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Research Paper Zaki

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1st Research Paper
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HOVERCRAFT BY MUHAMMAD NAEEM KHAN SYED ZAKI HUSAIN RIZVI MUHAMMAD QASIM
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Page 1: Research Paper Zaki

HOVERCRAFT

BY

MUHAMMAD NAEEM KHAN

SYED ZAKI HUSAIN RIZVI

MUHAMMAD QASIM

Page 2: Research Paper Zaki

Acknowledgement

From the beginning we are highly thankful to Almighty ALLAH who endowed us the will, energy and made circumstances in our favor to complete the project. We find our utmost duty to express deepest sense of gratitude to our loving parents who devote their life for the sake of our bright future, our teacher who provides us support, encouragement, valuable suggestion and technical guidance in completing our desertion.

We are very grateful to the administration of our intuition Sir Syed Science College for their great financial and moral support and appreciation.

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Serial No. Description1 Research Paper

1) Abstract2) Introduction3) Purpose4) Idea Conceived5) Engineering Goals6) Data Analysis7) Data8) Graphs9) Energy Suggestions10) Magnetic Motor11) Uses12) Result13) Conclusion14) References / Bibliography

2 Data Booklet

Table of Contents

1. Abstract

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Now-a-days cheap and fast means of transportation is not available all over the world. The purpose of the project is to show the working of hovercraft (hovertrain) by fluid flow phenomenon to hover the craft (train) by using the equation of continuity, the idea was conceived during class discussion when studying the topics of fluid dynamics and permanent magnet.

As

(Area) (Speed) = Constant

And Bernoulli’s Relation

Pressure + ½(density)(speed)² + (density)(acceleration due to gravity)(height) = CONSTANT

A polythene sheet is used to form skirt and air blowers (fans, propellers) are used for air to enter the skirt. It is made to increase pressure inside the chamber then outside, to float the craft on a cushion of high pressure air. The hovercraft works well and can bear heavy weight. Propellers and batteries are added to small hovercraft to show high terminal speed.

To make hovercraft self powered, a motor is designed which uses the available energy of permanent magnets. A special break system is added to convert its K.E to P.E to save energy source and make it more economical.

To solve steering problem, a special track is built for hover train, this hover train can replace “bullet train” having nearly same efficiency but more economical.

2. Introduction

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Hovercraft works according to the equation of Continuity and Bernoulli’s Equation.

A Blower fan is positioned to produce a cushion of air underneath the tightly sealed skirt of the craft thus lifting it up over the surface.

The region of trapped air underneath the craft is called PLENUM CHAMBER. Air flowing into the chamber creates a ring of circulating air that keeps the air from escaping. Since more air is being forced into the plenum chamber all the time, the air underneath the craft is at a higher pressure than outside the chamber.

When the gravity is overcome, the craft floats on a cushion of high-pressure air.

To overcome the steering problem of hovercraft, a special track is built to run hovercraft just like normal train hence named it “HoverTrain”.

To power the hovercraft and hovertrain new energy source is suggested i.e. energy stored within permanent magnets in form of magnetic field..

3. Purpose

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The means of transportation in most of the countries especially in our country are either very expensive or slow. In order to solve the problem we proposed an idea of hovertrain using the principle of hovercraft.

The reason to choose hovercraft is because of its low ground friction and high weight bearing capacity which will let us achieve high terminal velocity and efficiency of the vehicle.

The reason to introduce tracks is to overcome steering problem of hovercraft which makes it impossible to be used it generally in rush as a public transport. Hence we called it hovertrain.

To make it more energy efficient a special brake system is introduced to store its kinetic energy into electric potential energy to prolong its battery timing.

To fulfill hovercraft energy requirement, attempt is been made to use available energy of permanent magnets.

It is fast because of very less ground friction as it hovers over high pressure cushion of air above track. Because of its high speed transportation ability and inexpensiveness as compared to bullet train.

