ResearchDocumentAnimalTrackerAndHealthMonitoringApplicationGearoidLacey

TableofContents

Abstract..................................................................................................................4

Introduction...........................................................................................................5

ExistingHerdManagementAndEquineDevices.....................................................6DairyMasterMooMonitor...............................................................................................................................6HerdInsights.........................................................................................................................................................6HorseMote............................................................................................................................................................6Equisense...............................................................................................................................................................7SeeHorse.................................................................................................................................................................7

ExistingGPSPetTrackingDevices...........................................................................9Pod............................................................................................................................................................................9WhistleGPSPetTracker..................................................................................................................................9Loc8torPetGPS...................................................................................................................................................9Tabcat...................................................................................................................................................................10Kyon......................................................................................................................................................................10SingleBoardComputers........................................................................................11Arduino................................................................................................................................................................11IntelGalileo........................................................................................................................................................12RaspberryPi......................................................................................................................................................12IntelEdison........................................................................................................................................................13Comparisons.........................................................................................................14

SupportedTechnologies.......................................................................................15RaspberryPi......................................................................................................................................................15Arduino................................................................................................................................................................15IntelGalileoGeneration2............................................................................................................................15IntelEdison........................................................................................................................................................15RaspberryPivs.IntelGalileoGeneration2vs.IntelEdison...................................16RaspberryPiPowerRequirements.........................................................................................................16IntelGalileoGen2PowerRequirements..............................................................................................16IntelEdisonPowerRequirements...........................................................................................................17

ManufacturedGPSUnits.......................................................................................18NanoTracker......................................................................................................................................................18ApplicationPlatforms...........................................................................................19Android................................................................................................................................................................19iOS..........................................................................................................................................................................19

MobileApplicationDevelopmentFrameworks.....................................................20AdobePhoneGap.............................................................................................................................................20Ionic.......................................................................................................................................................................20ApacheCordova...............................................................................................................................................20

DatabasesSQLvs.NoSQL......................................................................................22AdvantagesofSQL..........................................................................................................................................22DisadvantagesofSQL....................................................................................................................................22AdvantagesofNoSQL.....................................................................................................................................22DisadvantagesofNoSQL...............................................................................................................................22

SQLDatabase.......................................................................................................23

MySQL..................................................................................................................................................................23AdvantagesofMySQL....................................................................................................................................23DisadvantagesofMySQL..............................................................................................................................23

NoSQLDatabase..................................................................................................23MongoDB.............................................................................................................................................................23AdvantagesofNoSQL.....................................................................................................................................23DisadvantagesofNoSQL...............................................................................................................................23

Conclusion............................................................................................................24

Bibliography.........................................................................................................25

Abstract

Modern culture means people aspire to make every day tasks as simple andefficient as possible which is normally achieved through the addition oftechnology to the process at hand. The aim of this research document is tooutline the technologies andmethodologies thatwould bemost applicable forimplementing awearable animal tracker andhealth information systembasedontheconceptofIoT.Over the duration of this project possible technologies and hardware such asRaspberryPi,Arduino,IntelEdisonandIntelGalileoboardswillbeinvestigatedtodetermine themost suitable for implementingananimal tracker andhealthinformationsystem.

Introduction

Thepurposeofthisproject istocreateaGPSbasedsystem,whichcanbeusedforanimaltracking.GPSwasinitiallydesignedformilitaryintelligencetoallowtheUSNavyrecordtheirmovementsacrossoceansinthe1960’s.GPSconsistsofanetworkof satellites thatorbit the earth and sendbackdata todeviceswithGPSreceivers.Thedatasentbackfromthesatellitesincludesageographicaldatapoint,timecodes,speedandtimefromanywhereontheplanet.Agriculture isasector that is slowlybeingoptimized toproducegreateryieldsandlessexpenditurethroughtheuseoftechnology.Theadditionoftechnologyisbecoming more prevalent in certain aspects of farming such as dairy whereroboticmilkingmachinesarebecomingmorecommonduetotheirefficiencyandcostsavingmeasuresbyreducingtheamountofmanhoursrequired.Therearealready existing animal wearable’s available in the agricultural sector whichmonitortheanimalslocationandevenmonitoringtheirbehaviors.Furthermoretherearesystemsavailablewhichcaninformthefarmerviatextmessagewhenacowisinheat.(EngineersJournal,2015)Oftentheinitialcostoutlaysforthesesystemsarequitehighmeaningthereisagreater amount of time required along with accurate results, before the userdeems it to have been a worthy venture. This can mean farmers are morehesitantonpurchasingthistypeofsystemwithoutguaranteedresults.Therefore, theaimof thisproject is toproducean inexpensiveandeasy touseanimal tracking and health monitoring system, which can be used to analyzemovement patterns of sick animals to determine the physical source of theproblem.Forexample ifyouhad twoanimalson thesystemwithTuberculosis(TB)youcouldcross-referencetheir locationstoseeanycommonarea’s inthefieldwherethesourceoftheproblemmayhaveoccurred.

