Research on Geological Carbon Research on Geological Carbon Sequestration atSequestration at

Indiana Geological Survey Indiana Geological Survey --a Status Reporta Status Report

Center for Coal Technology Research Center for Coal Technology Research Indiana UniversityIndiana University

June 10, 2005June 10, 2005

Why sequester COWhy sequester CO22??

Based on premise that the addition of Based on premise that the addition of anthropogenicanthropogenic COCO22 into atmosphere is changing into atmosphere is changing the earththe earth’’s climates climateTherefore capturing and storing or Therefore capturing and storing or ““sequesteringsequestering”” COCO22 away from the atmosphere away from the atmosphere will mitigatewill mitigate ““global warmingglobal warming””

COCO22 Conc. and Temperature Conc. and Temperature

Purpose of Research at IGSPurpose of Research at IGS

Create a technological baseline for assessmentCreate a technological baseline for assessmentFeasibility of Feasibility of geologicalgeological conditions for deep conditions for deep well injection and confinement of COwell injection and confinement of CO22

Weave in some elements of capture and Weave in some elements of capture and transportation with an economic evaluationtransportation with an economic evaluation

Key Considerations:Key Considerations:

Large storage volumes neededLarge storage volumes neededIndiana produces ~75 million Indiana produces ~75 million tonnestonnes of COof CO22/year/year> 40 million > 40 million tonnestonnes are from point sourcesare from point sources

Long term secure storage is requiredLong term secure storage is requiredProtection of health and human welfare + resourcesProtection of health and human welfare + resources

Economic development aspects:Economic development aspects:ValueValue--added production (i.e. oil and gas)added production (i.e. oil and gas)Carbon credits? Cap and trade system? Carbon credits? Cap and trade system?

History of ResearchHistory of Research

Initial work on MIDCARBInitial work on MIDCARBFollowed by NATCARBFollowed by NATCARBPhase I of two DOE Regional PartnershipsPhase I of two DOE Regional Partnerships

MRCSPMRCSPMGSPMGSP

Phase II of two DOE Regional PartnershipsPhase II of two DOE Regional PartnershipsIndustry partnershipsIndustry partnerships

MIDCARB MIDCARB homepagehomepage

MIDCARBMIDCARB

MidcontinentMidcontinent Interactive Digital Carbon Atlas Interactive Digital Carbon Atlas and Relational and Relational dataBasedataBase (MIDCARB) (MIDCARB) A series of geological datasets connected A series of geological datasets connected dynamically and serving distributed datadynamically and serving distributed dataInteractive website with maps and calculatorsInteractive website with maps and calculatorsDesigned as basic regional feasibility evaluator Designed as basic regional feasibility evaluator

Interactive map Interactive map –– COCO22 sourcessources

MIDCARB Browser MIDCARB Browser -- CoalsCoals

Herrin CoalMultiple States

MIDCARB Browser MIDCARB Browser -- X/Y ToolX/Y Tool

Ret

urn

Res

ults

www.midcarb.org

Web browser

IMS

RDBMS

Ohio

SD

ES

DEKentucky

ColdFusion/Java Request

ColdFusion/Java Report

SD

EIllinois(Oracle)

SD

EKansas(Oracle)

SD

EIndiana(SQL Server)

(SQL Server)

(SQL Server)

CF Server

MIDCARB Data IntegrationMIDCARB Data Integration

Tabular & GIS Data Pathways:

Que

ry R

DB

MS

NATCARBNATCARBHomepageHomepage

NATCARBNATCARB

NATionalNATional interactive digital Carbon Atlas and interactive digital Carbon Atlas and Relational Relational dataBasedataBase (NATCARB)(NATCARB)Similar features as MIDCARB but with a Similar features as MIDCARB but with a National geographic coverageNational geographic coverageDesigned to be the portal from all graphical GIS Designed to be the portal from all graphical GIS data from all seven Regional Partnerships data from all seven Regional Partnerships

Interactive mapInteractive map

DOE Regional PartnershipsDOE Regional Partnerships

In 2003 seven national In 2003 seven national ““Regional PartnershipsRegional Partnerships””were defined after a competitive solicitation by were defined after a competitive solicitation by the DOEthe DOEPurpose is Purpose is ““to determine the technical and to determine the technical and economic feasibility of using economic feasibility of using geologicalgeological sinks for sinks for longlong--term storageterm storage…”…”Subordinate work on capture, transportation and Subordinate work on capture, transportation and terrestrialterrestrial sequestration sequestration

DOE Regional Partnerships (cont.)DOE Regional Partnerships (cont.)

