Research Article Integrated Approach to Investigate...

Research ArticleIntegrated Approach to Investigate the Effect ofLeachate on Groundwater around the Ikot Ekpene Dumpsitein Akwa Ibom State Southeastern Nigeria

N J George1 A I Ubom2 and J I Ibanga1

1 Department of Physics Akwa Ibom State University Ikot Akpaden Nigeria2 Department of Physics University of Calabar Cross River State Nigeria

Correspondence should be addressed to N J George nyaknojimmyggmailcom

Received 8 June 2013 Revised 9 October 2013 Accepted 10 November 2013 Published 28 January 2014

Academic Editor Michael S Zhdanov

Copyright copy 2014 N J George et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Geophysical geochemical and hydrogeological measurements have been integrated to assess the effect of leachate on groundwaterquality within the dumpsite in Ikot Epene Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State Southern Nigeria and its environs Theresistivity values and depth of burial of the geomaterials constrained by geology were used in producing resistivity cross sectionswhich show the geoelectric distribution of the subsurface near and away from the dumpsite The observed high conductivity insubsurface layers closed to the dumpsite is symptomatic of the leachate-loaded conductive fluid leached and drained into thesubsurface The hydrochemical results of some species conform to WHO standards while some were found to be relatively higherdue to dissolution leaching and draining of leachate related contaminants in the soil The correlation indices of the ion pairs showno significant effect on the paired ions indicating that the significant value of some of the individual ions is not geologic but due toprecipitation from the leachate residue In general the effect of leachate is more dominant in the immediate groundwater pathwaynear the dumpsite than aquifer repositories away from itThe crossplots of the water resistivity and bulk resistivity show exponentialincrease for the different layers

1 Introduction

Environmental contamination is one of the main concerns ofearth scientists and researchers worldwide The acceleratedpace of industrial development coupled with uncontrolledgrowth of the urban population has resulted in the increasingproduction of solidliquid residues Urban waste materialsmainly domestic garbage are usually disposed without theappropriate measures of the effect of the released fluid(leachate) on groundwater resources Groundwater pollutionhappens mostly due to percolation of pluvial water and theinfiltration of contaminants through the soil The contami-nant fluid emanated from the decomposition of organic mat-ter is rich in dissolved salts containing substantial amountof polluting substances [1 2] When the contaminant liquid(leachate) diffuses into the groundwater table it affects thepotability of groundwater putting the local community intoserious health risk Some of the most frequent demands of

people in the metropolitan areas include the detection of thelocation and extent of contamination patchesplumes in areassuch as dumpsites or landfill sites

Electrical resistivity of soils is dependent up variousfactors including soil type water content saturation andpore fluid property This experimental work has been per-formed to investigate the relationship between electricalresistivity and surficial subsurface conditions with varyingphysical property and landfill leachate contamination Themoisture density can be the most effective indicator fordescribing the relationship between electrical resistivity andphysical property of unsaturated subsurface Experimentsby other authors show that the electrical resistivity of soilexponentially decreased as moisture density increased Theaddition of leachate fraught with various ions decreasesthe electrical resistivity Also the formation factor can bedescribed by the term of moisture density in unsaturatedsand The formation factor (ratio of bulk resistivity to water

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of GeophysicsVolume 2014 Article ID 174589 12 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014174589

2 International Journal of Geophysics

0 5050 100 150 200(km) 6∘ 00998400N

8∘ 00998400N

10∘ 00998400N

12∘ 00998400N

14∘ 00998400E

14∘ 00998400E

10∘00998400N

12∘00998400N

2∘ 00998400E

2∘ 00998400E

8∘ 00998400E

8∘ 00998400N

6∘ 00998400N

4∘ 00998400E

4∘ 00998400N4∘ 00998400N

6∘ 00998400E 10∘ 00998400E 12∘ 00998400E

10∘ 00998400E 12∘ 00998400E

N

4∘00998400E 6∘00998400E 8∘00998400E

(a)

5∘00998400N5∘00998400N

4∘30998400N 4∘30998400N

5∘30998400N

8∘00998400E

8∘00998400E7∘30998400E

AlluviumCoastal plain sandBende Ameke groupImo shale group

VES stationWell stationSettlement

Study areaRiverState boundary

0510 10 20 30

(km)

1 5 00000

(b)

Theological college

Fire service station

Queen street

FRS office

FCMB

Mai

n av

enu

Abak road

(km)

IK hospital

Akwa savings and loans

0 1 2

B

IK club

Local GAsecretariat

Agric secretariat

A

C

A1

B1

Water sample

Study location demarcation

VES points

C1

(c)

Figure 1 Outline map of (a) Nigeria showing the position of Akwa Ibom State (b) map of the study area showing some of the LGAs and thegeneralized geology and (c) sketch map of the dumpsite location and its environ showing the VES profiles boreholes and VES location

resistivity of amedium) is higherwhen soil and porewater arecontaminated by higher concentration of leachate than whensoil and pore water are uncontaminated since the movementions are restrained by electrochemical interactions betweensoil particles and leachate constituents

The study area is situated in the northwestern part ofAkwa Ibom State in southern Nigeria (Figure 1) In the studyarea the primary source of potable water which is utilizedfor domestic agricultural and industrial purposes is ground-water Shallow aquifers are overexploited through open wells

International Journal of Geophysics 3

and bore wells There has been significant deterioration ingroundwater quality due to the leachate emanated fromdumpsite into the wells located within the radius of the studyarea The impact of leachate in groundwater is stupendousAlthough the tissue fluid (leachate) loaded with mobile ionsis rich in mineral nutrients needed by plants for agriculturalproductivity the main preoccupation of the dwellers in thearea this degraded groundwater is unsuitable for drinking

To assess the effect of leachate on the quality of groundwa-ter geophysical hydrogeological and hydrochemical studieswere carried out near and away from the dumpsite locatedin the study area The dumpsite is composed of materialsof mechanical biological and chemical sources Since theleachate contaminant is associated with high salinity flowswithin the subsurface electrical resistivity method can bethe most suitable field method to determine the regionof dominant influence of salinity through measurementof apparent electrical resistivity of the subsurface Undermany subsurface conditions electrical resistivity methodcan quickly and economically delineate the general levelof contaminantplume and identify areas most feasible forsampling and monitoring Many contaminants contain ionicconcentrations considerably higher than the backgroundlevel of native groundwater [3] When such contaminantsare introduced into an aquifer the electrical resistivity ofthe saturated zone is reduced [4] Electrical resistivity studyacross suspected areas of high conductivity or low resistivitycan identify such areas as zones fraught with contaminations[5] However combining the results from geophysical hydro-geological and hydrochemical data of monitoring wells canimprove the uniqueness of the results

Empirical relations between the site dependent earthresistivity (ER) and the measured electrical conductivity(EC) of groundwater can be used to predict the magnitudeof contaminant within and away from the dumpsite [5]The objective of this paper is to integrate geoelectric andphysicochemical data in determining the effect of leachate ongroundwater within the dumpsite location and its environs Italso attempts to show the relationship between bulk andwaterresistivity thereby predicting the level of diffusion of dissolvedfluid from dumping refuse into the groundwater repositorieswithin the dumpsite environment

2 Location

The dumpsite and its environs located in Ikot Ekpene LocalGovernment Area (Figure 1) lie between latitudes 5072∘ndash5140∘N and longitudes 7390∘ndash7458∘E in Akwa Ibom statesoutheastern Nigeria It spreads over an area of about 25 km2The basin is characterized by gently undulating topographywith hills located in the northern parts and is sloping towardssouthwestThemaximum elevation in the area is of the orderof 40m (amsl) in the north whereas the minimum elevationis of the order of 10m (amsl) in the south The region ishighly drained by the inland coastal water Vegetation inthe study area is of the rain forest type It is sustained bythe tropical climate characterized by high temperature withannual mean of 55∘-65∘C The maximum daily temperature

lies between 28∘ and 30∘C during March and the minimumdailymean temperature lies between 23∘ and 24∘Cduring JulyandAugust [6] High relative humidity (annualmean of 83)and high precipitation (250mm per annum) are prevalent inthe area

3 Geological Setting and Hydrogeology

The area which is subjected to constant inundation bythe water of coastal flank is geologically characterized bythe Miocene Akata Formation (shales intercalated sandsand silestone) Miocene-Pliocene Agbada Formation (sandsand sandstones intercalated with shales) and the PlioceneBenin Formation (coarse-grained sand gravelly sands withminor intercalation of clays and shales) from top to bottomrespectively The middle and the upper sand units of theBenin Formation constitute the major aquiferous units in thearea [7 8] Typical boreholes in the area have 42ndash172m depth1ndash55m staticwater level (swl) (depth from the surface towaterlevel in the borehole) and 39ndash100m saturated thicknessOther hydrological data are 216ndash5304m2day transmissivity12ndash425m drawdown and storage coefficient of 010ndash030[9] The water table varies from 13m to 52m according to[10]

4 Surface-Geophysical Method andData Collection

Geophysical methods provide an efficient tool for charac-terizing subsurface geology and hydrology The geophysicalmethod used in this work measured the electrical resistivityusing the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method [11]This was performed by using SAS 4000 ABEM Terrameterand its accessoriesThe apparent resistivity (120588

119886)wasmeasured

in ten locations using the following

(120588119886) = 120587 sdot [

(AB2)2 minus (MN2)2

MN] sdot 119877119886 (1)

The equation can be simplified as in the following

(120588119886) = 119870 sdot 119877

119886 (2)

where the geometric factor 119870 = 120587 sdot ([(AB2)2 minus (MN2)2MN]) AB and MN are the current and potential electrodeseparations respectively and 119877

119886is the resistance measured

by the equipment The potential and current electrode sep-arations ranged between 1ndash40m (MN2 = 05 to 20m)and 2ndash1000m (AB2 = 10 to 5000m) respectively Sincethe area has good access with avoidable obstructions thecable spread was extended up to 1 km in order to ensurethat depths above 150m were sampled assuming that thepenetration depth varies between 025AB and 05AB [1213] The coordinates and elevations of the locations weretaken using the Global Positioning System (GPS) The pro-cessing of apparent resistivity values with Resist Softwareconstrained by drilled borehole lithologic information led tothe determination of the model curves used in this workFrom the curves depth thickness and resistivity values of


different layers that the current penetrated were obtainedThe measured VES in the entire area was characterized byspatial variability due to inhomogeneity of the subsurface[14ndash16] The smoothening process involved averaging of theobserved electrical resistivity data at crossover points oroutright deleting of one of the two data sets at crossoverpoints and other outliers that fall significantly outside thedominant trend of the curve Any discontinuity observedafter the smoothening was assumed to be geologic The bulkwater conductivity the reciprocal of bulk resistivity wascomputed from the measured resistivity

