow is
put flow thaduces materhe processhe recycleded in Modumpact of prr materials,
be the useor the grid n practice, rgy or grid m
the benefits
enefits and
ducts Asding life cyc
energy rec
d energy re
LCA
☐
act assess-nt (LCIA)
screening
ergy recoveucts (A1–A3s calculated
at provides rial or energses beyondd material oule D, togetroducing ththis will be
e of the typmix (for eunless ene
mix, the nat
s and loads
d loads beyo
spects concle
covery
ecovery be a
☒ compa
☐
interpretation
LCA simplified
ered at end3), in Moduld as total o
benefits begy that subs
the systeor recovereher with a
he material the virgin p
pical energyelectrical energy from wtional mix c
beyond the
ond the sys
ncerning
page 25
allowed for
arative assertio
☐
n report
d LCA compl
d of life areles B1–B5 o
output − tot
eyond the systitutes for
em boundared energy s
credit calcuor energy
production y mix for henergy), exclwaste is a scan be used
e system bo
stem bound
1 of 297
?
on
☐
ting
ete LCA
e also or C1–tal in-
ystem virgin ry re-substi-ulated
from route. eating luding signifi-d.
ounda-
dary –
EeBGuidModule
EN 1
ILCD
Guid
de Drae D – Bene
15804
CD
idance
ft Guidancefits and lo
6.2.7 D Bmodule
Not ment
If the recpletely (etified valuit calculat
If waste classified the procefits for thcan be shfrom land
For examgrid mix oshould be
Note thatwaste becmore efficprocess.
ce documeoads beyon
Benefits and
ioned
cycled prod.g. it has 9
ue correctiotion.
is burned was a dispo
ess must behe productihown in Moddfilling).
ple, if thereof electricitye used to cr
t the incinecause it hascient than 6
ent - Prodnd the build
d loads bey
duct cannot5% of the n factor sho
with less thosal processe reported ion of enerdule D (as w
e was a net y (excludingredit the flow
eration of ws not reache60%, but it
ducts Asding life cyc
yond the sys
t substituterelevant funould be use
an 60% ens rather than Module Crgy beyondwith landfill
output flowg any seconw.
waste (i.e. ed the end-t must still
spects concle
ystem bound
the primanctional equed to reflect
nergy recovan a recoveC4. There m
the systemling and the
w of electricdary energy
material thof-waste stbe consider
ncerning
page 25
dary, inform
ary product uivalence), t this in the
very, it has ery process
may still be m boundarye recovery o
city, then thy sources)
hat is consitate) may ared as a dis
2 of 297
mation
com-a jus-cred-
to be s, and bene-y that of gas
he
dered lso be sposal
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Products Discussions and perspectives
page 253 of 297
10 Discussions and perspectives
In this chapter some of the findings of the project are discussed, connections to other re-search projects are made, and possible future developments of the EeBGuide guidance doc-ument are addressed.
The original aim of the EeBGuide project was not to develop new provisions or even stand-ards for LCA, but to summarize existing provisions from the European standards and the ILCD Handbook, and give guidance on important LCA topics. This guidance is based on the latest LCA practitioners’ experience, and on findings from the EeBGuide project partners’ research and development activities, as well as from other European research projects. LCA practitioners now have a document that gives provisions for and guidance on the critical and most relevant aspects of conducting an LCA study for buildings and building products.
The EeBGuide project’s methodological approach was to combine both the CEN TC 350 and ILCD provisions. In this context, the guidance document remains as transparent as possible by linking to original rules from these reference documents and the chosen provision and guidance. The reference documents sometimes conflict. As far as possible, provisions from CEN TC 350 were applied, but if no provisions were given there, then the ILCD Handbook provisions were also considered (e.g. for consequential modelling). In some cases, both pro-visions (from CEN and ILCD) were considered, as they provide complementary rules that fulfil different goals and scopes for product or building LCAs (e.g. for the choice of environ-mental indicators). However, more work will be needed to analyse in greater detail the impli-cations of ILCD provisions when applied to product and building LCA studies. The need for growing consistency between standards and ILCD documentation, however, was obvious throughout the project.
The EeBGuide guidance document is a new contribution to an existing set of documents providing operational guidance for building LCA studies. For example, two previous European research projects (LoRe-LCA76 and ENSLIC Building77) can be also considered relevant sources of information for the LCA practitioner. They provide complementary guidance for some of the aspects covered in the EeBGuide. As far as possible, existing guidance from these projects was reported in the EeBGuide, e.g. by referring to online documentation or deliverables.78 However, not all of the aspects addressed in the EeBGuide guidance docu-ment were covered in these two previous European projects.
76 http://www.sintef.no/Projectweb/LoRe-LCA/ 77 http://circe.cps.unizar.es/enslic/texto/proj.html 78 For product LCA, an important complementary source of information is the national EPD pro-grammes providing specific rules through PCR for building products. If the product guidance docu-
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Products Discussions and perspectives
page 254 of 297
Indeed, the main innovation of the EeBGuide guidance document, compared with these pre-vious projects, is to bring together in a structured document some of the latest findings from the LCA and construction community. More than 150 aspects have been identified to be tak-en into account for a product or a building LCA. They are structured according to the LCA framework: i.e. goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, interpreta-tion and reporting. This allows any LCA practitioner not necessarily aware of the specific wording of the CEN TC 350 standards to easily go through the document and identify the appropriate rules to follow. At the same time, the aspects are classified according to the life cycle stages of the EN 15804 and EN 15978 standards (Modules A, B, C and D). The provi-sions and guidance are broken down according to the study types (screening, simplified and complete LCA) so as to allow the practitioner to easily identify the main recommendations according to the stage of a project. The EeBGuide guidance document makes a distinction between stand-alone LCA and comparative assertions. This difference is very important, as comparative studies require more consistency to ensure that the results are not biased. The EeBGuide guidance document also distinguishes provisions for new buildings from those for existing buildings, as the LCA studies will not refer to the same goal and system boundaries. Reporting and review templates for case studies are also part of the guidance.
It is notable that some outcomes of the discussions of the EeBGuide project – within the consortium, with LCA experts, within the public consultation and with the review panel – proved relevant for the value of this document. Among the most important contributions to the general discussion of LCA in construction, the separation of operational guidance be-tween product LCAs and building LCAs – and at the same time the assurance of consistency of these provisions – is one of the most relevant findings. In addition, the formulation of the concept of different study types – screening LCA, simplified LCA and complete LCA – in line with rules on when to apply which study type for what purpose, and how and what to in-clude and exclude, reflects a common need of practitioners. The value of these concepts is given with the fact that the LCA community may now refer to uniform rules on how to con-duct studies of the different types.
To summarise, the EeBGuide guidance document takes into account not only the latest find-ings of recent European projects and research and development works conducted at, for example CSTB (Environment department), Fraunhofer (IBP-GaBi department), PE Interna-tional, the UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change at the University of Barcelona, and BRE Global, but also current provisions from the standards of CEN TC 350 and the ILCD Handbook. Finally, the EeBGuide guidance document is one of the first contributions at the
ment does not provide enough guidance, then the LCA practitioner is invited to look at the national PCR available (core PCR, or dedicated to a family of products, e.g. construction steel PCR). The LCA practitioner should also be aware that work is ongoing at the European level through the ECO-platform project towards harmonization of EPD.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Products Discussions and perspectives
page 255 of 297
European level towards a merging of relevant provisions from ILCD and CEN TC 350 in a consistent way. The EeBGuide partners believe that such a consistent guidance document provides a highly operational yet scientifically sound document for the building sector. The EeBGuide guidance document can now be used by the primary audience (LCA practitioners within E2B EI projects) and the secondary audience (building LCA tool developers and certifi-cation schemes).