Divided into two Phases:Divided into two Phases:Phase 1 is the initial 2Phase 1 is the initial 2--year feasibility assessment year feasibility assessment Define the basic geological framework for possible Define the basic geological framework for possible sequestration in:sequestration in:

Saline reservoirsSaline reservoirsOil and gas reservoirsOil and gas reservoirsCoal seamsCoal seamsOrganic shales Organic shales

DOE Regional Partnerships (cont.)DOE Regional Partnerships (cont.)

Phase II of the program is a 4Phase II of the program is a 4--year applied year applied testing and evaluation period.testing and evaluation period.

Wells will be drilled to assess reservoir suitabilityWells will be drilled to assess reservoir suitabilityCOCO22 will be injected to evaluate reservoir will be injected to evaluate reservoir performance and storage potentialperformance and storage potentialExtensive monitoring, measurement and verification Extensive monitoring, measurement and verification work to assess reservoir integritywork to assess reservoir integrity

Regional Partnership DistributionRegional Partnership Distribution

Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC)(MGSC)

Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC)(MGSC)

Linking integrated options for capture, Linking integrated options for capture, transportation, and geological storage with the transportation, and geological storage with the environmental and regulatory framework to environmental and regulatory framework to define sequestration scenarios and potential define sequestration scenarios and potential economic outcomes for the region.economic outcomes for the region.Extensive use of GIS and visualization Extensive use of GIS and visualization technology will be made to convey results to technology will be made to convey results to project sponsors, other researchers, the business project sponsors, other researchers, the business community, and the general public. community, and the general public.

MGSC Study MGSC Study AreaArea

Enhanced Enhanced recovery of recovery of

oiloil

Enhanced RecoveryEnhanced Recovery

Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Enhanced Coal Bed Methane ProductionProduction

Saline ReservoirsSaline Reservoirs

Midwest Midwest Regional Regional Carbon Carbon

Sequestration Sequestration PartnershipPartnership

Midwestern Region Carbon Sequestration Midwestern Region Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP)Partnership (MRCSP)

“…To be the premier resource in its Region for identifying the technical, economic, and social considerations associated with CO2sequestration and creating viable pathways for its deployment.”

MRCSP MRCSP Study Study AreaArea

MRCSP Project PlanMRCSP Project Plan

Multiple Targets for SequestrationMultiple Targets for Sequestration

Visualization for Reservoir AnalysisVisualization for Reservoir Analysis

Terrestrial SequestrationTerrestrial Sequestration

Indiana Geological SurveyIndiana Geological Survey

Specific role of the IGS in Phase ISpecific role of the IGS in Phase I

Within the Illinois partnership, Subtask 4.0Within the Illinois partnership, Subtask 4.0Assessing coal characteristics and ability to adsorb Assessing coal characteristics and ability to adsorb COCO22 while desorbing methane (ECBM)while desorbing methane (ECBM)Completing experimentsCompleting experimentsCompiling preliminary resultsCompiling preliminary resultsUnknowns include: true adsorptive capacitance, Unknowns include: true adsorptive capacitance, mineral interactions, volumes of gas producible.mineral interactions, volumes of gas producible.

Specific role of the IGS in Phase ISpecific role of the IGS in Phase I

Within the Battelle partnership, Subtask 2.0Within the Battelle partnership, Subtask 2.0Compiling maps of deep formations that could serve Compiling maps of deep formations that could serve as repositories for COas repositories for CO22

Beginning assessment of volumes and potential Beginning assessment of volumes and potential capacity of various reservoirscapacity of various reservoirs

Collaboration with Industry Collaboration with Industry

IGS Working with Cinergy on the feasibility of IGS Working with Cinergy on the feasibility of geological sequestration in conjunction with geological sequestration in conjunction with their possible their possible repoweringrepowering of Edwardsport of Edwardsport facility in Knox Countyfacility in Knox CountyIGS working with BP on assessing the viability IGS working with BP on assessing the viability of sequestration at their Whiting Refinery in of sequestration at their Whiting Refinery in Lake CountyLake CountyIGS working with series of companies who are IGS working with series of companies who are developing CBM to assess possible use of COdeveloping CBM to assess possible use of CO22

Conclusions for possible Carbon Conclusions for possible Carbon Sequestration in IndianaSequestration in Indiana