The hovertrain can be a good alternative of the bullet train.

When considering the source of energy (fuel), energy from solar cell and when other parameters (like speed, terminal velocity etc) are being considered it have nearly same efficiency.

4. Idea Conceived

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During the discussion in college we arrived at the facts of fluid dynamics and mystery of magnets and magnetic field.

a) By equation of continuity flow rate of non-viscous fluid is constant so,

1. Av=CONSTANT

So if cross-sectional area ‘A’ is large then velocity v will be small and vice versa.

2. v α 1/A

b) By Bernoulli’s relation,

P₁ + 1/2ρv²₁ + ρgh₁ = P₂ + 1/2ρv²₂ + ρgh₂

As air flows horizontally so,

h₁ = h₂ = h

So P₁ +1/2ρv² ₁ = P₂ + 1/2ρv² ₂

P₂ - P₁ = 1/2ρv²₁ - 1/2ρv²₂

P₂ -P₁ ≈ 1/2ρv₁²

(v₂ ≈ 0 as Area is large beneath hovercraft & v₁ is very high at the fan end on the upper surface and Area is very small) Another factor that is responsible for creating the pressure difference is the compression of air due to which velocity of air below become slower and pressure further increases underneath the chamber.

So Net Upward pressure becomes much greater. And hovercraft overcome its weight, hence is lifted up the surface, which definitely reduces its ground resistance to minimum.

We used this whole phenomenon to build a hovertrain. Moreover we also tried to use the energy stored in the magnetic field of permanent magnets for the energy problem of the hovertrain. The idea of this device came into our mind after studying the chapters about magnets and induced current.

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5. Engineering Goals

1. To make special tracks and convert its structure to train like vehicle.

2. To make body of hovercraft streamline.

3. For steering purpose two or more propellers will be used.

4. To minimize the ground friction as far as possible

5. To increase it’s load bearing capacity and decrease energy usage.

6. An appropriate energy source is selected for the vehicle

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a. Data Analysis

We used the equations of motion, bernoulli’s relation and the equation of continuity along with Newton’s third law of motion and some other general equations of physics.

Equations are: Equation of continuity = (A)(v) = Constant And Bernoulli’s Relation, Pressure + ½ (ρ)(v)² + (ρ)(g)(h) = Constant

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7. Data

For Large Hovercraft

Net upward pressure at limiting point is;

P =F/A= W/A=mg/A

A = 1/2bc + axA = 1/2(1.06)(0.305) + (1.21)(1.06)A = 1.4412m²So,P = mg/AP = 300X9.8/1.442P = 2014 Pa

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For Circular Hovercraft

Net upward pressure:A=πr²A=3.14x(0.46)²A=0.664m²P=mg/AP=1180.72 Pa

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For RC Hovercraft

Net upward pressure for maximum weight bearing capacitym=1.8kgA = l x b A = (0.48)x(0.48)A = 0.230m²P = m x g/AP = (1.85)x(9.8)/0.23P = 18.13/0.23P = 78.826 Pa

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Propulsion calculations

Mass = __1__kgPropeller Pitch = _12_cm

(_0.12__m)Max propeller RPM = _700/V_

(_11.67_cycles/s)Theoretical Thrust Velocity = __10.1_m/sAchieved Terminal velocity = __6.3_m/sAcceleration = _0.778_m/s2

Force = mass x acceleration Force = __1__x_0.778_ = _0.778_ NPropeller radius r =_0.04_m => A = πr² = 3.14 x (0.045)2