As it is the first comprehensive contribution with the goal of merging diverging reference documents for different study types, the partners remain aware that many research topics still have to be conducted in the near future to support and more precisely specify the differ-ent definitions and guidance given as a first step in this guide.79. If there are any follow-on research projects in this direction, the results could be included in a new version of the EeBGuide. Also if there are new developments or outcomes from the standardization work or the ECO platform, these results will have to be incorporated in the guidance document as well. The EeBGuide guidance document has also identified issues that are not completely resolved when applying the CEN TC 350 standards. It may be a useful document for the standardization committee when revising the EN 15804/EN 15978 standards.
Further outcomes of more operational projects, such as the SBA Common Metrics project,80 have to be considered as very important contributions next to the EeBGuide guidance docu-ment to ensure comparability within different LCA studies. Future research projects should also focus on a common European reference building as a baseline scenario. Here, the most important parameters should be investigated (e.g. reference study periods, main EoL scenar-ios for materials, etc.) in order to define a European baseline scenario, providing average European values for its parameters, which will facilitate comparisons between research pro-jects, and support the evolution of building labelling schemes.
79 For example, the current definitions of study types are not always supported by real ‘figures’. So far, aspects can be left optional owing to lack of data or assumed minor relevance. These definitions would benefit from research studies comparing complete and simplified LCA. 80 Sustainable Building Alliance; Research Project: ‘Piloting SBA Common Metrics’; 2012
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Products Discussions and perspectives
page 262 of 297
Available labelling schemes in Europe
Name Link
BREEAM (British system for the labelling of build-ings)
http://www.breeam.org/
DGNB (German system for the labelling of buildings)
http://www.dgnb.de/dgnb-ev/de/
HQE (French system for the labelling of build-ings81)
http://assohqe.org/hqe/spip.php?rubrique45
VERDE (Spanish system for the labelling of build-ings)
http://www.gbce.es/pagina/certificacion-verde
81 The France Green Building Council (GBC) (www.francegbc.fr) is the equivalent of e.g. the DNGB in Germany. It should not be confused with HQE, which is a certification mark. Like USGBC for LEED, France GBC promotes the French HQE labelling system.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Products Discussions and perspectives
page 263 of 297
Past or ongoing European projects related to LCA and buildings
Le projet EnerBuiLCA, d’une durée de deux ans (2011–2012), rentre dans le cadre du Programme de Coopération Territoriale de la Zone Sud-Ouest Eu-ropéenne, SUDOE-Interreg IV B, cofinancé par les fonds FEDER de l’Union Européenne.
SuPerBuildings http://cic.vtt.fi/superbuildings/
Sustainability and Performance assessment and Benchmarking of Buildings: The SuPerBuilding project will develop and select sustainability indicators for buildings. The focus is on the development of data validity and reliability of the selected key indicators.
OPEN HOUSE http://www.openhouse-fp7.eu/documents/deliverables
The main objective of OPEN HOUSE is to develop and implement a common European transparent building assessment methodology, complementing the existing ones, for planning and constructing sustainable build-ings by means of an open approach and technical platform.
LoRe-LCA aims to coordinate activities regarding the application of LCA in the European construction sec-tor, focusing on comparing and improving the func-tional units used for LCA for whole buildings, improv-ing the possibilities for comparing results for different alternatives during design stage, and for comparison of results for different buildings.
The CALCAS project, involving both LCA producers and LCA users, is organized to go beyond the bound-aries of ISO-LCA, by identifying the supply and de-
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document – Products Discussions and perspectives
page 264 of 297
as&page_id=12F52D40-4B6E-48AF-AAAB-AB6922FA59CD
mand of science for addressing sustainability ques-tions.
LenSe http://www.lensebuildings.com/
LEnSE is a European research project that responds to the growing need in Europe for assessing a build-ing’s sustainability performance. The project draws on the existing knowledge available in Europe on build-ing assessment methodologies.
PRESCO http://www.etn-presco.net/
The PRESCO recommendations have been one of the main activities of the PRESCO Network. During the 4.5 years of activity, more than 200 recommendations have been developed and discussed. The result is a set of Europe-wide practical recommendations for sustainable construction.
ANNEX 31 http://www.iisbe.org/annex31/index.html
As the need to address environmental concerns such as resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions become more pressing, the concepts, tools, case studies and practical considerations in Annex 31 pre-sent an invaluable information resource.
ExternE Pro-jects
http://www.externe.info/externe_d7/
The scope of the ExternE Project series, financed by the European Union, is to value the external costs and the major impacts of economic activities, especially of electricity generation and transport
The following table describes the terms and definitions of common used LCA expressions and wording. Some of these expressions are use in this guidance document; the others are in-cluded to provide a full list of European terms and definitions.
additional technical information
Information that forms part of the EPD by providing a basis for the development of scenarios
EN 15804/ EN 15978
allocation or parti-tioning
Partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a prod-uct system between the product system under study and one or more other product systems.
ISO 14040
analysed decision Decision that is subject to an LCA study. In contrast to LCI studies and most non-comparative LCA studies, comparative LCA studies have a direct decision context. For these the LCA study analyses a decision, rather than a single process or system. This might be, for example, a decision on alternative materials that are being evaluated for use for a product, the purchase of alternative products that are being compared, a decision on a policy option that is being analysed regarding its environmental impact implications, and the like.
ILCD Handbook
ancillary material Input material or product that is used by the unit process producing the product, but which does not constitute part of the product
EN 15804/ EN 15978
assumption sce-nario
Scenario for the analysed process or system that varies data and method assumptions, with the purpose of evaluating the robustness of the study’s results and conclusions. If more than one alternative system or option are compared, each of them would have its own assumption scenarios.
ILCD Handbook
attributional mod-elling or descrip-tive, book-keeping
LCI modelling frame that inventories the inputs and output flows of all processes of a system as they occur. Modelling processes along an existing supply chain is of this type.
ILCD Handbook
average data data representative of a product, product group or construc-tion service, provided by more than one supplier
EN 15804/ EN 15978
background data The background system comprises those processes for which, owing to the averaging effect across suppliers, a ho-mogeneous market with average date (or equivalent, generic data) can be assumed to represent the respective process appropriately. Processes related to the use stage and the end-of-life stage hence belong to the background system from the perspective of the producer, insofar as the average use and end-of-life management processes are to be depict-
ed. However, the specific characteristics of the product that is used and end-of-life treated are to be considered, hence combining specific properties with average/generic processes. Moreover, where specific scenarios of use or end-of-life treatment technologies are being investigated, these become part of the foreground system of the analysis, and specific data are preferable.
best attainable consensus
Partial or full agreement of the involved parties, steered by a chair or coordinator towards the broadest possible agreement on the issue at stake. In contrast to an entirely result-open process, here a solution that fits preset requirements (e.g. ‘Define a reasonably worst-case scenario’) is to be found, i.e. the ‘zero-option’ is not an option.
ILCD Handbook
building Construction works that have the provision of shelter for its occupants or contents as one of its main purposes, and are usually enclosed and designed to stand permanently in one place.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
building fabric All building products that are fixed to the building in a per-manent manner, so that the dismantling of the product changes the performance of the building, and the dismantling or replacement of the product constitute construction opera-tions.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
building-integrated technical system
Technical equipment installed to support the operation of a building.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
building site Specified area of land where a building is located or is de-fined to be located, and where construction work of the building and associated external works are or will be under-taken.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
co-function Any of two or more functions provided by the same unit pro-cess or system.
ISO 14044
comparative asser-tion
Environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus a competing product that performs the same function.
ISO 14025
comparative life cycle assessment
Comparison of LCA results for different products, systems or services that usually perform the same or a similar function.