5 Physical and Chemical Sampling andAnalytical Techniques

Field sampling was carried out in the month of May 2011and water samples were collected with a new plastic bucketand poured into l litre polythene bottles after measuringphysical parameters such as temperature pH and electricalconductivity (EC) (that change rapidly with time) TheEC of the unsaturated layers was estimated by saturatingdrilled core samples with distilled water The parameters(pH temperature and water conductivity) were measured inthe field using 09 Kion pH temperature and conductivitymeter respectively After sampling the bottle was cappedimmediately to minimize oxygen contamination and theescape of dissolved gases The hydrochemical analysis wascarried out at theMinistry of Science andTechnologyCentralLaboratory and Aluminum Smelter Company (ASCON)Chemical Laboratory both in Akwa Ibom State NigeriaThe cations (Na+ K+ Ca+ Mg2+ Fe2+ and Mn2+) weredetermined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer(UNICAM 969AAS) while the anions(Clminus and SO

4

2minus) wereanalyzed using DR 2000 Spectrophotometer at wavelength455 nm and 450 nm Carbonates and bicarbonates (CO

3

2minus

and HCO3

minus) were determined titrimetrically using phe-nolphthalein andmethyl orange indicatormethod [17]Watersamples meant for anion determination were acidified andthe choice of acid depended on the anion For example watersample meant for ions determination was primed with 05Msolution of nitric acid to keep the ions in solution

6 Data Analysis Interpretation andDiscussion of Results

61 Geophysical Data Analysis and Results Smoothing offield data by manual plotting on a bilogarithmic graph forcurve matching and computer modelling of the result frommanual plotting were employed in the reduction of fielddata [18ndash20] to their equivalent geological models Trans-formation of the measured apparent resistance 119877

119886to their

corresponding apparent resistivity 120588119886was achieved using

(1) The manual procedure involves plotting the computedapparent resistivity data on a bilogarithmic graph and wherenecessary the curves generated were smoothened to removethe effects of lateral inhomogeneities and other forms ofnoisy signatures in the smoothened curve were attributedto vertical variation of electrical resistivity with depth The

smoothened curves were quantitatively interpreted in termsof true resistivity and thickness by a conventional manualcurve matching procedure using master curves and auxil-iary chart [18 21] The conventional curves and auxiliarycharts (theoretical curves) used in the interpretation aidedin obtaining a good fit between the observed field curvesand the theoretical curves during total and partial matchingSoftware programs were later used to improve upon themanually interpreted results Since the data were acquiredat different times several VES modelling Software programsincluding Resist [22] Ato [23] and Res1D [24] were used inmodelling the data and the results were later transformedto their equivalent geological models The primary layerparameters comprising resistivity thicknesses and depthsobtained from the manual interpretation stage were keyedas inputs into some of the computer modelling Softwareprograms (Resist and Res1D only) The computer Softwareused these parameters to generate data for the estimatedmodel and compared the computed data with their measuredcounterpart The extent of fit between the calculated and themeasured data sets was assessed using the root mean squareerror (RMS) technique in which 10was set as themaximumaccepted value Representative examples of modelled VEScurves obtained within the dumpsite and its environs afterthe smoothing and modelling exercises are shown in Figures2 3 and 4 for the three transects considered For VES farfrom the dumpsite a good correlation was observed betweenthe electrical resistivity derived 1D subsurface model and thegeology model while some disconformities were noticed inVES closed to the dumpsite as shown in Figures 2 3 and4 The observed variations are attributable to the leachateemanated from the garbage in the dumpsite Table 1 showsthe inferred bulk resistivity values and their layers as well asthe corresponding water resistivities Table 1 also shows thebulk and fluid conductivities of the penetrated layers and theborehole depths in the study area

Resistivity cross sections were constructed for each ofthe transects with the aid of Surfer Golden Software IncUSA by combining the inverted results of the Schlumbergersoundings as shown in Figures 5 6 and 7 To construct theresistivity cross sections the inverted electrical resistivitieswere sampled with depths The vertical variation in electricalresistivity with depth was gridded using the kriging griddingtechnique available in the Surfer package [25] The interpo-lated electrical resistivities were imaged along the profile

7 Interpretation and Discussion ofVES Results

The VES results from the study area are generally charac-terised with high and low conductivities at various depthsand locations (see Figures 2 3 and 4) This is conveyed inthe geoelectric cross sections that strategically show zonesthat have high resistivity (low conductivity) and zones thathave low resistivity (high conductivity) (see Figures 5 6and 7) The conductive zones have geologic formations that


Half current electrode separation [AB2] (m)1

110

10

100120

100

80

60

20

40100

1000

1000

Appa

rent

resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

ObservedCalculated

C

CBARMS

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

B

A

1694

62 57 46

427

2106

7452805523

116384

1591

BHNA

Figure 2 Typical VES curves and modelled results obtained along A-A1 profile (A Agric secretariat B IK club and C Local G Areasecretariat)


1010

100

100120

100

80

60

20

401000

1000

10000FED

RMS 35 67 46

1148

470

2450

1413 1827

9733

979

1552

2505

BHNA

F

ED

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

ObservedCalculated

Figure 3 Typical VES curves and modelled results obtained along B-B1 profile (D FRS Office E Ik Club and F FCMB)


1010

100

100

1000

1000

10000

120

100

80

60

20

40

H

H

BHG

G

RMS 60 NA 55

7897

7361

6701

7442

9002

22304

5003

2204

1905

I

I

57

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

Appa

rent

resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

ObservedCalculated

Figure 4 Typical VES curves and modelled results obtained along C-C1 profile (G Akwa Savings amp Loans H Fire service station and ITheological College)


Table1Summaryof

measuredgeoelectric

parametersa

nddepths

ofbo

reho

lesu

sedas

constraintsinthes

tudy

area

Locatio

nBu

lkresistiv

ity(Ω

m)

Water

resis

tivity

(Ωm)

Bulkcond

uctiv

ity(Ωminus1 mminus1 )

Water

cond

uctiv


depth(m

)Bo

reho

ledepth(m

)1205881198871

1205881198872

1205881198873

1205881119908

1205882119908

1205883119908

1205901198871

1205901198872

1205901198873

1205901119908

1205902119908

1205903119908

1198891

1198892

Agricsecretaria

t[A]

1694

1591

177

148

141

59

00059

000

6301695

0067

0071

00709

08

767

780

IKC

lub[B]

745

2106

384

109

133

9900134

000

47010101

0092

0075

00752

24

391

850

LocalGA

reas

ecretaria

t[C]

523

2805

116

151

115

67

00191

00036

014925

006

60087

00867

41

114

586

Queen

street

685

2601

8369

119

119

260

00146

00038

003846

0084

0084

00840

39

149

mdashFR

Soffi

ce[D

]15519

25046

11482

399

299

126

000

06000

04000

090

0025

0033

00334

33

1105

950

FCMB[F]

18268

979

9739

439

356

282

000

0500102

007752

0023

0028

00280

36

401

689

Theologicalcollege

[I]

7361

6707

22304

149

184

129

00014

00015

000

045

0065

0054

00543

46

594

540

IKhospital[E]

1413

24503

4700

129

166

194

00071

000

04004367

0078

006

0006

0220

918

750

Akw

asavings

andloans[G]

2204

19052

7897

116

229

229

000

45000

05004367

0086

0043

00437

49

1175

800

Fire

services

tatio

n[H

]7441

5003

9002

149

237

268

00013

00020

00011

0067

004

200709

53

381

525


300280260240220200180160140120100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

806040200minus20minus40minus60

Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

Conductive

Screen levelVES pointBoreholeBH

IK clubLocal GAsecretariat

Agricsecretariat

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

05 1 20(km)

Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

AA1

Figure 5 Resistivity cross section along a profile from Agric secretariat to Local G Area Secretariat (A-A1)

05 1 20(km)

010

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

FRS office FCMB

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

B2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Mildly

Highlyresistive

resistive

ResistiveRe

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


IK hospital Akwa savingsand loans

B1

Figure 6 Resistivity cross section along a profile from FRS Office to FCMB (B-B1)

are associated with leachate contaminations Figure 5 (A-A1 profile) shows on the average transitions of resistivityvariations from resistive zone to conductive zone The resis-tivity increases diagonally downward from Agric Secretariat(closed to dumpsite) to the Local G Area Secretariat (awayfrom dumpsite) Similarly conductivity increases diagonallyfrom the deeper layer of VES at the Local G Area Secretariatto the surficial layer at the Agric SecretariatThe observationin this profile explains the effect of massive percolation oftissue fluid (leachate) into the subsurface within the dump-site environment The borehole water at Agric Secretariatappears to be influenced by fluid emanated from garbagedumped in the dumpsite The distribution of the bulk andfluid conductivities as shown in the Table 1 changes fromplace to place and within the depths penetrated in theprofile In Figure 6 (profile B-B1) of resistivity cross section

the resistivity increases with depth at the various VES pointsexcept at FCMB where resistivity inversion is noticed at thesecond layer of the transition Combining all the VES theresistivity cross section traversing B-B1 profile shows higherresistivity which implies low conductivity at higher depthsIn Figure 7 the resistivity cross section traversing C-C1profile shows in average higher values within the southwest-northeast diagonal trend In this resistivity image crosssection three transitions are generally noticed These arehighly resistive moderately resistive and mildly conductivezones Generally for A-A1 profile which is nearer to thedumpsite the sampled depths appear to be conductive (lessresistive) ranging from the topmost layer ofAgric secretariat-nearest to the dumpsite to the deepest layer of Local GSecretariat farther away from the dumpsite This impliesthat the conductive tissue fluid from the dumpsite leaches


2100

1900

1700

1500

1300

1100

900

700

500

300

100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Mildly

Theologicalcollege

Fire servicestation

Queen

C

05 1 20(km)

Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

conductive


Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

C1street

Figure 7 Resistivity cross section along a profile from Agric secretariat to Local G Area Secretariat (C-C1)

the subsurface within its axis diagonally from top to bottomThis is the reason for the observed trend in the resistivityimage cross section of A-A1 profile For B-B1 and C-C1 pro-files which are about 1 km away from the dumpsite resistivityinversion occurs as resistivity on the average increases withdepth due to the assumed normal compaction or lithificationof sediments at deeper depth of burial

