Research step-by-stepResearch step-by-stepDr. Amar NathDr. Amar Nath

LibrarianLibrarian

Govt. College of Commerce Govt. College of Commerce Business AdministrationBusiness Administration

sharmago4amar@yahoo.co.insharmago4amar@yahoo.co.in

What is classified as research?What is classified as research?

Research is defined asResearch is defined as: the creation of new : the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as in a new and creative way so as to generate new to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandingsconcepts, methodologies and understandings. .

This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.

Types of researchTypes of researchThere are four types of research activity as defined :There are four types of research activity as defined :

Pure basic researchPure basic research:: is experimental and theoretical work undertaken to  is experimental and theoretical work undertaken to acquire new knowledge without looking for long term benefits other than acquire new knowledge without looking for long term benefits other than the advancement of knowledge.the advancement of knowledge.

Strategic basic research:Strategic basic research:  is experimental and theoretical work is experimental and theoretical work undertaken to acquire new knowledge directed into specified broad areas undertaken to acquire new knowledge directed into specified broad areas in the expectation of useful discoveries. It provides the broad base of in the expectation of useful discoveries. It provides the broad base of knowledge necessary for the solution of recognized practical problems.knowledge necessary for the solution of recognized practical problems.

Applied researchApplied research:: is original work undertaken primarily to acquire new  is original work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge with a specific application in view. It is undertaken either to knowledge with a specific application in view. It is undertaken either to determine possible uses for the findings of basic research or to determine determine possible uses for the findings of basic research or to determine new ways of achieving some specific and predetermined objectives.new ways of achieving some specific and predetermined objectives.

Experimental developmentExperimental development:: is systematic work, using existing  is systematic work, using existing knowledge gained from research or practical experience for the purpose knowledge gained from research or practical experience for the purpose of creating new or improved products/processes.of creating new or improved products/processes.

WHAT IS A LITERATURE WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEWREVIEW

A literature review is a critical evaluation of literature published on a A literature review is a critical evaluation of literature published on a particular topic. Literature reviews are different to other types of particular topic. Literature reviews are different to other types of writing you may have done at University in M.A.,M.Phil and writing you may have done at University in M.A.,M.Phil and PhD.level.PhD.level.

There are many reasons why we conduct a literature review. Few are as There are many reasons why we conduct a literature review. Few are as follows:follows:

• • To ensure thorough understanding of the topicTo ensure thorough understanding of the topic

• • To identify potential areas for researchTo identify potential areas for research

• • To identify similar work done within the areaTo identify similar work done within the area

• • Identifying knowledge gaps that demand further investigationIdentifying knowledge gaps that demand further investigation

• • To compare previous findingsTo compare previous findings

• • To evaluate existing findings and suggest further studies.To evaluate existing findings and suggest further studies.

• • To demonstrate that you can access previous work in an areaTo demonstrate that you can access previous work in an area

• • To identify information and ideas that may be relevant to your projectTo identify information and ideas that may be relevant to your project

• • To identify methods that could be relevant to your projectTo identify methods that could be relevant to your project

LITERATURE REVIEWS VERSUS LITERATURE REVIEWS VERSUS ESSAYSESSAYS

While While literature reviews literature reviews and and essays essays require many of the same skills – for require many of the same skills – for instance, critical thinking skills, academic instance, critical thinking skills, academic writing skills and referencing skills – they writing skills and referencing skills – they have different purposes. Whereas have different purposes. Whereas essaysessays require you to require you to support your own support your own arguments,arguments, literature reviews require you literature reviews require you to critique the arguments of others. to critique the arguments of others.

LITERATURE REVIEWS VERSUS LITERATURE REVIEWS VERSUS ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES While While literature reviews literature reviews and and annotated bibliographies annotated bibliographies both both

require you to summarize sources, literature reviews require you to summarize sources, literature reviews involve much more than this. involve much more than this. Annotated bibliographies Annotated bibliographies are primarily descriptiveare primarily descriptive, whereas , whereas literature reviews are literature reviews are primarily analytical. primarily analytical.