ILCD Handbook
component Building product manufactured as a distinct unit to serve a specific function or functions
EN 15804/ EN 15978
consequential LCI modelling principle that identifies and models all process- ILCD Handbook
modelling es in the background system of a system as a consequence of decisions made in the foreground system.
construction ele-ment
Part of a construction containing a defined combination of products
EN 15804/ EN 15978
building product Item manufactured or processed for incorporation in con-struction works.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
construction ser-vice
Activity that supports the construction process or subsequent maintenance
EN 15804/ EN 15978
construction work Activities forming a construction works. EN 15804/ EN 15978
construction works Everything that is constructed or results from construction operations.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
co-product Any of two or more marketable materials, products or fuels from the same unit process, but which is not the object of the assessment.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
declared unit Quantity of a building product for use as a reference unit in an EPD for an environmental declaration based on one or more information modules.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
design life Service life intended by the designer. EN 15804/ EN 15978
disclosed to the public
The audience is not specifically limited, and hence includes a non-technical and external audience, e.g. consumers.
ILCD Handbook
endpoint indicators Damage to human health, Damage to ecosystem, Depletion of natural resources. These relate to the three areas of pro-tection "Human health", "Natural environment", and "Natural resources", respectively.
ILCD Handbook
end-of-life product Product at the end of its useful life that will potentially un-dergo reuse, recycling, or recovery.
ILCD Handbook
environmental aspect
Aspect of construction works, parts of works, processes or services related to their life cycle that can cause change to the environment.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
environmental impact
Change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from environmental aspects.
ILCD Handbook
environmental performance
Performance related to environmental impacts and environ-mental aspects.
Service life that a building or an assembled system (part of works) would be expected to have in a set of specific in-use conditions, determined from reference service life data after taking into account any differences from the reference in-use conditions
EN 15804/ EN 15978
foreground system The foreground system is defined as those processes of the system that are specific to it. This means that data for the specific technology, supplier etc. are most appropriate. For example, in a study on a producer-specific product, these are not only the processes that are operated at the producer’s facilities, but also all those processes at suppliers and down-stream where only one or a few operators are involved, i.e. where the specific processes cannot be replaced by e.g. mar-ket average supply data. Hence these are typically the tier-one suppliers, but also suppliers further up the supply chain, if specific relations exist, e.g. by using certified green energy or certified wood sources and the like.
ILCD Handbook
functional equiva-lent
Quantified functional requirements and/or technical require-ments for a building or an assembled system (part of works) for use as a basis for comparison.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
functional flow One of the (co-)product flow(s) in the inventory of a process or system that fulfils the process’s or system’s function. See also: non-functional flow
ILCD Handbook
functional perfor-mance
Performance related to the functionality of the construction works or an assembled system (part of works) that is re-quired by the client and/or by users and/or by regulations.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
functional re-quirement
Type and level of functionality of a building or assembled system that is required by the client and/or by users and/or by regulations.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
functional unit Quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
functionality Suitability or usefulness for a specific purpose or activity. EN 15804/ EN 15978
indicator Quantifiable value related to environmental impacts or as-pects.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
information mod-ule
Compilation of data to be used as a basis for a Type III envi-ronmental declaration covering a unit process or a combina-tion of unit processes that are part of the life cycle of a prod-
life cycle Consecutive and interlinked stages in the life of the object under consideration.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
life cycle assess-ment (LCA)
Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and poten-tial environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
life cycle inventory analysis (LCI)
Phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
life cycle inventory (LCI) dataset
Dataset with the inventory of a process or system. Can be both unit process and LCI results and variants of these.
ILCD Handbook
life cycle inventory (LCI) study
Life cycle study that provides the life cycle inventory data of a process or system.
ILCD Handbook
life cycle inventory analysis results (LCI results)
Outcome of a life cycle inventory analysis that catalogues the flows crossing the system boundary, and provides the start-ing point for life cycle impact assessment.
ISO 14040
maintenance Combination of all technical and associated administrative actions during the service life to retain a building or an as-sembled system (part of works) in a state in which it can perform its required functions.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
midpoint indicators Climate change, (Stratospheric) Ozone depletion, Human toxicity, Respiratory inorganics, Ionising radiation, (Ground-level) Photochemical ozone formation, Acidification (land and water), Eutrophication (land and water), Ecotoxicity (fresh-water, marine, terrestrial), Land use, Resource depletion (of minerals, fossil and renewable energy resources, water, ...).
ILCD Handbook
monofunctional process
Process or system that performs only one function. ILCD Handbook
multifunctional process
Process or system that performs more than one function. Examples: processes with more than one product as output (e.g. NaOH, Cl2 and H2 from chloro-alkali electrolysis) or more than one waste treated jointly (e.g. mixed household waste incineration with energy recovery).
See also: allocation; system expansion
ILCD Handbook
non-functional flow Any of the inventory items that are not (co-)product flows: e.g. all emissions, waste and resources, but also input flows
Energy from sources that are not defined as renewable ener-gy sources
EN 15804/ EN 15978
non-renewable resource
Resource that exists in a finite amount, which cannot be re-plenished on a human timescale.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
operational energy use
Energy use of the building-integrated technical systems dur-ing use and operation of the building
EN 15804/ EN 15978
operational water use
Water use of the building-integrated technical systems and of the user, as needed for the technically and functionally de-fined operation of the building.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
overall environ-mental impact
Total of impacts on human health, natural environment and resource depletion for the impact categories considered. It can be calculated either as normalized and weighted overall LCIA results of the analysed process or system, or by assum-ing an even weighting across impacts, i.e. for each and any of the impact categories.
ILCD Handbook
performance Expression relating to the magnitude of a particular aspect of the object of consideration relative to specified requirements, objectives or targets
EN 15804/ EN 15978
product category Group of building products that can fulfil equivalent functions EN 15804/ EN 15978
product category rules (PCR)
Set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for develop-ing Type III environmental declarations for one or more product categories.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
product A specific, eventually manufacturer-specific or unspecific product that is used in building construction in order to stay in the building [building products regulation number 305’/2011]. This definition is enhanced by the definitions of EN 15978 Annex A ‘Building description’. There different lev-els of aggregation are mentioned (building part, element level, component level, product level). The EeBGuide uses the term ‘product’ for everything that is not a whole building (e.g. building parts, elements, components, products, ser-vices, etc.).
EeBGuide
product system Collection of unit processes with elementary and product flows, performing one or more defined functions, and which models the life cycle of a product.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
programme opera- Body or bodies that conduct a Type III environmental decla- EN 15804/
recovery Waste treatment operation that serves a purpose in replacing other resources or prepares waste for such a use.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
recycling Any recovery operation by which waste materials are repro-cessed into products, materials or substances, either for the original purpose or other purposes.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
reference service life (RSL)
Service life of a building product that is known to be ex-pected under a particular set (i.e. a reference set) of in-use conditions, and which may form the basis for estimating the service life under other in-use conditions.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
reference service life data (RSL da-ta)
Information that includes the reference service life and any qualitative or quantitative data describing the validity of the reference service life.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
reference study period
Period over which the time-dependent characteristics of the object of assessment are analysed.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
refurbishment Modification and improvements to an existing building in order to bring it up to an acceptable condition.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
relevant For LCI datasets: having a significant influence on or contri-bution to the overall environmental impact of the analysed process or system, resulting in a different quality level.
For LCA studies: having a significant influence on or contribu-tion to the overall environmental impact of the analysed pro-cess or system, resulting in different conclusions or recom-mendations.