8 Interpretation of Water Resistivity andBulk Resistivity Interactions

Water and bulk resistivities determined in Table 1 were plot-ted as shown in the crossplots of Figures 8 9 and 10 for firstsecond and third layers respectivelyThe plots generated sitedependent generalised model given in the following

119910 = 119860119890119887119909

(3)

where 119910 and 119909 represent the water resistivity and bulkresistivity respectively 119860 and 119887 in (3) are site dependentconstants The water resistivity 119910 increases exponentiallywith bulk resistivity 119909 Specifically 119860 is the threshold orambient water resistivity which depends on the artificiallyinduced conductivity of pore fluid of the layer consideredThe parameter 119887 is the fluid-soil matrixmixing dimensionlessconstant which depends on the bulk conductivity and theoverall formation factor the ratio of bulk resistivity to waterresistivity of the medium From the first layer the equationgenerated in Figure 8 has the values 119860 = 11183Ωm and119887 = 00007 These values respectively signify the inferredambient water resistivity and fluid-soil matrix mixing con-stant for layer one Similarly for the second and third layers119860and 119887 are respectively 113290Ωmand 00005 and 76938Ωmand 00007 The observed values on the average show thatlayers one and two are similar in terms of the ambientwater resistivities and fluid-soil matrix mixing constants

However while 119887 for the third layer conforms to the firsttwo layers 119860 deviates significantly Although the degree ofmixing is approximately the samedue to similarity in geologicformations there is alteration in the threshold artificiallyinduced water conductivity on the average from 00888 to01300 Siemens between layer one and layer three Fromthis range the artificially induced fluid that influences thenatural conductivity is more significant on the deeper layersthan the surficial layers This could be attributable to thecontinuous accumulation of leachate that drains or leachesdownwards from the topmost layer to the deeper layer Theobserved unconformity of the resistivity image cross sectionto the borehole information obtained when the borehole wasdrilled is an indication of the effect of leachate on the sandyformations and within the layers of the subsurface Sincethe aquifer protecting layerrsquos longitudinal conductance 119878 (theratio of top layer thickness to top layer resistivity) is generallyless than 1Ωminus1 (ie 119878 ≪ 1Ωminus1) as observed from Table 1for all the VES locations the aquifers are poorly protectedgenerallyTheunderlying layers also have 119878 values that are lessthan 1 and this paves theway for the conductive contaminatedfluid from the dumpsite to drain into the subsurface therebyaffecting the threshold natural resistivity or conductivity inthe deeper layers

9 Interpretation of PhysicochemicalProperties of the Groundwater SamplesMeasured from the Study Area

The parameters measured in the study area include pH EC(120583Scm) and temperature (∘C) for physical parameters andNa+ K+ Ca2+Mg2+ Fe2+ Clminus SO

4

2minus HCO3

minus PO4

3minus NO3

minusFminus As Mn and Cu2+ all measured in (MgL) for hydro-chemical parameters (see Table 2) The mean value for eachof the parameters detectable was calculated except for ions


0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)

Bulk resistivity (Ωm)

y = 11183e00007x

R2 = 08818

Figure 8 A graph of first layer water resistivity against bulkresistivity

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11329e00005x

R2 = 09769

Figure 9 A graph of second layer water resistivity against bulkresistivity

that were below detectable limit (BDL) The mean values forions were comparedwith theWHO standard values availableThe available WHO standard conforms to some ions exceptK+ gt 20 Mg2+ gt 10 Fminus gt 001 Mn gt 001 and Cu2+ gt001MgL which are beyond the acceptable WHO standardfor drinking water The high values of the above ions withinthe dumpsite and its vicinity in Table 2 could be due to thehydrolysis and the resulting leaching from the contaminatedsources Hydrolysis and consequent leaching leads to theprecipitation of the above ion species in water sample usedCorrelation in Table 3 shows that though most of the ions arehigher than the WHO standard correlation indices betweenthe anion and cation are significantly low This implies thatthe concentration of the paired ions in Table 3 is insignificantin the water sample In all the water samples chemically anal-ysed carbonate (CO

3

2minus) was below detection level (BDL)This further confirms that the dumpsite and its environs aredevoid of normal carbonate-rich compounds However theavailability of bicarbonate (HCO

3

minus) up to 172MgL suggeststhe dissolution of carbonates and reaction of silicates withcarbonic acid which results in high concentration of HCO

3

minus

in the water samples obtained from the study Although theconcentration of Ca2+ is low the high value of Mg2+ suggests

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 76938e00007x

R2 = 09502

Figure 10 A graph of third layer water resistivity against bulkresistivity

that the water samples within the dumpsite and its vicinitymay be temporarily hard due to the possibility of formationof Mg(HCO

3)2(aq)

In terms of the physical parameters temperature pHand electrical conductivity (EC) were measured for the watersamples collected within and around the dumpsite Themeasured temperature values ranged from 278 to 298∘Cand the mean value was 289∘C The temperature valueswere found to remain approximately constant throughoutthe duration of the field work This is an advantage thatgroundwater has over surface water The pH values rangedfrom 65 to 85 and the mean value was 75 The meanpH value result suggests that the water quality is close toneutrality level with values varying from 67 to 85 Thesevalues fall within WHO acceptable standard range of 65ndash85[26] The slightly acidic nature of the water can be attributedto the dissolution and draining of decomposed vegetativematerials and other biodegradable wastes from dumpingrefuse and its surroundings by runoff that are in hydraulicconnection with the local groundwater system [27 28] Thewater conductivity ranged from 34 to 1183120583ScmThe averagevalue was 229120583cm The relatively high values obtained atsome locations are symptomatic of the abundance of freeions in the water which could be attributed to the existenceof equilibrium between the water and the soluble leachate-loaded contamination plume that dissolves into the soil [29]The conductivity values are below the WHO standard valueof 1400 120583Scm [30] Despite the known dependence of ECon the mobility of free ions in the water the EC of the wateralso depends on the amount of dissolved substances in thewater Several researchers including [31 32] have discussedthe influence of EC on water quality Ordinarily the EC willbe low for good quality water with low total dissolved solids(TDS) Thus high aquifer resistivities can be delineated withareas with low TDS The relatively high concentration of K+Mg2+ Fminus Mn and Cu2+ in the repository of groundwater canalso be due to tectonically induced secondary structures likedivide fault lineament and foldwithin the sedimentary facieswhich jointly creates rooms for the leaching precipitationand their dissolution in the subsurface water [33] These


Table2Summaryof

measuredhydrochemicalandsomep

hysic

alparametersfor

water

sampleu

sed

SN

Locatio

nTemp

T(∘C)

pHCon

d(120583Scm

)Na+

(MgL)

K+(M

gL)

Ca+

(MgL)

Mg+

(MgL)

Fe+

(MgL)

SO4

2minus

(MgL)

Clminus

(MgL)

PO43minus

(MgL)

CO3

2minus

(MgL)

HCO3

minus

(MgL)

NO3

minus

(MgL)

Fminus(M

gL)

Mn

(MgL)

As

(MgL)

Cu(M

gL)

BH1

IKhospital

297

69

6769

21

116

18004

10229

08

BDL

245

39

03

0003

001

010

BH2

FRSoffi

ce286

7688

7840

30

20

011

60

179

12BD

L156

1907

000

4001

120

BH3

IKclub

292

81

1183

119

185

159

35

003

10769

21

BDL

209

410

04

0001

001

008

BH4

LocalGA

rea

secretariat

288

82

9679

06

9908

005

12470

20

BDL

8017

03

000

6001

001

BH5

Akw

asavings

and

Loans

290

7534

49

1972

04

007

30

589

13BD

L215

1806

0003

001

001

BH6

FCMB

279

65

6550

30

54

56

001

20

437

13BD

L240

1303

0002

001

001

BH7

Theologicalcollege

298

67

7765

1739

23

009

32

309

09

BDL

221

46

05

0007

001

008

BH8

Fire

services

tatio

n289

78129

81

25

9035

006

20

556

15BD

L171

340

03

1001

001

006

BH9

Queen

street

279

7445

43

37

09

51

003

70349

11BD

L100

1604

0008

001

003

BH10

Agricsecretariat

295

85

509

89

09

1559

006

36

668

22

BDL

80420

05

1001

001

005

Minim

um279

67

3449

06

09

04

001

10179

08

BDL

8013

03

0001

001

001

Maxim

um298

82

1183

119

185

159

59

011

70769

22

BDL

240

420

07

1002

001

120

Range

279ndash298

67ndash85

34ndash1183

49ndash

119

06ndash

185

09ndash

153

04ndash

59

001ndash0

1110

ndash70

179ndash

769

08ndash22

BDL

80ndash240

13ndash4

20

03ndash07

0001ndash10

02001ndash0

01001ndash120

Mean

289

75229

7239

68

31

006

30

456

14BD

L172

134

04

0204

001

016

WHOsta

ndard

20062010

NS

65ndash85

1400

200

20

250

1010

400

200

NS

NS

NS

440

001

001

001

001


Table 3 Calculated ion pair correlation indices

Ion pair Inferred correlationindex for ion pair

Na+-SO42minus 017

Na+-Clminus 026Mg2+-SO4

2minus 006Ca2+-Clminus 014K+-SO4

2minus 004SO42minus-Cu2+ 024

SO42minus-As 000

NO3minus-As 000

secondary structures also create room for themultiple aquiferunits in the study area

10 Conclusions

In the course of using integrated approach to investigate theeffect of leachate on ground water repository of Ikot Ekpenedumpsite in Akwa Ibom State Nigeria the study area infor-mation generated from vertical electrical sounding geolog-ical and hydrogeochemical techniques have been integratedand used in mapping shallow subsurface electrostratigraphyThe results aided in identifying the aquiferous horizonsand their geometry and assessing the effects of leachate onthe groundwater within the axis of Ikot Ekpene dumpsiteFrom the primary geoelectrical parameters inferred aquifersare generally open or unconfined in the area They areanisotropic and localized in both lateral and vertical extentsThe electrical resistivity values of the aquiferous horizonwereobserved to be lower (lt300Ωm) in the VES data close tothe dumpsite (profile A-A1) and relatively higher than thoseVES away from the dumpsite (profiles B-B1 and C-C1) inthe study area Thus the distribution of water conductivityin the area as shown in Table 1 follows the resistivity patternThe interpretation of resistivity data and its inferred sectionin profile A-A1 shows that the conductive fluid from thedumpsite has dominant effect on the subsurface for VESdata closer to the dumpsite than those VES data relativelyfarther away from it The effect is eminent as it is shownin the diagonal pattern of flow from top to bottom Forprofiles B-B1 and C-C1 which are farther away from thedumpsite the resistivity seems on the average to be increaseddownward as it is expected in a normal situation wherevariations in resistivity with depth of burial are only due tolithologic differentiation caused by age and cementation orcompaction From the resistivity data analysis and the porewater measurement water resistivity increases exponentiallywith bulk resistivity in the different layers of the subsurfacesampled The threshold or ambient water resistivity dependson the artificially induced conductivity of pore fluid for thelayers considered The high range of water conductivity (34ndash1183 120583Scm) in the borehole is attributable to the unequaldraining of the subsurface by the conductive leachate-loaded plume which decreases with increasing distance from

the dumpsite location The parameters realised from themodel generated from bulk and water resistivity can be usedto explain the extent of dissolution of leachate in waterrepositories within and away from the dumpsite

