RESEARCH AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER

1)RESEARCH

2)METHOD OF COLLECTED DATA

3)MEARUREMENT SCALE

THIS IS RESEARCH

RESEARCH

COLLECTED THE DATA

MEASUREMENT OF SCALE

CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH

WHAT IS RESEARCH OR SEARCH?

SEARCH IS ONE TIME PROCESS .

AND RESEARCH IS SEARCHING THE DATA AGAIN AND AGAIN ON CONTINOUS BASIS.

WHAT IS RESEARCH?

The main of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and not yet discover

It is process from known to the unknown

It is systematic efforts to gain some knowledge

In simple word research mean search again and again in a systematic manner for collected information on pre-determined topic.

OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

To know the truth To collected the information To increase the knowledge To know the answer of the question

TYPE OF RESEARCH

Basically four type of research

1)descriptive vs analytical 2)applied vs fundamental 3)quantitative vs qualitative 4)conceptual vs empirical

DESCRIPTIVE VS ANALYTICAL In this we can describe

the situation

For describe the situation ,we collected the data through different collection methods

For ex-human behavior

In this we can analysis the situation

For analysis data , data will be already available(historical data)

For example-population data

APPLIED VS FUNDAMENTAL

Applied research is basically aim to find a solution for immediate

problem facing by a society and organization.

Fundamental basically concerned with generalization and formulation of theory.

QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE

Quantitative technique generally

used to measured the quantity and

amount

Qualitative technique generally

used to measured the quality or preference of consumer

CONCEPTUAL VS EMPIRICAL

It is based on some concept , idea and theory. this is basically used by philosopher and researcher to built new concept

it is relies on individuals researcher and oneself observation without regard any theory and system

PROCESS OF RESEARCH

Research Problems

Design research

& Sample design

Review the Literature

formulateHypothes

is & Objective

s

Collect data

Analyse Data & Test Hypothesis

Interpret data & Report Writing

CHAPTER 2: METHOD OF COLLECTED DATA

WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METHOD VS METHODOLOGY?

METHODS VS METHODOLOGY

1)Questioner2)Interview3)Schedule4)Observation

a)Internal sourceb)External source

Methodology is a technique that give the detail which method is relevant for which condition and where they effectively applicable.

Basically two type of data collection method

1)primary data collection

2)secondary data collection

1) Primary data: The primary data are those which collected fresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character.

2) Secondary data: The secondary data are those which have already collected by someone else and it is historical based data.

PRIMARY DATA(FEATURES)

Fresh data First hand data Original data Current data More expensive, time consumed

SECONDARY DATA(FEATURES)

Passed through many hands Old (historical) data Not original Less time consume Less cost

METHOD OF COLLECTED PRIMARY DATA

There are four method

1) questionary method 2) interviews method 3) observation method 4) schedules method

OBSERVATION METHOD

In simple observation involves planning, selection, watching, understanding and then recording.

INTERVIEW METHOD

An interview is a conversation between two people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee.

Questionnaires and schedules

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCHEDULE AND QUESTIONNAIRE

Schedule Questionnaire

Direct method of primary data collection

Indirect Method of primary data collection

Direct contact with respondent Response may be through post only

Limited geographical area Largely dispersed area

High degree of reliability Less reliable

High response to question Low response

High cost and time required Low costly and less time consuming

Secondary data

COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data means data that are already available and which have already collected and analyzed by someone else.

Sources of secondary Data:Sources

Company Accounting

Records

Company reports

In house Journal

Internal Computer databases

ExternalInternal

Computerized Data Bases

Reports of association

Govt. Publication

Others publicationBooks/publi/projects

reports

CHAPTER 3:MEARUREMENT OF SCALE

WHAT IS THE NEED OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE

The term measurement means assigning numbers or some other symbols to the characteristics of certain objects. When numbers are used the researcher must have a rule for assigning a number to an observation in a way that provides an accurate description.

There are two reasons for which numbers are usually assigned .

1) Number permits statistical analysis of the data.

2) They facilitate the communication of measurement results.

3) For ex: preference of consumer

TYPES OF MEASUREMENT SCALE

1) Nominal scale

2) Ordinal scale

3) Interval Scale

4) Ratio Scale

Self Rating Scale

5) Graphic Rating Scale

6) Itemized Rating Scale

NOMINAL SCALE

It basically assign the number. It doesn’t give any order or priorities to individual.

For ex:

. What is your gender?a) Maleb) Female

3.In Which department do you work

a) Marketing [1]

b) HR [2]

c) IT [3]

d) Operation [4]

ORDINAL SCALE

In this type of scaling we can order or give priorities to the individual one.

- If there are 4 different types of fertilizers and if they are ordered on the basis of quality as

Grade A, Grade B, Grade C, Grade D .

ORDINAL VS INTERVAL

Ordinal basically give order but it does not mean that interval time will be equal in all levels

For ex: If ram position in his

class is 10 and sham is 40. it doesn’t said that ram position is four time goods than sham..

But this assumption will be cover by interval. The interval time is equal in all interval level

They have one difficulty of comparison.

INTERVAL VS RATIO SCALE

But this assumption will be cover by interval. The interval time is equal in all interval level

They have one difficulty of comparison.

Easy to compare

Easy to calculate

SELF RATING SCALE

The dictionary meaning “ construct your own rating scales to gather data on certain program outcomes”.

Self rating scale are;

1) Graphic Rating

2) Itemized rating scale

a) Likert scale

b) Semantic Differential scale

c) Stapel's scale

d) Multidimensional scale

e) Thurston scales

f) Guttman Scale

g) The Q sort techniq

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