ExistingHerdManagementAndEquineDevices

DairyMasterMooMonitorDairyMasterareadairyequipmentproductioncompanybasedinCauseway,Co.Kerry.DairyMasterofferavarietyofproducts,oneofwhich focusesonanimalhealth tracking and reproduction, which is aptly named MooMonitor.MooMonitor is a collar, which is placed around the animals head and recordstheirmovementtodeterminedetailsregardingtheireating,restingandgeneralmovementhabits.Basedonthisthefarmercangaininformationrelatingtoeachindividual animals health. The MooMonitor system works by transmitting itsdatatoabasestation,whichcanbeuptoonekilometeraway.OneadvantageoftheMooMonitorisitslonglastingbattery,whichtheystate,hasuptotenyearsofbattery life. One of the main features of this product and many more on themarketisitaimstoprovidethefarmerwithdataforanimalreproductionforusewithartificialinsemination(AI).TheadvantageofthisfeatureisthefarmercanreducethelengthoftheircalvingseasonbyknowingwhenexactlytoapplytheAI process to the cow whilst also increasing their overall calving rates. Thissystem can be used on computers, tablets or phones. Furthermore anotherfeatureofthissystemisitsendsSMSalertstothefarmer.(DairyMaster)

HerdInsightsAlanyaanimalhealthmonitoringprovidestheHerdInsightssystem.ThissystemoperatesinasimilarfashiontotheMooMonitorsystem.HerdInsightsalsouseabasestation,whichcanstoredetailsof5000animalsonasinglebasestation.Thesystemisscalablemeaningifyoumeetthemaximum5000animalsononebasestationyousimply installanotherbasestationtocater fortheexcess.Similarlythis system is also available for use with computers, tablets or phones. TheHerdInsightssystemusedanRFIDtagonthecollartorecognizeeachanimalonthesystem.TheHerdInsightssystemprovidessimilarfunctionalitytothatoftheMooMonitorinthatitsendsthefarmerSMSalertsinformingthefarmerwhenisthebesttimetoapplytheAIprocesstothespecifiedcow.Usingthissystemwillprovide the farmer with similar results to that of the MooMonitor system.(HerdInsights)

HorseMoteHorseMoteisamonitoringdevicespecificallydesignedforusewithhorses.Thissystem is placed around the horses body in comparison to the two previoussystemswhichplacesthedevicearoundthecowsneck.TheHorseMotesystemis capableof recording information suchas thehorsesbody temperature,howmuch they are sweating, their heart rate and their movement using anaccelerometer.(EOIT)

EquisenseEquisense are a French companywho also producewearable’s formonitoringhorses health based on theirmovements. Similarly to the HorseMote system,Equisense also use an accelerometer to retrieve data relating to the horsesmovementwhichtheycananalyzetodetermineofthehorseis lame.Theyalsorecord information such as body temperature and the level of sweat beingproducedbythehorsetodeterminehowmuchstraintheanimalisunder,speed,number of jumpsmadeby thehorse and theCadenceproducedby thehorsesmovements. Equisense is available on both the android and iOS mobileplatforms.Furthermoreeach trackingdevicecanbeusedonup to fourhorses.Thedevicealsohasabatterylifeofuptoeighthours.Additionallythisproductcosts $329. From viewing their website the application allows the user toschedule training sessions for the horse. It also provides the user withinformationrelatingtowhichdirectionthehorsesheadisturnedmost.Theappalso provides the user with a graphical representation of the horses workintensityaswellasitsoverallfitnesslevel.(Equisense)