Hydrochemical results show that repository of ground-water contains little or no CO

3

2minus However the subsurfaceis enriched with HCO

3

minus due to the reaction of silicateswith carbonic acid which results in the high concentrationof HCO

3

minus in groundwater in all the geologic formationsAlthough some ions were below the available WHO stan-dards some were above the acceptable standard The highvalues of some hydrochemical species can be attributedto the dissolution and precipitation of the leachate-loadedcontamination plume within the subsoil This and othertectonically induced secondary structures like divide faultlineament and fold within the sedimentary facies causewide variations in resistivities and conductivities within thesubsurface of the study area In effect this influences theresistivity and conductivity of groundwater in the studyarea The chemical physical and geostatistical parametersgenerated in this work can be used in monitoring the waterquality within the vicinity of the dumpsite from time to time

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] E Atekwana E Atekwana and R Rowe ldquoRelationship betweentotal dissolved solids and bulk conductivity at a hydrocarbon-contaminated aquiferrdquo in Proceedings of the Symposium on theApplication of Geophysics to Engineering and EnvironmentalProblems pp 228ndash223 2003

[2] A Edet and R H Worden ldquoMonitoring of the physical param-eters and evaluation of the chemical composition of river andgroundwater inCalabar (SoutheasternNigeria)rdquoEnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 157 no 1ndash4 pp 243ndash258 2009

[3] A Papaioannou P Plageras E Dovriki et al ldquoGroundwaterquality and location of productive activities in the region ofThessaly (Greece)rdquo Desalination vol 213 no 1ndash3 pp 209ndash2172007

[4] K A Yusuf ldquoEvaluation of groundwater quality characteristicsin Lagos-Cityrdquo Journal of Applied Sciences vol 7 no 13 pp1780ndash1784 2007

[5] P Soupios I Papadopoulos M Kouli I Georgaki F Val-lianatos and E Kokkinou ldquoInvestigation of waste disposal areasusing electrical methods a case study from Chania CreteGreecerdquo Environmental Geology vol 51 no 7 pp 1249ndash12612007

[6] N J George A E Akpan and I B Obot ldquoResistivity studyof shallow aquifers in the parts of Southern Ukanafun LocalGovernment Area Akwa Ibom State Nigeriardquo E-Journal ofChemistry vol 7 no 3 pp 693ndash700 2010

[7] O E Esu and A E Amah ldquoPhysico-chemical and Bacterio-logical quqlity of natural water in parts of Akwa Ibom andCross River States Nigeriardquo Global Journal of Pure and AppliedSciences vol 5 no 4 pp 525ndash531 1999


[8] A E Akpan A N Ugbaja and N J George ldquoIntegratedgeophysical geochemical and hydrogeological investigation ofshallow groundwater resources in parts of the Ikom- MamfeEmbayment and the adjoining areas in Cross River StateNigeriardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 70 no 3 pp 1435ndash1456 2013

[9] O E Esu C S Okereke and A E Edet ldquoA regional hydros-tratigraphic study of Akwa Ibom State South-eastern NigeriardquoGlobal Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences vol 5 no 9 pp 89ndash96 1999

[10] K K Roy andHM Elliot ldquoSome observations regarding depthof exploration in DC electrical methodsrdquo Geoexploration vol19 no 1 pp 1ndash13 1981

[11] K P Singh ldquoNonlinear estimation of aquifer parameters fromsurficial resistivity measurementsrdquoHydrology and Earth SystemSciences vol 2 pp 917ndash938 2005

[12] R D Ogilvy P I Meldrum O Kuras et al ldquoAutomated moni-toring of coastal aquifers with electrical resistivity tomographyrdquoNear Surface Geophysics vol 7 no 5-6 pp 367ndash375 2009

[13] C M A Ademoroti Standard Methods for Water and EffluentAnalysis 1st edition 1996

[14] V Chakravarthi G B K Shankar D Muralidharan T Hari-narayana and N Sundararajan ldquoAn integrated geophysicalapproach for imaging subbasalt sedimentary basins case studyof Jam River Basin Indiardquo Geophysics vol 72 no 6 pp B141ndashB147 2007

[15] A A R Zohdy ldquoThe auxiliary point method of electricalsounding interpretation and its relationship to the Dar-Zaroukparametersrdquo Geophysics vol 30 pp 644ndash660 1965

[16] A A R Zohdy G P Eaton and D R Mabey Applicationof Surface Geophysics to GroundWater Investigation USGSTechniques of Water Resources Investigations Book 2 chapterD1 1974

[17] A I Tsafe L G Hassan D M Sahabi Y Alhassan and B MBala ldquoAssessment of heavy metals and mineral compositionsinsome solid minerals deposit and water from a gold mining areaof Northern Nigeriardquo International Research Journal of Geologyand Mining vol 2 no 9 pp 254ndash260 2012

[18] E Orellana and A M Moony ldquoMaster curve and tables forvertical electrical sounding over layered structures Intercien-cia Escuela Papadopoulou MP Varouchakis EA Karatzas GP(2010) Terrain discontinuity effects in the regional flow ofa Complex Karstified Aquiferrdquo Environmental Modeling andAssessment vol 15 no 5 pp 319ndash328 1966

[19] V Vender BPA ldquoA computer processing package for DCResistivity interpretation for an IBM compatiblesrdquo ITC Journalvol 4 1988

[20] A A R Zohdy ldquoA newmethod for the automatic interpretationof Schlumberger andWenner sounding curvesrdquoGeophysics vol54 no 2 pp 245ndash253 1989

[21] M H Loke RES1D version 1 0 for Windows 9598Me2000NT 1-D Resistivity IP amp SIP Inversion and forward modellingfor Wenner and Schlumberger arrays 2001

[22] K S Gemail A M El-Shishtawy M El-Alfy M F Ghoneimand M H Abd El-Bary ldquoAssessment of aquifer vulnerability toindustrial waste water using resistivity measurements A casestudy along El-Gharbyiamain drain Nile Delta Egyptrdquo Journalof Applied Geophysics vol 75 no 1 pp 140ndash150 2011

[23] WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality vol 1 of Recom-mendations WHO Geneva Switzerland 2nd edition 2004

[24] M Ketata M Gueddari and R Bouhlila ldquoSuitability assess-ment of shallow and deep groundwaters for drinking andirrigation use in the El Khairat aquifer (Enfidha TunisianSahel)rdquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 65 no 1 pp 313ndash3302012

[25] N J George A O Akpan and A A Umoh ldquoPreliminarygeophysical investigation to delineate the groundwater conduc-tive zones in the coastal region of Akwa Ibom State SouthernNigeria around the Gulf of Guineardquo International Journal ofGeosciences vol 4 pp 108ndash115 2013

[26] J D Hem ldquoStudy and interpretation of the chemical charac-teristics of natural waterrdquo US Geological Survey Water-SupplyPaper vol 2254 1985

[27] WHO Drinking Water Standards Monitoring and Reportingvol 1 of Recommendations WHO Geneva Switzerland 2ndedition 2010

[28] R K Frohlich and D W Urish ldquoThe use of geoelectrics andtest wells for the assessment of groundwater quality of a coastalindustrial siterdquo Journal of Applied Geophysics vol 50 no 3 pp261ndash278 2002

[29] R Barker T V Rao and M Thangarajan ldquoDelineation of con-taminant zone through electrical imaging techniquerdquo CurrentScience vol 81 no 3 pp 277ndash283 2001

[30] M N Tijani ldquoEvolution of saline waters and brines in theBenue-Trough NigeriardquoApplied Geochemistry vol 19 no 9 pp1355ndash1365 2004

[31] N J Raju P Ram and SDey ldquoGroundwater quality in the lowerVaruna River basin Varanasi district Uttar Pradeshrdquo Journal ofthe Geological Society of India vol 73 no 2 pp 178ndash192 2009


[33] A A Elueze J O Omidiran andM E Nton ldquoHydrogeochem-ical investigation of surface water and groundwater aroundIbokun Ilesha area Southwestern Nigeriardquo Journal of Miningand Geology vol 40 no 1 pp 57ndash64 2004

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of


EarthquakesJournal of


Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of


Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering


GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of


OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in


MineralogyInternational Journal of


MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Geological ResearchJournal of


Geology Advances in


0 5050 100 150 200(km) 6∘ 00998400N

8∘ 00998400N

10∘ 00998400N

12∘ 00998400N

14∘ 00998400E

14∘ 00998400E

10∘00998400N

12∘00998400N

2∘ 00998400E

2∘ 00998400E

8∘ 00998400E

8∘ 00998400N

6∘ 00998400N

4∘ 00998400E

4∘ 00998400N4∘ 00998400N

6∘ 00998400E 10∘ 00998400E 12∘ 00998400E

10∘ 00998400E 12∘ 00998400E

N

4∘00998400E 6∘00998400E 8∘00998400E

(a)

5∘00998400N5∘00998400N

4∘30998400N 4∘30998400N

5∘30998400N

8∘00998400E

8∘00998400E7∘30998400E

AlluviumCoastal plain sandBende Ameke groupImo shale group

VES stationWell stationSettlement

Study areaRiverState boundary

0510 10 20 30

(km)

1 5 00000

(b)

Theological college

Fire service station

Queen street

FRS office

FCMB

Mai

n av

enu

Abak road

(km)

IK hospital

Akwa savings and loans

0 1 2

B

IK club

Local GAsecretariat

Agric secretariat

A

C

A1

B1

Water sample

Study location demarcation

VES points

C1

(c)

