Research Pps -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) –

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2003 Prentice Hallr1

Research


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RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION

Finding a suitable topic/question for aresearch paper Keeping a working bibliographyAvoiding plagiarismCiting sources correctly


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F INDING A GOOD RESEARCH TOPIC ORQUESTION

Is it interesting to you? Do you want to know theanswer to your question?Are there ample sources of information of thekind required in your assignment?Does it fit the size/length of the paper and timegiven?Will your research lead to a defensibleconclusion? Avoid topics that depend on belief or prejudice.Is the topic specific/ narrow enough? A topic thatis too broad (e.g. How will the Internet affectbusiness?) will be hard to manage.


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DEVELOPING A SEARCH STRATEGY

Begin your research with comprehensivesources (encyclopedias, dictionaries, or

bibliographies) to learn backgroundinformation, keywords, authorities.

Focus your research by locating scholarly journals, periodicals, and organizationsthat discuss your topic.


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F INDING SOURCES

Library sources - use keywords (wordsthat name or describe your research topic)

to search the online or card catalog.

Internet sources- use keywords to searchinternet search engines and subjectdirectories for sources .


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LIBRARY SOURCES

Librarians can suggest specialized

databases or indexes for finding books,periodicals, and non-print referencesources.

Your library can request throughInterlibrary loan sources they do not have.


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INTERNET SOURCES

Search engines (Alta Vista, Google, et al.)use keywords or combinations of keywords to locate relevant material.

Subject directories (Librarians Index to theInternet, Library of Congress) offer categories that link to related web sites.


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EVALUATING SOURCES

Ask the following questions of all your sources to determine their credibility:

Is the source reliable and expert? Is the treatment balanced and unbiased? Is the information the current? Is the evidence sufficient and consistent?


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K EEP TRAC K O F YOUR SOURCES

When you are doing your research, youwill consult many sources: books,periodicals, the Internet, etc. Keep track of them by writing down everything you willwriting down everything you willneed in order to cite the source as you doneed in order to cite the source as you doyour research.your research.Trying to recall/locate source details later is difficult.


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CITATIONS AND PLAGIARISM

Now that you have your research sources,you must use citations to give credit whereit is due.All of the following information onplagiarism comes from a website devotedto preventing plagiarism. For more detailsgo to:http://www.turnitin.com/static/home.html


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W HAT IS PLAGIARISM?

According to the Merriam-Webster OnlineDictionary, plagiarism means:

Passing off words and ideas as your ownwhen they come from another. Using another persons work without giving

him or her credit.

Presenting an idea as new and original whenit comes from an existing source.


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PLAGIARISM IS

Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks.Changing some words, but leaving the bulk of the text intact without giving credit.Deriving the majority of your papers wordsand/or ideas from the work of another.Borrowing words without citing the source.

Using and developing ideas generated by thework of another without giving him or her credit.


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PLAGIARISM

When you plagiarize you damage your reputation andrisk losing the respect of your peers and teachers.The penalties for plagiarism can be surprisingly severe,

ranging from failure of classes and expulsion from

academic institutions to heavy fines and jail time! *Giving the original researcher/writer credit shows thatyou are honest, you have done your homework and youhave more credibility for your ideas as they are based onsolid research.Your proper citations help other researchers find

information they need.

* Quote taken from www.turnitin.com website.


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W AYS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM

Always cite references fully and correctly.Always give credit to your sources.Learn how to paraphrase correctly.

Stay alert for where ideas originated - you or another?Make sure who said what is clear.When you are writing a paper, there will be amixture of your ideas and ideas from your research. For every idea you borrow, you shouldhave two of your own. The paper is mostly your ideas supported by your research.


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W HEN IS A CITATION REQUIRED? *

When you quote a source.When you paraphrase a source.

When you use someones idea.When you refer to another persons work.Whenever you have based your ideas on

someone elses ideas/research.

* Full list above taken directly from www.turnitin.com website.


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IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Include inside the parenthetical citationany information the reader needs to findthe citation on the Works Cited page. Authors last name OR Abbreviated title (if there is no author) Page number(s)

NOTE: These details should be on your index cards.


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PRACTICE AT PARAPHRASING AND USINGCITATIONS

The following slides will help you see exactly

how to avoid plagiarism by learning how to

paraphrase and use citations correctly.


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PARAPHRASE vs. PLAGIARISM

Paraphrase the following passage, quotedfrom Robert Tafts Artists and Illustratorsof the Old West: 1850-1900 (New York:Scribners 1953), pp. 131-132Then, compare your paraphrase with

those that follow.