ILCD Handbook
renewable energy Energy from renewable non-fossil sources EN 15804/ EN 15978
renewable re-source
Resource that is grown, naturally replenished or naturally cleansed, on a human timescale.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
repair Returning an item to an acceptable condition through the renewal, replacement or mending of worn, damaged or de-graded parts.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
required service life
Service life required by the client or through regulations. EN 15804/ EN 15978
reuse Any operation through which products or components that are not waste are used again for the same purpose for which they were conceived, or are used for other purposes without
scenario Collection of assumptions and information concerning an expected sequence of possible future events.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
secondary fuel Fuel recovered from previous use, or from waste, that substi-tutes for primary fuels.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
secondary good Secondary material, recovered energy, reused part or similar as the product of a reuse, recycling, recovery, refurbishing or similar process.
ILCD Handbook
secondary material Any material recovered from a previous use, or from waste, that substitutes for primary materials.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
service life (work-ing life)
Period of time after installation during which a building or an assembled system (part of works) meets or exceeds the technical requirements and functional requirements.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
specific data Data representative of a product, product group or construc-tion service, provided by one supplier.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
substitution Solving multifunctionality of processes and products by ex-panding the system boundaries and substituting the not-required function with an alternative way of providing it, i.e. the process(es) or product(s) that the not-required function supersedes. Effectively, the life cycle inventory of the super-seded process(es) or product(s) is subtracted from that of the analysed system: i.e. it is ‘credited’. Substitution is a spe-cial (subtractive) case of applying the system expansion prin-ciple.
ILCD Handbook
system Any good, service, event, basket of products, average con-sumption of a citizen, or similar object that is analysed in the context of the LCA study.
Note that ISO 14044:2006 generally refers to ‘product sys-tem’, whereas broader systems than single products can be analysed in an LCA study: hence here the term ‘system’ is used. In many but not all cases the term will hence refer to products, depending on the specific study object.
Moreover, as LCI studies can be restricted to a single unit process as part of a system, in this document the study ob-ject is also identified in a general way as ‘process/system’
ILCD Handbook
system boundary Interface in the assessment between a building and its sur-roundings or other product systems.
system expansion Adding specific processes or products and the related life cycle inventories to the analysed system. Used to make sev-eral multifunctional systems with an only partly equivalent set of functions comparable within LCA.
ILCD Handbook
system perspective In contrast to a unit process or a part of a life cycle, the sys-tem perspective relates to the entire life cycle of an analysed system or process. For processes, this implies that the life cycle is completed. This term is used mainly in the context of identifying significant issues and quantifying inventory com-pleteness or cut-off.
ILCD Handbook
third party Person or body that is recognized as being independent of the parties involved, as concerns the issues in question
EN 15804/ EN 15978
technical building system
technical equipment for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water, lighting, or for a combination thereof.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
technical perfor-mance
performance related to the capability of a construction works or an assembled system (part of works) to fulfil its required functions under the intended use conditions.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
technical require-ment
Type and level of technical characteristics of a construction works or an assembled system (part of works) that are re-quired or are a consequence of the requirements made by the client and/or by the users and/or by regulations.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
transparency Open, comprehensive and understandable presentation of information.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
Type III environ-mental declaration
Environmental declaration providing quantified environmental data using predetermined parameters and, where relevant, additional environmental information.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
unit process Smallest element considered in the life cycle inventory analy-sis for which input and output data are quantified. (Source: ISO 14040.) In the practice of LCA, both processes that are physically not further separable (such as unit operations in production plants) and also whole production sites are cov-ered under ‘unit process’.
See also: unit process, black box; unit process, single opera-tion; system.
ILCD Handbook
unit process, black box
A unit process that includes more than one single-operation unit process.
ILCD Handbook
unit process, single A unit process that cannot be further subdivided into included ILCD Handbook
user Person or organization for whom a building is designed (in-cluding building owner, manager and occupants).
EN 15804/ EN 15978
upstream, down-stream process
Process that either precedes (upstream) or follows (down-stream) a given life cycle stage.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
waste Substance or object that the holder discards or intends to discard, or is required to discard.
EN 15804/ EN 15978
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Literature
page 275 of 297
Literature
[ADEME 2003] Déconstruire les bâtiments (in French), Collection: Connaître pour Agir: Guides et cahiers techniques, ADEME, 160p, 2003.
[AgBB 2010] AgBB. Vorgehensweise bei der gesundheitlichen Bewertung der Emissionen von flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VOC und SVOC) aus Bauprodukten, 2010. Available on http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/produkte/bauprodukte/dokumente/AgBB-Bewertungsschema_2010.pdf
[Baitz 2002] Baitz, M. ‘Die Bedeutung der funktionsbasierten Charakterisierung von Flächen-Inanspruchnahmen in industriellen Prozesskettenanaly-sen’. PhD Thesis (in German), University of Stuttgart, 2002.
[Bare 2003] Bare, J.C., Norris, G.A., Pennington, D.W., McKone, T.E. ‘TRACI, The Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Envi-ronmental Impacts’, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Volume 6, 2003.
[Bath 2011] Embodied Carbon: The Inventory of Carbon and Energy, University of Bath. Printed version (as of January 2011) from BSRIA BG10/2011 ISBN 978 0 86022 703 8 BS,
[Beck 2010] Beck, T. et al (2010): LANCA. Land use indicator value calculation in life cycle assessment. Stuttgart: Fraunhofer-Verl. ISBN: 978-3-8396-0170-9;
[Berger 2010] Berger, M.; Finkbeiner, M.:Water Footprinting: How to Address Wa-ter Use in Life Cycle Assessment?; Sustainability 2010 2(4); ISSN 2071-1050
[Borg 2001] Borg, M., Paulsen, J., Trinius, W.: Proposal of a method for alloca-tion in building-related environmental LCA based on economic pa-rameters. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 6 (2001) 4, pp. 219–230. Online: doi: 10.1007/BF02979378.
[Bos 2008] Bos, U., and Wittstock, B. ‘Land use methodology. Report to summa-rize the current situation of the methodology to quantify the envi-ronmental effects of Land Use’, Report, Lehrstuhl für Bauphysics, University of Stuttgart, 2007.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Literature
page 276 of 297
http://www.breeam.org/page.jsp?id=176, last checked: 7.3.2011.
[CALCAS 2009] CALCAS Project, 2009, Deliverable D17: Final Report: options for deepening and broadening LCA. Available online: http://www.estis.net/builder/includes/page.asp?site=calcas&page_id=8215FF89-5114-4748-BE6C-1F0F1E69DAF5
[CEC 1988] Council of the European Communities 1988, “Council directive of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of laws, regulations and ad-ministrative provisions of the Member States relating to building products, 89/106/EEC
[CEN 2005] CEN: CEN/TC 350 Sustainability of construction work – Executive Summary. Brussels: CEN – European Committee for Standardization 2005. Online: http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/TechnicalCommitteesWorkshops/CENTechnicalCommittees/Pages/PdfDisplay.aspx, last checked: 06.11.2011.
[CEN 2010a] CEN – Comité Européen de Normalisation. TR 15941. Sustainability of construction works. Environmental product declarations. Method-ology for selection and use of generic data, 2010, 20p.CEN – Comité Européen de Normalisation. CEN/TC 351/WG 1/TS-2. Generic hori-zontal dynamic surface leaching test (DSLT) for determination of surface dependent release of substances from monolithic or plate-like or sheet-like building products, 2010a, 31p.
[CEN 2010b] CEN – Comité Européen de Normalisation. CEN/TC 351/WG 1/TS-3. Generic horizontal up-flow percolation test for determination of the release of substances from granular building products, 2010b, 37p.
[CEN 2010c] CEN – Comité Européen de Normalisation. CEN/TC 351/WG2. De-termination of emission of dangerous substances from building products into indoor air, 2010c.
