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INTRODUCTIONLauren Anne Nelson

New Delhi, located in a Humid Subtropical Climate, is the capital of India and is situat-ed along the Yamuna River Basin. Although the city is only a small percentage of the overall length of the river, it contributes the most pollution to the water. This startling fact elucidates the need of the built environment to work with the natural systems and the environment in Delhi.

The compilation of ecology data includes information on climate, the Yamuna River, the geology (soil types and seismic), vegetation and species, solar, wind, and heat. Addi-tionally, two speculative compilations included at the end of the book seek to combine gathered information to inform the studio’s design proposals.

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[SOURCE: “File: World Koppen Map.png.” Wikimedia Commons. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://com-mons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Koppen_Map.png>]

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Delhi is a part of the Humid Subtropical climate, CWA under the Koppen-Geiger classification system.

Global climate is an important design consideration in planning at the city scale and designing at the site and building scales.

1 GLOBAL CLIMATE

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HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE

CWA_ KOPPEN-GEIGER CLIMATE

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2The seasons and temperature inform future design strategies and provide context information for Delhi.

SEASONS AND TEMPERATURE

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[SOURCE: “Climate of Delhi.” Wikipedia. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateof_Delhi >]

[SOURCE: “Delhi Geography” Maps of India. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://www.mapsofindia.comdelhi/geography.html>]

WINTER | December to JanuarySPRING | February to MarchSUMMER | April to JuneMONSOON | July to SeptemberAUTUMN | October to November

1/4of the year is rainy season

TEMPERATURE5 ° C winter low

45 ° C summer high

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Rainfall catchment should be considered as a means of supplement-ing the water supply of Delhi and included in future design proposals.

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RAINFALL3

[SOURCE: “Environment.” Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613/93+-+105+Environment.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lm-

od=-616713885&CACHEID=a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613 >]

611 mmavg. annual rainfall

2500 Million Liters / Dayharvesting potential

“If even 25% of the annual rain water harvesting potential could be harvested, it is estimated that it may make available 625 million liters per day and may meet the existing gap in the availability of raw water resources and water requirement.”

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4

[SOURCE: “Current condition of the Yamuna River - an overview of flow, pollution load and human use.” The Forum on Religion and Ecology at Yale. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://fore.research.yale.edu/files/Current_

Condition_of_Yamuna_River.pdf >]

These maps show the location of the Yamuna River Basin in India.

COUNTRY TO REGIONAL CONTEXT

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This data situates the Yamuna River within its regional context.

YAMUNA RIVER BASIN5



“THE YAMUNA RIVER IS THE LARGEST TRIBUTARY OF THE RIVER GANGA.”

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6This data shows the proportion and scale of the Yamuna River Basin, providing a scalar reference.

YAMUNA AREA AND CATCHMENT

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40.2% of Ganga Basin

10.7% of India

Delhi contributes

0.4% of the total catch-ment area of the Yamuna.

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Delhi is adversely affecting the Yamuna River at a regional scale and the amelioration of this pollution should be a primary design consideration in any proposals the class makes.

YAMUNA RIVER POLLUTION7



“THE RIVER IS POLLUTED BY BOTH POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCES, WHERE NATIONAL CAPITAL TERRITORY (NCT) - DELHI IS THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR, FOLLOWED BY AGRA AND MATHURA.”

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8This diagram shows the points along the Yamuna River when water is extracted and added back to the water source.

EXTRACTION AND ADDITION POINTS

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GANGA

Karnal Hill Streams

Tons

Giri

Canal

Canal

Aglar

Asan

Eastern Yamuna CanalWestern Yamuna Canal

Bhudhi Yamuna

Khakhadi

Katha

Canal and Waste water from Panipat

Wazirabad Water works

Choti Yamuna

Hindon Cut Canal

Delhi Waste water

Thermal PowerPlant

Agra Canal

Faridabad Waste Water

Mathura, Vrindavan Waste Water

Mathura Water Works

Agra Waste Water

Agra Water Works

Chambai

Sind

Belwa

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Waste water from Delhi, Ghaziabad and Noida

Hindon River

Mathura Waste Water

Agra Waste Water

Etawah Waste Water

Allahabad WaterworkaAllahabad Waste Water

DAK PATTHAR BARRAGE

WAZIRABAD BARRAGE

OKHLA BARRAGE

GOKUL BARRAGE

MOST POLLUTEDTHE DELHI SEGMENT

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This graph illustrates the estimated annual average water flow of the Yamuna River during different times throughout the year. During the monsoon season there is a considerably greater flow than in the pre-monsoon and post -monsoon seasons.

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YAMUNA RIVER FLOW9



1999 2000 2005 2009

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This chart describes the estimated flow of the Yamuna River in the Monsoon and Non-Monsoon seasons.

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Yamuna River Flow10



80%Monsoon River Flow(July-Sept)

20%Non-Monsoon River Flow(Oct-June)

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This map places the city of Delhi and the length of the Yamuna within the city in a regional context.

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YAMUNA RIVER LENGTH11


Condition_of_Yamuna_River.pdf >][SOURCE: “Environment.” Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/

wcm/connect/a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613/93+-+105+Environment.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lm-od=-616713885&CACHEID=a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613 >]

48 kmthe length of the Yamuna River in the National Capital Territory of Delhi

YAMUNA RIVER

DELHI

Tajewala Barrage

Wazirabad Barrage

Okhla Barrage

GANGA RIVER

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The Yamuna River between the Wazirabad Barrage and the Okhla Barrage is only a very small percent of the overall length of the river.

YAMUNA RIVER LENGTH: THE DELHI SEGMENT12



1.6% (22 km)of the length of the Yamuna River is the Delhi Segment from Wazirabad Barrage to Okhla Barrage

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This data provides the geographical location of Delhi.

LOCATION OF DELHI13


latitude:

23.38 N longitude:

77.13 E

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This data illustrates the proportion of flood plain area within Delhi to its total area.

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DELHI AREA14


Condition_of_Yamuna_River.pdf >][SOURCE: “Environment.” Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/

wcm/connect/a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613/93+-+105+Environment.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lm-od=-616713885&CACHEID=a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613 >]

area of Delhi:

1485 sq.km.

Flood Plain Area

97 sq.km.

7% of total area

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The report provides the percentage of green space and also qualifies it with the spaces included in the calculation

GREEN SPACE15

[SOURCE: “Environment.” Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613/93+-+105+Environment.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lm-

od=-616713885&CACHEID=a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613 >]

green area in Delhi

300 sq. km.

20% of the city

“The green area includes forest area, area under District Parks, City Parks, Community Parks, Neighbour-hood Parks and the open area covered under plantation in the residential as well as the large complexes like President’s Estate, JNU, IARI, Delhi University Complex and plantation along open spaces, Roadside and drains.”

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This map shows the geology breakdown of Delhi with soil types.

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GEOLOGY16

[SOURCE: “Geology Details.” Rainwaterharvesting.org. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.rainwater-harvesting.org/index_files/geology.htm>]

Delhi Ridge

Yamuna Flood Plain

The Plains

typologies

quartzite - limited yield prospectus

river deposits - high yield prospectus

alluvial - low to moderate yield prospectus

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This map shows the distribution of soil types across India. New Delhi is located in the Alluvial soil type.

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SOIL TYPES OF INDIA17

[SOURCE: “1. Reservoir Fisheries Resources of India.” FAO Corporate Document Repository. Accessed Septem-ber 20, 2014. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/v5930e/v5930e01.htm>]

Red and YellowLateriteSaline and DesertAlluvialDeep and Medium BlackForest and Hill

SOIL TYPES OF INDIA

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The primary soil type of the Yamuna River Basin is the Alluvial Soil at 42.0%.

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SOIL TYPES OF THE YAMUNA BASIN18



SOIL TYPES OF YAMUNA RIVER BASIN

42.0% Alluvial

25.5% Medium Black

15.0% Mixed Red & Black

5.5% Deep Black

5.0% Red & Yellow

4.0% Brown Hill

2.5% Red Sandy

0.5% Calcareous Seirozemic

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This map illustrates the distribution of the seismic conditions around India.

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19 SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA

[SOURCE: “Seismic Zoning Map.” India Meteorological Department. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm >]

Zone II - Low Intensity Zone, 43%

Zone III - Moderate Intensity Zone, 27%

Zone IV - Severe Intensity Zone, 18%

Zone V - Very Severe Intensity Zone, 12%

SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA

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Severe seismic conditions in Delhi require design considerations in our proposals.

SEISMIC ZONE OF DELHI20

[SOURCE: “Seismic Zoning Map.” India Meteorological Department. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm >]

Earthquakes

Delhi is in Seismic Zone IV, Severe Intensity

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SEISMIC STATIONS IN DELHIThe seismic intensity of Delhi is monitored by 16 stations, further illustrating the importance of seismic considerations for future design proposals.

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[SOURCE: “Seismological Activities.” India Meteorological Department. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/welcome.htm>]

Delhi has a digital

seismic telemetry

network, consisting

of 16 field

stations and a

Central Receiving

Station

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This chart describes the locations of the seismic monitoring network in India.

INDIA SEISMIC MONITORING22

[SOURCE: “National seismological network of India Meteorological Department (82)” India Meteorological De-partment. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/List_of_observatories.

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National seismological network of India Meteorological Department (82)

S. No. Name of Station Code State Latitude (Deg:Min)

Longitude (Deg:Min)

Height above m. s.l.

(Mtrs) 1 Ajmer AJM Rajasthan 26:28.75N 74:38.59E 540 2 Akola AKL Maharashtra 20:42.17N 77:00.92E 310 3 Allahabad ALBD Uttar Pradesh 25:18.54N 81:48.51E 107 4 Behraich BRCH Uttar Pradesh 27:34.00N 81:35.00E 123 5 Bhakra BHK Punjab 31:25.00N 76:25.00E 410 6 Bhavnagar BHV Gujarat 21:45.00N 72:08.60E 182 7 Bhopal BHPL Madhya Pradesh 23:14.46N 77:25.47E 520 8 Bhuj BHJ Gujarat 23:15.24N 69:39.24E 80 9 Bhubaneshwar BWNR Orissa 20:17.73N 85:48.35E 46 10 Bilaspur BLSP Chhattisgarh 22:07.75N 82:07.91E 398 11 Bokaro BOK Jharkhand 23:47.69N 85:53.15E 282 12 Kolkata CAL West Bengal 22:32.35N 88:19.84E 6 13 Chennai MDR Tamilnadu 13:04.08N 80:14.78E 15 14 Dehradun DDI Uttarakhand 30:19.35N 78: 3.33E 682 15 Delhi NDI NCT of Delhi 28:41.00N 77:13.00E 230 16 Goa GOA Goa 15:29.50N 73:49.48E 58 17 Jammu JMU Jammu & Kashmir 32:43.00N 74:54.00E 360 18 Jhansi JHNI Uttar Pradesh 25:27.95N 78:32.37E 250 19 Karad KAD Maharashtra 17:18.45N 74:11.00E 582 20 Kodaikanal KOD Tamilnadu 10:14.00N 77:28.00E 2345 21 Latur LATR Maharashtra 18:24.98N 76:33.57E 620 22 Lohaghat LGT Uttarakhand 29:25.00N 80:06.00E 1700 23 Mangalore MNGR Karnataka 12:56.50N 74:49.36E 31 25 Minicoy MNCY Lakshadweep Islands 8:16.89N 73:03.59E 2 25 Mumbai BOM Maharashtra 18:53.75N 72:48.76E 6 26 Nagpur NGP Maharashtra 21:06.11N 79:03.73E 311 27 Pithoragarh PTH Uttarakhand 29:35.00N 80:13.00E 1669 28 Portblair PBA A& N Islands 11:39.34N 92:44.64E 79 29 Pune POO Maharashtra 18:31.77N 73:50.95E 560 30 Sahibganj SHBJ Jharkhand 25:13.00N 87:40.00E 37 31 Salem SALM Tamilnadu 11:39.00N 78:12.00E 278 32 Shillong SHL Meghalaya 25:34.01N 91:51.36E 1600 33 Siliguri SLGI West Bengal 26:42.00N 88:25.00E 120 34 Srinagar SRIN Jammu & Kashmir 34:06.00N 74:51.00E 1587 35 Thein Dam THN Punjab 32:26.00N 75:43.00E 621 36 Thiruvananthapuram TRD Kerala 8:30.48N 76:57.51E 64 37 Valmikinagar VLK Bihar 27:19.00N 83:52.00E 100 38 Varanasi VAR Uttar Pradesh 25:18.00N 83:01.00E 88 39 Vijayawada VJWD Andhra Pradesh 16:31.00N 80:39.00E 18 40 Visakhapatnam VIS Andhra Pradesh 17:43.26N 83:19.72E 82

