CITATION & REFERENCING v3

By Jaime Alfredo Cabrera29 March 2013

What they don’t teach you about APA citations and references

Pre-requisites• This is lesson requires that you first:–Complete your outline of original ideas–Complete your first draft of original ideas– Type (*) after any non-original idea in your

draft–An APA Style Guide like those found here.

Goal of this Lesson• This lesson will show you how to replace

the asterisk in the (*) with an APA-style citation.

HOW DOES A CITATION LOOK LIKE?NEXT

USE DIFFERENT PATTERNS NEXT

Patterns of In-text Citations

1. Blah blah blah (Sherap, 2011) blah blah blah.– Use the surname only, not the first name, and not the surname

plus the first name initial

2. According to Sherap (2011) blah blah blah ….– If there is no date, google how to do it or check your APA style guide. Get

the one from Ugyen here.

3. Blah blah Sherap (2011) says that blah blah … • If there is no writer’s name, google how to do it or check your APA

style guide.

4. Blah blah blah “quote” (Sherap, 2011). – Note: The citation is inside, not after the sentence.

Do not use the same pattern

• Show your reader that you can use different patterns. (It’s less boring.)

• Alternate the four patterns in your paper:– According to Sherap (2011)….– Sherap (2011) says that… – “quote” (Sherap, 2011). (the in-text citation is

inside the sentence.

REPEATING THE SAME CITATIONSNEXT

Citing the Same Source Again

• It’s a bit boring to repeat the same citation when you refer to one source many times in your paper.

• You can use two strategies to solve this problem:– ibid– loc. cit.

• First, google “difference ibid loc cit”

For repeating citations: Ibid

• Ibid. is used like this: (author, ibid.)• This is used when the same in-text citation appears

in the paper repeatedly. • The first time: (Sherap, 2011, p.2)• The repeated citation: (Sherap, ibid). • Meaning: same author, same source, same page.

• Next slide: what if other sources are between the first citation and the repeat of that citation?

REPEATING THE SAME CITATIONS WITH OTHER SOURCES IN BETWEEN

NEXT

For repeating citations: loc cit

• It looks like this: (Sherap, loc. cit.)• Use this when the citation is repeated, but

other sources are between the repetition. • The first time: (Sherap, 2011)• The second time: (Tsehten, 1923)• The next time: (Sherap, loc. cit.). – Meaning: same source (Sherap, not Tsehten).

SOURCESNEXT

SOURCES

• A source is anywhere you get an idea, except from yourself.

• We call these ideas sourced ideas or borrowed ideas. 4

• If the idea is from yourself, we call this original ideas.

• When the idea is not original, you must cite a source.

Citations for original ideas

• To support• To echo• To add details• To disagree

To support (agrees) original ideas

• ORIGINAL IDEA + CITATION:Buddhism did not originate in Thailand (Wangmo,

1954).• REFERENCE:

Wangmo, P., (1954). History of Buddhism. Random House, USA.

To echo (says the same) original ideas

• Original idea + citation • CITATION: Buddhism did not originate in

Thailand (Wangmo, 1954).• REFERENCE: Wangmo, P., (1954). History of

Buddhism. Random House, USA.

To add details to original ideas

• Original idea + citation + details• IF YOUR OWN WORDS

Buddhism did not originate in Thailand but in other countries such as India and Pakistan (Wangmo, 1954).

• IF EXACT COPIED WORDS USE QUOTE MARKS: Buddhism did not originate in Thailand but in “other

countries such as India and Pakistan” (Wangmo, 1954).

To disagree with original ideas

• Original idea + citation + details• IF YOUR OWN WORDS:

Although Wangmo (1954) says that Buddhism came from India and Pakistan, I have proof that Buddhism originated in Mae Sot in Thailand.

• IF EXACT COPIED WORDS USE QUOTE MARKS: Although Wangmo (1954) says that “Buddhism came from India and Pakistan”, I have proof that Buddhism originated in Mae Sot in Thailand.

Please check your APA Style Guide

• In-text Citation: APA citations are different, depending on the type of source.

• Reference List: APA references are listed in different ways according to the type of source.

• For example, books, interviews, lectures, phone calls, newpapers, magazines, dictionaries, and websites are listed in different ways.

For Comments or Questions

mr.jaime.aiu@gmail.com