Date post: | 15-Nov-2014 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | praveer103 |
View: | 63 times |
Download: | 4 times |
Research Methodology
Meaning & Why Research Objectives and Motivation in Research. Characteristics of Good Research. Types of Research. Research Approaches. Research Process. Criteria For Good Research Limitations
Meaning : Discovery of facts , Development of facts and verification of facts.
Discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures.
Find the truth which is hidden & not discovered yet.
Systematic inquiry to provide information to solve managerial problem.
Art of scientific investigation.
“Systematic effort to gain new knowledge” Movement from known to unknown.
Clover and Balsely: “Process of systematically obtaining accurate answers to significant and pertinent questions by the use of scientific method of gathering and interpreting information.
Research comprises Defining and refining problemsFormulating hypothesis or suggested solutionsCollecting, Organizing & Evaluating dataMaking deductions and reaching conclusions & at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis
Characteristics of Research Prediction for future occurrences. Direction towards solution. Accuracy in observation and description. Basis of research is experience . Gathering of data. It is a scientific program. Patient activity. Quest for answers. Objective and logical. Carefully designed procedures. Need Expertise. Careful critical enquiry.
Why ResearchEnvironmental factors demanding managers to havemore & better information for decision making. More variables to consider in every decision. Knowledge increment in the field of management . Global and Domestic competition. Quality of theories and decision models getting
increased. Increased role of govt. Growth of commercial sites on web.
Workers, shareholders and customers wants to have their share in decision making.
Data mining or extraction of knowledge from internal database.
Use of technology (computers).
Tools used to conduct research have increased.
Objectives in research
Description Explanation Forecasting Control Modeling
1. To gain familiarity or to achieve new insights to the phenomenon. Exploratory or Formulative Studies.
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group Descriptive Studies.
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else. Diagnostic Studies.
4. To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables. Hypothesis testing Studies
Objectives in Research
Types of StudyReporting Most elementary level To generate some statisticsDescriptive Study- Observation Who, What, When, Where and sometimes How. Describe a subject by creating profile of problems, people
or events.Explanatory Study: Why Explains the reason . Use of theories or hypothesis to study the forces that
caused the event to occur.Predictive Study: Forecasting Predict when and in what situation the event will occur.
Motivation In Research Research Degree & its benefits. Face challenges in solving unsolved
problems. Joy of doing something creative. To serve the society. To get respect. Government directives. Employment conditions. Curiosity about new things. Social thinking and awakening.
Types of Research1.Descriptive To describe the event as it exists in present. Survey and fact finding enquiries of different
kind No control over the variable. Report what has
happened or happening. Most ex- post facto projects . E.g.. Frequency of shopping, Preferences of
people.
2. Analytical Research Use of facts and information already present to make the
critical evaluation of the event.
3. Applied Research To find solution for an immediate problem being faced by
a society or business organization.
4. Fundamental Research Concerned with generalization & formulation of a theory.
5. Quantitative Research Measurement of quantity or amount
6. Qualitative Research Based on qualitative analysis.
7. Conceptual Based on abstract idea or theory, Used to develop
new concepts or to reinterpret the existing ones.
8. Empirical Research Relies on experience and observation alone without
due regards for system or theory. Data based research with conclusions which are
capable of being verified by observation or experiments.
9. Exploratory Research Development of hypothesis rather than its
testing
10. Formularized Research These studies are with substantial structure & with
specific hypothesis to be tested.
11. Diagnostic Studies To determine the frequency with which something occurs
or with which it is associated with something else.
12. Historical Research Utilizes historical sources like documents , remains etc to
study events & ideas of past.
Research Approaches
Quantitative Approaches Deals with numerical measurements (i.e.
quantities). Quantitative approaches aim to test
hypotheses, and usually to identify numerical differences between groups.
Qualitative approaches Deals with how people understand their
experiences (i.e. qualities).
Quantitative approaches
Qualitative approaches
'Simple' numeric data 'Complex' rich dataMeasurement MeaningExplanation UnderstandingPrediction Interpretation
Generalisable account Contextual accountRepresentative population
samplePurposive/ representative
perspective sampleHypothesis-testing ExploratoryClaims objectivity Accepts subjectivity
Closed system (experimental control)
Open system(ecological validity)
Research Proposal
Research Design
Research StrategyType, Purpose, Time frame, Scope, Environment
Data Collection Design Sampling Design
Question & Instrument Pilot Testing
Instrument Revision
Data Collection & Preparation
Data Analysis & Interpretation
Research Reporting
Management Decision
Discover the Management DilemmaDefine the Management Question
Define the research QuestionRefine the research Question
Exploration Exploration
Research Process
Research Process1. Formulating the research Problem2. Extensive Literature Survey3. Development of working Hypothesis4. Preparing of research design5. Determining the sample design6. Collecting the data7. Execution of the project8. Analysis of data9. Hypothesis testing10. Generalization & interpretation11. Preparation of Report
Research Process Process Begins with Management Dilemma “Usually symptom of
actual Problem” Rising Cost Declining Sales Absenteeism Turnover
Management Research Question HierarchyManagement Dilemma
Management QuestionResearch Question
Investigate QuestionMeasurement Question
Management Decision
Formulating the research Problem Understanding the nature of problem
thoroughly Difference between Problem & symptom Discuss with who raised it. Pilot Survey.Surveying available literature. Academic Journals, Conference
Proceedings, government reports, books , internet etc.
Development of working HypothesisWorking Hypothesis is tentative assumptionmade in order to draw out and test its logicaland empirical consequences. Discuss with colleagues & experts. Examination of data & records. Review of similar studies. Personal investigations.
Preparing the Research Design Blueprint for fulfilling objectives & answering
questions Blueprint for collection , measurement & analysis
of data. Collecting relevant evidence with minimal
expenditure of effort, time & money.Four design Categories1. Exploration2. Description3. Diagnosis4. Experimentation.
Determining The Sample Design
Target Audience . A sample is a part of the target population,
carefully selected to represent that population.
Who and how many people to interview What and how many events to observe What and how many records to inspect.
Collecting The Data By observation Personal Interview Telephone Interviews Mailing of Questionnaire Etc.
Execution and Analysis .
Data analysis involves Reducing accumulated data to manageable
size, Developing summaries, Looking for patterns and Applying statistical techniques.
Testing of Hypothesis
Generalization and interpretation
Preparation of report
Criteria For Good Research Purpose Clearly Defined Research Process described in detail for further
enhancement Research Design Thoroughly Planned( Procedure ,
sample, Data collection) High Ethical Standards Applied Limitations frankly revealed Sufficient Analysis Findings presented unambiguously. Conclusion justifies Researcher's experience reflected.
Problems Encountered by Researchers in India Lack of training Insufficient interaction between government,
Business organization and research dept. Less confidence among business units
regarding misuse of there data. No code of conduct. Overlapping researches. Library availability. Timely availability of published data.