Literature reviews Literature reviews and and annotated bibliographies annotated bibliographies are also are also structured differently. Annotated bibliographies are structured differently. Annotated bibliographies are presented in an presented in an alphabetical list formatalphabetical list format, and each , and each reference is treated separately. reference is treated separately. In contrast, literature In contrast, literature reviews reviews synthesize the ideas contained in each synthesize the ideas contained in each reference, reference, and are structured around a and are structured around a central concept divided by subheadings.

WHAT ARE THE PURPOSES OF A WHAT ARE THE PURPOSES OF A LITERATURE REVIEW?LITERATURE REVIEW?

Literature reviews serve many purposes.Literature reviews serve many purposes. It provide useful background information to your It provide useful background information to your topic, which enables readers to better understand topic, which enables readers to better understand your topic. your topic. Demonstrate your knowledge of the subject area. Demonstrate your knowledge of the subject area. Make clear your perspectives on the topic Justify Make clear your perspectives on the topic Justify your choice of research design.your choice of research design. For instance, your choice of qualitative over For instance, your choice of qualitative over quantitative approaches, or your method of data quantitative approaches, or your method of data analysis. analysis. Explain how your work will fill in a gap in the Explain how your work will fill in a gap in the scholarly literature.scholarly literature.

WHAT ARE THE KEY FEATURES OF A WHAT ARE THE KEY FEATURES OF A LITERATURE REVIEW?LITERATURE REVIEW?

Literature reviews require you to critically evaluate the literature.Literature reviews require you to critically evaluate the literature.To ‘critically evaluate’ a source is to scrutinize it to determine its strengths and weaknesses. To ‘critically evaluate’ a source is to scrutinize it to determine its strengths and weaknesses. The following REVIEW criteria will assist you in critically evaluating sources: The following REVIEW criteria will assist you in critically evaluating sources: R is for Relevance R is for Relevance Does the reference completely cover your topic, or only one aspect of it? Have you read widely Does the reference completely cover your topic, or only one aspect of it? Have you read widely to determine how relevant it is in relation to other sources? to determine how relevant it is in relation to other sources? E is for Expertise of author E is for Expertise of author What is the educational background of the author? What are their qualifications? Are they What is the educational background of the author? What are their qualifications? Are they writing in their area of expertise? Are they regularly cited by other authors in the field? writing in their area of expertise? Are they regularly cited by other authors in the field? V is for Viewpoint of author/organisation V is for Viewpoint of author/organisation Does the author have any personal or professional affiliations that may bias their work? Has the Does the author have any personal or professional affiliations that may bias their work? Has the research been sponsored by an organisation with a vested interest in the topic? What is the research been sponsored by an organisation with a vested interest in the topic? What is the purpose of the source – to inform, persuade or entertain? purpose of the source – to inform, persuade or entertain? I is for Intended audience I is for Intended audience Is the reference aimed at the general public or a scholarly audience? Is it intended for Is the reference aimed at the general public or a scholarly audience? Is it intended for professionals in the field or a community of researchers? Is it intended for a large or small professionals in the field or a community of researchers? Is it intended for a large or small readership? readership? E is for Evidence E is for Evidence Are opinions supported by scholarly evidence? Is a particular referencing style used properly Are opinions supported by scholarly evidence? Is a particular referencing style used properly and consistently? and consistently? Has the reference been subjected to peer review? Has the reference been subjected to peer review? W is for When published W is for When published Was the reference published recently? Have significant developments been made in the subject Was the reference published recently? Have significant developments been made in the subject area since the reference was published?area since the reference was published?

THE REVIEW CRITERIA THE REVIEW CRITERIA R is for Relevance R is for Relevance How relevant is the resource to your topic or question? How relevant is the resource to your topic or question? Does the resource provide a broad overview, or does it relate to just one aspect of your Does the resource provide a broad overview, or does it relate to just one aspect of your

topic/question? topic/question? Have you read a variety of sources to determine whether this one is useful? Have you read a variety of sources to determine whether this one is useful?