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ARTISTS AND ILLUSTRATORS O F THE OLDW EST

Pictures of Custers Last Stand have not often been thesubject of serious consideration. The student of art, if hehas ever condescended to look at such pictures, politely

sniffs the tainted air because, it is true, few of such pictureshave any artistic merit. There are, however, someexceptions as will be subsequently pointed out. Theprofessional historian, since such pictures must befigments of the imagination, relegates them to the limbo of

worthless things. It remains, therefore, for the interestedbusybody who has nothing else to do to consider their worth, if worth they have. As historical documents,


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ARTISTS AND ILLUSTRATORS O F THE OLDW EST (cont)

Pictures of Custers Last Stand are admittedly worthless,but any product of mans endeavor which has attracted theattention of millions of his fellows must certainly have someworth. Such pictures have kindled imagination andspeculation, have developed observation and criticism, andhave renewed and aroused interest in our past. In any well-rounded system of history, then, the consideration of suchpictures has a place, even if a humble one. Are they notcloser and more vital to our American way of life than isChinese art or the primitive master?


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UNACCEPTABLE PARAPHRASE #1

Pictures of Custers Last Stand have not often been thesubject of serious consideration. True, few of suchpictures have any artistic merit. Since they must befigments of the imagination, the historian relegates

them to the junk heap. As historical documents,pictures of Custers Last Stand may be worthless, butany thing which has attracted the attention of millionsmust certainly have some worth. Such pictures havekindled imagination and renewed interest in our

history. In the study of American history, then, theconsideration of such pictures has a place, albeit not amajor one . At least they are more important to our wayof life than is Chinese art or that of the primitivemasters.


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According to Robert Taft, art historian, paintings of CustersLast Stand tend not to be taken seriously: They arent goodart, nor - since no one lived to paint from memory - are theygood history. Even though such pictures may have littlevalue as historical documents, any product of mansendeavor which has attracted the attention of millions of hisfellows must certainly have some worth. Popular paintingslike these, at least, spark interest in American history.

Therefore, historians ought to make room in their instruction for such paintings, which are clearly closer andmore vital to our American way of life than is Chinese art or the primitive master.


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Improved. A more true paraphrase here(its easier to do when you are shorteningthe text considerably), though long

verbatim passages (blue) still remain.Blue sections should be in quotationmarks.Documentation here is acceptable - use of

the authors name in the first sentencemakes it easier to see the extent of theparaphrase.


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ACCEPTABLE PARAPHRASE

According to Robert Taft, art historian, paintings of CustersLast Stand tend not to be taken seriously: they arent goodart, nor - since no one lived to paint from memory - are theygood history. Even though such pictures may have littlevalue as historical documents, anything so well knownmust be worth something. At least popular paintings like

these have sparked interest in American history. Therefore,historians ought to make room in their instruction for suchpaintings, which are at least American.


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PRACTICE EXAMPLES SUMMARY POINTS

Acceptable documentation requiresquotation marks to indicate direct,verbatim borrowing from the original.Use quotation marks even if the borrowedportion is only a distinctive word or phrase.Changing one or two words in a borrowedsentence is not legitimate. Use your ownlanguage.


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GUIDELINES F OR INCORPORATINGQUOTATIONS

1. Quote accurately.2. Avoid long quotations. Quote only the portion of

the original work that you need, incorporating itinto one of your own sentences, using quotationmarks to set it off.

3. Use introductory tags: A ccording to Jean Piaget, developmental

psychologist , Children are not short adults. A ristotle argued precisely the opposite : Men are like

children.


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GUIDELINES F OR INCORPORATINGQUOTATIONS (cont)

4. Explain what the quotations mean:Daniel Boorstin has called the interview a pseudo-

event, artificial news, in which things happen not of

their own volition.4. Adapt quotations to fit your needsmake sure it fits

into your sentence logically and grammatically.Indicate additions with square brackets [ ] and

deletions with an three spaced periods called anellipsis ().

5. Document your source with a parentheticalcitation.


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USING PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS

1.Standard name and page reference:Marketers concluded that the sale of billionsof dollars worth of products hingedon fears,anxieties (Packard 48).

2.When the authors name appears in your text, cite only the page number:

Packard claims that The potency of television became indisputable in the earlyfifties (137).


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USING PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS, contd.

3.With two or three authors:According to Young, Becker, and Pike, Thewriter can choose to view as part of a larger network (122).

4.With three or more authors:Nothing is what it seems (Elbring et al. 54).

et al. means and others.


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5.When you cite two or more sources by thesame author, use a short version of thetitle to distinguish between the sources:

We are what we buy (Packard, Persuaders212).


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Electronic sources with an author, title,

and page numbers use the same formatas print sources.


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Electronic sources with paragraph, screen,

or section numbers use par., pars.,screen, sec., or secs. as appropriate.A fractured narrative isnt all bad (Schmidt,par. 2).

According to Schmidt, Waiting might beworth it (screen 4).


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Electronic sources w ithout authors, page,screen, or paragraph numbers use the anabbreviated name of the source inparenthetical citation.

Damage estimates top $5 billion(Investment Today).

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