[Chen 2010] Chen, C., Habert, G., Bouzidi, Y., Jullien, A., Ventura, A: ‘LCA alloca-tion procedure used as an incitative method for waste recycling: An application to mineral additions in concrete’, Resources, Conserva-tion and Recycling, Volume 54, Issue 12, October 2010, Pages 1231–1240
[Cole 1996] R J Cole and P C Kernon, Life Cycle Energy use in Office Buildings, Building and Environment 31 (4) 1996
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Literature
page 277 of 297
[CPR 2011] European Union: Regulation (EU) No 305/2011 of the European Par-liament and the Council of 9 March 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of building products and repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC. (CPR) (Official Journal of the Europe-an Union) Brussels: 2011.
[De Schryver 2009] De Schryver and Goedkoop. Land Use. Chapter 10 in: Goedkoop, M., Heijungs, R., Huijbregts, M.A.J., De Schryver, A., Struijs, J., Van Zelm, R. ‘ReCiPe 2008 A life cycle impact assessment method which comprises harmonised category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level. Report I: Characterisation’, first edition, 2009, availa-ble online: http://www.lcia-recipe.net/
[Derwent 1998] Derwent, R.G., Jenkin, M.E., Saunders, S.M., Pilling, M.J: ‘Photo-chemical ozone creation potentials for organic compounds in North-west Europe calculated with a master chemical mechanism’, Atmos-pheric Environment, Volume 32, 1998.
[DIBt 2009] DIBt. Grundsätze zur Bewertung der Auswirkungen von Bauproduk-ten auf Boden und Grundwasser – Teil 1, Mai 2009. DIBt Mitteilun-gen 40 (2009) 4, S. 116-134. and Teil II – Juli 2009, Teil III – Mai 2009. DIBt Mitteilungen 40 (2009) 5, S. 169–179
[DIN V 18599], DIN V 18599, Energetische Bewertung von Gebäuden – Berechnung des Nutz-, End- und Primärenergiebedarfs für Heizung, Kühlung, Lüftung, Trinkwarmwasser und Beleuchtung, 2009
[Earles 2011] Earles, J-M., Halog, A ‘Consequential life cycle assessment: a re-view’. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 16, 2011.
[EC 2005a] European Commission. Harmonization of indoor material emissions labelling systems in the EU, 2005. Available on: http://www.inive.org/medias/ECA/ECA_Report24.pdf
[EC 2005b] European Commission. Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General. Chemicals and Construction. M /366 EN – Horizontal Complement to the Mandates to CEN/CENELEC concerning the execution of stand-ardization work for the development of horizontal standardised as-sessment methods for harmonised approaches relating to dangerous substances under the Construction Products Directive (CPD). Emis-sion to indoor air, soil, surface water and ground water, Brussel, 24p, 2005.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Literature
page 278 of 297
[EC 2011] European Commission. Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General. Chemicals and Construction. Construction. DS 041/051 rev.10. Indic-ative list of regulated dangerous substances possibly associated with construction products under the CPD, 2011, 29p
[Elliot 2008] Elliot, L., Breslau, B., Wolody, D. Jones Lang LaSalle & CoreNet Global (Ed.): Global Trends in Sustainable Real Estate: An Occupier’s Perspective. London, Boston, Sydney 2008.
[EN 15643-1] EN 15643-1: Sustainability of construction works – Assessment of buildings – Part 1: General framework. CEN – European Committee for Standardization. Brussels: CEN-CENELEC 2011.
[EN 15643-2] EN 15643-2: Sustainability of construction works – Assessment of buildings – Part 2: Framework for the assessment of environmental performance. CEN – European Committee for Standardization. Brus-sels: CEN-CENELEC 2011.
[EN 15804] EN 15804: Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Core rules for the product category of build-ing products. CEN – European Committee for Standardization. Brus-sels: CEN – CENELEC 2011.
[EN 15978] EN 15978: Sustainability of construction works – Sustainability as-sessment of buildings – calculation method. CEN – European Com-mittee for Standardization. Brussels: CEN – CENELEC 2010.
[ENSLIC 2011] ENSLIC-Building: Energy Saving through Promotion of Life Cycle Assessment in Buildings, European project (FP7), 2011, deliverables available online: http://circe.cps.unizar.es/enslic/texto/wor.htm
[Foster 2007] Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V.: Chapter 2. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In: Solomon, S., Quin, D., Manning, M., et al. (Ed.): Climate change 2007. The physical science basis ; contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York: UNEP 2007, pp. 129–234.
[Franklin 2011] Economic Bulletin, Franklin and Andrews March 2010;
Embodied Carbon in Construction: What we know about Building Services, John Connaughton (Davis Langdon). CIBSE Technical Sym-posium, Leicester September 2011;
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Literature
page 279 of 297
[Frischknecht 2000] Frischknecht, R., Braunschweig, A., Hofstetter, P., Suter, P. Human health damages due to ionizing radiation in life cycle impact assess-ment. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. (2000) 20: 159–189.
[Frischknecht 2007] Frischknecht, R., Althaus, H-J., Bauer, C., Doka, G., Heck, T., Jungbluth, N., Kellenberger, D., et Nemecek, T: ‘The Environmental Relevance of Capital goods in Life Cycle Assessments of Products and Services’. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 11, 2007.
[Frischknecht 2008] Frischknecht et al., Swiss Ecoscarcity, 2008
[Frischknecht 2010] Frischknecht, R., Stucki, M ‘Scope-dependent modelling of electricity supply in life cycle assessments’. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 15, 2010.
[Gomès 2012] Gomès, F., Brière, R., Habert, G., Feraille, A., Lasvaux, S., Tessier, C: ‘Environemntal evaluation of reinforced steel sold on the French market’, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction – Civil Engineering and Buildings, 10–12 July 2012, Nantes, France, 8p.
[Guidance Paper F 2004]
European Union: Legislation, ‘Guidance Paper F – Durability and the Building products Directive’, Revision December 2004
[Guinée 2002] Guinée, J. B., Gorrée, M., Heijungs, R. et al: Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment Operational Guide to the ISO Standards. Dordrecht u.a. Kluwer Academic Publishers; Kluwer Acad. Publ. (Series Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science, Volume 7, 2002. ISBN: 1-4020-0557-1.
[Habert 2009] Habert, G., Bouzidi, Y., Chen, C., Jullien, A. ‘Development of a deple-tion indicator for natural resources used in concrete’, Resources, Conservation and recycling, Volume 54, 2009.
[Habert 2012] Habert, G., Roussel, N. ‘An allocation method based on relative profit between industrial sectors’, Proceedings of the International Sympo-sium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction – Civil Engineering and Buildings, 10–12 July 2012, Nantes, France, 8p.
[Herfray 2011] Herfray, G. ‘Contribution to the evaluation of environmental impacts of urban settlements’, PhD Thesis (in French), MINES ParisTech, available online: http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/65/82/
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Literature
page 280 of 297
20/PDF/Herfray.pdf)
[Herfray 2012] Herfray, G., Peuportier, B: ‘Evaluation of electricity related impacts using a dynamic LCA model’, Proceedings of the International Sym-posium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction – Civil Engineer-ing and Buildings, 10–12 July 2012, Nantes, France, 9p.
[Hodkova 2012] Hodkova, J., Lasvaux, S: ‘Guidelines for the use of existing Life Cycle Assessment data of building materials as generic data for a national context’, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction – Civil Engineering and Buildings, 10–12 July 2012, Nantes, France, 9p.
[Hodo 2010] Hondo, H. (Ed.): EcoBalance 2010. The 9th International Conference on EcoBalance. Towards & Beyond 2020. Manuscripts. November 9–12, 2010. Tokio: ILCAJ 2010.