E is for Expertise of Author E is for Expertise of Author What is the educational background of the author? What is the educational background of the author? Is this topic in the author’s area of expertise? Is this topic in the author’s area of expertise? Are they regularly cited by the other authors in the field? Are they regularly cited by the other authors in the field?

V is for Viewpoint of Author/Organization V is for Viewpoint of Author/Organization Is the author or organisation associated with a particular view or position? Is the author or organisation associated with a particular view or position? What is the purpose of the resource? (is it intended to inform? To persuade? To entertain?) What is the purpose of the resource? (is it intended to inform? To persuade? To entertain?)

I is for Intended Audience I is for Intended Audience Who is the intended audience for the resource? Who is the intended audience for the resource? Is the resource at the appropriate level for your needs – is it too basic or too technical? Is the resource at the appropriate level for your needs – is it too basic or too technical?

E is for Evidence E is for Evidence Has the author cited appropriate evidence to back up their theories/conclusions? Has the author cited appropriate evidence to back up their theories/conclusions? Is there a bibliography or reference section? (this may contain further useful resources) Is there a bibliography or reference section? (this may contain further useful resources) Has the resource been through the peer review process? Has the resource been through the peer review process?

W is for When Published W is for When Published When was the resource published? When was the resource published? Is the information still current, or have there been further developments in the topic area?Is the information still current, or have there been further developments in the topic area?

FOCUS ON KEY PUBLICATIONSFOCUS ON KEY PUBLICATIONS

Contrary to what many people assume, literature Contrary to what many people assume, literature reviews do not require you to include everything that reviews do not require you to include everything that has been written on your topichas been written on your topic. Not only is this . Not only is this impractical, it is not useful to people reading your impractical, it is not useful to people reading your literature review! literature review! Your focus should be on publications that have Your focus should be on publications that have made a big impact on the field. made a big impact on the field. If a reference has If a reference has been cited numerous times by other reputable been cited numerous times by other reputable authors, it is fair to assume that it is a key authors, it is fair to assume that it is a key publication.publication. It is also important to include It is also important to include recent recent publications to show that you are up to datepublications to show that you are up to date with with ideas and developments in the field.ideas and developments in the field.

LOOK AT THE ‘BIG PICTURE’LOOK AT THE ‘BIG PICTURE’Although literature reviews often involve analysing small Although literature reviews often involve analysing small details of a reference, it is important to always keep details of a reference, it is important to always keep your eye on the big picture. Make sure you provide a your eye on the big picture. Make sure you provide a comprehensive overview of the topic for your readers – comprehensive overview of the topic for your readers – point out who the leading theorists are, what the key point out who the leading theorists are, what the key publications have been, and any gaps in the research publications have been, and any gaps in the research (areas that have been neglected by researchers). (areas that have been neglected by researchers). Writing a literature review is like assembling a puzzle –Writing a literature review is like assembling a puzzle –you need to figure out how each piece fits together as you need to figure out how each piece fits together as well as whether there are any missing pieces. It is only well as whether there are any missing pieces. It is only by completing the puzzle that the overall topic becomes by completing the puzzle that the overall topic becomes clear. clear.

INCLUDE A RANGE OF SOURCESINCLUDE A RANGE OF SOURCES

To demonstrate you’ve read widely you should To demonstrate you’ve read widely you should include a range of sources. include a range of sources. Any type of Any type of reference can be included in a literature review reference can be included in a literature review provided it is relevant to your topic and of a high provided it is relevant to your topic and of a high quality. Depending on your topicquality. Depending on your topic, you may , you may include books, journal articles, websites, include books, journal articles, websites, conference proceedings, government reports, conference proceedings, government reports, and even media reports. and even media reports.