Figure 1 Outline map of (a) Nigeria showing the position of Akwa Ibom State (b) map of the study area showing some of the LGAs and thegeneralized geology and (c) sketch map of the dumpsite location and its environ showing the VES profiles boreholes and VES location

resistivity of amedium) is higherwhen soil and porewater arecontaminated by higher concentration of leachate than whensoil and pore water are uncontaminated since the movementions are restrained by electrochemical interactions betweensoil particles and leachate constituents

The study area is situated in the northwestern part ofAkwa Ibom State in southern Nigeria (Figure 1) In the studyarea the primary source of potable water which is utilizedfor domestic agricultural and industrial purposes is ground-water Shallow aquifers are overexploited through open wells





2 Location







119886)wasmeasured


(120588119886) = 120587 sdot [

(AB2)2 minus (MN2)2

MN] sdot 119877119886 (1)


(120588119886) = 119870 sdot 119877

119886 (2)








4


3

2minus

and HCO3




119886to their









110

10

100120

100

80

60

20

40100

1000

1000

Appa

rent

resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

ObservedCalculated

C

CBARMS

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

B

A

1694

62 57 46

427

2106

7452805523

116384

1591

BHNA



1010

100

100120

100

80

60

20

401000

1000

10000FED

RMS 35 67 46

1148

470

2450

1413 1827

9733

979

1552

2505

BHNA

F

ED

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

ObservedCalculated



1010

100

100

1000

1000

10000

120

100

80

60

20

40

H

H

BHG

G

RMS 60 NA 55

7897

7361

6701

7442

9002

22304

5003

2204

1905

I

I

57

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

Appa

rent

resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

ObservedCalculated



Table1Summaryof

measuredgeoelectric

parametersa

nddepths

ofbo

reho

lesu

sedas

constraintsinthes

tudy

area

Locatio

nBu

lkresistiv

ity(Ω

m)

Water

resis

tivity

(Ωm)

Bulkcond

uctiv


Water

cond

uctiv


depth(m

)Bo

reho

ledepth(m

)1205881198871

1205881198872

1205881198873

1205881119908

1205882119908

1205883119908

1205901198871

1205901198872

1205901198873

1205901119908

1205902119908

1205903119908

1198891

1198892

Agricsecretaria

t[A]

1694

1591

177

148

141

59

00059

000

6301695

0067

0071

00709

08

767

780

IKC

lub[B]

745

2106

384

109

133

9900134

000

47010101

0092

0075

00752

24

391

850

LocalGA

reas

ecretaria

t[C]

523

2805

116

151

115

67

00191

00036

014925

006

60087

00867

41

114

586

Queen

street

685

2601

8369

119

119

260

00146

00038

003846

0084

0084

00840

39

149

mdashFR

Soffi

ce[D

]15519

25046

11482

399

299

126

000

06000

04000

090

0025

0033

00334

33

1105

950

FCMB[F]

18268

979

9739

439

356

282

000

0500102

007752

0023

0028

00280

36

401

689

Theologicalcollege

[I]

7361

6707

22304

149

184

129

00014

00015

000

045

0065

0054

00543

46

594

540

IKhospital[E]

1413

24503

4700

129

166

194

00071

000

04004367

0078

006

0006

0220

918

750

Akw

asavings

andloans[G]

2204

19052

7897

116

229

229

000

45000

05004367

0086

0043

00437

49

1175

800

Fire

services

tatio

n[H

]7441

5003

9002

149

237

268

00013

00020

00011

0067

004

200709

53

381

525


300280260240220200180160140120100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

Conductive



Agricsecretariat

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

05 1 20(km)

Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

AA1


05 1 20(km)

010

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

FRS office FCMB

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

B2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Mildly

Highlyresistive

resistive

ResistiveRe

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)



B1





2100

1900

1700

1500

1300

1100

900

700

500

300

100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Mildly

Theologicalcollege

Fire servicestation

Queen

C

05 1 20(km)

Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

conductive


Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

C1street





119910 = 119860119890119887119909

(3)





4

2minus HCO3

minus PO4

3minus NO3



0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11183e00007x

R2 = 08818


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11329e00005x

R2 = 09769



3


3


3

minus


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 76938e00007x

R2 = 09502



3)2(aq)



Table2Summaryof


hysic

alparametersfor

water

sampleu

sed

SN

Locatio

nTemp

T(∘C)

pHCon

d(120583Scm

)Na+

(MgL)

K+(M

gL)

Ca+

(MgL)

Mg+

(MgL)

Fe+

(MgL)

SO4

2minus

(MgL)

Clminus

(MgL)

PO43minus

(MgL)

CO3

2minus

(MgL)

HCO3

minus

(MgL)

NO3

minus

(MgL)

Fminus(M

gL)

Mn

(MgL)

As

(MgL)

Cu(M

gL)

BH1

IKhospital

297

69

6769

21

116

18004

10229

08

BDL

245

39

03

0003

001

010

BH2

FRSoffi

ce286

7688

7840

30

20

011

60

179

12BD

L156

1907

000

4001

120

BH3

IKclub

292

81

1183

119

185

159

35

003

10769

21

BDL

209

410

04

0001

001

008

BH4

LocalGA

rea

secretariat

288

82

9679

06

9908

005

12470

20

BDL

8017

03

000

6001

001

BH5

Akw

asavings

and

Loans

290

7534

49

1972

04

007

30

589

13BD

L215

1806

0003

001

001

BH6

FCMB

279

65

6550

30

54

56

001

20

437

13BD

L240

1303

0002

001

001

BH7

Theologicalcollege

298

67

7765

1739

23

009

32

309

09

BDL

221

46

05

0007

001

008

BH8

Fire

services

tatio

n289

78129

81

25

9035

006

20

556

15BD

L171

340

03

1001

001

006

BH9

Queen

street

279

7445

43

37

09

51

003

70349

11BD

L100

1604

0008

001

003

BH10

Agricsecretariat

295

85

509

89

09

1559

006

36

668

22

BDL

80420

05

1001

001

005

Minim

um279

67

3449

06

09

04

001

10179

08

BDL

8013

03

0001

001

001

Maxim

um298

82

1183

119

185

159

59

011

70769

22

BDL

240

420

07

1002

001

120

Range

279ndash298

67ndash85

34ndash1183

49ndash

119

06ndash

185

09ndash

153

04ndash

59

001ndash0

1110

ndash70

179ndash

769

08ndash22

BDL

80ndash240

13ndash4

20

03ndash07

0001ndash10

02001ndash0

01001ndash120

Mean

289

75229

7239

68

31

006

30

456

14BD

L172

134

04

0204

001

016

WHOsta

ndard

20062010

NS

65ndash85

1400

200

20

250

1010

400

200

NS

NS

NS

440

001

001

001

001




Na+-SO42minus 017




SO42minus-As 000

NO3minus-As 000


10 Conclusions




3


3


3




References












































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in





2 Location







119886)wasmeasured


(120588119886) = 120587 sdot [

(AB2)2 minus (MN2)2

MN] sdot 119877119886 (1)


(120588119886) = 119870 sdot 119877

119886 (2)








4


3

2minus

and HCO3




119886to their









110

10

100120

100

80

60

20

40100

1000

1000

Appa

rent

resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

ObservedCalculated

C

CBARMS

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

B

A

1694

62 57 46

427

2106

7452805523

116384

1591

BHNA



1010

100

100120

100

80

60

20

401000

1000

10000FED

RMS 35 67 46

1148

470

2450

1413 1827

9733

979

1552

2505

BHNA

F

ED

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

ObservedCalculated



1010

100

100

1000

1000

10000

120

100

80

60

20

40

H

H

BHG

G

RMS 60 NA 55

7897

7361

6701

7442

9002

22304

5003

2204

1905

I

I

57

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

Appa

rent

resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

ObservedCalculated



Table1Summaryof

measuredgeoelectric

parametersa

nddepths

ofbo

reho

lesu

sedas

constraintsinthes

tudy

area

Locatio

nBu

lkresistiv

ity(Ω

m)

Water

resis

tivity

(Ωm)

Bulkcond

uctiv


Water

cond

uctiv


depth(m

)Bo

reho

ledepth(m

)1205881198871

1205881198872

1205881198873

1205881119908

1205882119908

1205883119908

1205901198871

1205901198872

1205901198873

1205901119908

1205902119908

1205903119908

1198891

1198892

Agricsecretaria

t[A]

1694

1591

177

148

141

59

00059

000

6301695

0067

0071

00709

08

767

780

IKC

lub[B]

745

2106

384

109

133

9900134

000

47010101

0092

0075

00752

24

391

850

LocalGA

reas

ecretaria

t[C]

523

2805

116

151

115

67

00191

00036

014925

006

60087

00867

41

114

586

Queen

street

685

2601

8369

119

119

260

00146

00038

003846

0084

0084

00840

39

149

mdashFR

Soffi

ce[D

]15519

25046

11482

399

299

126

000

06000

04000

090

0025

0033

00334

33

1105

950

FCMB[F]

18268

979

9739

439

356

282

000

0500102

007752

0023

0028

00280

36

401

689

Theologicalcollege

[I]

7361

6707

22304

149

184

129

00014

00015

000

045

0065

0054

00543

46

594

540

IKhospital[E]

1413

24503

4700

129

166

194

00071

000

04004367

0078

006

0006

0220

918

750

Akw

asavings

andloans[G]

2204

19052

7897

116

229

229

000

45000

05004367

0086

0043

00437

49

1175

800

Fire

services

tatio

n[H

]7441

5003

9002

149

237

268

00013

00020

00011

0067

004

200709

53

381

525


300280260240220200180160140120100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

Conductive



Agricsecretariat

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

05 1 20(km)

Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

AA1


05 1 20(km)

010

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

FRS office FCMB

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

B2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Mildly

Highlyresistive

resistive

ResistiveRe

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)



B1





2100

1900

1700

1500

1300

1100

900

700

500

300

100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Mildly

Theologicalcollege

Fire servicestation

Queen

C

05 1 20(km)

Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

conductive


Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

C1street





119910 = 119860119890119887119909

(3)





4

2minus HCO3

minus PO4

3minus NO3



0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11183e00007x

R2 = 08818


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11329e00005x

R2 = 09769



3


3


3

minus


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 76938e00007x

R2 = 09502



3)2(aq)



Table2Summaryof


hysic

alparametersfor

water

sampleu

sed

SN

Locatio

nTemp

T(∘C)

pHCon

d(120583Scm

)Na+

(MgL)

K+(M

gL)

Ca+

(MgL)

Mg+

(MgL)

Fe+

(MgL)

SO4

2minus

(MgL)

Clminus

(MgL)

PO43minus

(MgL)

CO3

2minus

(MgL)