[Hofstetter 1998] Hofstetter, P. ‘Perspectives in Life Cycle Impact Assessment. A Struc-ture Approach to Combine Models of the Technosphere, Ecosphere and Valuesphere’. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 484 pp, 1998.
[Huijbregts 2000] Huijbregts, M.A.J., Thissen, U., Guinée, J.B., Jager, T., Van de Meent, D., Ragas, A.M.J., Wegener Sleeswijk, A., Reijnders, L. ‘Prior-ity assessment of toxic substances in life cycle assessment, I: Calcu-lation of toxicity potentials for 181 substances with the nested multi-media fate, exposure and effects model USES-LCA’, Chemosphere, Volume 41, 2000.
[Huijbregts 2001] Huijbregts, M., Norris, G., Bretz, R., Ciroth, A., Maurice, B., von Bahr, B., Weidema, B., et de Beaufort, A. ‘Framework for modelling data uncertainty in life cycle inventories’, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 6, 2001.
[Huijbregts 2005] Huijbregts, M.A.J., Rombouts, L.J.A., Ragas A.M.J., Van de Meent, D. (2005). Human-toxicological effect and damage factors of carcino-genic and noncarcinogenic chemicals for life cycle impact assess-ment. Integrated Environ. Assess. Manag. 1: 181-244.
[Huijbregts 2009] Huijbregts, M.A.J., Van Zelm, R. ‘Ecotoxicity and human toxicity’. Chapter 7 in: Goedkoop, M., Heijungs, R., Huijbregts, M.A.J., Struijs, J., De Schryver, A., Van Zelm, R. ‘ReCiPe 2008 A life cycle impact assessment method which comprises harmonised category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level. Report I: Characterization
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Literature
page 281 of 297
factors’, first edition, 2009.
[ILCD 2010a] European Commission – Joint Research Centre – Institute for Envi-ronment and Sustainability (Ed.): ILCD Handbook. General guide for life cycle assessment: detailed guidance. First edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union 2010. ISBN: 978-92-79-19092-6.
[ILCD 2010b] European Commission – Joint Research Centre – Institute for Envi-ronment and Sustainability (Ed.): ILCD Handbook. Analysis of exist-ing Environmental Impact Assessment methodologies for use in Life Cycle Assessment. First edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union 2010.
[ILCD 2010c] European Commission – Joint Research Centre – Institute for Envi-ronment and Sustainability (Ed.): ILCD Handbook. Framework and requirements for Life Cycle Impact Assessment models and indica-tors. First edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union 2010.
[ILCD 2011a] European Commission – Joint Research Centre – Institute for Envi-ronment and Sustainability (Ed.): ILCD Handbook. Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context – based on existing environmental impact assessment models and factors. First edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union 2011. ISBN: 978-92-79-17451-3.
[ILCD 2011b] European Commission – Joint Research Centre – Institute for Envi-ronment and Sustainability (Ed.): ILCD Handbook. Characterization Factors of the ILCD, Recommended Life Cycle Impact Assessment methods, database and supporting information. First edition. Luxem-bourg: Publications Office of the European Union 2012. ISBN: 978-92-79-22727-1.
[INSEE, 2006] Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE) (2006). Les logements en 2006. Available on: http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1202
[ISO 14025] ISO 14025: Environmental labels and declarations – Type III envi-ronmental declarations – Principles and procedures. ISO – Interna-tional Organization for Standardization. Geneva: ISO 2006.
[ISO 14040] ISO 14040 Environmental management – Life cycle assessment –
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Literature
page 282 of 297
Principles and framework;.
[ISO 14044] ISO 14044 Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines
[ISO 15686] ISO 15686 series: Buildings and construction assets – Service life planning Part 1 to 10. ISO – International Organization for Standard-ization. Geneva: ISO 2011.
[ISO 16000-11] ISO 16000-11, Indoor air – Part 11: Determination of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing – Sampling, stor-age of samples and preparation of test specimens;
[ISO 16000-3] ISO 16000-3, Indoor air – Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds – Active sampling method
[ISO 16000-6] ISO 16000-6, Indoor air – Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test chamber air by active sampling on Tenax TA sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography us-ing MS or MS/FID
[ISO 16000-9] ISO 16000-9, Indoor air – Part 9: Determination of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing – Emission test chamber method
[ISO 16017-1] EN ISO 16017-1: Indoor, ambient and workplace air – Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds by sorbent tube/thermal de-sorption/capillary gas chromatography – Part 1: Pumped sampling;
[Jolliet 2003] Jolliet, O., Margni, M., Charles, R., Humbert, S., Payet, J., Rebitzer, G., Rosenbaum, R. ‘IMPACT 2002+: A New Life Cycle Impact As-sessment Methodology’, International Journal of Life Cycle Assess-ment, Volume 8, 2003.
[JORF 2011] JORF. Décret n° 2011-321 du 23 mars 2011 relatif à l’étiquetage des produits de construction ou de revêtement de mur ou de sol et des peintures et vernis sur leurs émissions de polluants volatils, 2011, 3p.
[Kellenberger 2009] Kellenberger, D. & Althaus, H.-J. 2009. Relevance of simplifications in LCA of building components. Building and Environment, 44, 818–825
[Kemna 2005] Kemna, R., Van Elburg, M., Li W., Van Holsteijn, R. ‘MEEUP – Meth-
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Literature
page 283 of 297
odology Report’, European Commission, Brussels, 2005.
[Koellner 2012] Koellner et al, Principles of inventory of land use on a global scale, 2012, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (21 March 2012), pp. 1–13, doi:10.1007/s11367-012-0392-0
[Lasvaux 2010] Lasvaux, S. ‘Study of a simplified model for the Life Cycle Assess-ment of buildings’, PhD thesis (in French), MINES ParisTech, availa-ble online: http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/71/20/43/PDF /19919_LASVAUX_2010.pdf)
[Lasvaux 2011] Lasvaux, S., Chevalier, J., Peuportier, B. ‘A data analysis tool to compare two LCA databases of construction materials used in build-ing LCA applications for the French context’, Proceedings of the Life Cycle Assessment XI Conference, 4–6 October 2011, Chicago, USA, 11p.
[Lasvaux 2012] Lasvaux, S., Schiopu, N., Peuportier, B., Chevalier, J., ‘Relevance of a French simplified Life Cycle Inventory database using building products industry data’, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction – Civil Engineering and Buildings, 10–12 July 2012, Nantes, France, 9p.
[Lebert 2012] Lebert, A., Lasvaux, S., Chevalier, J., Hans, J., ‘Environmental Per-formances of Buildings: identification of reference values through a statistical analysis’, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction – Civil Engineering and Buildings, 10–12 July 2012, Nantes, France, 9p.
[Leroy 2012] Leroy, C., Thomas, J-S., Avery, N., Bollen, J., Tikana, L. ‘Tackling recycling aspects in EN 15804’, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction – Civil Engi-neering and Buildings, 10–12 July 2012, Nantes, France, 8p.
[LoRe-LCA 2011] LoRe-LCA: Low Resource consumption buildings and constructions by use of LCA in design and decision-making, European project (FP7), 2011, deliverables available online: http://www.sintef.no/ Projectweb/LoRe-LCA/Training/
[Lupsea 2012] Lupsea, M., Schiopu, N., Tiruta-Barna, L. Leaching of building prod-
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Literature
page 284 of 297
ucts during their use stage: proposal for a reliable Life Cycle Inven-tory (LCI) of the released substances in water and soil. Proceeding of the international symposium on Life Cycle Assessment and Con-struction – Civil Engineering and Buildings, 10–12 July 2012, Nantes, France, 10p.
