Research Designs in Child & Adolescent

7/28/2019 Research Designs in Child & Adolescent

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Developmental Issues

Nature and Nurture

Stability andChange

Continuity-

Discontinuity

Extent to which development is

influenced by nature and by

nurture

Degree to which early traits andcharacteristics persist through

life or change

Extent development involves

gradual, cumulative change(continuity) or distinct stages

(discontinuity)


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NATURE VS. NURTURE

Nature refers to an individualsbiological inheritance

Nurture refers to environmentalexperiences


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CONTINUITY VS. DISCONTINUITY

Continuity involve gradual,cumulative changes. (like aseedling gradually growing into

a tree)Discontinuity distinct

changes, abrupt (likecaterpillar becoming a

butterfly)


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STABILITY VS. CHANGE

Stability Are we what our firstexperiences have made us?

Change Do we develop into someonedifferent from who we are at an earlierpoint in development?


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Activity: Research

Form a small circle

Identify the parts of the sample research youhave

Think of a research topic (it can be similar ordifferent from the sample research), itshould be about child and adolescent

developmentTOPIC

RESPONDENTS


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P R E P A R E D B Y :

MS. JOHANNA C. SALDO

RESEARCH DESIGNS


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What is the five-step procedure used to answer questions with empirical researchand data-based conclusions?

scientific method: A way to answer questions usingempirical research and data-based conclusions.

Develop hypothesis 2 Test hypothesis 3Curiosity 1

Draw conclusions 4 Report results 5

Raise a questionA prediction that

can be tested

Design and conductresearch; gather

empirical evidence

Support or refutehypothesis

Share data, conclusions,alternate explanations

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Steps of the Scientific Method


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Scientific Method

1. Identify and define theproblem

2. Determine the hypothesis3. Collect and analyze data

4. Formulate conclusions

5. Apply conclusions to theoriginal hypotheis


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SurveyInformation iscollected from alarge number of

people Acquiring validsurvey data is noteasy

Some peoplelie and somechange their

minds

What happens when a survey is taken?

survey: A research method in which information is collected from a large

number of people by interviews, written questions, or some other means.

Survey

answers areinfluenced by wording

and sequence ofquestions

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The Survey as a Way to Test Hypotheses

Randomly

selected


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Case Study

Description: An in-depth look at anindividual

Strengths: Provides information aboutan individuals fears, hopes, fantasies,traumatic experiences, familyrelationships, etc.

Weaknesses: Caution in generalizinginformation


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Correlational Study

Description: determinesassociations

Strengths: it can predict one fromthe other

Weaknesses: no manipulation offactors, it is not dependable way toisolate cause


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correlation:A numberbetween +1.0and -1.0 thatindicates the

degree ofrelationshipbetween twovariables,expressed interms of theirlikelihood that

one variablewill (or will not)occur when theother variabledoes (or doesnot).

How do variables correlate?

Quiz on Correlation

Two Variables Positive, Negative,or Zero Correlation?

Why?(Third Variable)

1. Ice cream sales

and murder rate

2. Learning to read andnumber of baby teeth

3. Sex of adult and

their average number

of offspring

Positive

Negative

Zero

third variable:

heat

third variable:

age

no third variable:

each child must

have a parent of

each sex

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Correlation and Causation


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How Do You Design an Experiment?

Many participants,measured on many

characteristics,including thedependentvariable(the behaviorbeing studied)

Experimentalgroup

Special treatment(independent

variable)

No specialtreatment

Significant changein the dependent

variable

No change in thevariable

(predictedoutcome)

Comparison(or control) group

(two equalgroups)

dependent variable: In anexperiment, the variablethat may change as a result ofwhatever new condition orsituation the experimenter adds.

independent variable: In anexperiment, the variable that isintroduced to see what effect it hason the dependent variable.(Also called experimental variable.)

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The Experiment as a Way to Test Hypotheses


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Naturalistic Observation

Description: observing the children/subject in their natural environment

Strengths: it allows researcher todirectly observe the subject in thenatural setting

Weaknesses: difficult to determine theexact cause of behavior and cannotcontrol outside variables


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Longitudinal

Description: studies and followsthrough a single group over a period

of timeStrengths: record and monitordevelopmental trends

Weaknesses: expensive and time-consuming, drop-out of subjects


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Cross-sectional

Description: individuals of differentages are compared at one time

Strengths: record and monitordevelopmental trends, not timeconsuming, no need to wait

Weaknesses: gives no informationabout how individuals change or thestability of their characteristics


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Does one of these patternsaccurately represent intelligence

as people age?

65

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

25 32 39 46 55 60 67 74 81 88

Cross-Sectional

Longitudinal

Age

T

=

Score

Source: Schale, 1988

cross-sectional research:A research design that comparesgroups of people who differ inage but are similar in other

important characteristics.

longitudinal research: Aresearch design in which thesame individuals are followedover time and theirdevelopment is repeatedly

assessed.cohort: A group defined by theshared ages of its members.

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Studying Change Over Time


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Action Research

Description: reflective process of progressiveproblem-solving led by individuals working withothers in teams to improve the way they address

issues and solve problemsStrengths: appropriate if they want to createchanges and create information on processes andoutcome of strategies used

-uses different methods, stakeholders are included

Weaknesses: results cannot be applied to otherorganization


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Research Ethics

Informed consent

Confidentiality

Debriefing

Deception


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DATA GATHERING

TECHNIQUES


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DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES

1. Observation

2. Physiological measures

3. Standardized Tests

4. Interviews and

Questionnaires5. Life History Records


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Project:

Form a group with 5 members

Choose a topic issues that concerns child andadolescent

Conduct a research about that Parts of research should have;

Introduction

Methods what kind of research, respondents and # ofrespondents, the questionnaire (if there is one)

Conclusion

References

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Research Designs in Child & Adolescent

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