HCO3

minus

(MgL)

NO3

minus

(MgL)

Fminus(M

gL)

Mn

(MgL)

As

(MgL)

Cu(M

gL)

BH1

IKhospital

297

69

6769

21

116

18004

10229

08

BDL

245

39

03

0003

001

010

BH2

FRSoffi

ce286

7688

7840

30

20

011

60

179

12BD

L156

1907

000

4001

120

BH3

IKclub

292

81

1183

119

185

159

35

003

10769

21

BDL

209

410

04

0001

001

008

BH4

LocalGA

rea

secretariat

288

82

9679

06

9908

005

12470

20

BDL

8017

03

000

6001

001

BH5

Akw

asavings

and

Loans

290

7534

49

1972

04

007

30

589

13BD

L215

1806

0003

001

001

BH6

FCMB

279

65

6550

30

54

56

001

20

437

13BD

L240

1303

0002

001

001

BH7

Theologicalcollege

298

67

7765

1739

23

009

32

309

09

BDL

221

46

05

0007

001

008

BH8

Fire

services

tatio

n289

78129

81

25

9035

006

20

556

15BD

L171

340

03

1001

001

006

BH9

Queen

street

279

7445

43

37

09

51

003

70349

11BD

L100

1604

0008

001

003

BH10

Agricsecretariat

295

85

509

89

09

1559

006

36

668

22

BDL

80420

05

1001

001

005

Minim

um279

67

3449

06

09

04

001

10179

08

BDL

8013

03

0001

001

001

Maxim

um298

82

1183

119

185

159

59

011

70769

22

BDL

240

420

07

1002

001

120

Range

279ndash298

67ndash85

34ndash1183

49ndash

119

06ndash

185

09ndash

153

04ndash

59

001ndash0

1110

ndash70

179ndash

769

08ndash22

BDL

80ndash240

13ndash4

20

03ndash07

0001ndash10

02001ndash0

01001ndash120

Mean

289

75229

7239

68

31

006

30

456

14BD

L172

134

04

0204

001

016

WHOsta

ndard

20062010

NS

65ndash85

1400

200

20

250

1010

400

200

NS

NS

NS

440

001

001

001

001




Na+-SO42minus 017




SO42minus-As 000

NO3minus-As 000


10 Conclusions




3


3


3




References












































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in





4


3

2minus

and HCO3




119886to their









110

10

100120

100

80

60

20

40100

1000

1000

Appa

rent

resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

ObservedCalculated

C

CBARMS

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

B

A

1694

62 57 46

427

2106

7452805523

116384

1591

BHNA



1010

100

100120

100

80

60

20

401000

1000

10000FED

RMS 35 67 46

1148

470

2450

1413 1827

9733

979

1552

2505

BHNA

F

ED

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

ObservedCalculated



1010

100

100

1000

1000

10000

120

100

80

60

20

40

H

H

BHG

G

RMS 60 NA 55

7897

7361

6701

7442

9002

22304

5003

2204

1905

I

I

57

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

Appa

rent

resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

ObservedCalculated



Table1Summaryof

measuredgeoelectric

parametersa

nddepths

ofbo

reho

lesu

sedas

constraintsinthes

tudy

area

Locatio

nBu

lkresistiv

ity(Ω

m)

Water

resis

tivity

(Ωm)

Bulkcond

uctiv


Water

cond

uctiv


depth(m

)Bo

reho

ledepth(m

)1205881198871

1205881198872

1205881198873

1205881119908

1205882119908

1205883119908

1205901198871

1205901198872

1205901198873

1205901119908

1205902119908

1205903119908

1198891

1198892

Agricsecretaria

t[A]

1694

1591

177

148

141

59

00059

000

6301695

0067

0071

00709

08

767

780

IKC

lub[B]

745

2106

384

109

133

9900134

000

47010101

0092

0075

00752

24

391

850

LocalGA

reas

ecretaria

t[C]

523

2805

116

151

115

67

00191

00036

014925

006

60087

00867

41

114

586

Queen

street

685

2601

8369

119

119

260

00146

00038

003846

0084

0084

00840

39

149

mdashFR

Soffi

ce[D

]15519

25046

11482

399

299

126

000

06000

04000

090

0025

0033

00334

33

1105

950

FCMB[F]

18268

979

9739

439

356

282

000

0500102

007752

0023

0028

00280

36

401

689

Theologicalcollege

[I]

7361

6707

22304

149

184

129

00014

00015

000

045

0065

0054

00543

46

594

540

IKhospital[E]

1413

24503

4700

129

166

194

00071

000

04004367

0078

006

0006

0220

918

750

Akw

asavings

andloans[G]

2204

19052

7897

116

229

229

000

45000

05004367

0086

0043

00437

49

1175

800

Fire

services

tatio

n[H

]7441

5003

9002

149

237

268

00013

00020

00011

0067

004

200709

53

381

525


300280260240220200180160140120100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

Conductive



Agricsecretariat

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

05 1 20(km)

Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

AA1


05 1 20(km)

010

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

FRS office FCMB

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

B2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Mildly

Highlyresistive

resistive

ResistiveRe

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)



B1





2100

1900

1700

1500

1300

1100

900

700

500

300

100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Mildly

Theologicalcollege

Fire servicestation

Queen

C

05 1 20(km)

Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

conductive


Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

C1street





119910 = 119860119890119887119909

(3)





4

2minus HCO3

minus PO4

3minus NO3



0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11183e00007x

R2 = 08818


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11329e00005x

R2 = 09769



3


3


3

minus


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 76938e00007x

R2 = 09502



3)2(aq)



Table2Summaryof


hysic

alparametersfor

water

sampleu

sed

SN

Locatio

nTemp

T(∘C)

pHCon

d(120583Scm

)Na+

(MgL)

K+(M

gL)

Ca+

(MgL)

Mg+

(MgL)

Fe+

(MgL)

SO4

2minus

(MgL)

Clminus

(MgL)

PO43minus

(MgL)

CO3

2minus

(MgL)

HCO3

minus

(MgL)

NO3

minus

(MgL)

Fminus(M

gL)

Mn

(MgL)

As

(MgL)

Cu(M

gL)

BH1

IKhospital

297

69

6769

21

116

18004

10229

08

BDL

245

39

03

0003

001

010

BH2

FRSoffi

ce286

7688

7840

30

20

011

60

179

12BD

L156

1907

000

4001

120

BH3

IKclub

292

81

1183

119

185

159

35

003

10769

21

BDL

209

410

04

0001

001

008

BH4

LocalGA

rea

secretariat

288

82

9679

06

9908

005

12470

20

BDL

8017

03

000

6001

001

BH5

Akw

asavings

and

Loans

290

7534

49

1972

04

007

30

589

13BD

L215

1806

0003

001

001

BH6

FCMB

279

65

6550

30

54

56

001

20

437

13BD

L240

1303

0002

001

001

BH7

Theologicalcollege

298

67

7765

1739

23

009

32

309

09

BDL

221

46

05

0007

001

008

BH8

Fire

services

tatio

n289

78129

81

25

9035

006

20

556

15BD

L171

340

03

1001

001

006

BH9

Queen

street

279

7445

43

37

09

51

003

70349

11BD

L100

1604

0008

001

003

BH10

Agricsecretariat

295

85

509

89

09

1559

006

36

668

22

BDL

80420

05

1001

001

005

Minim

um279

67

3449

06

09

04

001

10179

08

BDL

8013

03

0001

001

001

Maxim

um298

82

1183

119

185

159

59

011

70769

22

BDL

240

420

07

1002

001

120

Range

279ndash298

67ndash85

34ndash1183

49ndash

119

06ndash

185

09ndash

153

04ndash

59

001ndash0

1110

ndash70

179ndash

769

08ndash22

BDL

80ndash240

13ndash4

20

03ndash07

0001ndash10

02001ndash0

01001ndash120

Mean

289

75229

7239

68

31

006

30

456

14BD

L172

134

04

0204

001

016

WHOsta

ndard

20062010

NS

65ndash85

1400

200

20

250

1010

400

200

NS

NS

NS

440

001

001

001

001




Na+-SO42minus 017




SO42minus-As 000

NO3minus-As 000


10 Conclusions




3


3


3




References












































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in



110

10

100120

100

80

60

20

40100

1000

1000

Appa

rent

resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

ObservedCalculated

C

CBARMS

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

B

A

1694

62 57 46

427

2106

7452805523

116384

1591

BHNA



1010

100

100120

100

80

60

20

401000

1000

10000FED

RMS 35 67 46

1148

470

2450

1413 1827

9733

979

1552

2505

BHNA

F

ED

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

ObservedCalculated



1010

100

100

1000

1000

10000

120

100

80

60

20

40

H

H

BHG

G

RMS 60 NA 55

7897

7361

6701

7442

9002

22304

5003

2204

1905

I

I

57

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

Appa

rent

resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

ObservedCalculated



Table1Summaryof

measuredgeoelectric

parametersa

nddepths

ofbo

reho

lesu

sedas

constraintsinthes

tudy

area

Locatio

nBu

lkresistiv

ity(Ω

m)

Water

resis

tivity

(Ωm)

Bulkcond

uctiv


Water

cond

uctiv


depth(m

)Bo

reho

ledepth(m

)1205881198871

1205881198872

1205881198873

1205881119908

1205882119908

1205883119908

1205901198871

1205901198872

1205901198873

1205901119908

1205902119908

1205903119908

1198891

1198892

Agricsecretaria

t[A]

1694

1591

177

148

141

59

00059

000

6301695

0067

0071

00709

08

767

780

IKC

lub[B]

745

2106

384

109

133

9900134

000

47010101

0092

0075

00752

24

391

850

LocalGA

reas

ecretaria

t[C]

523

2805

116

151

115

67

00191

00036

014925

006

60087

00867

41

114

586

Queen

street

685

2601

8369

119

119

260

00146

00038

003846

0084

0084

00840

39

149

mdashFR

Soffi

ce[D

]15519

25046

11482

399

299

126

000

06000

04000

090

0025

0033

00334

33

1105

950

FCMB[F]

18268

979

9739

439

356

282

000

0500102

007752

0023

0028

00280

36

401

689

Theologicalcollege

[I]

7361

6707

22304

149

184

129

00014

00015

000

045

0065

0054

00543

46

594

540

IKhospital[E]

1413

24503

4700

129

166

194

00071

000

04004367

0078

006

0006

0220

918

750

Akw

asavings

andloans[G]