Initial feasibility of the subsurface geological Initial feasibility of the subsurface geological environment is being completed (reports are to environment is being completed (reports are to be submitted by September 30 2005)be submitted by September 30 2005)

Results appear favorableResults appear favorableTremendous amounts of unknowns in terms of Tremendous amounts of unknowns in terms of technologies, especially capture and long term technologies, especially capture and long term secure confinementsecure confinement

Many important aspects of development can be Many important aspects of development can be aided by applied research aided by applied research

Extra SlidesExtra Slides

Definitions:Definitions:What is Carbon Sequestration?What is Carbon Sequestration?Carbon Sequestration is capturing and securely storing carbon diCarbon Sequestration is capturing and securely storing carbon dioxide emitted from the global energy system.oxide emitted from the global energy system.Types of Sequestration:Types of Sequestration:There are number of technologies under investigation for sequestThere are number of technologies under investigation for sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. These can be discussed ering carbon from the atmosphere. These can be discussed under three main categories:under three main categories:Ocean Sequestration:Ocean Sequestration: Carbon stored in oceans through direct injection or fertilizatiCarbon stored in oceans through direct injection or fertilization. on. Geologic Sequestration:Geologic Sequestration: Natural pore spaces in geologic formations serve as reservoirs Natural pore spaces in geologic formations serve as reservoirs for longfor long--term carbon dioxide storage. term carbon dioxide storage. Terrestrial Sequestration:Terrestrial Sequestration: A large amount of carbon is stored in soils and vegetation, whiA large amount of carbon is stored in soils and vegetation, which are our natural carbon sinks. ch are our natural carbon sinks. Increasing carbon fixation through photosynthesis, slowing down Increasing carbon fixation through photosynthesis, slowing down or reducing decomposition of organic matter, and changing or reducing decomposition of organic matter, and changing land use practices can enhance carbon uptake in these natural siland use practices can enhance carbon uptake in these natural sinks. Geologic Sequestration is thought to have the largest potennks. Geologic Sequestration is thought to have the largest potential tial for nearfor near--term application. The MIDCARB Consortium and this web site are dterm application. The MIDCARB Consortium and this web site are dedicated to providing information on the potential edicated to providing information on the potential for geologic sequestration in the heartland of America. for geologic sequestration in the heartland of America. Geologic Sequestration Trapping MechanismsGeologic Sequestration Trapping Mechanisms

Hydrodynamic Trapping:Hydrodynamic Trapping: Carbon dioxide can be trapped as a gas under lowCarbon dioxide can be trapped as a gas under low--permeability cap rock (much like natural gas is stored in gas permeability cap rock (much like natural gas is stored in gas reservoirs). reservoirs). Solubility Trapping:Solubility Trapping: Carbon dioxide can be dissolved into a liquid, such as water orCarbon dioxide can be dissolved into a liquid, such as water or oil.oil.Residual Trapping:Residual Trapping: Carbon Dioxide is trapped in the Carbon Dioxide is trapped in the unproducableunproducable part of the pore space. part of the pore space. Adsorptive Trapping:Adsorptive Trapping: Carbon Dioxide is adsorbed onto organic material in coal and shCarbon Dioxide is adsorbed onto organic material in coal and shale.ale.Mineral Carbonation:Mineral Carbonation: Carbon dioxide can react with the minerals, fluids, and organicCarbon dioxide can react with the minerals, fluids, and organic matter in a geologic formation to form stable matter in a geologic formation to form stable compounds/minerals; largely calcium, iron, and magnesium carbonacompounds/minerals; largely calcium, iron, and magnesium carbonates. tes.

While research continues on mineral carbonation, early results iWhile research continues on mineral carbonation, early results indicate reaction times to be too slow for this technology to havndicate reaction times to be too slow for this technology to have e nearnear--term widespread applicability. Carbon dioxide can be effectivelyterm widespread applicability. Carbon dioxide can be effectively stored in the earth's subsurface by hydrodynamic trapping stored in the earth's subsurface by hydrodynamic trapping and solubility trapping and solubility trapping -- usually a combination of the two is most effective.usually a combination of the two is most effective.

Laboratory researchLaboratory research

Petroleum records at the IGSPetroleum records at the IGS

Carbonate porosityCarbonate porosity

Sandstone porositySandstone porosity

Regional Tectonic FrameworkRegional Tectonic Framework