SeeHorseSeeHorseisanotherhorsehealthandmovementmonitoringsystem.ThissystemisverysimilartotheEquisensesysteminthatitprovidestheuserwithsimilarresources.Informationsuchasthehorsesheartrate,bodytemperature,activitylevelsandmovementdetailsaremadeavailabletouser.Oneinterestingfeature

oftheSeeHorsesystemis itcomesequippedwithawirelesschargingpod.TheSeeHorse device is more expensive than the Equisense device at $499. TheapplicationprovidedbySeeHorsefortheirproducthasamuchsimplerinterfacetoit.Onloggingintheuserisdirectedtothedashboardwhichpresentstheuserwith real time data on the horses heart rate in BPM, the number of steps thehorsehastaken,thehorsesrespiratoryrate,temperatureandaccesstopreviousdatathathasbeenpreviouslyobtained.Theappalsoprovidestheuserwithanalarmfunctionalitywheretheycansetcertaincriteriathatwillalertthemwhentheanimalisinsomedistress.(SeeHorse)

ExistingGPSPetTrackingDevices

PodPodisaminiature-trackingdevicethatcanbeattachedtoyourpetscollarthatrecordstheiractivitywhichcanbeinterfacedthroughtheirwebapplication.ThePoddeviceprovidesitsuserswhichinformationsuchasyourpetslocation,thetimetheyspendwalking,runningoratrest.Furthermoretheusercansetsafezoneswhichwillalerttheownerwhentheirpethasleftthisarea.ThepodcantracktheanimalsmovementsforuptoeighthourswhichitcanthensynchronizewiththemobileapplicationviaBluetooth.Thedeviceitselfiswaterproofandaspreviouslystatedminiaturewithdimensionsof5cminlengthand2.3cmindiameteratacostof€179.Thedevicealsoboastsbatterylifeofuptofivedaysdependingonusagewithaspareinterchangeablebatteryprovided.IntermsoftheapplicationitselfitissupportedontheandroidandiOSplatformaswellasprovidingawebplatformforinterfacingwiththePod.(Pod)

WhistleGPSPetTrackerTheWhistleGPSPetTrackerisasimilardevicetotheaforementionedPodTrackerwhichprovidesfunctionssuchasrecordinginformationaboutyourpetslocation,thetimetheyspendwalking,runningoratrestandthedevicecansendalertstotheownerssmartphonewhentheirpetleavestheirhomezone.AgainlikethePodTrackertheWhistleGPSPetTrackerisalsowaterproof.Therearesomeslightdifferencesbetweenbothdevices,oneofwhichisthesizeoftheWhistleGPSPetTrackerthathasdimensionsof1.5x4.2x.0.8inches.AnotherdifferencebetweenthetwodevicesistheplatformstheysupportwiththeWhistleGPSPetTrackeronlyavailableontheandroidandiOSmobileplatforms.Currentlythisdevicecanbepurchasedatacostof$49whichisasizeabledifferenceincomparisontothepriceofthePodTracker.AconvenientfunctionthattheWhistleGPSPetTrackerprovidesistheabilitytoaddmultiplepeopletotheownersaccountsotheycanviewtheanimalslatestdataalso.(Whistle)

Loc8torPetGPSLoc8torisanothercompanythatprovideGPSTrackingdevicesforpets.Onesuchdeviceistheirtrackerthatisdesignedspecificallyfordogs.Thisdevicefunctionsinasimilarmannertothepreviouslymentionedpettrackersbyprovidingtheownerwithfeaturessuchassafezones,currentpetlocationandthepetspreviouslytravelledroutes.TheGPScoordinatesobtainedbythedeviceareaccurateuptofivemeters.Thebattery,whichisrechargeablehasthecapabilityoflastingbetween7-10daysdependingonusageandalertstheownerwhenthebatteryisrunninglow.ThedeviceisslightlycheaperthanthePodTrackerat€120.98.LikethePodTrackertheLoc8torPetGPSisavailableonanymobiledevicewithaninternetconnection.TheLoc8torgivestheownertheopportunitytospecifywhatintervalstheywantthedevicetorecordtheirpetslocationwhichisanadvantageousfeature.(Loc8tor)

TabcatTabcatisanothercompanythatprovidesGPSTrackingdevicesforpets.Tabcatsdeviceisdesignedspecificallyforusewithcats.Tabcatdiffersfromthepreviousdevicesinhowitascertainsthecat’slocationbyusingradiofrequencies.ThedeviceworksbydirectingtheownertotheirpetusingaudioandvisualsignalsemittingfromtheTabcathandset,whichiscommunicatingwiththehomingtagsattachedtotheircatscollar.Tabcathastheabilitytolocateacatthatisupto122metersaway.Thedevicecomeswithanintelligentfeaturebuiltinthatisusedtotraintheownerscattocomehomebyemittingabeepingsoundfromthehomingtaguntilthecatreturns.Thedevicehasanexcellentbatterylifeofuptooneyear.AsthedirectionaltechnologyismoreaccuratethanGPSitispreciseupto2.5inches.Tabcatisaninexpensiveoptionforanycatownerwiththebasicpackagecostingaslittleas£69thatcomeswithtwohomingtags.(Tabcat)