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41 Lodi Road LDR Delhi 28:35.00N 77:13.00E 200 42 Campbell Bay CMBY A&N Islands 07:01.15N 93:55.59E 10 43 Dharmshala DHRM Himachal Pradesh 32:14.86N 76:18.40E 1995 44 Diglipur DGPR A&N Islands 13:10.67N 92:55.83E 30 45 Hyderabad HYB Andhra Pradesh 17:25.18N 78:33.11E 510 46 Shimla SMLA Himachal Pradesh 31:07.70N 77:10.00E 2200 47 Bahadurgarh BHGR Haryana 28:41.26N 76:56.33E 214 48 Sohna SONA Haryana 28:14.70N 77:03.78E 180 49 Bisrakh BIS Uttar Pradesh 28:34.26N 77:26.34E 200 50 Agra AGRA Uttar Pradesh 27:13.83N 77:56.63E 169 51 Kurukshetra KKR Haryana 29:57.69N 76:49.24E 250 52 Rohtak RTK Haryana 29:02.00N 76:24.86E 220 53 Kalagarh KALG Uttarakhand 29:30.37N 78:45.22E 1814 54 Ausora ASR Uttar Pradesh 28:45.35N 77:46.33E 160 55 Rataul RTUL Uttar Pradesh 28:49.93N 77:20.51E 223 56 Kundal KUDL Haryana 28:08.65N 76:29.35E 227 57 Ayanagar AYAN NCT of Delhi 28:28.93N 77:07.60E 220 58 Onchagaon UGON Uttar Pradesh 28:18.60N 77:54.60E 237 59 Khetri KHE Rajasthan 28:04.44N 75:48.38E 320 60 Kalpa KALP Himachal Pradesh 31:32.77N 78.15.60E 2724 61 Jaisalmer JASL Rajasthan 26:55.46N 70:54.18E 223 62 Joshimath JOSM Uttarakhand 30:33.35N 79:33.49E 1889 63 Dhubri DHUB Assam 26:01.21N 89:59.73E 33 64 Mokokchung MOKO Nagaland 26:19.26N 94:30.94E 1353 65 Agartala AGT Tripura 23:53.33N 91:14.77E 18 66 Jorhat JORH Assam 26:44.58N 94:15.08E 79 70 Belonia BELO Tripura 23:14.91N 91:26.83E 20 67 Gangtok (Tadong) GTK Sikkim 27:19.15N 88:36.11E 1348 68 Kohima KOHI Nagaland 25:43.22N 94:06.48E 1353 69 Imphal IMP Manipur 24:49.8 N 93:56.79E 792 70 Aizwal AZL Mizoram 23:44.30N 92:41.38E 969 72 Silchar SILR Assam 24:46.88N 92:48.17E 18 73 Lekhapani LKP Assam 27:19.98N 95:50.76E 13974 Ziro ZIRO Arunachal Pradesh 27:31.59N 93:50.99E 160 75 Tezpur TEZP Assam 26:37.01N 92:47.93E 83 76 Itanagar (Yupia) ITAN Arunachal Pradesh 27:08.68N 93:43.32E 214 77 Tura TURA Meghalaya 25:31.01N 90:13.45E 406 78 Guwahati GUWA Assam 26:11.60N 91:41.48E 88 79 Dibrugarh DIBR Assam 27:28.06N 94:54.67E 90 80 Tawang TAWA Arunachal Pradesh 27:35.64N 91:52.02E 297 81 Pasighat PASG Arunachal Pradesh 28:03.66N 95.19.56E 167 82 Saiha SAIH Mizoram 22:30.00N 93:00.00E 729

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India’s high seismicity has led to stringent design guidelines. These guidelines should be adhered to for any new construction proposed as part of the project.

SEISMIC DISCUSSION IN THE NEWS

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[SOURCE: “Are we really safe in our homes” moneycontrol.com. Published August 19, 2014. Accessed Septem-ber 20, 2014. <http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/real-estate/are-we-really-safeour-homes_1159322.html>]

“Protection from earthquake: In India, 55% of land area is highly vulnerable to earthquake. To avoid destruction of buildings through this natural disaster, a few stringent guidelines have been approved by our Prime Minister Mr. Manmohan Singh, who also heads the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). When constructing high-rise apartments, these guide-lines should be adhered to. The disaster caused by earthquakes can be averted if the building is seismic-proof.”

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This data illustrates the types of plants that live in the various geo-logical typologies.

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24 DELHI PLANTS


Delhi Ridge: acacias and cacti

Alluvial Plains: sheesham trees (Indian Rosewood)

Yamuna Flood Plainweeds and grasses

PLANT LIFE

Delhi Ridge

Yamuna Flood Plain

The Plains

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This plant grows in the Yamuna River and helps with contamination.

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AQUATIC PLANT25



Most Prevalent Aquatic Plant in the Yamuna River (near barrages):

water hyacinthintroduced to absorb contaminants

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This data describes previous plantation goals in Delhi.

DELHI PLANTATION

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[SOURCE: “Environment.” Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613/93+-+105+Environment.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lm-

od=-616713885&CACHEID=a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613 >

“To increase the green cover area in Delhi, massive plantation is being undertaken during each year with the involvement of all Govt. agencies, NGOs, RWA, Children and Students through Eco-clubs in Schools/Colleges. The target for plantation for the year 2011-2012 was 1 million. Plants are being made available free of cost to the citizens willing to participate in Plantation drives.”

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This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strate-gies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

DELHI TREES27

[SOURCE: “Common Trees of Delhi.” Department of Forests and Wildlife. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/7d832f804e38e9428a4dcefc55cca0d2/DELHI+TREESSS.pdf?MOD=A-

JPERES&lmod=1623608915>]

1. Botanical name- Cassia fistula

Locally known as Amaltas/girmala/kiar/alash

A medium-sized deciduous, ornamental tree with an irregular canopy. Yellowish bark, more or less smooth but got crusty when old. Leaves are feather-compound with 4-8 pairs of large leaflets. Flowers are bright yellow in colour and in long, droopy clusters with 5 petals. Fruits are long, cylindrical pipes which are green when young but later turned into black. Flowering usually occurs during late April or May and fruit mature around March- April of the year following flowering. Medicinally, it is useful in skin diseases, cardiac disorders, and intermittent fever and also as an anti-inflammatory.

2. Botanical name- Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

Locally known as harshingar/har/kuri/saherwa

A small deciduous tree with drooping 4-angled branchlets. Bark pale or dark grey in colour, sometimes greenish, rough and wrinkled. Leaves in opposite pairs, dark green, very rough on upper surface, paler and hairy below, margins often large with distant teeth with pointed apex. Flowers white in colour with 5-8 petals at the end of bright orange tube in clusters and are highly fragrant. Fruits are flat, with round capsule bright green at first and later turned brown. Leaves shed in February or March and renewed in June-July. Flowering occurs in August with peaking in September-October. Fruit ripen in April-May.

3. Botanical name- Ehretia laevis

Locally known as chamrod/chambal/desi papdi/sakar

A medium-sized deciduous tree recognised by its pale, knobbly trunk and in season by loose white star shaped flowers. Bark is generally yellowish or grey. Leaves are usually quite broad, hairy at first becoming smooth and shiny lately with a pointed apex. Flowers are small, white star-shaped and present in loose clusters. Fruits are in form of tiny berries, bright orange, turned black when ripe. Prime time of flowering is March. Fruit set very quickly after the flowering, mostly by late March and turned orange in mid- April.

1. Botanical name- Cassia fistula

Locally known as Amaltas/girmala/kiar/alash

A medium-sized deciduous, ornamental tree with an irregular canopy. Yellowish bark, more or less smooth but got crusty when old. Leaves are feather-compound with 4-8 pairs of large leaflets. Flowers are bright yellow in colour and in long, droopy clusters with 5 petals. Fruits are long, cylindrical pipes which are green when young but later turned into black. Flowering usually occurs during late April or May and fruit mature around March- April of the year following flowering. Medicinally, it is useful in skin diseases, cardiac disorders, and intermittent fever and also as an anti-inflammatory.

2. Botanical name- Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

Locally known as harshingar/har/kuri/saherwa

A small deciduous tree with drooping 4-angled branchlets. Bark pale or dark grey in colour, sometimes greenish, rough and wrinkled. Leaves in opposite pairs, dark green, very rough on upper surface, paler and hairy below, margins often large with distant teeth with pointed apex. Flowers white in colour with 5-8 petals at the end of bright orange tube in clusters and are highly fragrant. Fruits are flat, with round capsule bright green at first and later turned brown. Leaves shed in February or March and renewed in June-July. Flowering occurs in August with peaking in September-October. Fruit ripen in April-May.

3. Botanical name- Ehretia laevis

Locally known as chamrod/chambal/desi papdi/sakar

A medium-sized deciduous tree recognised by its pale, knobbly trunk and in season by loose white star shaped flowers. Bark is generally yellowish or grey. Leaves are usually quite broad, hairy at first becoming smooth and shiny lately with a pointed apex. Flowers are small, white star-shaped and present in loose clusters. Fruits are in form of tiny berries, bright orange, turned black when ripe. Prime time of flowering is March. Fruit set very quickly after the flowering, mostly by late March and turned orange in mid- April.

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28This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.


DELHI TREES



4. Botanical name- Neolamarckia cadamba

Locally known as kadamb/kadam

A quick growing deciduous tree with a long, clean bole and spreading branches. Branches are stiff diverging at right angles to the trunk. Bark of old trees dark, rough with vertical fissures. Leaves are large in opposite pairs, shiny on top with arching parallel secondary nerves. Flowers are deep yellow in colour, tiny, clustered in round heads. Fruits are yellow in round heads. Leaves start shedding in March and renewed by the June. Flowering is for a short duration mostly in August- September. Fruit ripen and fall in January- February.

5. Botanical name- Acacia auriculiformis (Earpod Wattle)


A medium-sized evergreen tree having grey-brown bark with fissures. Leaves are actually modified appendages called “phyllodes” which are thicker, more leathery, usually curved with 3 arching nerves. Flowers are yellow, fragrant with 90-100 tiny flowers crowded together in form of an elongated spikes. Fruit pods are green at first become intricately coiled and almost got woody when ripe and split open on the tree. Flower usually in rainy season from August to early November. Fruit formed by October, ripening in late April or early May.

6. Botanical name- Mimusops elengi

Locally known as maulsari/maulshree/bakul

A middle-sized evergreen tree with low branching forming a dense, dark, glossy head. Bark is nut-brown or greyish, deeply fissured and cracked. Leaves are long, glossy on top with wavy edges. Flowers are white, fragrant with numerous narrow petals. Fruit is a beery, green at first and turned red-yellow when ripe. Leaves nearly evergreen and new leaves appear in late April contrasting to older ones. Flower in May- June; another flush in rainy season. Fruiting is from February to June.

4. Botanical name- Neolamarckia cadamba


A quick growing deciduous tree with a long, clean bole and spreading branches. Branches are stiff diverging at right angles to the trunk. Bark of old trees dark, rough with vertical fissures. Leaves are large in opposite pairs, shiny on top with arching parallel secondary nerves. Flowers are deep yellow in colour, tiny, clustered in round heads. Fruits are yellow in round heads. Leaves start shedding in March and renewed by the June. Flowering is for a short duration mostly in August- September. Fruit ripen and fall in January- February.

5. Botanical name- Acacia auriculiformis (Earpod Wattle)


A medium-sized evergreen tree having grey-brown bark with fissures. Leaves are actually modified appendages called “phyllodes” which are thicker, more leathery, usually curved with 3 arching nerves. Flowers are yellow, fragrant with 90-100 tiny flowers crowded together in form of an elongated spikes. Fruit pods are green at first become intricately coiled and almost got woody when ripe and split open on the tree. Flower usually in rainy season from August to early November. Fruit formed by October, ripening in late April or early May.

6. Botanical name- Mimusops elengi

Locally known as maulsari/maulshree/bakul

A middle-sized evergreen tree with low branching forming a dense, dark, glossy head. Bark is nut-brown or greyish, deeply fissured and cracked. Leaves are long, glossy on top with wavy edges. Flowers are white, fragrant with numerous narrow petals. Fruit is a beery, green at first and turned red-yellow when ripe. Leaves nearly evergreen and new leaves appear in late April contrasting to older ones. Flower in May- June; another flush in rainy season. Fruiting is from February to June.