SAY SOMETHING NEW!SAY SOMETHING NEW!When writing a literature review it is important to say something When writing a literature review it is important to say something

new about your topic. Either examine a topic that has never new about your topic. Either examine a topic that has never been written about before (this is quite rare) or look at an old been written about before (this is quite rare) or look at an old topic in a new way. No one will be interested in your topic in a new way. No one will be interested in your literature review if it simply rehashes old knowledge.literature review if it simply rehashes old knowledge.

STATE YOUR CONTRIBUTION TO THE LITERATURE STATE YOUR CONTRIBUTION TO THE LITERATURE It is not enough to critically evaluate the literature – you must It is not enough to critically evaluate the literature – you must

make clear how your interpretation of the literature extends make clear how your interpretation of the literature extends and enriches our understanding of the topic. This step is the and enriches our understanding of the topic. This step is the one most often neglected by researchers! one most often neglected by researchers!

HOW CAN I FIND AN EXAMPLE HOW CAN I FIND AN EXAMPLE OF A LITERATURE REVIEW?OF A LITERATURE REVIEW?

The best way to find an example of a The best way to find an example of a literature review is to search a database literature review is to search a database in your subject area. in your subject area.

Do a keyword search for ‘review’ in the Do a keyword search for ‘review’ in the document title, or limit your search by document title, or limit your search by document type.document type.

WHAT IS A SCHOLARLY RESOURCE? WHAT IS A SCHOLARLY RESOURCE? Scholarly means written by qualified academic

experts and supported by research and references. You can test whether a resource is scholarly by applying the REVIEW criteria:

R – Relevance E – Expertise of Author V – Viewpoint of Author/Organization I – Intended Audience E – Evidence W – When Published

What will happen if you apply the What will happen if you apply the REVIEW test to this textbook?REVIEW test to this textbook?

Singer, S. Fred. Singer, S. Fred. Unstoppable global warming: every 1,500 years.Unstoppable global warming: every 1,500 years. Lanham, Md. : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007.Lanham, Md. : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007. Relevance: Excellent. There is lots of useful information in the book. Relevance: Excellent. There is lots of useful information in the book. Expertise: Very good. The author works at two well-known Expertise: Very good. The author works at two well-known

universities and the publisher is respected. universities and the publisher is respected. Viewpoint: Challenging. Disputes prevailing scientific views of Viewpoint: Challenging. Disputes prevailing scientific views of

climate change. climate change. Intended audience: Good. University students and researchers. Intended audience: Good. University students and researchers. Evidence: Excellent. The author cites in-depth scientific evidence. Evidence: Excellent. The author cites in-depth scientific evidence. When published: Good. Published recently. When published: Good. Published recently. Would you use this textbook as a scholarly resource? Would you use this textbook as a scholarly resource? The REVIEW criteria clearly demonstrate that this is a scholarly The REVIEW criteria clearly demonstrate that this is a scholarly

work.work.

Peer reviewed journal article as a Peer reviewed journal article as a scholarly resource scholarly resource

Marcel E. Visser Marcel E. Visser ““Keeping up with a warming world; assessing the rate of adaptation to climate Keeping up with a warming world; assessing the rate of adaptation to climate

change” change” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences Volume 275, Number 1635 / March 22, 2008 Volume 275, Number 1635 / March 22, 2008 Special Issue ‘Evolutionary dynamics of wild populations’ compiled and edited by Special Issue ‘Evolutionary dynamics of wild populations’ compiled and edited by

Loeske E. B. Kruuk and William G. HillLoeske E. B. Kruuk and William G. Hill Relevance: Relevance: Deals with the effects of global warming on the evolution of animal Deals with the effects of global warming on the evolution of animal

species species Expertise: Expertise: Scholarly affiliation of the author is given. The research is original. Scholarly affiliation of the author is given. The research is original. Viewpoint: Viewpoint: Objective, as the article has gone through a peer review process Objective, as the article has gone through a peer review process Intended audience: Intended audience: Aimed at scholarly researchers, including students and Aimed at scholarly researchers, including students and

academics academics Evidence: Evidence: Superb. The article was subject to peer review checking before publication Superb. The article was subject to peer review checking before publication

and contains extensive references. However you should still research the alternate and contains extensive references. However you should still research the alternate point of view. point of view.