KyonKyonprovideaGPStrackingcollarforpetsofanytype.Thisdevicehasasimilarsafezonefunctionalityasthealreadymentioneddevices.Theperimeterforthesafezoneis300ft.IftheanimalleavesthisperimetertheGPStrackingfunctionalityonthedeviceisenabled.TheKyoncollarutilizes3DGPStechnologythatcaninformtheownerwhatlevelofabuildingtheirpetisinforexample.LiketheLoc8torPetGPStrackerthisdevicealsohasarechargeablebattery(420mAh)whichischargedusingtheKyondockingstationwhichalsoactsasabeaconforthecollar.Thedeviceisalsowaterresistantlikemanyofthepreviouslymentionedpettrackers.TheKyoncollaralsoboastsabatterylifeofupto30days.ThecollaroperatesbytransmittingdatatoyourphoneordockingstationwhichthencommunicateswiththeKyonserver.TheKyoncollardeliversnumerousfunctionstotheownersuchasthepacifieroperationwhichpreventsyourpetfromengaginginafightwithanotheranimalbyemittingahighfrequencysoundfromthedevice.(Kyon)(Kyon)

SingleBoardComputers

Whenattachinga trackingdevice toananimal it is essential that it is compactenoughnot tobeanobstruction to theanimalbutalso tobe strongenough towithstand any blows to the object itself. To achieve this research will beconductedonsingleboardcomputerssuchasRaspberryPi’s,Arduino’sandIntelGalileoboardsbecauseoftheirsmallsizebutphenomenalpower.ThisresearchwillbeginbylookingattheArduinoBoards.

ArduinoTherearefiveentry-levelboardsavailablefromArduino.TheyaretheArduinoUno (known as the GenuinoUno outside theUSA), Arduino 101, Arduino Pro,ArduinoMicroandtheArduinoProMini.(Arduino)

• ArduinoUno:TheArduinoUnowasthefirstUSBArduinoboardproducedwhichisbasedontheATmega328P.Ithas8-bitarchitecturewithaCPUclockspeedof16MHzandanoperatingvoltageof5volts.Itprovides32KBflashmemorywith2KBSRAMwhichprovidesfasterdataaccesstimes.(Arduino)

• Arduino101:TheArduino101isanadvancementontheArduinoUno.Itboasts32-bitarchitecturewithadualcoreCPUeachofwhichhaveaclockspeed of 32 MHz. Unlike the Arduino Uno, the Arduino 101 has aminimum operating voltage of 3.3V. Similarly to the Arduino Uno theArduino 101 has 14 I/O pins 4 of which are used for Pulse WithModulation(PWM(Arduino)).TheArduino101showsimprovements inthe volume of storage it offers for example it provides 196KB of flashmemorywith24KBofSRAM.(Arduino)

• Arduino Pro: The Arduino Pro is a smaller PCB than the previous two

products. It has dimensions of 52.07mm x 53.34mm. The Arduino Procomes in twoversions, the3.3-volt8MHzversionand the5-volt16MHzversion. With the reduction in physical size comes a decrease inprocessing power on both versions. Both PCB’s offer the same storagewith 32KB of flash memory and 2KB of SRAM like the Arduino Uno.(Arduino)

• ArduinoProMini:TheArduinoProMiniisamorecompactversionofthe

ArduinoPro.SimilartotheArduinoProitoffersa3.3-volt8MHzversionandthe5-volt16MHzversion.BothPCBsarebasedon8-bitarchitecture.LiketheArduinoProandArduinoUno,theArduinoProMinioffers32KBand2KBSRAM.(Arduino)

• Arduino Micro: The Arduino Micro is the smallest board that Arduino

offer.Itboasts8-bitarchitecturewithanoperatingvoltageof5-volts.ItsCPUoperates at16MHz. It alsoprovides theuserwith abuilt inmicro-USB connection. In terms of storage it is similar to themajority of the

previously mentioned boards with 32KB flash memory and but with2.5KBofSRAM.(Arduino)

IntelGalileoThereisonlyoneIntelGalileoboardcurrentlyavailable,IntelGalileoGen2.TheIntel Galileo board is the first Arduino certified board based on IntelArchitecture. Note: The first generation Intel Galileo board is no longer inproduction.