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7. Botanical name- Psidium guajava

Locally known as guava/amrood

A small semi-evergreen tree with an open crown and a slender, crooked stem often branching close to the ground. Bark is reddish brown, peeling off to expose smooth white or greenish underbark. Leaves are long with rounded base, pointed or blunt apex, usually downy on undersurface, edges often wavy. Flowers are solitary or in small clusters, pure white, fragrant. Fruits are round or pear shaped skin green and turned yellow to pink when ripe, flesh is sweet with numerous embedded seeds.

8. Botanical name- Ficus religiosa (Sacred fig)

Locally known as peepal/peepli

A large tall deciduous tree. Trunk is short, thick, often fluted and exudes milky latex. Bark is yellowish or grey brown, smooth and become scaly with age. Leaves are large with wavy margins and long stalk, heart-shaped at base with very long pointed tip. Figs are in pairs, grow out from leaf axils, reddish at first and eventually turned deep purple when ripe. Leaves start to fall in January and new leaves emerge in late March to late April. Figs ripen around mid-April. Sometimes second flush of figs ripen in October. The juice of bark is used as a mouthwash, for curing toothache and weak gums.

9. Botanical name- Ficus virens

Locally known as pilkhan/ram anjeer/palakh/pakad/pakdi

A fairly common large deciduous tree with an immense, spreading canopy that displays wonderful changing tints during foliage renewal in Spring season. Bark is greyish with a slivery tinge having milky sap. It has long aerial roots which tend to wrap themselves around the top of the trunk unlike Banyan tree. Leaves begin to drop in mid February and new leaves starts coming up in early March with colour changing from dusty purple to red, from bronze to pale green. Figs ripen usually during July to September.

7. Botanical name- Psidium guajava

Locally known as guava/amrood

A small semi-evergreen tree with an open crown and a slender, crooked stem often branching close to the ground. Bark is reddish brown, peeling off to expose smooth white or greenish underbark. Leaves are long with rounded base, pointed or blunt apex, usually downy on undersurface, edges often wavy. Flowers are solitary or in small clusters, pure white, fragrant. Fruits are round or pear shaped skin green and turned yellow to pink when ripe, flesh is sweet with numerous embedded seeds.

8. Botanical name- Ficus religiosa (Sacred fig)

Locally known as peepal/peepli

A large tall deciduous tree. Trunk is short, thick, often fluted and exudes milky latex. Bark is yellowish or grey brown, smooth and become scaly with age. Leaves are large with wavy margins and long stalk, heart-shaped at base with very long pointed tip. Figs are in pairs, grow out from leaf axils, reddish at first and eventually turned deep purple when ripe. Leaves start to fall in January and new leaves emerge in late March to late April. Figs ripen around mid-April. Sometimes second flush of figs ripen in October. The juice of bark is used as a mouthwash, for curing toothache and weak gums.

9. Botanical name- Ficus virens

Locally known as pilkhan/ram anjeer/palakh/pakad/pakdi

A fairly common large deciduous tree with an immense, spreading canopy that displays wonderful changing tints during foliage renewal in Spring season. Bark is greyish with a slivery tinge having milky sap. It has long aerial roots which tend to wrap themselves around the top of the trunk unlike Banyan tree. Leaves begin to drop in mid February and new leaves starts coming up in early March with colour changing from dusty purple to red, from bronze to pale green. Figs ripen usually during July to September.

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10. Botanical name- Ficus benghalensis

Locally known as bargad/bargat/banyan/bar/badh

A large spreading nearly evergreen tree. Bark is greyish with a slivery tinge having milky sap. Leaves are long leathery broadly oval with a rounded base, hairy at base, mostly smooth when mature. Figs in pairs, on short stalks, white speckled with red dots when ripe. Leaves more or less evergreen, new flush in March-April can be strikingly beautiful because of pink tints. Figs ripen in April- May, but on some trees in late October. The Banyan has a host of medicinal uses.

11. Botanical name- Ficus benghalensis var. krishnae

Locally known as makkhan katora/Krishna badh

A comparatively smaller version of the banyan tree. This middle sized deciduous tree is having a greyish, dull and wrinkled bark. Aerial roots are occasional, thin and wiry. Leaves are diagnostic cup-shaped, forming a pocket at base and upper surface of leaf forms the outside of the pocket with a velvety underside. Figs are singled or paired, without stalks, dark pink in colour when ripe. Leaves thin out in late February and trees look straggly till mid May. Figs appear from March to June.

12. Botanical name- Morus alba

Locally known as shahtoot/toot/chinni/kandi

A modest deciduous tree with a spreading and irregular crown. Bark is brown, rough with vertical furrows. Leaves are variable, mostly oval, often lobed, heart-shaped base with toothed margins. Flowers are tiny, greenish and in spikes. Male and female flowers are separate but on the same tree. Fruits are succulent berries crowded together on short spikes, ripe fruit can be white, red or deep violet.

10. Botanical name- Ficus benghalensis

Locally known as bargad/bargat/banyan/bar/badh

A large spreading nearly evergreen tree. Bark is greyish with a slivery tinge having milky sap. Leaves are long leathery broadly oval with a rounded base, hairy at base, mostly smooth when mature. Figs in pairs, on short stalks, white speckled with red dots when ripe. Leaves more or less evergreen, new flush in March-April can be strikingly beautiful because of pink tints. Figs ripen in April- May, but on some trees in late October. The Banyan has a host of medicinal uses.

11. Botanical name- Ficus benghalensis var. krishnae

Locally known as makkhan katora/Krishna badh

A comparatively smaller version of the banyan tree. This middle sized deciduous tree is having a greyish, dull and wrinkled bark. Aerial roots are occasional, thin and wiry. Leaves are diagnostic cup-shaped, forming a pocket at base and upper surface of leaf forms the outside of the pocket with a velvety underside. Figs are singled or paired, without stalks, dark pink in colour when ripe. Leaves thin out in late February and trees look straggly till mid May. Figs appear from March to June.

12. Botanical name- Morus alba

Locally known as shahtoot/toot/chinni/kandi

A modest deciduous tree with a spreading and irregular crown. Bark is brown, rough with vertical furrows. Leaves are variable, mostly oval, often lobed, heart-shaped base with toothed margins. Flowers are tiny, greenish and in spikes. Male and female flowers are separate but on the same tree. Fruits are succulent berries crowded together on short spikes, ripe fruit can be white, red or deep violet.

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13. Botanical name- Syzigium cumini

Locally known as jamun/jaman/paiman/phalinda

A beautiful large canopied tree, more or less evergreen. Bark is pale brown, flaky and rough especially on lower trunk. Leaves are long, smooth and leathery with numerous secondary veins running parallel and united with marginal vein. Flowers in dense clusters with small petals and are whitish to creamish in colour. Fruit is a round or oblong berry, deep purple when ripe with sweet or tart flesh. The canopy looks loveliest in late March- April. Flowering is in May and fruit ripen by late June or July. The fruit is used in folk medicines for diabetes, dysentery and diseases of spleen.

14. Botanical name- Drypetes roxburghii

Locally known as putranjiva/putr jiva/ putajan/ joti/juti

A handsome evergreen tree with long, drooping branchlets bearing dark, glossy leaves. Bark is corky, grey or yellowish with white dots. Leaves are glossy on top, narrowed at both the ends with finely toothed edges. Flowers are greenish yellow in colour, tiny in size and male and female flowers on separate trees. Flowering is in early April. Fruit are small, nearly round and dun coloured when ripe and form very quickly after the flowers but do not ripen till February or March of the following year. The leaves and fruits are used to treat the cold, fever and rheumatism.

15. Botanical name- Polyalthia longifolia

Locally known as ashok/devdaru/ashupal

A tall, erect and nearly evergreen tree with dark grey-brown bark which become darker, scabby and cracked with age. Leaves are slim, glossy and long with wavy edges and extended pointed tips. Flowers are in clusters with 6 long, narrow with pale-green petals. Fruit are of grape-size, present in clusters growing from a common stalk and dark purple when ripe. Flowers during late March or early April and last for a short time. Fruit ripen between late June and early August. The bark is used medicinally to allay fevers.

13. Botanical name- Syzigium cumini

Locally known as jamun/jaman/paiman/phalinda

A beautiful large canopied tree, more or less evergreen. Bark is pale brown, flaky and rough especially on lower trunk. Leaves are long, smooth and leathery with numerous secondary veins running parallel and united with marginal vein. Flowers in dense clusters with small petals and are whitish to creamish in colour. Fruit is a round or oblong berry, deep purple when ripe with sweet or tart flesh. The canopy looks loveliest in late March- April. Flowering is in May and fruit ripen by late June or July. The fruit is used in folk medicines for diabetes, dysentery and diseases of spleen.

14. Botanical name- Drypetes roxburghii

Locally known as putranjiva/putr jiva/ putajan/ joti/juti

A handsome evergreen tree with long, drooping branchlets bearing dark, glossy leaves. Bark is corky, grey or yellowish with white dots. Leaves are glossy on top, narrowed at both the ends with finely toothed edges. Flowers are greenish yellow in colour, tiny in size and male and female flowers on separate trees. Flowering is in early April. Fruit are small, nearly round and dun coloured when ripe and form very quickly after the flowers but do not ripen till February or March of the following year. The leaves and fruits are used to treat the cold, fever and rheumatism.

15. Botanical name- Polyalthia longifolia

Locally known as ashok/devdaru/ashupal

A tall, erect and nearly evergreen tree with dark grey-brown bark which become darker, scabby and cracked with age. Leaves are slim, glossy and long with wavy edges and extended pointed tips. Flowers are in clusters with 6 long, narrow with pale-green petals. Fruit are of grape-size, present in clusters growing from a common stalk and dark purple when ripe. Flowers during late March or early April and last for a short time. Fruit ripen between late June and early August. The bark is used medicinally to allay fevers.

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16. Botanical name- Polyalthia pendula

Locally known as ashok

A medium, christmas-tree shaped and nearly evergreen tree with dark grey-brown bark which become darker, scabby and cracked with age. Usually attain a narrowly conical form with short, drooping branches. Leaves are slim, glossy and long with wavy edges and extended pointed tips. Flowers are in clusters with 6 long, narrow with pale-green petals. Fruit are of grape-size, present in clusters growing from a common stalk and dark purple when ripe. Flowers during late March or early April and last for a short time. Fruit ripen between late June and early August.

17. Botanical name- Mangifera indica

Locally known as aam/amri/ambi

A semi-evergreen medium-sized tree with grey-brown bark with shallow cracks. Leaves are slender with a long tapering apex, bluntly pointed with wavy edges. Flowers are yellowish green and tiny, strongly scented, in huge branched clusters even upto 6000 flowers with 4-5 yellow petals. Leaves shed mostly in January and renewed in March. Flowers firsts seen in mid February and at peak in March. Fruit is smooth skinned,waxy,in various colours, fleshy,fibrous or pulpy, stone flattened or kidney shaped. Fruit ripen in May-July depending on variety of mango.

18. Botanical name- Terminalia arjuna

Locally known as arjun/arjan

A large massive deciduous tree with a broad, oval crown with smooth bark an buttressed trunk. Leaves are opposite, rounded or slightly pointy tip with faintly heart-shaped at base. Flowers are tiny, creamy, yellow, crowded in long spikes, no petals, flower-cup with long prominent stamens. Fruits are ovoid, woody with flat wings running along its length. Leaves shed towards mid April, renewed in late April or May. Flowers in late April and last through most of May. Fruit ripen nearly a year after flowering, dropping sometime between February and June. The bark is highly valued medicinally as a cure for cancer, heart, skin, urinary and gynaecological disorders.

16. Botanical name- Polyalthia pendula

Locally known as ashok

A medium, christmas-tree shaped and nearly evergreen tree with dark grey-brown bark which become darker, scabby and cracked with age. Usually attain a narrowly conical form with short, drooping branches. Leaves are slim, glossy and long with wavy edges and extended pointed tips. Flowers are in clusters with 6 long, narrow with pale-green petals. Fruit are of grape-size, present in clusters growing from a common stalk and dark purple when ripe. Flowers during late March or early April and last for a short time. Fruit ripen between late June and early August.