When published: When published: Recent research on the topic Recent research on the topic Would you use this journal article as a scholarly resource? Would you use this journal article as a scholarly resource? Peer reviewed journal articles are the most scholarly materialPeer reviewed journal articles are the most scholarly material

  

REVIEW Test to this Wikipedia article?REVIEW Test to this Wikipedia article? Global warming Wikipedia Global warming Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming Accessed on 10/06/2008 (No author listed)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming Accessed on 10/06/2008 (No author listed)

Relevance:Relevance: Very good. It’s an article specifically about global warming, covering a range of issues in Very good. It’s an article specifically about global warming, covering a range of issues in a structured way. a structured way.

Expertise: Expertise: Unknown. Anybody can edit Wikipedia, so you don’t know who wrote the information. Unknown. Anybody can edit Wikipedia, so you don’t know who wrote the information.

Viewpoint:Viewpoint: The article aims to reach a consensus for approach and neutrality, but this may not be The article aims to reach a consensus for approach and neutrality, but this may not be

represented at any given moment, as the site is changing constantly. represented at any given moment, as the site is changing constantly.

Intended audience: Provided for the general public, but contains a large amount of scientific data. Intended audience: Provided for the general public, but contains a large amount of scientific data.

Evidence:Evidence: There is extensive referencing, Wikipedia articles often refer to more authoritative There is extensive referencing, Wikipedia articles often refer to more authoritative sources, but the references need to be verified. sources, but the references need to be verified.

When publishedWhen published: : Superb. Wikipedia is updated constantly. Superb. Wikipedia is updated constantly.

Would you use this Wikipedia article as a scholarly resource? Would you use this Wikipedia article as a scholarly resource?

Wikipedia articles are not scholarly, Wikipedia articles are not scholarly, because we don’t know the qualifications of the author. because we don’t know the qualifications of the author.

However, they can be a good source of further reading. However, they can be a good source of further reading.

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

You can apply the REVIEW criteria to all kinds of information – blogs, podcasts etc You can apply the REVIEW criteria to all kinds of information – blogs, podcasts etc

A A digital  recording of music,  of music, news or other  or other media that can be downloaded from the  that can be downloaded from the internet to a portable media player.  to a portable media player. The term originated from “P.O.D.”, meaning Portable The term originated from “P.O.D.”, meaning Portable On Demand, and “cast”, relating to the term broadcast, and “cast”, relating to the term broadcast ..

WHY CAN’T I JUST USE GOOGLE? WHY CAN’T I JUST USE GOOGLE? You can find some journal articles on Google, but if you use the right You can find some journal articles on Google, but if you use the right

database you get more good quality research. A lot of web pages aren’t database you get more good quality research. A lot of web pages aren’t checked for quality and they can be biased or out of date. In addition, checked for quality and they can be biased or out of date. In addition, with a database search, you are more likely to find the full text of the with a database search, you are more likely to find the full text of the articles. articles.

SELECT AN APPROPRIATE DATABASE(S) FOR YOUR TOPIC SELECT AN APPROPRIATE DATABASE(S) FOR YOUR TOPIC

From the library’s website, go to a page called “Databases and Electronic From the library’s website, go to a page called “Databases and Electronic Resources” Here you will find databases grouped by subject. Once you Resources” Here you will find databases grouped by subject. Once you choose the appropriate subject, you will be taken to list of databases for choose the appropriate subject, you will be taken to list of databases for the subject, with the most commonly used ones at the top. the subject, with the most commonly used ones at the top.