• IntelGalileo:TheIntelGalileoGen2boardprovidesasizeableincreaseinpowerandperformancecomparedtothepreviouslymentionedArduinoboards.Theboardisbasedon32-bitIntelarchitectureItcomesequippedwith256MBDDR3RAMwith512KBofSRAM.Italsoboasts8MBonboardflash storage with the capability of adding an extra 32GB via microSDcard.(Intel)

RaspberryPiThe Raspberry pi series are possibly the most well known single boardcomputers out of the three, potentially due to the vast quantity of accessoriesandinformationavailabletotheirusers.TherearecurrentlyfiveRaspberryPi’savailable, they are the Raspberry Pi 1 Model A+, the Raspberry Pi Zero, theRaspberryPi 1ModelB+, theRaspberryPi 2ModelB and theRaspberryPi 3ModelB.

• RaspberryPi 1ModelA+: The Raspberry Pi 1Model A+ superseded theRaspberry Pi Model A in November 2014. The board has an operatingvoltageof5voltsandcomesequippedwithamicroSDexpansionslot,oneUSB slot, one headphone jack as well as a HDMI port. This model has512MBRAM.(Adafruit)

• Raspberry Pi Zero: The Raspberry Pi Zero is a physically smaller boardthantheRaspberryPi1ModelA+butithasverysimilarcomponentsandpower.LiketheRaspberryPi1ModelA+italsohasanoperatingvoltageof5volts.Itcomesequippedwitha1GHzsinglecoreCPU,512MBRAM,aminiHDMIport,twomicroUSBslotsandamicroSDcardslotforexternalstorage.(Adafruit)

• Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+: The Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+ incorporateseverything the previously mentioned boards have and more. It has anoperatingvoltageof5volts,providesfourUSBports,anewEthernetport,aheadphonejackaswellasamicroSDcardsocket.Similarlyithas512MBofRAMbutithasasmallerCPU,whichisratedat700MHz.(Adafruit)

• RaspberryPi2ModelB:TheRaspberryPi2ModelBrepresentsanothermilestoneforsingleboardcomputerswithregardsto itshardware.Thisboard comes equipped with 1GB of RAM accompanied by a quad coreARMv7 CPU. Similarly to the previously mentioned Raspberry Pi thisboardalsocontainsaHDMIport,aheadphonejack,amicroSDcardslot,anEthernetportandamicroUSBslot.(Adafruit)

• Raspberry Pi 3 Model B: The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B is their mosttechnicallyadvancedsingleboardcomputeryet.Itpossessesaquadcore64-bitARMv8CPUratedat1.2GHz.AnothernewfeatureisitsbuiltinWi-

Fichipalongwiththebuilt inBluetoothadapter.Thisboardalsohasanoperatingvoltageof5voltslikethepreviousRaspberryPiboards.Italsoboast1GBoframlikethepreviouslymentionedmodel.(Adafruit)

IntelEdisonThe Intel Edison board was designed to aid developers with regards to theInternetofThings.ThemaindifferencebetweentheIntelEdisonandtheotherpreviouslymentionedboardsisthatitisaSystemonaChip(SoC).

• Intel Galileo: The Intel Edison board comes equipped with a dual coreIntel Atom CPU rated at 500MHz. It also has 1GB DDR3 RAM and 4GBonboard flash storage. Unlike themajority of the previouslymentionedboardstheIntelEdisonhasanoperatingvoltageof3.3voltsto4.5volts.Thisisbyfarthesmallestboardofallwithdimensionsof35mmx25mmx4mm.(Adafruit)

Comparisons

SupportedTechnologiesSelecting the technologies to implement a project with is possibly the mostimportant choice of all. Fortunately, with major technical advances in recentyears,thechoiceofwhatlanguagestouseforimplementationisnotasrestrictedasitoncewaswithsingleboardcomputers.