17. Botanical name- Mangifera indica

Locally known as aam/amri/ambi

A semi-evergreen medium-sized tree with grey-brown bark with shallow cracks. Leaves are slender with a long tapering apex, bluntly pointed with wavy edges. Flowers are yellowish green and tiny, strongly scented, in huge branched clusters even upto 6000 flowers with 4-5 yellow petals. Leaves shed mostly in January and renewed in March. Flowers firsts seen in mid February and at peak in March. Fruit is smooth skinned,waxy,in various colours, fleshy,fibrous or pulpy, stone flattened or kidney shaped. Fruit ripen in May-July depending on variety of mango.

18. Botanical name- Terminalia arjuna

Locally known as arjun/arjan

A large massive deciduous tree with a broad, oval crown with smooth bark an buttressed trunk. Leaves are opposite, rounded or slightly pointy tip with faintly heart-shaped at base. Flowers are tiny, creamy, yellow, crowded in long spikes, no petals, flower-cup with long prominent stamens. Fruits are ovoid, woody with flat wings running along its length. Leaves shed towards mid April, renewed in late April or May. Flowers in late April and last through most of May. Fruit ripen nearly a year after flowering, dropping sometime between February and June. The bark is highly valued medicinally as a cure for cancer, heart, skin, urinary and gynaecological disorders.

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19. Botanical name- Plumeria obtusa (White Frangipani)

Locally known as khair champa/ safed champa/champa

A small near-evergreen frangipani tree with a greyish brown bark with knobbly and warty trunk having milky sap. Flowers are in clusters and fragrant with narrow, white-petals and a deep yellow throat in the centre. Leaves are long, apex broad with a notch or only a tiny point. Fruit is in a pair of dark, shiny pods, joined in the centre. Flowering is in April, peaking in May and again in the rains and fruits can be seen in May.

20. Botanical name- Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia

Locally known as mahua/mahula/maul

A large deciduous shapely, long lived tree with a twisted trunk and wide, spreading crown. Bark is grey-brown, rough, lightly fissured with milky sap. Leaves are firm; long, broadly oval, pointy-tipped, prominently clustered near the ends of branchlets. Flowers creamy white, in dense clusters near the ends of twigs. Fruit olive-shaped, fleshy and orange when ripe. Leaves start turning yellow in late March, most trees are bare by late April. New leaves appear early in May. Flowers through most of April. Fruit ripen in July or August.

21. Botanical name- Terminalia bellirica

Locally known as baheda/bhaira/bharla/sagona

A tall handsome deciduous tree with a massive some-shaped crown and broad leaves prominently clustered at the ends of twigs. Flowers greenish yellow, in slender, crowded spikes, scent sweet but nauseating. Fruit ovoid or flask shaped, grey brown, velvety on the outside. Leaves drop in late March and new leaves appear in early April. Flowering starts along with the new leaves towards end April. Fruit ripen in winter. Used in ayurvedic medicine Triphala.

19. Botanical name- Plumeria obtusa (White Frangipani)

Locally known as khair champa/ safed champa/champa

A small near-evergreen frangipani tree with a greyish brown bark with knobbly and warty trunk having milky sap. Flowers are in clusters and fragrant with narrow, white-petals and a deep yellow throat in the centre. Leaves are long, apex broad with a notch or only a tiny point. Fruit is in a pair of dark, shiny pods, joined in the centre. Flowering is in April, peaking in May and again in the rains and fruits can be seen in May.

20. Botanical name- Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia

Locally known as mahua/mahula/maul

A large deciduous shapely, long lived tree with a twisted trunk and wide, spreading crown. Bark is grey-brown, rough, lightly fissured with milky sap. Leaves are firm; long, broadly oval, pointy-tipped, prominently clustered near the ends of branchlets. Flowers creamy white, in dense clusters near the ends of twigs. Fruit olive-shaped, fleshy and orange when ripe. Leaves start turning yellow in late March, most trees are bare by late April. New leaves appear early in May. Flowers through most of April. Fruit ripen in July or August.

21. Botanical name- Terminalia bellirica

Locally known as baheda/bhaira/bharla/sagona

A tall handsome deciduous tree with a massive some-shaped crown and broad leaves prominently clustered at the ends of twigs. Flowers greenish yellow, in slender, crowded spikes, scent sweet but nauseating. Fruit ovoid or flask shaped, grey brown, velvety on the outside. Leaves drop in late March and new leaves appear in early April. Flowering starts along with the new leaves towards end April. Fruit ripen in winter. Used in ayurvedic medicine Triphala.

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22. Botanical name- Tectona grandis

Locally known as teak/sagwan/sagaun

Teak is tall evergreen tree. The bark is pale yellowish to brown in colour. It is generally grown straight with the uneven texture, medium lustre and the oily feel. The fruit is a drupe. It has bluish to white flowers present in very large terminal clusters. The fruit is enclosed by the bladder like calyx, which is light brown, ribbed and papery. The bark is bitter tonic and is considered useful in fever.

23. Botanical name- Jatropha curcas

Locally known as pahadi/jangli arand

It is a perennial, monoecious small tree having bark pale brown; branches glabrous, ascending, stout. Leaves alternate, lobes acute or shortly acuminate at the apex, margins entire or undulating, leaf base deeply cordate, glabrous or pubescent only on the veins below. Male and Female flowers are separate, greenish-yellow in colour and are bell-shaped. Fruit an ellipsoid 3-lobed capsule, yellow, turning black when ripe.

24. Botanical name- Pterospermum acerifolium

Locally known as kanak/katha champa/kaniar/muchkand

A large deciduous tree with very broad, shallowly lobed leaves, dark green on top and downy pale on underneath. It has large fragrant nocturnal white flowers. Fruit is a 5-angled woody capsule. Leaves shed in late February and followed soon after by new leaves. Flowers appear in March, with some trees still in flower at the end of April. Fruit take nearly a year to develop, releasing their seed in February-March.

22. Botanical name- Tectona grandis

Locally known as teak/sagwan/sagaun

Teak is tall evergreen tree. The bark is pale yellowish to brown in colour. It is generally grown straight with the uneven texture, medium lustre and the oily feel. The fruit is a drupe. It has bluish to white flowers present in very large terminal clusters. The fruit is enclosed by the bladder like calyx, which is light brown, ribbed and papery. The bark is bitter tonic and is considered useful in fever.

23. Botanical name- Jatropha curcas

Locally known as pahadi/jangli arand

It is a perennial, monoecious small tree having bark pale brown; branches glabrous, ascending, stout. Leaves alternate, lobes acute or shortly acuminate at the apex, margins entire or undulating, leaf base deeply cordate, glabrous or pubescent only on the veins below. Male and Female flowers are separate, greenish-yellow in colour and are bell-shaped. Fruit an ellipsoid 3-lobed capsule, yellow, turning black when ripe.

24. Botanical name- Pterospermum acerifolium

Locally known as kanak/katha champa/kaniar/muchkand

A large deciduous tree with very broad, shallowly lobed leaves, dark green on top and downy pale on underneath. It has large fragrant nocturnal white flowers. Fruit is a 5-angled woody capsule. Leaves shed in late February and followed soon after by new leaves. Flowers appear in March, with some trees still in flower at the end of April. Fruit take nearly a year to develop, releasing their seed in February-March.

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25. Botanical name- Azadirachta indica

Locally known as neem/nimbi

A tall evergreen tree with the small bright green leaves. It has a straight trunk. Its bark is hard rough and scaly, fissured even in small trees. The colour of the bark is brown greyish. The leaves are alternate and consist of several leaflets with serrated edges. It blossoms in spring with the small white flowers. Its flowers are small and white in colour. The fruit is oval, round and thin skinned and edible. Neem also holds medicinal value. Each part of neem is used in the medicines. Neem oil extracted from its seeds is used in medicines, pest control and cosmetics etc. Its leaves are used in the treat Chickenpox.

26. Botanical name- Prosopis Juliflora

Locally known as Vilaiti keekar/ kabuli keekar/babool

A medium-sized, thorny deciduous tree with crooked main branches and a spreading, feathery canopy. Bark is ruddy brown with long vertical fissures and ridges. Spines in pairs, straight, arising from leaf axils. Leaves twice feathered and numerous crowded, blunt leaflets. Flowers tiny greenish yellow, crowded or narrow spikes. Fruit is a pod flattish, straw coloured and slightly curved. Flowering from mid March to late April and Fruit ripen in April-May or in late October- November also.

27. Botanical name- Albizia lebbeck

Locally known as siris/siras/sirar/kalshish/tantia

A middle-sized deciduous tree with a shortish bole and thin, spreading crown. Bark is rough and brownish in colour. Leaves twice-feathered with only a few pairs of side-stalks, each side stalk has 3-10 pairs of leaflets. It bears long “powder puff” fragrant flowers with long, greenish-yellow stamens and is festooned for many months with straw coloured pods. Leaves start dropping in January, bare till March, when new leaf begins. Flowering is in early April; new flushes are triggered by showers in June and July. Fruit pods start turning yellow in November and lasts till March. It is useful as a medicine for leprosy.

28. Botanical name- Bergera koenigii

Locally known as kadi patta/meetha neem/gandhela/bowala

A small deciduous tree, usually in a form of bush. Bark is thin and purplish brown. Leaves are feather-compound with pointy leaflets, asymmetric base, notched apex, edges often with rounded teeth. Flowers are small,white, fragrant, in sprays at the ends of twigs, 5 petals. Fruit is a berry, pink at first, turning purple, then shiny black with rough skin. Leaves are strongly scented

and used in many Indian cuisines.

29. Botanical name- Cordia dichotoma

Locally known as lasora/lasuda/bhokar/gondi/laswara

A middle-sized deciduous tree with characterstic long, drooping branchlets. The bright green leaves are broadly oval, the upper half nearly always wavy-edged. Fruits are like a pale cherry with sticky pulp. Flowers are small, white, in loose clusters, opening at night with petals curved backwards and fused into tube at base.

30. Botanical name- Ficus racemosa

Locally known goolar/umri/dimeri/batbar/

daduri/palak

An attractive middle-sized deciduous tree with a crooked trunk and open, spreading crown. The bark is greyish yellow to rusty with milky sap. Leaves are long, leathery, tapering at both ends and toothed when young. The red, furry figs are very distinctive and arranged in short, branching clusters growing from the trunk or main branches. Figs often produced in 2 crops, one in March- April and the second one in rains.

25. Botanical name- Azadirachta indica

Locally known as neem/nimbi

A tall evergreen tree with the small bright green leaves. It has a straight trunk. Its bark is hard rough and scaly, fissured even in small trees. The colour of the bark is brown greyish. The leaves are alternate and consist of several leaflets with serrated edges. It blossoms in spring with the small white flowers. Its flowers are small and white in colour. The fruit is oval, round and thin skinned and edible. Neem also holds medicinal value. Each part of neem is used in the medicines. Neem oil extracted from its seeds is used in medicines, pest control and cosmetics etc. Its leaves are used in the treat Chickenpox.

26. Botanical name- Prosopis Juliflora

Locally known as Vilaiti keekar/ kabuli keekar/babool

A medium-sized, thorny deciduous tree with crooked main branches and a spreading, feathery canopy. Bark is ruddy brown with long vertical fissures and ridges. Spines in pairs, straight, arising from leaf axils. Leaves twice feathered and numerous crowded, blunt leaflets. Flowers tiny greenish yellow, crowded or narrow spikes. Fruit is a pod flattish, straw coloured and slightly curved. Flowering from mid March to late April and Fruit ripen in April-May or in late October- November also.

27. Botanical name- Albizia lebbeck

Locally known as siris/siras/sirar/kalshish/tantia

A middle-sized deciduous tree with a shortish bole and thin, spreading crown. Bark is rough and brownish in colour. Leaves twice-feathered with only a few pairs of side-stalks, each side stalk has 3-10 pairs of leaflets. It bears long “powder puff” fragrant flowers with long, greenish-yellow stamens and is festooned for many months with straw coloured pods. Leaves start dropping in January, bare till March, when new leaf begins. Flowering is in early April; new flushes are triggered by showers in June and July. Fruit pods start turning yellow in November and lasts till March. It is useful as a medicine for leprosy.










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triggered by showers in June and July. Fruit pods start turning yellow in November and lasts till March. It is useful as a medicine for leprosy.










daduri/palak


triggered by showers in June and July. Fruit pods start turning yellow in November and lasts till March. It is useful as a medicine for leprosy.