[Milà i Canals 2007] Milà i Canals, L., Bauer, C., Depestele, J., Dubreuil, A., Freiermuth Knuchel, R., Gaillard, G., Michelsen, O., Müller-Wenk, R., Rydgren B. ‘Key elements in a framework for land use impact assessment within LCA’, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, volume 12, 2007.
[Nemry 2008] Nemry, F., Uihlein, A., Makishi Colodel, C., et al.: Environmental Im-provement Potentials of Residential Buildings. (IMPRO-Building). (JRC Scientific and Technical Reports). Luxembourg: Office for Offi-cial Publications of the European Communities 2008. ISBN: 978-92-79-09767-6.
[Oers 2002] Oers, L. van, A. de Koning, J.B. Guinée & G. Huppes, ‘Abiotic re-source depletion in LCA – Improving characterisation factors for abi-otic resource depletion as recommended in the new Dutch LCA Handbook’, DWW report, Delft; available on: http://www.cml.leiden.edu/research/industrialecology/researchprojects/finished/abiotic-depletion-lcia.html
[Paulsen 2003] Paulsen, J. H., Borg, M.: A building sector related procedure to as-sess the relevance of the usage phase. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 8 (2003) 3, pp. 142–150. Online: doi: 10.1007/BF02978459.
[Peuportier 2008] Peuportier, B. ‘Eco-conception des bâtiments et des quartiers’. Pres-se de l’Ecole des Mines de Paris, 2008. ISBN: 978-2-35671-001-7
[Pfister 2009] Pfister, S.; Koehler, A.M; Hellweg, Assessing the Environmental Im-pacts of Freshwater Consumption in LCA; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 4098–41042008
[Potting 2005] Potting, J. and Hauschild, M. ‘Background for spatial differentiation in life cycle impact assessment – the EDIP2003 methodology’, Envi-ronmental project no. 996, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen, 2005.
[Rosenbaum 2008] Rosenbaum, R.K., Bachmann, T.M., Gold, L.S., Huijbregts, M.A.J., Jolliet, O., Juraske, R., Köhler, A., Larsen, H.F., MacLeod, M.,
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Literature
page 285 of 297
Margni, M., McKone, T.E., Payet, J., Schuhmacher, M., van de Meent, D., Hauschild, M.Z. ‘USEtox – The UNEP-SETAC toxicity mod-el: recommended characterisation factors for human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity in Life Cycle Impact Assessment’ International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 13, 2008.
[Solomon 2007] Solomon, S., Quin, D., Manning, M., et al. (Ed.): Climate change 2007. The physical science basis ; contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York: UNEP 2007. ISBN: 978 0 521 88009 1.
[Van Caneghem 2010]
Van Caneghem, J., Block, C., et Vandecasteele, C. ‘Assessment of the impact on human health of industrial emissions to air: Does the result depend on the applied method?’, Journal of Hazardous Materi-als, Volume 184, 2010.
[Van Zelm 2008] Van Zelm, R., Huijbregts, M.A.J., Den Hollander, H.A., Van Jaarsveld, H.A., Sauter, F.J., Struijs, J., Van Wijnen, H.J., Van de Meent, D. (2008). European characterization factors for human health damage of PM10 and ozone in life cycle impact assessment. Atmospheric Environment 42, 441–453.
[VROM 2007] VROM – Dutch Ministry of Spatial Planning Housing and the Envi-ronment. Soil Quality Decree (Netherlands), Decree of 22 November 2007 containing rules with respect to the quality of soil (Soil Quality Decree). Bulletin of Acts, Orders and Decrees of the State of the Netherlands, 34p, 2007.
[Waste directive 2008]
European Union. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European parliament and of the council on waste and repealing certain directives. Off J Eur Union 2008;L312:3–30.
[WCED 1987] World Commission on Environment and Development: Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1987. ISBN: 019282080X.
[Weidema 1996] Weidema, B., et Wesnes, M. ‘Data quality management for life cycle inventories – an example of using data quality indicators’. Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 4, 1996.
[Wittstock 2010] Wittstock, B., Fischer, M., Kreißig, J., et al.: The Role of LCA in the German Sustainable Building labelling. In: Hondo, H. (Ed.): EcoBal-ance 2010. The 9th International Conference on EcoBalance. To-wards & Beyond 2020. Manuscripts. November 9–12, 2010. Tokio:
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Literature
page 286 of 297
ILCAJ 2010, pp. 81–82.
[Wittstock 2011] Wittstock, B., Braune, A., Fischer, M., et al.: LCA in Building label-ling: Experiences from Germany. In: Finnish Association of Civil En-gineers RIL, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (Ed.): SB 11 Helsinki. World Sustainable Building Conference. Oct. 18–21, 2011. Proceedings, vol. 1. Helsinki 2011, pp. 134–135.
[Zamagni 2012] Zamagni, A., Guinée, J., Heijungs, R., Masoni, P., Raggi, A ‘Light and shadows in consequential LCA’. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 17, 2012.
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Annex C: List of available references for Life Cycle Impact Assessment indicators chosen in EN 15804/EN 15978
page 287 of 297
Note: Annex A and Annex B are specific to building LCA studies. For consistency in denomi-nation, the annex of the Products guidance document starts with Annex C
Annex C: List of available references for Life Cycle Impact As-sessment indicators chosen in EN 15804/EN 15978
This Annex provides the practitioner with the sources of recommended LCIA methods (when they are in agreement with the EN 15804/EN 15978 standards). It also highlights the current inconsistencies between the units of the ILCD-recommended LCIA methods and the units of the EN 15804/EN 15978 standards.
The practitioner should notice that while different impact assessment methods are recom-mended by the ILCD Handbook or given in the EN standards, one cannot be sure that LCA data (both generic LCA background databases and EPDs) do support the application of an LCIA method. The practitioner has rather to evaluate data availability (among other decision criteria) before deciding on which impact methods to use.
Background information in EN 15804/EN 15978
The EN 15804 standard states that
“The impact assessment should be carried out for the following impact categories:
– global warming – ozone depletion – acidification of land and water – eutrophication – photochemical ozone creation – depletion of abiotic resources (elements) – depletion of abiotic resources (fossil)
The characterization factors applied in the European Reference Life Cycle Database (ELCD) provided by the European Commission (DG Joint Research Centre – Institute for Environ-ment and Sustainability) should be used and shall follow the respective updates of the ELCD [EN 15804]. In addition, the characterization factor for ADP (elements and fossil) shall be taken from CML (Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Leiden, The Netherlands). The characterization factors for ADP-fossil fuels are the net calorific values at the point of extraction of the fossil fuels.”
References that can be considered for the impact category given in EN 15804/EN 15978
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Annex C: List of available references for Life Cycle Impact Assessment indicators chosen in EN 15804/EN 15978
page 288 of 297
There is a need to specify the reference (scientific articles, scientific reports etc.) for each impact category, as the LCA practitioner can find several methods and characterization fac-tors within one impact category (e.g. photochemical ozone formation). At the same time, the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) has recently provided recommended methods for each impact category. It is proposed here to identify, for the EN 15804 impact categories, the available references and characterization factors that can be applied when using the EeBGuide.
Three reports were used to derive the references for LCIA indicators given in the EN 15804/EN 15978 standards.
– Analysis of existing Environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies for use in Life Cycle Assessment (First edition);
– Framework and requirements for Life Cycle Impact Assessment models and indica-tors (First edition);
– Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context (First edition, December 2010).
References of ILCD-recommended LCIA methods that may be used when apply-ing the EeBGuide in the framework of EN 15804/EN 15978 impact categories
The first table presents the references of the ILCD recommended LCIA methods that could be used when applying the EeBGuide. A comment below the unit of the LCIA indicators indi-cates whether it is consistent with the unit given in EN 15804 and EN 15978.