RaspberryPiThe Raspberry Pi boards offer a wide range of compatible programminglanguagessuchasPython,Java,C,Scratch,C++,RubywhicharepreinstalledontheRaspberryPibydefault. It isalsopossible touse languagessuchasHTML,JavaScript,ErlangandPerl aswell as anyother languages that can compileonARMv6andARMv7architecture.(Dikmans,2015)

ArduinoTheArduinoboardhasitsownprogramminglanguagethatismadeofasubsetof C and C++ functions. Compared to the Raspberry Pi boards the languageselection is muchmore limited. Due to the Arduinos small language selectionresearchregardingthisseriesofsingleboardcomputerswillcease.(Arduino)

IntelGalileoGeneration2The Intel Galileo Gen 2 offers a wide variety of compatible programminglanguages like the Raspberry Pi boards. Languages such as C, C++, Python,HTML5, JavaScript and Node.js are a selection of languages that areprogrammableontheIntelGalileoboard.(Intel)

IntelEdisonThe IntelEdisonoffers the same rangeofpotentialprogramming languagesastheGalileoGen2boarddoeswithC,C++,Python,HTML5,JavaScriptandNode.jsallcompatiblewiththeIntelGalileo.(Intel)

RaspberryPivs.IntelGalileoGeneration2vs.IntelEdison

RaspberryPiPowerRequirementsAspartofthiscomparisontheaimistooutlinetheboardswiththeleastamountofpowerconsumption,mostdocumentationandalsothewidestrangeofaccessoriesthatcanbeusedonthem.ThefollowingtableillustratesthepowerrequirementsforaselectionoftheRaspberryPiboards.(RaspberryPi)

ThepowerrequirementsfortheRaspberryPiZeroundercertainconditionsareasfollows(RaspberryPi):

IntermsofpoweringtheRaspberryPithebestoptionmaybetoinstallasmallbatterypackwiththeRaspberryPiboardwhichischargedusingsolarpoweredsensorsthatareattachedtothestraponthecowsneck.

IntelGalileoGen2PowerRequirementsTheoutputpowerfortheIntelGalileoboardwithnoadditionalaccessoriesattachedisdisplayedinthetablebelow:(Intel,2016)

IntelEdisonPowerRequirementsThepowerconsumptionfortheIntelEdisonbelowwastakenwiththeWi-Fidisabled.ThepowerconsumptionoftheIntelEdisonisvisiblylowerthantheGalileoboardwhilstalsobeingslightlylessthantheRaspberryPiZero.(Intel,2016)

ManufacturedGPSUnitsTherearesomenotabledisadvantagestoimplementingananimaltrackerusingasingleboardcomputer.Oneofthemaindisadvantagesofusingthesecomputersisprovidingthemwithadequatepowertobeabletocollectandtransmitthedatatothedatabase.Therearebatterypacksavailablethatwouldbeabletosupplythesingleboardcomputersenoughpowertooperateforashorttimebutthentheproblemofsizeisintroduced.Itshouldbeaprioritythatthedevicesitscomfortablyontheanimalbutwiththeadditionofbatterypacksandcasesthiswillbecomemoreofaproblem.AnalternativetothesedisadvantagesistouseanalreadymanufacturedGPStrackerthatcouldbeutilizedtoattaintheGPScoordinatesoftheanimalandtransmitthedatatoadatabase.OnepossiblealternativeistheNanoTrackerwhichismanufacturedbyRoundSolutions.

NanoTrackerTheNanoTrackerisasmallportableGPSdevicethatcanintheorybeusedtotrackanythingformvehiclestoanimals.Onemajoradvantageofthisdeviceisitscompactsizeof60mmx33mmx13mmwhenthecaseisonthedevice.Thedevicecomeswithabuiltin350mAhlithiumpolymerbatterythatischargedviaamicroUSBinterface.ThedeviceisbasedoncellulartechnologywithananoSIMrequiredforthedevicetooperate.Thedeviceallowsdeveloperstoenable/disablecertainfunctionalitiesbasedontheirindividualneeds.Thesefunctionalitiesareasfollows:

• GeofencingallowsthedevelopertodefinecertainareaswherethetrackingdeviceleavewithoutanotificationbeingsentviaSMS.

• ThedevicehasabuiltinWellnessfunctionthatwillsendanalertwhenthedevicehasn’tmovedforsomepredefinedlengthoftime.

• Thedevicecomeswithapanicbuttonfunctionalitythatcanbedisableddependingonthepurposeofthedevicesusage.