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31. Botanical name- Melia azederach

Locally known as bakain/drek/deikna

A long-limbed deciduous tree with a dense, spreading crown, superficially resembling the neem. Bark is dark brown with long, flat ridges and furrows. Leaves are large, twice-feathered, forking into 3-7 pairs of side stalks with 3,5 or 7 coarsely toothed leaflets on each side stalk. Leaves shed in January, renewed late in January or February. Flowers in loose clusters, white petals tipped with lilac, stamens fused into a purple central column. Flowering is in March and mostly over by April. Fruit shaped like miniature apples, in pendant clusters. Fruit ripen by October and remain till February.

32. Botanical name- Moringa oleifera

Locally known as sonjna/sainjhna/shajna/munga

A graceful, softwooded, medium-sized deciduous tree with an airy crown of fern-like foliage and generous clusters of creamy flowers. Bark is pale brown or silvery white with furrows. Leaves are twice-feathered, very large, main leaf stalk branches into 4-6 pairs of widely spaced side stalks; leaflets are bluntly oval. Flowers are white, present in large clusters and somewhat pea-like in form. Fruits are bean like, long with 9 faint ribs, pale green and tender at first, becoming dark green and firm later. Leaves start to fall in December and new foliage came by March. Flowering in February –March, sometimes twice a year. Fruit ripen in April- May. Fruits and leaves are rich source of calcium, iron and vitamin B, C and A.

33. Botanical name- Punica granatum

Locally known as anar

A small shiny-leaved bush or diminutive tree. Bark is thin, grey or brown in colour. Leaves are narrow, usually in opposite pairs, sometimes in tufts, margins are slightly wavy and glossy on top. Flowers are showy, funnel-shaped with a scarlet

31. Botanical name- Melia azederach

Locally known as bakain/drek/deikna

A long-limbed deciduous tree with a dense, spreading crown, superficially resembling the neem. Bark is dark brown with long, flat ridges and furrows. Leaves are large, twice-feathered, forking into 3-7 pairs of side stalks with 3,5 or 7 coarsely toothed leaflets on each side stalk. Leaves shed in January, renewed late in January or February. Flowers in loose clusters, white petals tipped with lilac, stamens fused into a purple central column. Flowering is in March and mostly over by April. Fruit shaped like miniature apples, in pendant clusters. Fruit ripen by October and remain till February.

32. Botanical name- Moringa oleifera

Locally known as sonjna/sainjhna/shajna/munga

A graceful, softwooded, medium-sized deciduous tree with an airy crown of fern-like foliage and generous clusters of creamy flowers. Bark is pale brown or silvery white with furrows. Leaves are twice-feathered, very large, main leaf stalk branches into 4-6 pairs of widely spaced side stalks; leaflets are bluntly oval. Flowers are white, present in large clusters and somewhat pea-like in form. Fruits are bean like, long with 9 faint ribs, pale green and tender at first, becoming dark green and firm later. Leaves start to fall in December and new foliage came by March. Flowering in February –March, sometimes twice a year. Fruit ripen in April- May. Fruits and leaves are rich source of calcium, iron and vitamin B, C and A.

33. Botanical name- Punica granatum

Locally known as anar

A small shiny-leaved bush or diminutive tree. Bark is thin, grey or brown in colour. Leaves are narrow, usually in opposite pairs, sometimes in tufts, margins are slightly wavy and glossy on top. Flowers are showy, funnel-shaped with a scarlet

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flower cup with numerous stamens and are ornage-red in colour. Fruits are large, globular with a leathery shell, enclosing numerous embedded seeds in sweet pulp. Fruit juice is usually helps in increasing haemoglobin.

34. Botanical name- Prosopis cineraria

Locally known as jhand/jat/kanda/sangria/khar/sheh/shami

A middle-sized deciduous tree with deeply fissured bark. Twigs are reddish when young and spines are solitary and scattered on twigs. Leaves are twice-feathered, small and pointy. Foliage is grey-green in colour that droops delicately from the ends of branches. Leaves shed in January and came by March. Flowering from late March to early May. Fruit ripen between May and August. The bark is used medicinally to treat a range of maladies from asthma, leprosy to tremors.

35. Botanical name – Toona ciliata

Locally known as toon/tun/tuni/mahaneem

Toona ciliata is a large deciduous tree with a spreading crown. Bark dark grey or reddish-brown, with shallow reticulate cracks exfoliating in irregular woody scales. Leaves usually glabrous, margin entire or wavy, base oblique. Flowers are white, small, honey scented, cream coloured, in drooping or sub-erect terminal panicles, usually shorter than the leaves. Capsule dark brown, oblong, usually smooth outside. Seeds pale brown, very light, winged at both ends. Flowering by mid March and lasts till early April. Fruiting is in May-June.

flower cup with numerous stamens and are ornage-red in colour. Fruits are large, globular with a leathery shell, enclosing numerous embedded seeds in sweet pulp. Fruit juice is usually helps in increasing haemoglobin.

34. Botanical name- Prosopis cineraria

Locally known as jhand/jat/kanda/sangria/khar/sheh/shami

A middle-sized deciduous tree with deeply fissured bark. Twigs are reddish when young and spines are solitary and scattered on twigs. Leaves are twice-feathered, small and pointy. Foliage is grey-green in colour that droops delicately from the ends of branches. Leaves shed in January and came by March. Flowering from late March to early May. Fruit ripen between May and August. The bark is used medicinally to treat a range of maladies from asthma, leprosy to tremors.

35. Botanical name – Toona ciliata

Locally known as toon/tun/tuni/mahaneem

Toona ciliata is a large deciduous tree with a spreading crown. Bark dark grey or reddish-brown, with shallow reticulate cracks exfoliating in irregular woody scales. Leaves usually glabrous, margin entire or wavy, base oblique. Flowers are white, small, honey scented, cream coloured, in drooping or sub-erect terminal panicles, usually shorter than the leaves. Capsule dark brown, oblong, usually smooth outside. Seeds pale brown, very light, winged at both ends. Flowering by mid March and lasts till early April. Fruiting is in May-June.

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36. Botanical name – Bombax ceiba

Locally known as sema/shembal/semur

A towering deciduous tree capable of reaching even 60 m. Large trees are supported at base by thin, spreading flanges. Its branches grow in tiers radiating from the trunk like the ribs of an umbrella. Leaves are palmately compound with 5-7 leaflets. Flowers are large, deep red, coral or yellow with 5 waxy petals. Fruit is a long capsule with white silky cotton inside. Flowering in February, lasts upto mid March. Fruit ripen and split open in May releasing microfibers in the air. Semal bark and roots are used as a tonic and a stimulant.

37. Botanical name – Acacia nilotica

Locally known as Babool/gum/kikar

A medium sized tree with a short, usually attaining a height of 15 m with bark almost black to dark brown, deeply cracked, or longitudinally, fissured; leaves bipinnate, with spinscent stipulates. Flowers crowded in long-peduncled globose heads, forming axillary clusters of 2-5 heads, fragrant, golden-yellow. Pods white, flat containing 8-12 seeds. Bark is medicinally used to cure gum diseases, also used in toothpaste.

36. Botanical name – Bombax ceiba

Locally known as sema/shembal/semur

A towering deciduous tree capable of reaching even 60 m. Large trees are supported at base by thin, spreading flanges. Its branches grow in tiers radiating from the trunk like the ribs of an umbrella. Leaves are palmately compound with 5-7 leaflets. Flowers are large, deep red, coral or yellow with 5 waxy petals. Fruit is a long capsule with white silky cotton inside. Flowering in February, lasts upto mid March. Fruit ripen and split open in May releasing microfibers in the air. Semal bark and roots are used as a tonic and a stimulant.

37. Botanical name – Acacia nilotica

Locally known as Babool/gum/kikar

A medium sized tree with a short, usually attaining a height of 15 m with bark almost black to dark brown, deeply cracked, or longitudinally, fissured; leaves bipinnate, with spinscent stipulates. Flowers crowded in long-peduncled globose heads, forming axillary clusters of 2-5 heads, fragrant, golden-yellow. Pods white, flat containing 8-12 seeds. Bark is medicinally used to cure gum diseases, also used in toothpaste.

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30 This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.


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38. Botanical name – Acacia leucocephala

Locally known as ronjh/rinj/reru/rini/kareer/nimbar

A miidle-sized deciduous tree with a yellowish bark having dark blotches. Spines are paired, straight and brown. Leaves are twice-feathered with 6-13 pairs of side stalks each one with upto 30 pairs of tiny , crowded leaflets. Flowers are tiny, creamy, clustered in round heads. Fruit is a khaki pod, velvety, curved and curly. Leaves shed in January and new leaves appear in April. Flowering during rainy seasons. Fruit ripen in January and fall in April.

39. Botanical name – Delonix regia

Locally known as gulmohar/gulmohur/gul mohr

A middle-sized, ornamental deciduous tree with a spreading, sometimes flat-topped crown. Bark is light brown in colour. Leaves are twice-feathered, blunt leaflets. Flowers in loose clusters, 5 petals- 4 scarlet, one white splashed with scarlet and yellow. One of the most beautiful flowering trees. Fruits are flat pods, woody and dark. Flowering begins in late April and over by June. Fruit pods persist till March or April.

40. Botanical name – Kigelia africana

Locally known as sausage tree/balam khar/jhaar/fanoos

The tree is nearly evergreen .The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three with six to ten oval leaflets. The flowers hang down from branches on long flexible stems. Flowers are produced in panicles; they are bell-shaped, orange to reddish or purplish green. Individual flowers do not hang down but are oriented horizontally. The fruit is a woody berry hangs down on long, rope-like peduncles. The fruit pulp is fibrous and pulpy, and contains numerous seeds.

38. Botanical name – Acacia leucocephala

Locally known as ronjh/rinj/reru/rini/kareer/nimbar

A miidle-sized deciduous tree with a yellowish bark having dark blotches. Spines are paired, straight and brown. Leaves are twice-feathered with 6-13 pairs of side stalks each one with upto 30 pairs of tiny , crowded leaflets. Flowers are tiny, creamy, clustered in round heads. Fruit is a khaki pod, velvety, curved and curly. Leaves shed in January and new leaves appear in April. Flowering during rainy seasons. Fruit ripen in January and fall in April.

39. Botanical name – Delonix regia

Locally known as gulmohar/gulmohur/gul mohr

A middle-sized, ornamental deciduous tree with a spreading, sometimes flat-topped crown. Bark is light brown in colour. Leaves are twice-feathered, blunt leaflets. Flowers in loose clusters, 5 petals- 4 scarlet, one white splashed with scarlet and yellow. One of the most beautiful flowering trees. Fruits are flat pods, woody and dark. Flowering begins in late April and over by June. Fruit pods persist till March or April.

40. Botanical name – Kigelia africana

Locally known as sausage tree/balam khar/jhaar/fanoos

The tree is nearly evergreen .The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three with six to ten oval leaflets. The flowers hang down from branches on long flexible stems. Flowers are produced in panicles; they are bell-shaped, orange to reddish or purplish green. Individual flowers do not hang down but are oriented horizontally. The fruit is a woody berry hangs down on long, rope-like peduncles. The fruit pulp is fibrous and pulpy, and contains numerous seeds.

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41. Botanical name – Dalbergia sissoo

Locally known as shisham/sisam/sissai/tali/sissoo/shewa

A medium to large-sized deciduous tree with large, wide spreading crown. Bark thin, grey, longitudinally furrowed, exfoliating in narrow strips. The leaves are imparipinate; leaflets 3-5, alternate, broad ovate. Flowers are inconspicuous, pale white to dull yellow present in short clusters. Pods are thin, narrowed at the base, flat with 1-4 seeds. Seeds are kidney shaped, thin and flat, light brown. Flowering in mid March. Fruit form soon after the flowering, persist till the following February. Wood rasping and bark is used medicinally for curing leprosy, boils, dysentery and skin diseases.

42. Botanical name – Butea monosperma

Locally known as dhak/palash/tesu/kesu/chhichra

A medium-sized deciduous tree with a pale-brown flaky bark. The compound leaves with 3 large, leathery leaflets form a patchy, open crown. Flowers are showy, bright orange in clusters on leafless branches in March are unmatchable. Fruit pods are velvety with a single seed. Flowering sputters in April. Fruit form quickly after flowers and ripe just before the rains.