A = _0.00635_ m2

P = F/A = (0.778)/( 0.00635) = _122.51_Pa

S.No. Time after 1.22m

Time after next 1.22m

Time after next 1.22m

Time after next 1.22m

Time after next 1.22m

Time after next 1.22m

Time after next 1.22m

Mean Value

14.62/10=1.462

6.57/10=0.657

5.95/10=0.595

5.19/10=0.519

4.88/10=0.488

4.17/10=0.417

3.80/10=0.380

Velocitym/s

0.8344 1.8569 2.0504 2.3506 2.5 2.9468 3.2105

Terminal velocity achieved = 6.3m/s

Acceleration 0.6 0.8675 0.711 0.8277 0.688 0.3752 1.25

Average acceleration = 0.627 m/s2

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Hovertrain

Propulsion calculations

Mass = __0.525__kgPropeller Pitch = _10_cm

(_0.1__m)Max propeller RPM = _1000/V_

(_11.67_cycles/s)Theoretical Thrust Velocity = __12_m/sAchieved Terminal velocity = _10__m/sAcceleration = _0.822_m/s2

Force = mass x acceleration Force = __0.525__x_0.822_ = _0.431_ NPropeller radius r = _0.04_m => A = πr² = 3.14 x (0.005)2

A = _0.005_ m2

P = F/A = (0.431)/( 0.005) = _86.2_Pa

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Upward pressure calculation

A = l x b A = (0.302)x(0.22)A = 0.0664m² (area of one hovercraft)Total area=0.0664 x 2 =0.1328 P = m x g/AP = (0.525)x(9.8)/ 0.1328P = 5.145/0.1328P = 38.719 Pa

S.No. Time after 0.61m

Time after next 0.61m

Time after next 0.61m

Mean 0.9 0.47 0.34

Terminal velocity achieved = 10m/s

Velocity 0.677 1.2978 1.7941

Average acceleration = 0.8m/s2

Acceleration 0.75 1.3208 1.4597

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1. Graph

RC hovercraft

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Hovertrain

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9. Energy Suggestions

The energy source requirement for hovertrain led us to suggest natural available energy sources. Fossil fuel is expensive and not environment friendly. The most appropriate should be solar energy but solar panels are very expensive and can not be used at night. Another suggestion is to extract energy stored in the magnetic field of permanent magnets. We made an attempt and designed a motor to convert this available energy into mechanical. Further this mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy to drive the train. In addition to this a special brake system is designed which converts kinetic energy of hovertrain into potential energy this additional energy will be stored in batteries this will minimize the energy loss due to friction.

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10. Magnetic Motor

The idea of magnetic motor came in class discussion during study of energy storage in magnetic field in inductors in earth’s field and in permanent magnets. The question arises in our minds was:

Q. How we can do useful work using magnetic field of permanent magnets?Knowing the fact that electric dipole can be easily be used to extract energy e.g. in batteries. So we decided to use magnetic dipole (Permanent magnet).Finally after lot of discussion we conceived an idea of magnetic motor to convert this magnetic field energy into mechanical energy.

The 2nd question which comes in our mind was:

Q. Where this energy is coming from if it works as we thought The abstract of group discussion was;As we know that origin of this magnetic field is motion of electrons in orbits around nucleus in atom.

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These electrons move in fixed orbits which are quantized. If we extract energy from it, it should lose energy and fall into nucleus which does not happens because of such high stability of these electrons on these orbits.So the result was a dead end, then how to extract energy from it? After some more research and discussion we came to know about zero point energy ZPE (Energy of the virtual particles)

Q. What are virtual particles? It is according to Heisenberg uncertainty principle. ∆E∆t > 1/2ћ

Virtual Particles:Spontaneously flash into existence from the energy of quantum fluctuations Arise as matter antimatter twinsDisappear within an interval set by Planck's constant Can interact during their life timeProof of the Zero-Point EnergyCasimir Effect Casimir Effect is the motion of two parallel plates being caused by quantum fluctuations in a vacuum Plates are extremely close together

Only small fluctuations fit in betweenBigger modes are excludedBigger modes exert a total force greater than the smaller modes Thus plates are pushed together

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(Virtual electron positron pair near electron at left below) (Wikipedia)

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Q. How they interact with electrons in orbits of atom?