Impact cate-gory in EN 15804
Parameter in EN 15804
Unit of LCIA indica-tor referring to method given in next column
Sources of recommended LCIA method based on ILCD Hand-book
Global Warming Global warming potential, GWP;
kg CO2 equiv
(compliance with the unit given in EN 15804/EN 15978)
ILCD-recommended LCIA method: Climate change; midpoint; GWP100; Source: Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D.W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D.C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M. and Van Dorland, R., (2007). Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Annex C: List of available references for Life Cycle Impact Assessment indicators chosen in EN 15804/EN 15978
page 289 of 297
Impact cate-gory in EN 15804
Parameter in EN 15804
Unit of LCIA indica-tor referring to method given in next column
Sources of recommended LCIA method based on ILCD Hand-book
Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis IPCC 2007. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth As-sessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Ozone depletion Depletion poten-tial of the strato-spheric ozone layer, ODP
kg CFC 11 equiv
(compliance with the unit given in EN 15804/EN 15978)
ILCD-recommended LCIA method: Ozone depletion; midpoint; ODP; Source: World Meteorological Organ-ization, 1999: Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1998. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project – Report no. 44. Geneva.)
Acidification for soil and water
Acidification po-tential of soil and water, AP;
moles H+ equiv
(no compliance with the unit given in EN 15804/EN 15978)
ILCD-recommended LCIA method: Acidification terrestrial and freshwa-ter; midpoint; Accumulated Exceed-ance Source: Seppälä, J., Posch, M., Jo-hansson, M., Hettelingh, J.P. (2006). Country-dependent Characterisation Factors for Acidification and Terres-trial Eutrophication Based on Accu-mulated Exceedance as an Impact Category Indicator. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 11(6): 403-416. With updated characterization fac-tors available in: Posch, M., Seppälä, J., Hettelingh, J.P., Johansson, M., Margni M., Jol-liet, O. (2008). The role of atmos-pheric dispersion models and ecosys-tem sensitivity in the determination of characterisation factors for acidi-fying and eutrophying emissions in LCIA. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (13) pp.477–486
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Annex C: List of available references for Life Cycle Impact Assessment indicators chosen in EN 15804/EN 15978
page 290 of 297
Impact cate-gory in EN 15804
Parameter in EN 15804
Unit of LCIA indica-tor referring to method given in next column
Sources of recommended LCIA method based on ILCD Hand-book
15804/EN 15978) Source: Seppälä, J., Posch, M., Jo-hansson, M., Hettelingh, J.P. (2006). Country-dependent Characterisation Factors for Acidification and Terres-trial Eutrophication Based on Accu-mulated Exceedance as an Impact Category Indicator. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 11(6): 403-416. With updated characterization fac-tors available in: Posch, M., Seppälä, J., Hettelingh, J.P., Johansson, M., Margni M., Jol-liet, O. (2008). The role of atmos-pheric dispersion models and ecosys-tem sensitivity in the determination of characterisation factors for acidi-fying and eutrophying emissions in LCIA. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (13) pp.477–486 Other source: [Guinée 2001]
Photochemical ozone creation
Formation poten-tial of tropospher-ic ozone, POCP;
kg Ethene equiv
(compliance with the unit given in EN 15804/EN 15978)
ILCD-recommended LCIA method: Photochemical ozone formation; midpoint – human health; POCP; Source: Van Zelm, R., Huijbregts, M.A.J., Den Hollander, H.A., Van Jaarsveld, H.A., Sauter, F.J., Struijs, J., Van Wijnen, H.J., Van de Meent, D. (2008). European characterization factors for human health damage of PM10 and ozone in life cycle impact assessment. Atmospheric Environ-ment 42, 441–453.
Depletion of abiotic re-sources: ele-ments
Abiotic depletion potential (ADP-elements) for non-fossil re-sources
kg Sb equiv
(compliance with the unit given in EN 15804/EN 15978)
ILCD-recommended LCIA method: Resource depletion- mineral, fossils and renewables; midpoint; abiotic resource depletion; The ILCD Hand-book recommends using the reserve base Source: ADP-elements based on an update of
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Annex C: List of available references for Life Cycle Impact Assessment indicators chosen in EN 15804/EN 15978
page 291 of 297
Impact cate-gory in EN 15804
Parameter in EN 15804
Unit of LCIA indica-tor referring to method given in next column
Sources of recommended LCIA method based on ILCD Hand-book
characterization factors for elements and additional characterization fac-tors have been listed on the basis of USGS economic reserve and reserve base figures in addition to the ulti-mate reserve by: Oers, L. van, A. de Koning, J.B. Guinée & G. Huppes, 2002. Abiotic resource depletion in LCA – Improv-ing characterization factors for abiot-ic resource depletion as recom-mended in the new Dutch LCA Handbook. DWW report, Delft; see http://www.cml.leiden.edu/research/industrialecology/researchprojects/finished/abiotic-depletion-lcia.html
Depletion of abiotic re-sources: fossil fuels
Abiotic depletion potential (ADP-fossil fuels) for fossil resources
MJ, net calorific value
(compliance with the unit given in EN 15804/EN 15978)
ILCD-recommended LCIA method: Resource depletion- mineral, fossils and renewables; midpoint; abiotic resource depletion; Source: ADP-fossil fuels based on low heat-ing values (LHV) of the fossil fuels. The fossil fuels are considered to be fully substitutable. Factors provided by: Oers, L. van, A. de Koning, J.B. Guinée & G. Huppes, 2002. Abiotic resource depletion in LCA – Improv-ing characterization factors for abiot-ic resource depletion as recom-mended in the new Dutch LCA Handbook. DWW report, Delft; see http://www.cml.leiden.edu/research/industrialecology/researchprojects/finished/abiotic-depletion-lcia.html
* CF are provided by [Oers 2002]
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Annex C: List of available references for Life Cycle Impact Assessment indicators chosen in EN 15804/EN 15978
page 292 of 297
Link to online characterization factors of the ILCD-recommended LCIA methods that may be used when applying the EeBGuide in the framework of EN 15804/EN 15978 impact categories
MS Excel CF: http://lct.jrc.ec.europa.eu/assessment/resolveuid/cdfa2451af584ec3b3056a17060e4b6f (RAR-File)
References of other LCIA methods that may be used when applying the EeBGuide in the framework of EN 15804/EN 15978 impact categories
As for some ILCD-recommended LCIA methods, there is not a consensus with the standards (e.g. a different unit is proposed in the ILCD-recommended method). The practitioner can have a look at the online ILCD report for more information on the other LCIA methods:
The CML 2002 LCIA method has also been very much used in practice for many years. The practitioner who would like to consult the online characterization factors can go to the fol-lowing link:
http://cml.leiden.edu/software/data-cmlia.html
Please note that the units for AP and EP in the CEN TC 350 standards correspond to the CML 2002 LCIA method.
Concluding remarks:
A list of references for each impact category has been given, based upon the ILCD Handbook recommendations.
It should be kept in mind by the practitioner that there is still quite some freedom when ap-plying the EeBGuide for different impact categories: acidification and eutrophication as the units (and thus the methods) differ between the EN 15804 standard and the ILCD recom-mend methods. In addition, some of the newly ILCD-recommended methods may not be implemented in commercial LCA software such as GaBi or SimaPro. Also, generic background
EeBGuide Draft Guidance document - Buildings Annex C: List of available references for Life Cycle Impact Assessment indicators chosen in EN 15804/EN 15978
page 293 of 297
databases and EPDs may not necessarily contain impact factors or indicator values for all of the methods listed. This situation, however, is expected to change and improve over time.