43. Botanical name – Callistemon viminalis

Locally known as botalburoosh/weeping bottlebrush/drooping bottlebrush

A graceful, willowy middle-sized evergreen tree with slender, drooping branchlets. Bark is dark brown, rough with deep, vertical furrows. Leaves are narrow, tapering at both ends. Flowers are small, crowded on spikes forming a bright scarlet with long red coloured stamens. Flowering in last week of February and fruit ripen in July- August.

44. Botanical name – Bauhinia variegata

Locally known as kachnar/koilar/guiral/padrian/kaniar

41. Botanical name – Dalbergia sissoo

Locally known as shisham/sisam/sissai/tali/sissoo/shewa

A medium to large-sized deciduous tree with large, wide spreading crown. Bark thin, grey, longitudinally furrowed, exfoliating in narrow strips. The leaves are imparipinate; leaflets 3-5, alternate, broad ovate. Flowers are inconspicuous, pale white to dull yellow present in short clusters. Pods are thin, narrowed at the base, flat with 1-4 seeds. Seeds are kidney shaped, thin and flat, light brown. Flowering in mid March. Fruit form soon after the flowering, persist till the following February. Wood rasping and bark is used medicinally for curing leprosy, boils, dysentery and skin diseases.

42. Botanical name – Butea monosperma

Locally known as dhak/palash/tesu/kesu/chhichra

A medium-sized deciduous tree with a pale-brown flaky bark. The compound leaves with 3 large, leathery leaflets form a patchy, open crown. Flowers are showy, bright orange in clusters on leafless branches in March are unmatchable. Fruit pods are velvety with a single seed. Flowering sputters in April. Fruit form quickly after flowers and ripe just before the rains.

43. Botanical name – Callistemon viminalis

Locally known as botalburoosh/weeping bottlebrush/drooping bottlebrush

A graceful, willowy middle-sized evergreen tree with slender, drooping branchlets. Bark is dark brown, rough with deep, vertical furrows. Leaves are narrow, tapering at both ends. Flowers are small, crowded on spikes forming a bright scarlet with long red coloured stamens. Flowering in last week of February and fruit ripen in July- August.

44. Botanical name – Bauhinia variegata

Locally known as kachnar/koilar/guiral/padrian/kaniar

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A medium-sized deciduous tree with a short bole and spreading crown. The bark is light brownish grey, smooth to slightly fissured and scaly. Inner bark is pinkish, fibrous and bitter. The twigs are slender, zigzag; when young, light green, slightly hairy, and angled, becoming brownish grey. Leaves broadly ovate to circular, tips of lobes broadly rounded. Flower clusters are unbranched at ends of twigs. Flowers are showy, variously coloured with 5 petals. Fruit is a flat pod. Flowering begins in January and over by mid April. Fruit form quickly after flowers and ripe towards late May.

45. Botanical name – Bauhinia purpurea

Locally known as

kaniar/keelra/kandan/kachnar/karar

A small-sized nearly evergreen tree with a short, crooked trunk supporting a compact, cheerful canopy. Leaf are typically camel’s hoof and slightly longer than broad. Flowers are rose pink or lilac with 5 narrow petals. Fruit is a thin, flat pod. Flowering in mid- November. Fruit form quickly after flowers and ripe towards March- April when they burst open.

46. Botanical name – Bauhinia racemosa

Locally known as jhinjheri/jhinjha/gurial/maula/ghila/thaur

A small-sized deciduous tree with a short, crooked trunk having a spreading canopy with drooping branches. Leaves are typical Bauhinia like, shaped like cow's hooves. Small flowers are greenish white, borne in loose racemes. Fruit are pods thick, woody, dark reddish brown or black. Flowering in February-May. Fruit pods ripen in October- November and remain on the tree for many months.

A medium-sized deciduous tree with a short bole and spreading crown. The bark is light brownish grey, smooth to slightly fissured and scaly. Inner bark is pinkish, fibrous and bitter. The twigs are slender, zigzag; when young, light green, slightly hairy, and angled, becoming brownish grey. Leaves broadly ovate to circular, tips of lobes broadly rounded. Flower clusters are unbranched at ends of twigs. Flowers are showy, variously coloured with 5 petals. Fruit is a flat pod. Flowering begins in January and over by mid April. Fruit form quickly after flowers and ripe towards late May.

45. Botanical name – Bauhinia purpurea

Locally known as

kaniar/keelra/kandan/kachnar/karar

A small-sized nearly evergreen tree with a short, crooked trunk supporting a compact, cheerful canopy. Leaf are typically camel’s hoof and slightly longer than broad. Flowers are rose pink or lilac with 5 narrow petals. Fruit is a thin, flat pod. Flowering in mid- November. Fruit form quickly after flowers and ripe towards March- April when they burst open.

46. Botanical name – Bauhinia racemosa

Locally known as jhinjheri/jhinjha/gurial/maula/ghila/thaur

A small-sized deciduous tree with a short, crooked trunk having a spreading canopy with drooping branches. Leaves are typical Bauhinia like, shaped like cow's hooves. Small flowers are greenish white, borne in loose racemes. Fruit are pods thick, woody, dark reddish brown or black. Flowering in February-May. Fruit pods ripen in October- November and remain on the tree for many months.

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47. Botanical name – Pithecellobium dulce

Locally known as jungle jalebi/dakhani babool/vilaiti imli

A spiny large deciduous tree with a broad, spreading crown, commonly clipped down to form a dense, beautiful hedge. Leaves are twice-feathered, with only one pair of side-stalks each with one pair of curving blunt leaflets. Flowers in round, woolly clusters with long dirty white stamens. Fruit is slightly flattened pod, becoming tightly coiled as it matures, green tinged with red. Flowering from March to mid- April. Fruit ripen in June. In folk medicine, a decoction of its bark can cure frequent bowel movement. The leaves can be applied as plasters for pain and veneral sores. Decoctions of leaves are also used for indigestion and abortifacient.

48. Botanical name – Tamarindus indica

Locally known as imli/amli/tentul/chinta

Tamarindus indica is a large evergreen tree with dense crown, widely spreading, rounded; bark rough, fissured, greyish-brown. Leaves alternate, compound, with 10-18 pairs of opposite leaflets; slightly notched; base rounded,with a tuft of yellow hairs; margin entire, fringed with fine hairs. Stipules present, falling very early. Flowers are small attractive pale yellow or pinkish.Fruit a pod, indehiscent, subcylindrical, straight or curved, velvety, rusty-brown; the shell of the pod is brittle and the seeds are embedded in a sticky edible pulp.

49. Botanical name – Phyllanthus emblica

Locally known as amla/aonla/aunra/amlaki

A distinctive medium-sized deciduous tree with a fluted trunk, fine, feathery foliage and thin grey bark peeling in small, irregular patches. The leaves are tiny, narrow,close-set and tiny pointed at apex. Flowers are also small with 6 pink or greenish petal like segments, in clusters on naked twigs below the leaves, male and female flowers are separate. Fruit is nearly round, smooth, yellow-green with thin, translucent skin, flesh crisp and extremely sour. Flowering from late

47. Botanical name – Pithecellobium dulce

Locally known as jungle jalebi/dakhani babool/vilaiti imli

A spiny large deciduous tree with a broad, spreading crown, commonly clipped down to form a dense, beautiful hedge. Leaves are twice-feathered, with only one pair of side-stalks each with one pair of curving blunt leaflets. Flowers in round, woolly clusters with long dirty white stamens. Fruit is slightly flattened pod, becoming tightly coiled as it matures, green tinged with red. Flowering from March to mid- April. Fruit ripen in June. In folk medicine, a decoction of its bark can cure frequent bowel movement. The leaves can be applied as plasters for pain and veneral sores. Decoctions of leaves are also used for indigestion and abortifacient.

48. Botanical name – Tamarindus indica

Locally known as imli/amli/tentul/chinta

Tamarindus indica is a large evergreen tree with dense crown, widely spreading, rounded; bark rough, fissured, greyish-brown. Leaves alternate, compound, with 10-18 pairs of opposite leaflets; slightly notched; base rounded,with a tuft of yellow hairs; margin entire, fringed with fine hairs. Stipules present, falling very early. Flowers are small attractive pale yellow or pinkish.Fruit a pod, indehiscent, subcylindrical, straight or curved, velvety, rusty-brown; the shell of the pod is brittle and the seeds are embedded in a sticky edible pulp.

49. Botanical name – Phyllanthus emblica

Locally known as amla/aonla/aunra/amlaki

A distinctive medium-sized deciduous tree with a fluted trunk, fine, feathery foliage and thin grey bark peeling in small, irregular patches. The leaves are tiny, narrow,close-set and tiny pointed at apex. Flowers are also small with 6 pink or greenish petal like segments, in clusters on naked twigs below the leaves, male and female flowers are separate. Fruit is nearly round, smooth, yellow-green with thin, translucent skin, flesh crisp and extremely sour. Flowering from late

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March to mid April. Fruit ripen in just under a year but remain long on the tree. Medicinally used as a source of Vit. C.

50. Botanical name – Hardwickia binata

Locally known as anjan

A large deciduous ornamental tree.Graceful, drooping slender branches; crown conical in early life, becoming broader later. Bark of saplings almost silvery white and smooth, exfoliating in narrow flakes. Usually have a long, straight, cylindrical bole with an elevated crown. Leaves small, alternate, pinnate, almost kidney shaped and greyish-green. Flowers are tiny, white, and inconspicuous. Fruit is a short, flat brown pod with a single seed. Flowering in August- September. Fruit appear soon after flowers and remain till following May.

51. Botanical name – Senna siamea

Locally known as kassod

A middle-sized deciduous tree with a dense, spreading crown of near-glossy leaves. Bark is light grey in colour and become cracked and rough. Leaves are feather-compound with upto 14 pairs of dark-green leaflets with blunt tips. Flower is pale yellow in colour in large clusters at branch ends having 5 unequal petals and 10 stamens of different sizes. Fruit is flattish narrow pod. The pods feel minutely furry. Young pods are often tanned deep magneta on sun facing side and pale green on side facing away. Leaves start to fall in late January and new leaf appears in late March or early April. Flowers in two distinct peaks, the major one after the rains lasting into December, a shorter one in May. Fruit ripen towards late February. The roots are used to treat intestinal worms.

March to mid April. Fruit ripen in just under a year but remain long on the tree. Medicinally used as a source of Vit. C.

50. Botanical name – Hardwickia binata

Locally known as anjan

A large deciduous ornamental tree.Graceful, drooping slender branches; crown conical in early life, becoming broader later. Bark of saplings almost silvery white and smooth, exfoliating in narrow flakes. Usually have a long, straight, cylindrical bole with an elevated crown. Leaves small, alternate, pinnate, almost kidney shaped and greyish-green. Flowers are tiny, white, and inconspicuous. Fruit is a short, flat brown pod with a single seed. Flowering in August- September. Fruit appear soon after flowers and remain till following May.

51. Botanical name – Senna siamea

Locally known as kassod

A middle-sized deciduous tree with a dense, spreading crown of near-glossy leaves. Bark is light grey in colour and become cracked and rough. Leaves are feather-compound with upto 14 pairs of dark-green leaflets with blunt tips. Flower is pale yellow in colour in large clusters at branch ends having 5 unequal petals and 10 stamens of different sizes. Fruit is flattish narrow pod. The pods feel minutely furry. Young pods are often tanned deep magneta on sun facing side and pale green on side facing away. Leaves start to fall in late January and new leaf appears in late March or early April. Flowers in two distinct peaks, the major one after the rains lasting into December, a shorter one in May. Fruit ripen towards late February. The roots are used to treat intestinal worms.

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52. Botanical name – Ailanthus excelsa

Locally known as maharukh/mahaneem/pirneem/ulloo.ardu/arua

A large deciduous tree with a neat, dome-shaped crown. The main branches typically emerge at right angles to the massive trunk before sweeping upwards. Bark is grey,corky,thick and with intense vertical fissures. Leaves are very large, feather-compound with 8-14 pairs of toothed leaflets. Flowers are small, greenish yellow and in large clusters, male and female flowers on separate trees. Fruit is a thin, papery pod with pointed ends, single seeded, hanging in large bunches. The canopy fills out only in the rains. Flowering is over before the March end. Fruit form quickly on female flower trees and drop by July. Its leaves and bitter bark is used as a tonic and for curing fever, bronchitis and dyspepsia.