2204

19052

7897

116

229

229

000

45000

05004367

0086

0043

00437

49

1175

800

Fire

services

tatio

n[H

]7441

5003

9002

149

237

268

00013

00020

00011

0067

004

200709

53

381

525


300280260240220200180160140120100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

Conductive



Agricsecretariat

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

05 1 20(km)

Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

AA1


05 1 20(km)

010

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

FRS office FCMB

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

B2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Mildly

Highlyresistive

resistive

ResistiveRe

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)



B1





2100

1900

1700

1500

1300

1100

900

700

500

300

100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Mildly

Theologicalcollege

Fire servicestation

Queen

C

05 1 20(km)

Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

conductive


Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

C1street





119910 = 119860119890119887119909

(3)





4

2minus HCO3

minus PO4

3minus NO3



0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11183e00007x

R2 = 08818


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11329e00005x

R2 = 09769



3


3


3

minus


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 76938e00007x

R2 = 09502



3)2(aq)



Table2Summaryof


hysic

alparametersfor

water

sampleu

sed

SN

Locatio

nTemp

T(∘C)

pHCon

d(120583Scm

)Na+

(MgL)

K+(M

gL)

Ca+

(MgL)

Mg+

(MgL)

Fe+

(MgL)

SO4

2minus

(MgL)

Clminus

(MgL)

PO43minus

(MgL)

CO3

2minus

(MgL)

HCO3

minus

(MgL)

NO3

minus

(MgL)

Fminus(M

gL)

Mn

(MgL)

As

(MgL)

Cu(M

gL)

BH1

IKhospital

297

69

6769

21

116

18004

10229

08

BDL

245

39

03

0003

001

010

BH2

FRSoffi

ce286

7688

7840

30

20

011

60

179

12BD

L156

1907

000

4001

120

BH3

IKclub

292

81

1183

119

185

159

35

003

10769

21

BDL

209

410

04

0001

001

008

BH4

LocalGA

rea

secretariat

288

82

9679

06

9908

005

12470

20

BDL

8017

03

000

6001

001

BH5

Akw

asavings

and

Loans

290

7534

49

1972

04

007

30

589

13BD

L215

1806

0003

001

001

BH6

FCMB

279

65

6550

30

54

56

001

20

437

13BD

L240

1303

0002

001

001

BH7

Theologicalcollege

298

67

7765

1739

23

009

32

309

09

BDL

221

46

05

0007

001

008

BH8

Fire

services

tatio

n289

78129

81

25

9035

006

20

556

15BD

L171

340

03

1001

001

006

BH9

Queen

street

279

7445

43

37

09

51

003

70349

11BD

L100

1604

0008

001

003

BH10

Agricsecretariat

295

85

509

89

09

1559

006

36

668

22

BDL

80420

05

1001

001

005

Minim

um279

67

3449

06

09

04

001

10179

08

BDL

8013

03

0001

001

001

Maxim

um298

82

1183

119

185

159

59

011

70769

22

BDL

240

420

07

1002

001

120

Range

279ndash298

67ndash85

34ndash1183

49ndash

119

06ndash

185

09ndash

153

04ndash

59

001ndash0

1110

ndash70

179ndash

769

08ndash22

BDL

80ndash240

13ndash4

20

03ndash07

0001ndash10

02001ndash0

01001ndash120

Mean

289

75229

7239

68

31

006

30

456

14BD

L172

134

04

0204

001

016

WHOsta

ndard

20062010

NS

65ndash85

1400

200

20

250

1010

400

200

NS

NS

NS

440

001

001

001

001




Na+-SO42minus 017




SO42minus-As 000

NO3minus-As 000


10 Conclusions




3


3


3




References












































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


Table1Summaryof

measuredgeoelectric

parametersa

nddepths

ofbo

reho

lesu

sedas

constraintsinthes

tudy

area

Locatio

nBu

lkresistiv

ity(Ω

m)

Water

resis

tivity

(Ωm)

Bulkcond

uctiv


Water

cond

uctiv


depth(m

)Bo

reho

ledepth(m

)1205881198871

1205881198872

1205881198873

1205881119908

1205882119908

1205883119908

1205901198871

1205901198872

1205901198873

1205901119908

1205902119908

1205903119908

1198891

1198892

Agricsecretaria

t[A]

1694

1591

177

148

141

59

00059

000

6301695

0067

0071

00709

08

767

780

IKC

lub[B]

745

2106

384

109

133

9900134

000

47010101

0092

0075

00752

24

391

850

LocalGA

reas

ecretaria

t[C]

523

2805

116

151

115

67

00191

00036

014925

006

60087

00867

41

114

586

Queen

street

685

2601

8369

119

119

260

00146

00038

003846

0084

0084

00840

39

149

mdashFR

Soffi

ce[D

]15519

25046

11482

399

299

126

000

06000

04000

090

0025

0033

00334

33

1105

950

FCMB[F]

18268

979

9739

439

356

282

000

0500102

007752

0023

0028

00280

36

401

689

Theologicalcollege

[I]

7361

6707

22304

149

184

129

00014

00015

000

045

0065

0054

00543

46

594

540

IKhospital[E]

1413

24503

4700

129

166

194

00071

000

04004367

0078

006

0006

0220

918

750

Akw

asavings

andloans[G]

2204

19052

7897

116

229

229

000

45000

05004367

0086

0043

00437

49

1175

800

Fire

services

tatio

n[H

]7441

5003

9002

149

237

268

00013

00020

00011

0067

004

200709

53

381

525


300280260240220200180160140120100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

Conductive



Agricsecretariat

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

05 1 20(km)

Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

AA1


05 1 20(km)

010

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

FRS office FCMB

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

B2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Mildly

Highlyresistive

resistive

ResistiveRe

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)



B1





2100

1900

1700

1500

1300

1100

900

700

500

300

100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Mildly

Theologicalcollege

Fire servicestation

Queen

C

05 1 20(km)

Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

conductive


Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

C1street





119910 = 119860119890119887119909

(3)





4

2minus HCO3

minus PO4

3minus NO3



0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11183e00007x

R2 = 08818


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11329e00005x

R2 = 09769



3


3


3

minus


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 76938e00007x

R2 = 09502



3)2(aq)



Table2Summaryof


hysic

alparametersfor

water

sampleu

sed

SN

Locatio

nTemp

T(∘C)

pHCon

d(120583Scm

)Na+

(MgL)

K+(M

gL)

Ca+

(MgL)

Mg+

(MgL)

Fe+

(MgL)

SO4

2minus

(MgL)

Clminus

(MgL)

PO43minus

(MgL)

CO3

2minus

(MgL)

HCO3

minus

(MgL)

NO3

minus

(MgL)

Fminus(M

gL)

Mn

(MgL)

As

(MgL)

Cu(M

gL)

BH1

IKhospital

297

69

6769

21

116

18004

10229

08

BDL

245

39

03

0003

001

010

BH2

FRSoffi

ce286

7688

7840

30

20

011

60

179

12BD

L156

1907

000

4001

120

BH3

IKclub

292

81

1183

119

185

159

35

003

10769

21

BDL

209

410

04

0001

001

008

BH4

LocalGA

rea

secretariat

288

82

9679

06

9908

005

12470

20

BDL

8017

03

000

6001

001

BH5

Akw

asavings

and

Loans

290

7534

49

1972

04

007

30

589

13BD

L215

1806

0003

001

001

BH6

FCMB

279

65

6550

30

54

56

001

20

437

13BD

L240

1303

0002

001

001

BH7

Theologicalcollege

298

67

7765

1739

23

009

32

309

09

BDL

221

46

05

0007

001

008

BH8

Fire

services

tatio

n289

78129

81

25

9035

006

20

556

15BD

L171

340

03

1001

001

006

BH9

Queen

street

279

7445

43

37

09

51

003

70349

11BD

L100

1604

0008

001

003

BH10

Agricsecretariat

295

85

509

89

09

1559

006

36

668

22

BDL

80420

05

1001

001

005

Minim

um279

67

3449

06

09

04

001

10179

08

BDL

8013

03

0001

001

001

Maxim

um298

82

1183

119

185

159

59

011

70769

22

BDL

240

420

07

1002

001

120

Range

279ndash298

67ndash85

34ndash1183

49ndash

119

06ndash

185

09ndash

153

04ndash

59

001ndash0

1110

ndash70

179ndash

769

08ndash22

BDL

80ndash240

13ndash4

20

03ndash07

0001ndash10

02001ndash0

01001ndash120

Mean

289

75229

7239

68

31

006

30

456

14BD

L172

134

04

0204

001

016

WHOsta

ndard

20062010

NS

65ndash85

1400

200

20

250

1010

400

200

NS

NS

NS

440

001

001

001

001




Na+-SO42minus 017




SO42minus-As 000

NO3minus-As 000


10 Conclusions




3


3


3




References












































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


300280260240220200180160140120100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

Conductive



Agricsecretariat

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

05 1 20(km)

Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

AA1


05 1 20(km)

010

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

FRS office FCMB

Pene

trat

ion

dept

h (m

)

B2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Mildly

Highlyresistive

resistive

ResistiveRe

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)



B1





2100

1900

1700

1500

1300

1100

900

700

500

300

100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Mildly

Theologicalcollege

Fire servicestation

Queen

C

05 1 20(km)

Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

conductive


Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

C1street





119910 = 119860119890119887119909

(3)





4

2minus HCO3

minus PO4

3minus NO3



0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11183e00007x

R2 = 08818


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11329e00005x

R2 = 09769



3


3


3

minus


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 76938e00007x

R2 = 09502



3)2(aq)



Table2Summaryof


hysic

alparametersfor

water

sampleu

sed

SN

Locatio

nTemp

T(∘C)

pHCon

d(120583Scm

)Na+

(MgL)

K+(M

gL)

Ca+

(MgL)

Mg+

(MgL)

Fe+

(MgL)

SO4

2minus

(MgL)

Clminus

(MgL)

PO43minus

(MgL)

CO3

2minus

(MgL)

HCO3

minus

(MgL)

NO3

minus

(MgL)

Fminus(M

gL)

Mn

(MgL)

As

(MgL)

Cu(M

gL)