Virtual particles do interact with electrons orbiting around nucleus as electron slow down due to hindrance produced by them.Virtual particles are predicted to have a calculable effect upon the energy levels of atoms. The effect expected is minute - only a change of one part in a billion, but it has been confirmed by experimenters.

Q. Can electron retain its energy to remain in its orbit while energy from orbital motion of electron (from its magnetic field) is extracted?

In 1953 Willis Lamb measured this excited energy state for a hydrogen atom. This is now called the Lamb shift. The energy difference predicted by the effects of the vacuum on atoms is so small that it is only detectable as a transition at microwave frequencies. The precision of microwave measurements is so great that Lamb was able to measure the shift to five significant figures. He subsequently received the Nobel Prize for his work. No doubt remains that virtual particles are really there. (Barrow & Silk, 1993, 65-66)

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The next questions arise in our minds were:

Q. Even if energy if available energy can be extracted it does not obey thermodynamics 2nd Law?

Q. What are virtual particles (Do not include question again) Can we apply thermodynamic theory on it or not?After research we came to know about some theories about virtual particles including its proof.

The updated information led us to imagine that virtual particles are just oscillations in event horizon.

So there were two conclusions:1. If we consider virtual particles part of our universe within

limits of velocity of light then thermodynamics 2nd law fails.

2. We cannot apply thermodynamics theory on virtual particles because of their non existence for some time, when they move with velocity of light and their length become zero and time stops for our universe. We just say they are disassociated, when they are slow down during oscillations they reappear. We just say that they have emerged from ‘vacuum’ or ‘zero point’.

After doing practical implementation the final result will improvise conclusion.

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11. Uses

a) Hovercraft can achieve high terminal velocity so as the hovertrain so it can be used as fast transportation.

b) Hovercraft can bear heavy weight.c) Power consumption is less as there is no ground friction so

the idea is economical and can easily be put into use.

12. Result

There are many resultsI. Weight bearing capacityThe weight bearing capacity of hovercraft is: For circular hovercraftw = 784N For large hovercraftw = 3500N For RC hovercraftw = 18N For hovertrainw = 6.25N

II. High Terminal velocity For RC hovercraftv = 6.3m/s For hovertrainv = 10m/s

III. Acceleration achieved For RC hovercrafta = 0.627m/s2

For hovertraina = 0.8m/s2

IV. Efficiency achieved in transporting mass (write formula used) For RC hovercraft

For hovertrain

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13. Conclusion

The Engineering goals achieved are:

High weight bearing capacity achieved High terminal velocity achieved Steering problem solved by innovating hovertrain idea and

constructing special tracks for hovertrain Achieving somewhat good efficiency

This research led us propose a transportation system consist of hovertrain which will have 4 above properties

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14. Bibliography1. Wikipedia.com

2. Google.com

3. Answers.com

4. http://strickland.ca/efficiency.html

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumption

6. http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/ch8c2en.html

7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency

8. Physics for scientists and engineers

9. College physics by Robert. L. Weber

10.Conceptual physics by Paul G. Hewitt

11.Advanced level physics by Nelkon and Parker

12.Barrow, John D. & Silk, Joseph. 1993. The Left Hand of Creation. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.

13.Davies, Paul. 1983. God and the New Physics. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.

14.Davies, Paul. 1994. The Last Three Minutes. New York: BasicBooks.

15.Hawking, Steven. 1988. A Brief History of Time. Toronto: Bantam.

16.Kaufmann, William J. 1985. Universe. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co.

17.Morris, Richard. 1990. The Edges of Science. New York: Prentice Hall.

18.Morris, Richard. 1997. Achilles in the Quantum World. New York: Henry Holt & Co.

19.Pagels, Heinz. 1982. The Cosmic Code. Toronto: Bantam.

20.Stenger, Victor. 1996. Posting on DEBATE list (19 Mar)


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