53. Botanical name – Jacaranda mimosifolia

Locally known as neel gulmohar/ neelmohur

A delicate-leaved moderate-sized deciduous tree with an open crown and low-branching habit. Bark is pale or dark-brown, shallowly cracked and fissured. Bi-pinnately compound leaves hold till late in winter. Flowers in spring are trumpet like lavender. There are white and pink also. If the tree is given too much water, the leaves appear first, somewhat spoiling the startling effect of the flowers. The flowers are followed by woody, disc-shaped seed pods.

This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.


52. Botanical name – Ailanthus excelsa

Locally known as maharukh/mahaneem/pirneem/ulloo.ardu/arua

A large deciduous tree with a neat, dome-shaped crown. The main branches typically emerge at right angles to the massive trunk before sweeping upwards. Bark is grey,corky,thick and with intense vertical fissures. Leaves are very large, feather-compound with 8-14 pairs of toothed leaflets. Flowers are small, greenish yellow and in large clusters, male and female flowers on separate trees. Fruit is a thin, papery pod with pointed ends, single seeded, hanging in large bunches. The canopy fills out only in the rains. Flowering is over before the March end. Fruit form quickly on female flower trees and drop by July. Its leaves and bitter bark is used as a tonic and for curing fever, bronchitis and dyspepsia.

53. Botanical name – Jacaranda mimosifolia

Locally known as neel gulmohar/ neelmohur

A delicate-leaved moderate-sized deciduous tree with an open crown and low-branching habit. Bark is pale or dark-brown, shallowly cracked and fissured. Bi-pinnately compound leaves hold till late in winter. Flowers in spring are trumpet like lavender. There are white and pink also. If the tree is given too much water, the leaves appear first, somewhat spoiling the startling effect of the flowers. The flowers are followed by woody, disc-shaped seed pods.

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This information is critical to understanding the negative implications of Yamuna River pollution on the food system and the public health of Delhi residents.

[SOURCE: Fushkarna, Neha. “Toxic Yamuna veggies on your menu: Health fears iver river bank vegetable contam-inated with sewage water.” Mail Online India. Published February 17, 2013. Accessed September 20, 2014. <

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2280168/Toxic-Yamuna-veggies-menu-Health-fears-riv-er-bank-vegetables-contaminated-sewage-water.html>

VEGETATION AND POLLUTION36

“A study conducted by three associate professors of Deen Dayal Upadhyay College in Delhi University shows that the amount of fecal matter in river water has increased exponentially since the Central Pollution Control Board came out with its findings in 2009.”

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This data describes the variation of species of the Yamuna River and Flood Plain.

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SPECIES37

[SOURCE: Kumar, Ritesh. “Reviving floodplains, Reviving Yamuna.” Wetlands International. Published September 24, 2010. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.slideshare.net/WetlandsInternational/reviving-flood-

plains-reviving-the-yamuna-river-india>

Flood Plain

69 species of vegetation;

131 species of avifauna;

76 species of phytoplankton

Yamuna Fish

35 speciesincluding carp, merrels, cat fish and minnows

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SOLAR POTENTIAL38

[SOURCE: “Delhi eyes rooftop solar power.” The Times of India. Published June 6, 2014. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-eyes-rooftop-solar-power/articleshow/36116656.

cms >

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SOLAR POTENTIAL39Rooftops should be considered for solar energy generation.

[SOURCE: “Delhi eyes rooftop solar power.” The Times of India. Published June 6, 2014. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Delhi/Delhi-eyes-rooftop-solar-power/articleshow/36116656.

cms >

“The same report estimates that of 700 sq km which is Delhi's total built-up space, 31sqkm is available roof space that can be utilized for the solar roof top project and that has a potential to generate 2,557 MW...”

solar potential potential to generate

2,557 MWon 31 sq. km. roof space

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[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

An example of daily solar values for April. Other months differ.

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DAILY SOLAR DATA40

Tabulated Daily Solar DataLatitude: 28.6¡Longitude: 77.2¡Timezone: 82.5¡ [+5.5hrs]Orientation: 0.0¡

Date: 1st AprilJulian Date: 91Sunrise: 06:16Sunset: 18:34

Local Correction: -25.1 minsEquation of Time: -3.9 minsDeclination: 4.1¡

Local (Solar) Aziumuth Altitude HSA VSA

06:30 (06:04) 87.0¡ 3.0¡ 87.0¡ 45.3¡07:00 (06:34) 90.6¡ 9.6¡ 90.6¡ 93.4¡07:30 (07:04) 94.2¡ 16.2¡ 94.2¡ 104.3¡08:00 (07:34) 98.1¡ 22.7¡ 98.1¡ 108.5¡08:30 (08:04) 102.2¡ 29.2¡ 102.2¡ 110.8¡09:00 (08:34) 106.9¡ 35.6¡ 106.9¡ 112.1¡09:30 (09:04) 112.3¡ 41.8¡ 112.3¡ 113.0¡10:00 (09:34) 118.7¡ 47.7¡ 118.7¡ 113.5¡10:30 (10:04) 126.6¡ 53.3¡ 126.6¡ 113.9¡11:00 (10:34) 136.6¡ 58.2¡ 136.6¡ 114.2¡11:30 (11:04) 149.4¡ 62.2¡ 149.4¡ 114.4¡12:00 (11:34) 165.2¡ 64.8¡ 165.2¡ 114.5¡12:30 (12:04) -177.0¡ 65.5¡ -177.0¡ 114.5¡13:00 (12:34) -159.7¡ 64.1¡ -159.7¡ 114.5¡13:30 (13:04) -144.9¡ 61.0¡ -144.9¡ 114.3¡14:00 (13:34) -133.0¡ 56.7¡ -133.0¡ 114.1¡14:30 (14:04) -123.8¡ 51.5¡ -123.8¡ 113.8¡15:00 (14:34) -116.4¡ 45.8¡ -116.4¡ 113.4¡15:30 (15:04) -110.4¡ 39.8¡ -110.4¡ 112.7¡16:00 (15:34) -105.3¡ 33.5¡ -105.3¡ 111.7¡16:30 (16:04) -100.8¡ 27.1¡ -100.8¡ 110.2¡17:00 (16:34) -96.8¡ 20.6¡ -96.8¡ 107.5¡17:30 (17:04) -93.0¡ 14.0¡ -93.0¡ 101.9¡18:00 (17:34) -89.4¡ 7.5¡ -89.4¡ 85.4¡18:30 (18:04) -85.8¡ 0.9¡ -85.8¡ 11.9¡

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This chart describes the path of the sun throughout the year in Delhi.

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STEREOGRAPHIC SUN PATH41


N15¡

30¡

45¡

60¡

75¡

90¡

105¡

120¡

135¡

150¡

165¡180¡

195¡

210¡

225¡

240¡

255¡

270¡

285¡

300¡

315¡

330¡

345¡

10¡

20¡

30¡

40¡

50¡

60¡

70¡

80¡

8910111213141516171st Jan

1st Feb

1st Mar

1st Apr

1st May

1st Jun1st Jul

1st Aug

1st Sep

1st Oct

1st Nov

1st Dec

Stereog raph ic Diag ramLocation: NEW DELHI, IND Sun Position: 165.2¡, 64.8¡HSA: 165.2¡, VSA: 114.5¡© We at he r To ol

Time: 12:00Date: 1st AprilDotted lines: July-December.

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ORTHOGRAPHIC SUN PATH42This chart describes the path of the sun throughout the year in Delhi.


-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 North 30 60 90 120 150 180

ALT

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

6

7

8

9

10

11

1213

14

15

16

17

18

19

Orthog raph ic Project ionLocation: NEW DELHI, IND Sun Position: 165.2¡, 64.8¡© We at he r To ol

Date/T ime: 12:00, 1st AprilDotted lines: July-December.HSA: 165.2¡, VSA: 114.5¡

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AIR POLLUTION43Improved mobility options that reduce car traffic could greatly con-tribute to improved air quality in the city of New Delhi.

[SOURCE: “Environment.” Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.Delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613/93+-+105+Environment.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lm-

od=-616713885&CACHEID=a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613 >]

“The main sources of air pollution in Delhi are vehicle emission (around 70%), industrial emission around 20%) and the remaining from other sources like Diesel generators and Domestic cooking etc.”

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These charts illustrate the wind direction and speed for Delhi.

WIND ROSES_YEAR44


1 0 k m / h

2 0 k m / h

3 0 k m / h

4 0 k m / h

5 0 k m / h h rs4 3 +3 83 43 02 52 11 71 28

< 4

J a n u a ry

1 0 k m / h

2 0 k m / h

3 0 k m / h

4 0 k m / h

5 0 k m / h h rs7 5 +6 76 05 24 53 73 02 21 5< 7

� � � r u a ry

1 0 k m / h

2 0 k m / h

3 0 k m / h

4 0 k m / h

5 0 k m / h h rs4 8 +4 33 83 32 82 41 �1 4�

< 4

� a r� h

1 0 k m / h

2 0 k m / h

3 0 k m / h

4 0 k m / h

5 0 k m / h h rs5 8 +5 24 64 03 42 �2 31 71 1< 5

� � r��

1 0 k m / h

2 0 k m / h

3 0 k m / h

4 0 k m / h

5 0 k m / h h rs4 2 +3 73 32 �2 52 11 61 28

< 4

� a y

1 0 k m / h

2 0 k m / h

3 0 k m / h

4 0 k m / h

5 0 k m / h h rs4 1 +3 63 22 82 42 01 61 28

< 4

J u n �

1 0 k m / h

2 0 k m / h

3 0 k m / h

4 0 k m / h

5 0 k m / h h rs5 6 +5 04 43 �3 32 82 21 61 1< 5

J u �y

1 0 k m / h

2 0 k m / h

3 0 k m / h

4 0 k m / h

5 0 k m / h h rs8 3 +7 46 65 84 �4 13 32 41 6< 8

� u � u s �

1 0 k m / h

2 0 k m / h

3 0 k m / h

4 0 k m / h

5 0 k m / h h rs3 4 +3 02 72 32 01 71 31 06

< 3

� � � � � m � � r

1 0 k m / h

2 0 k m / h

3 0 k m / h

4 0 k m / h

5 0 k m / h h rs3 6 +3 22 82 52 11 81 41 07

< 3

� � � � � � r

1 0 k m / h

2 0 k m / h

3 0 k m / h

4 0 k m / h

5 0 k m / h h rs4 2 +3 73 32 �2 52 11 61 28

< 4

� � � � m � � r

1 0 k m / h

2 0 k m / h

3 0 k m / h

4 0 k m / h

5 0 k m / h h rs4 � +4 43 �3 42 �2 41 �1 4�

< 4

� � � � m � � r

� r� � a��n� � �n� s� �n � � r � � u � n � y � � rs �� a � �� n � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 8 � 6 � � 7 7 � 2 � �

� a � � � 1 s � � a y � 3 1 s � � a y

� � m � � 0 0 � 0 0 � 2 4 � 0 0

� � � a �h� r � � � �

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WIND ROSES45These charts illustrate the wind direction and speed for Delhi.


NO RT H

15 ¡

30 ¡

45 ¡

60 ¡

75 ¡

EAST

105 ¡

120 ¡

135 ¡

150 ¡

165 ¡SO UT H

195 ¡

210 ¡

225 ¡

240 ¡

255 ¡

WE ST

285 ¡

300 ¡

315 ¡

330 ¡

345 ¡

10 km/h

20 km/h

30 km/h

40 km/h

50 km/h hrs

43+

38

34

30

25

21

17

12

8

<4

Prevailing WindsWind Fre q ue ncy (Hrs)Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)Date: 1st January - 31st JanuaryTime: 00:00 - 24:00© We at he r To ol

NO RT H

15 ¡

30 ¡

45 ¡

60 ¡

75 ¡

EAS T

105 ¡

120 ¡

135 ¡

150 ¡

165 ¡SO UT H

195 ¡

210 ¡

225 ¡

240 ¡

255 ¡

WE ST

285 ¡

300 ¡

315 ¡

330 ¡

345 ¡

10 km/h

20 km/h

30 km/h

40 km/h

50 km/h hrs

75+

67

60

52

45

37

30

22

15

<7

Prevailing WindsWind Fre q ue ncy (Hrs)Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)Date: 1st February - 28th FebruaryTime: 00:00 - 24:00© We at he r To ol

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46 WIND ROSESThese charts illustrate the wind direction and speed for Delhi.