ThedevicetransmitsthedataviaaHTTPPost.Thetransmitteddatacontainsinformationsuchaslongitude,latitude,speed,date,timeandbatteryvoltage.Thedevicecontainsanonboardaccelerometerwhichisusedtodetectwhenthereisanymovementaswellasforpowersavingmeasures.TheNanoTrackerisquiteaconfigurabledevice.Itispossibletoconfiguretheintervalsbetweendatatransmissions.Thedatasheetforthedevicestatesthatobtainingandtransmittingthedevicepositioneveryfivesecondswillrequirethebatterytobechargedafterapproximatelytwohourswhereasifthedeviceisconfiguredtotransmitthedataeverythirtyminutesthebatterywilllastapproximately43hours.Dependingonyourregionthedevicewillsupport2G,3Gor4GtechnologiesthatcangiveGPScoordinatesthatareaccurateuptotwometers.RoundSolutionsalsoprovidesoftwaredevelopmentkitsfortheNanoTrackerwhichiswritteninPython2.7.2.(RoundSolutions)

ApplicationPlatforms

From the researchobtained inprevious sectionsof thisdocument it is evidentthat the majority of the available animal wearable’s work across a variety ofplatforms frommobile to desktop. As this product is aimed at the agriculturalsectorwhichhasseensmartphoneusagesurgeinrecentyears,inprinciplethisshould at the very least runonmobiledevices. (Potter)This then leads to thequestion ofwhichmobile operating system to develop the application for? Todeterminethesolutiontothistheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachmobileoperatingsystemwillfollow.

AndroidAndroid isanopensourcedoperatingsystembasedontheLinuxkernelwhichwas developed by the Open Handset Alliance. The first version of Android,version 1.1, was released in February 2009. Android applications arepredominantlywritten in the java programming language accompanied by theandroidSDK.Androidhadan82.6%marketshareintermsofsalesattheendofthesecondquarterin2016asdisplayedinthefollowinggraph.(Statista)

iOSiOS is the operating system thatwas developed by apple specifically for theiriPhones thatwere first released in 2007. iOS applications are programmed inprimarily inobjectiveCalongwithHTML, JavaScript andCSS for the frontend.Apple also introduced the swift programming language thatmakes it easier todevelopappsduetoitsmorereadablesyntax.(Rundle)

MobileApplicationDevelopmentFrameworksMobileapplicationdevelopmentframeworksofferadifferentapproachtodevelopingapplicationsbyenablingtheprogrammertocreatehybridapplicationsusingwebtechnologieslikeHTML,CSSandJavaScriptforexample.Notonlydotheyremovethestrainofhavingtolearnandroidofswiftprogramminglanguagesandthereforehavingtodevelopthesameapplicationtwice,buttheyalsoenabletheprogrammertoporttheirapplicationtoanymobileoperatingsystem.ThereareseveralMobileApplicationDevelopmentFrameworksavailablethatwillbeanalyzedbelowtodeterminethebestoptionforthedevelopingthisapplication.

AdobePhoneGapAdobePhoneGapisamobileapplicationdevelopmentframeworkthatenablesprogrammersbuildhybridapplicationsusingHTML,CSSandJavaScriptthatarecompatiblewithmultiplemobileplatforms.AdobePhoneGapalsoprovidesaDeveloperMobileAppthatallowstheprogrammertotesttheirapplicationonaconnectedmobiledevicewithouthavingtoreinstalltheirapplicationtoseethechangesthathavebeenmade.(AdobePhoneGap)AdobePhoneGapalsoprovidesaservicecalledAdobePhoneGapBuildthatisusedforcompilingandbuildingyourappsinthecloud.BysubmittingthecodefilesinazipfolderAdobePhoneGapBuildcompilesandbuildsyourappusingthelatestSDK’sforyourtargetmobileoperatingsystemsafterwhichitreturnstheURL’stothedeploymentbundleforthetargetmobileoperatingsystems.

IonicIonicisanopensourcemobileapplicationdevelopmentframeworkthatenablesprogrammersbuildhybridapplicationsusingHTML,CSSandJavaScriptthatarecompatiblewithmultiplemobileplatforms.IonicalsorequiresaworkingknowledgeofAngularJStodevelopapplications.Theionicframeworkisintendedforfrontenddevelopmentwhichisthenintegratedwiththeintendedbackendtechnologiesfortheapplication.(Tutorialspoint)

ApacheCordovaAnothermobileapplicationdevelopmentframeworkavailableisApacheCordova.ApacheCordova,whichAdobePhoneGapisbasedon,isanopensourcemobileapplicationdevelopmentframeworkthatpredominantlyusesthesametechnologiesasthepreviouslymentionedframeworks,utilizingHTML5,CSS3andJavaScript.ApacheCordovahasauniquefeaturewherethereareAPI’sreadilyavailableforimplementingsimplefeaturessuchasdisplayingbattery

statusoraddingnotificationstothenotificationsbaratthetopofthescreenonamobiledevice.ThefollowingimageillustrateshowanApacheCordovaapplicationintegrateswithamobiledevice:(ApacheCordova)