BH1

IKhospital

297

69

6769

21

116

18004

10229

08

BDL

245

39

03

0003

001

010

BH2

FRSoffi

ce286

7688

7840

30

20

011

60

179

12BD

L156

1907

000

4001

120

BH3

IKclub

292

81

1183

119

185

159

35

003

10769

21

BDL

209

410

04

0001

001

008

BH4

LocalGA

rea

secretariat

288

82

9679

06

9908

005

12470

20

BDL

8017

03

000

6001

001

BH5

Akw

asavings

and

Loans

290

7534

49

1972

04

007

30

589

13BD

L215

1806

0003

001

001

BH6

FCMB

279

65

6550

30

54

56

001

20

437

13BD

L240

1303

0002

001

001

BH7

Theologicalcollege

298

67

7765

1739

23

009

32

309

09

BDL

221

46

05

0007

001

008

BH8

Fire

services

tatio

n289

78129

81

25

9035

006

20

556

15BD

L171

340

03

1001

001

006

BH9

Queen

street

279

7445

43

37

09

51

003

70349

11BD

L100

1604

0008

001

003

BH10

Agricsecretariat

295

85

509

89

09

1559

006

36

668

22

BDL

80420

05

1001

001

005

Minim

um279

67

3449

06

09

04

001

10179

08

BDL

8013

03

0001

001

001

Maxim

um298

82

1183

119

185

159

59

011

70769

22

BDL

240

420

07

1002

001

120

Range

279ndash298

67ndash85

34ndash1183

49ndash

119

06ndash

185

09ndash

153

04ndash

59

001ndash0

1110

ndash70

179ndash

769

08ndash22

BDL

80ndash240

13ndash4

20

03ndash07

0001ndash10

02001ndash0

01001ndash120

Mean

289

75229

7239

68

31

006

30

456

14BD

L172

134

04

0204

001

016

WHOsta

ndard

20062010

NS

65ndash85

1400

200

20

250

1010

400

200

NS

NS

NS

440

001

001

001

001




Na+-SO42minus 017




SO42minus-As 000

NO3minus-As 000


10 Conclusions




3


3


3




References












































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


2100

1900

1700

1500

1300

1100

900

700

500

300

100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Mildly

Theologicalcollege

Fire servicestation

Queen

C

05 1 20(km)

Highlyresistive

Moderatelyresistive

conductive


Resis

tivity

(Ωm

)

C1street





119910 = 119860119890119887119909

(3)





4

2minus HCO3

minus PO4

3minus NO3



0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11183e00007x

R2 = 08818


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11329e00005x

R2 = 09769



3


3


3

minus


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 76938e00007x

R2 = 09502



3)2(aq)



Table2Summaryof


hysic

alparametersfor

water

sampleu

sed

SN

Locatio

nTemp

T(∘C)

pHCon

d(120583Scm

)Na+

(MgL)

K+(M

gL)

Ca+

(MgL)

Mg+

(MgL)

Fe+

(MgL)

SO4

2minus

(MgL)

Clminus

(MgL)

PO43minus

(MgL)

CO3

2minus

(MgL)

HCO3

minus

(MgL)

NO3

minus

(MgL)

Fminus(M

gL)

Mn

(MgL)

As

(MgL)

Cu(M

gL)

BH1

IKhospital

297

69

6769

21

116

18004

10229

08

BDL

245

39

03

0003

001

010

BH2

FRSoffi

ce286

7688

7840

30

20

011

60

179

12BD

L156

1907

000

4001

120

BH3

IKclub

292

81

1183

119

185

159

35

003

10769

21

BDL

209

410

04

0001

001

008

BH4

LocalGA

rea

secretariat

288

82

9679

06

9908

005

12470

20

BDL

8017

03

000

6001

001

BH5

Akw

asavings

and

Loans

290

7534

49

1972

04

007

30

589

13BD

L215

1806

0003

001

001

BH6

FCMB

279

65

6550

30

54

56

001

20

437

13BD

L240

1303

0002

001

001

BH7

Theologicalcollege

298

67

7765

1739

23

009

32

309

09

BDL

221

46

05

0007

001

008

BH8

Fire

services

tatio

n289

78129

81

25

9035

006

20

556

15BD

L171

340

03

1001

001

006

BH9

Queen

street

279

7445

43

37

09

51

003

70349

11BD

L100

1604

0008

001

003

BH10

Agricsecretariat

295

85

509

89

09

1559

006

36

668

22

BDL

80420

05

1001

001

005

Minim

um279

67

3449

06

09

04

001

10179

08

BDL

8013

03

0001

001

001

Maxim

um298

82

1183

119

185

159

59

011

70769

22

BDL

240

420

07

1002

001

120

Range

279ndash298

67ndash85

34ndash1183

49ndash

119

06ndash

185

09ndash

153

04ndash

59

001ndash0

1110

ndash70

179ndash

769

08ndash22

BDL

80ndash240

13ndash4

20

03ndash07

0001ndash10

02001ndash0

01001ndash120

Mean

289

75229

7239

68

31

006

30

456

14BD

L172

134

04

0204

001

016

WHOsta

ndard

20062010

NS

65ndash85

1400

200

20

250

1010

400

200

NS

NS

NS

440

001

001

001

001




Na+-SO42minus 017




SO42minus-As 000

NO3minus-As 000


10 Conclusions




3


3


3




References












































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11183e00007x

R2 = 08818


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 11329e00005x

R2 = 09769



3


3


3

minus


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Wat

er re

sistiv

ity (Ω

m)


y = 76938e00007x

R2 = 09502



3)2(aq)



Table2Summaryof


hysic

alparametersfor

water

sampleu

sed

SN

Locatio

nTemp

T(∘C)

pHCon

d(120583Scm

)Na+

(MgL)

K+(M

gL)

Ca+

(MgL)

Mg+

(MgL)

Fe+

(MgL)

SO4

2minus

(MgL)

Clminus

(MgL)

PO43minus

(MgL)

CO3

2minus

(MgL)

HCO3

minus

(MgL)

NO3

minus

(MgL)

Fminus(M

gL)

Mn

(MgL)

As

(MgL)

Cu(M

gL)

BH1

IKhospital

297

69

6769

21

116

18004

10229

08

BDL

245

39

03

0003

001

010

BH2

FRSoffi

ce286

7688

7840

30

20

011

60

179

12BD

L156

1907

000

4001

120

BH3

IKclub

292

81

1183

119

185

159

35

003

10769

21

BDL

209

410

04

0001

001

008

BH4

LocalGA

rea

secretariat

288

82

9679

06

9908

005

12470

20

BDL

8017

03

000

6001

001

BH5

Akw

asavings

and

Loans

290

7534

49

1972

04

007

30

589

13BD

L215

1806

0003

001

001

BH6

FCMB

279

65

6550

30

54

56

001

20

437

13BD

L240

1303

0002

001

001

BH7

Theologicalcollege

298

67

7765

1739

23

009

32

309

09

BDL

221

46

05

0007

001

008

BH8

Fire

services

tatio

n289

78129

81

25

9035

006

20

556

15BD

L171

340

03

1001

001

006

BH9

Queen

street

279

7445

43

37

09

51

003

70349

11BD

L100

1604

0008

001

003

BH10

Agricsecretariat

295

85

509

89

09

1559

006

36

668

22

BDL

80420

05

1001

001

005

Minim

um279

67

3449

06

09

04

001

10179

08

BDL

8013

03

0001

001

001

Maxim

um298

82

1183

119

185

159

59

011

70769

22

BDL

240

420

07

1002

001

120

Range

279ndash298

67ndash85

34ndash1183

49ndash

119

06ndash

185

09ndash

153

04ndash

59

001ndash0

1110

ndash70

179ndash

769

08ndash22

BDL

80ndash240

13ndash4

20

03ndash07

0001ndash10

02001ndash0

01001ndash120

Mean

289

75229

7239

68

31

006

30

456

14BD

L172

134

04

0204

001

016

WHOsta

ndard

20062010

NS

65ndash85

1400

200

20

250

1010

400

200

NS

NS

NS

440

001

001

001

001




Na+-SO42minus 017




SO42minus-As 000

NO3minus-As 000


10 Conclusions




3


3


3




References












































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


Table2Summaryof


hysic

alparametersfor

water

sampleu

sed

SN

Locatio

nTemp

T(∘C)

pHCon

d(120583Scm

)Na+

(MgL)

K+(M

gL)

Ca+

(MgL)

Mg+

(MgL)

Fe+

(MgL)

SO4

2minus

(MgL)

Clminus

(MgL)

PO43minus

(MgL)

CO3

2minus

(MgL)

HCO3

minus

(MgL)

NO3

minus

(MgL)

Fminus(M

gL)

Mn

(MgL)

As

(MgL)

Cu(M

gL)

BH1

IKhospital

297

69

6769

21

116

18004

10229

08

BDL

245

39

03

0003

001

010

BH2

FRSoffi

ce286

7688

7840

30

20

011

60

179

12BD

L156

1907

000

4001

120

BH3

IKclub

292

81

1183

119

185

159

35

003

10769

21

BDL

209

410

04

0001

001

008

BH4

LocalGA

rea

secretariat

288

82

9679

06

9908

005

12470

20

BDL

8017

03

000

6001

001

BH5

Akw

asavings

and

Loans

290

7534

49

1972

04

007

30

589

13BD

L215

1806

0003

001

001

BH6

FCMB

279

65

6550

30

54

56

001

20

437

13BD

L240

1303

0002

001

001

BH7

Theologicalcollege

298

67

7765

1739

23

009

32

309

09

BDL

221

46

05

0007

001

008

BH8

Fire

services

tatio

n289

78129

81

25

9035

006

20

556

15BD

L171

340

03

1001

001

006

BH9

Queen

street

279

7445

43

37

09

51

003

70349

11BD

L100

1604

0008

001

003

BH10

Agricsecretariat

295

85

509

89

09

1559

006

36

668

22

BDL

80420

05

1001

001

005

Minim

um279

67

3449

06

09

04

001

10179

08

BDL

8013

03

0001

001

001

Maxim

um298

82

1183

119

185

159

59

011

70769

22

BDL

240

420

07

1002

001

120

Range

279ndash298

67ndash85

34ndash1183

49ndash

119

06ndash

185

09ndash

153

04ndash

59

001ndash0

1110

ndash70

179ndash

769

08ndash22

BDL

80ndash240

13ndash4

20

03ndash07

0001ndash10

02001ndash0

01001ndash120

Mean

289

75229

7239

68

31

006

30

456

14BD

L172

134

04

0204

001

016

WHOsta

ndard

20062010

NS

65ndash85

1400

200

20

250

1010

400

200

NS

NS

NS

440

001

001

001

001




Na+-SO42minus 017




SO42minus-As 000

NO3minus-As 000


10 Conclusions




3


3


3




References












































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in




Na+-SO42minus 017




SO42minus-As 000

NO3minus-As 000


10 Conclusions




3


3


3




References












































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in





































Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in










Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in

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