NO RT H

15 ¡

30 ¡

45 ¡

60 ¡

75 ¡

EAS T

105 ¡

120 ¡

135 ¡

150 ¡

165 ¡SO UT H

195 ¡

210 ¡

225 ¡

240 ¡

255 ¡

WE ST

285 ¡

300 ¡

315 ¡

330 ¡

345 ¡

10 km/h

20 km/h

30 km/h

40 km/h

50 km/h hrs

48+

43

38

33

28

24

19

14

9

<4

Prevailing WindsWind Fre q ue ncy (Hrs)Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)Date: 1st March - 31st MarchTime: 00:00 - 24:00© We at he r To ol

NO RT H

15 ¡

30 ¡

45 ¡

60 ¡

75 ¡

EAS T

105 ¡

120 ¡

135 ¡

150 ¡

165 ¡SO UT H

195 ¡

210 ¡

225 ¡

240 ¡

255 ¡

WE ST

285 ¡

300 ¡

315 ¡

330 ¡

345 ¡

10 km/h

20 km/h

30 km/h

40 km/h

50 km/h hrs

58+

52

46

40

34

29

23

17

11

<5

Prevailing WindsWind Fre q ue ncy (Hrs)Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)Date: 1st April - 30th AprilTime: 00:00 - 24:00© W eat he r To ol

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NO RT H

15 ¡

30 ¡

45 ¡

60 ¡

75 ¡

EAS T

105 ¡

120 ¡

135 ¡

150 ¡

165 ¡SO UT H

195 ¡

210 ¡

225 ¡

240 ¡

255 ¡

WE ST

285 ¡

300 ¡

315 ¡

330 ¡

345 ¡

10 km/h

20 km/h

30 km/h

40 km/h

50 km/h hrs

42+

37

33

29

25

21

16

12

8

<4

Prevailing WindsWind Fre q ue ncy (Hrs)Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)Date: 1st May - 31st MayTime: 00:00 - 24:00© We at he r To ol

NO RT H

15 ¡

30 ¡

45 ¡

60 ¡

75 ¡

EAS T

105 ¡

120 ¡

135 ¡

150 ¡

165 ¡SO U TH

195 ¡

210 ¡

225 ¡

240 ¡

255 ¡

WE ST

285 ¡

300 ¡

315 ¡

330 ¡

345 ¡

10 km/h

20 km/h

30 km/h

40 km/h

50 km/h hrs

41+

36

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

<4

Prevailing WindsWind Fre q ue ncy (Hrs)Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)Date: 1st June - 30th JuneTime: 00:00 - 24:00© We at he r To ol

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NO RT H

15 ¡

30 ¡

45 ¡

60 ¡

75 ¡

EAS T

105 ¡

120 ¡

135 ¡

150 ¡

165 ¡SO UT H

195 ¡

210 ¡

225 ¡

240 ¡

255 ¡

WE ST

285 ¡

300 ¡

315 ¡

330 ¡

345 ¡

10 km/h

20 km/h

30 km/h

40 km/h

50 km/h hrs

56+

50

44

39

33

28

22

16

11

<5

Prevailing WindsWind Fre q ue ncy (Hrs)Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)Date: 1st July - 31st JulyTime: 00:00 - 24:00© W eat he r To ol

NO RT H

15 ¡

30 ¡

45 ¡

60 ¡

75 ¡

EAS T

105 ¡

120 ¡

135 ¡

150 ¡

165 ¡SO UT H

195 ¡

210 ¡

225 ¡

240 ¡

255 ¡

WE ST

285 ¡

300 ¡

315 ¡

330 ¡

345 ¡

10 km/h

20 km/h

30 km/h

40 km/h

50 km/h hrs

83+

74

66

58

49

41

33

24

16

<8

Prevailing WindsWind Fre q ue ncy (Hrs)Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)Date: 1st August - 31st AugustTime: 00:00 - 24:00© We at he r To ol

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NO RT H

15 ¡

30 ¡

45 ¡

60 ¡

75 ¡

EAS T

105 ¡

120 ¡

135 ¡

150 ¡

165 ¡SO UT H

195 ¡

210 ¡

225 ¡

240 ¡

255 ¡

WE ST

285 ¡

300 ¡

315 ¡

330 ¡

345 ¡

10 km/h

20 km/h

30 km/h

40 km/h

50 km/h hrs

34+

30

27

23

20

17

13

10

6

<3

Prevailing WindsWind Fre q ue ncy (Hrs)Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)Date: 1st September - 30th SeptemberTime: 00:00 - 24:00© We at he r To ol

NO RT H

15 ¡

30 ¡

45 ¡

60 ¡

75 ¡

EAS T

105 ¡

120 ¡

135 ¡

150 ¡

165 ¡SO UT H

195 ¡

210 ¡

225 ¡

240 ¡

255 ¡

WE ST

285 ¡

300 ¡

315 ¡

330 ¡

345 ¡

10 km/h

20 km/h

30 km/h

40 km/h

50 km/h hrs

36+

32

28

25

21

18

14

10

7

<3

Prevailing WindsWind Fre q ue ncy (Hrs)Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)Date: 1st October - 31st OctoberTime: 00:00 - 24:00© W eat he r To ol

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NO RT H

15 ¡

30 ¡

45 ¡

60 ¡

75 ¡

EAS T

105 ¡

120 ¡

135 ¡

150 ¡

165 ¡SO UT H

195 ¡

210 ¡

225 ¡

240 ¡

255 ¡

WE ST

285 ¡

300 ¡

315 ¡

330 ¡

345 ¡

10 km/h

20 km/h

30 km/h

40 km/h

50 km/h hrs

42+

37

33

29

25

21

16

12

8

<4

Prevailing WindsWind Fre q ue ncy (Hrs)Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)Date: 1st November - 30th NovemberTime: 00:00 - 24:00© We at he r To ol

NO RT H

15 ¡

30 ¡

45 ¡

60 ¡

75 ¡

EAS T

105 ¡

120 ¡

135 ¡

150 ¡

165 ¡SO UT H

195 ¡

210 ¡

225 ¡

240 ¡

255 ¡

WE ST

285 ¡

300 ¡

315 ¡

330 ¡

345 ¡

10 km/h

20 km/h

30 km/h

40 km/h

50 km/h hrs

49+

44

39

34

29

24

19

14

9

<4

Prevailing WindsWind Fre q ue ncy (Hrs)Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)Date: 1st December - 31st DecemberTime: 00:00 - 24:00© W eat he r To ol

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51 WIND SUMMARIESThese charts illustrate the wind frequency, average wind tempera-ture, average relative humidity, and average rainfall for Delhi.


10 k m/ h

20 k m/ h

30 k m/ h

40 k m/ h

50 k m/ h hrs42+373329252116128

<4

W ind Frequenc y (H rs)

10 k m/ h

20 k m/ h

30 k m/ h

40 k m/ h

50 k m/ h � �45+403530252015105

<0

� � er� �e W ind � e m� er� � ures

10 k m/ h

20 k m/ h

30 k m/ h

40 k m/ h

50 k m/ h �95+8575655545352515<5

� � er� �e � e �� i� e H umidi�y

10 k m/ h

20 k m/ h

30 k m/ h

40 k m/ h

50 k m/ h mm1�0+0�90�80�70�60�50�40�30�2

<0�1

� � er� �e � � i n �� (mm)

� re� � i�in� WindsWind Frequency (Hrs)� � c � �i�n � � � W � � �H �� (28�6� � 77�2� )

� � �e� 1s� � � y � 31s� � �y� i me� 00�00 � 24�00� W e�� her � � � �

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52 TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, SOLAR, WIND, CLOUDThese charts illustrate summaries for temperature, humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, and cloud cover Delhi.


Average Temperature (¡C)

W k

H r

¡ C

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

W k

H r

¡ C

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

�a ��mum Temperature (¡C)

W k

H r

¡ C

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

W k

H r

¡ C

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

�� mum Temperature (¡C)

W k

H r

¡ C

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

W k

H r

¡ C

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

� e�at�ve Hum�� t� (�)

W k

H r

�

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

W k

H r

�

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

W k

H r

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

W k

H r

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

W k

H r

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

W k

H r

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

Average W�� pee� (km� � )

W k

H r

k m � �

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

W k

H r

k m � �

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

Average C��u� C�v er (� )

W k

H r

�

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

W k

H r

�

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 02 4

2 83 2

3 64 0

4 44 8

5 2

4

8

1 2

1 62 0

2 4

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

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THERMAL DATA53These charts describe the monthly diurnal averages throughout the year and daily conditions of January 1st.


2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24-10 0.0k

0 0.2k

10 0.4k

20 0.6k

30 0.8k

40 1.0k

¡C DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st January (1)

LEGEND

Temperature

Rel.Humidity

Direct Solar

Diffuse Solar

Wind Speed Cloud Cover

Comfort: Thermal Neutrality

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

-10 0.0k

0 0.2k

10 0.4k

20 0.6k

30 0.8k

40 1.0k

¡C MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - NEW DELHI, IND

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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART54This chart can be used to determine thermal comfort and passive design strategies for future design interventions.


DBT(¡C) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

AH

5

10

15

20

25

30

Comfort

Psychrom� tr�c Ch� rt�o c� t�o�� D�� H�� D�r� ��c y� 1st � �� ry to 31st D�c �m �� r�� y T�m� s� 00�00�24�00 Hrs�� T�m�s � 00�00�24�00 HrsB� rom� tr�c Pr� ss�r �� 101�3� �P �� t h � r T oo�

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55 SANITARY LANDFILLSLandfills are being utilized as a source of energy production. This example is an interesting and creative solution to both energy and sewage demands in the city.

[SOURCE: “Environment.” Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.Delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613/93+-+105+Environment.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lm-

od=-616713885&CACHEID=a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613 >]

“The Solid Waste is being utilized for making compost as Okhla and Bhalswa Sanitary Landfill sites. Solid Waste is also proposed to be used for generation of electricity as Gazipur and Okhla Sanitary Landfill sites through Private Sector Participation.”

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56 CLIMATE SUMMARYThese charts summarize climate data for New Delhi, India.


JF M A M J J A S O N D00

20 100

40 200

60 300

80 400

1005 00

0

10

20

30

40

50

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

8

4

0 DAYLT

IRRAD

TEMP

CLIMATE SUMMARY

9am

Wind

3pm

Wind

JF M A M J J A S O N D0k

2k

4k

6k

8k DEGREE HOURS (Heating, Cooling and Solar)

H

C

S

NAME: NEW DELHILOCATION: INDDESIGN SKY: Not Av ailab leALTITUDE: 216 .0 m© We at he r To ol

LATITUDE: 28 .6¡LONGITUDE: 77 .2¡TIMEZONE: +5.5 hrs

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YAMUNA RIVER SUMMARYThis graphic explains that the Delhi Segment of the river is the most polluted, while also only 1.6% of the total length of the river.

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ECOLOGYRE-CENTERING DELHI Lauren Anne Nelson

YAMUNA RIVER

Tajewala Barrage

Wazibad Barrage

Okhia Barrage

GANGA RIVER

WATERTHE YAMUNA RIVERAreas of Addition and Extraction of Water

1.6% (22 km)of the length of the Yamuna River is the Delhi Segment from Wazirabad Barrage to Okhla Barrage

GANGA

Karnal Hill Streams

Tons

Giri

Canal

Canal

Aglar

Asan

Eastern Yamuna CanalWestern Yamuna Canal

Bhudhi Yamuna

Khakhadi

Katha

Canal and Waste water from Panipat

Wazirabad Water works

Choti Yamuna

Hindon Cut Canal

Delhi Waste water

Thermal PowerPlant

Agra Canal

Faridabad Waste Water

Mathura, Vrindavan Waste Water

Mathura Water Works

Agra Waste Water

Agra Water Works

Chambai

Sind

Belwa

Ken

Waste water from Delhi, Ghaziabad and NoidaHindon River

Mathura Waste Water

Agra Waste Water

Etawah Waste Water

Allahabad WaterworksAllahabad Waste Water

DAK PATTHAR BARRAGE

WAZIRABAD BARRAGE

OKHLA BARRAGE

GOKUL BARRAGE

DELHISEGMENTMOSTPOLLUTED

RIVER FLOW

80%Monsoon River Flow(July-Sept)

20%Non-Monsoon River Flow(Oct-June)

In the DRY SEASONNO WATER FLOWSBeyond Wasirabad Barrage

1999 2000 2005 2009

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Flow

(m3

/sec

)

Year

Pre-Monsoon Monsoon Post-Monsoon

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CLIMATE COMBINEDThis graphic summarizes data throughout the book into an under-standable format. This information can help to inform of designs at multiple scales.

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[SOURCE: Combined - Throughout Book]

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