DatabasesSQLvs.NoSQLAdatabasesmainfunctionistostorevastquantitiesofdatathatcanberetrievedandmanipulatedatanytime.Therearetwomaintypesofdatabases,SQLandNoSQLdatabases.ThemaindifferencebetweenSQLandNoSQListheirmethodofdatastorage.InSQLthedataisstoredintablesthatwitheachcolumnhavingaspecifieddatatype.InaNoSQLdatabasethedataisstoredinadocumentthatcanholdanytypeofdata,therearenorequirementstocreateaspecificschema.(Buckler,2015)

AdvantagesofSQL

• OneofthemajoradvantagesofSQListheavailabilityoftheJOINoperation.ThejoinoperationallowstheusertoaddorretrieveinformationfrommorethanonetableusingtheJOINoperation.

• SQLdatabasesarewidelyusedmeaningthereisendlessinformationavailabletoanyonetryingtoworkwiththem.

• SQLdatabasessupporttransactions,whichimprovedataintegritybyensuringthatmultipleupdatesthatarebeingappliedtotableseithersucceedorfail.

• Abilitytocreatestoredproceduresfordatabasecallsthataremaderegularly.

DisadvantagesofSQL• QueriescanbecomelongandcomplexwiththeinclusionofJOIN

statementsinthequery.Nestedqueriescanalsocausemorecomplexity.• MorethoughtrequiredforinitialsetupofanSQLdatabaseasyouhaveto

definethedatatypesforeachfieldineachtable.

AdvantagesofNoSQL• Noschemarequiredforthedatabase.• Startingtobecomemorepopulardespitetheirexistencesincethe1960’s.• Fasteratdataretrievalasthere’snoneedforcomplexquerieswithJOIN

statements.

DisadvantagesofNoSQL• NotascommonlyusedasSQLdatabasessolesssupportavailable.

SQLDatabase

MySQLMySQLisafreerelationalSQLdatabaseprovidedbyOracle.AsitisanSQLdatabasethedataisstoredinatabularformatusingtableswithspecifieddatatypesforeachcolumninthetable.

AdvantagesofMySQL• OneofthemainadvantagesofincorporatingMySQLintoanyprojectis

theavailabilityofsupportforsuchadatabasesystemduetoitspopularity.

• RequireslittleknowledgetosetupaMySQLdatabasepartlybecauseofthepreviouspoint.

• Supportedbymostplatformsmeaningitcanbeintegratedintomostprojects.

DisadvantagesofMySQL• Nolongeropensourcemeaningpatchesarenotreleasedasoften.

NoSQLDatabase

MongoDBMongoDBisanopensourcedocumentbaseddatabasesystem.AsMongoDBisaNoSQLdatabasesystemthedataisstoredindocuments.(TutorialsPoint)

AdvantagesofNoSQL• OneofthemainadvantagesofincorporatingNoSQLintoanyprojectisthe

scalabilityitcanprovide.• Documentshavedynamicschemasmeaningthereisnorequirementfor

anyspecificrequirementsinthecollectionofdocuments.

DisadvantagesofNoSQL• AsNoSQLdatabasesareonlystartingtocometoprominence,thereisless

informationavailablecomparedtoMySQL.

ConclusionBasedontheresearchgathereditissuggestedthattheprojectwillcommenceusingtheAdobePhoneGapapplicationdevelopmentframework.ThiswasthechosenapplicationdevelopmentframeworkbecauseoftheauthorsexistingexperienceinHTML,CSSandJavaScript.ThedecisionwasalsobasedonthevastquantityofinformationthatisavailableregardingAdobePhoneGapframeworkingeneralandthepluginsavailableforit.Whenmakingthedecisionofwhichapplicationframeworktouse,itwasalsonotedthatIonicrequiredAngularJSwhichwouldhaveaddedmorecomplexitytoanalreadysteeplearningcurve.ItisalsosuggestedthataMySQLdatabasebeusedthroughouttheproject.Thisdecisionwasbasedonthetabularnatureofthedataandtheauthorspriorexperiencewiththisdatabasetechnology.Similarlytothechoiceofapplicationframework,thevastquantityofinformationavailablewasalsoadecidingfactorinthechoiceofdatabasetechnology.

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