IDENTIFY WHERE TO FIND FULL TEXT JOURNAL ARTICLES IDENTIFY WHERE TO FIND FULL TEXT JOURNAL ARTICLES

If the database has no link to the full text, it doesn’t mean the library If the database has no link to the full text, it doesn’t mean the library doesn’t have it. This is where you DO need the library catalogue to tell doesn’t have it. This is where you DO need the library catalogue to tell you if the library has the journal. Just copy and paste the journal title for you if the library has the journal. Just copy and paste the journal title for your database results into the journal tab in the catalogue. your database results into the journal tab in the catalogue.

  

HOW CAN I FIND MORE RESOURCES? HOW CAN I FIND MORE RESOURCES? Citation ChainingCitation Chaining

Chaining is a well-established and widely used method of gathering additional sources for a topic: Chaining is a well-established and widely used method of gathering additional sources for a topic:

Find one important scholarly work on your topic (sometimes called the Find one important scholarly work on your topic (sometimes called the “seed document”), “seed document”), and and

follow up the references that it cites in its follow up the references that it cites in its footnotes, bibliography or list of references. footnotes, bibliography or list of references. Those cited Those cited

works will cite other works in turn, which you can also seek out, and so the chain of works will cite other works in turn, which you can also seek out, and so the chain of

citations continues.citations continues.

For the method to work well, it is important to choose For the method to work well, it is important to choose the “seed document” carefullythe “seed document” carefully. Ideally the . Ideally the

“seed” will be a “seed” will be a definitive and recent work on the topicdefinitive and recent work on the topic, such as a , such as a seminal book or a review articleseminal book or a review article. .

For undergraduate assignments, such a “seed” will often be listed in the Reading List prepared by For undergraduate assignments, such a “seed” will often be listed in the Reading List prepared by

your lecturer for the course.your lecturer for the course.

The method has one obvious disadvantage: The method has one obvious disadvantage: it can only take you backwards to older publications it can only take you backwards to older publications

on the topic. It cannot help you on the topic. It cannot help you discover any new literature and latest researchdiscover any new literature and latest research. This drawback is . This drawback is

overcome using overcome using Cited Reference Searching.Cited Reference Searching.

Cited-Reference SearchingCited-Reference Searching

Citation indexes allow you to look forward in time, and find works citing a particular scholarly work Citation indexes allow you to look forward in time, and find works citing a particular scholarly work

(the “seed document”) that were published after the “seed document’s” publication date.(the “seed document”) that were published after the “seed document’s” publication date.

The underlying method is similar to that of “Citation Chaining”: if there is a scholarly work that The underlying method is similar to that of “Citation Chaining”: if there is a scholarly work that

is prominent in your area of research, it may be useful to identify later works that cite that work.is prominent in your area of research, it may be useful to identify later works that cite that work.

The most useful citation indexes for Classics are The most useful citation indexes for Classics are Google Scholar  , and , and Cited Reference Searching

CITATIONCITATION

When writing your essays or reports, you’ll often When writing your essays or reports, you’ll often refer to different sources of information to refer to different sources of information to support the arguments in your papersupport the arguments in your paper. . Making Making a reference to these sources is called citinga reference to these sources is called citing. . Full details of all the sources cited to support Full details of all the sources cited to support arguments within the text is given in a arguments within the text is given in a reference list at the end of your work. reference list at the end of your work.

Cited Reference SearchingCited Reference Searching

What is cited reference searching?What is cited reference searching?

Cited reference searching enables you to find articles Cited reference searching enables you to find articles that have cited a particular author, article or book. Cited that have cited a particular author, article or book. Cited reference searching is useful to:reference searching is useful to:

find out how research has been applied or developed.find out how research has been applied or developed. identify important articles in a field.identify important articles in a field. locate current research based on earlier research.locate current research based on earlier research. track your own research.track your own research.

How can I do a cited reference search?How can I do a cited reference search?

You can use databases such as Web of Science, Scopus and Google You can use databases such as Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar to backwards and forwards chain from a starting article. First, find Scholar to backwards and forwards chain from a starting article. First, find your starting article in one of the databases listed. your starting article in one of the databases listed.

Use one of the following databases:Use one of the following databases: Web of ScienceWeb of Science

Web of Science is one of the most comprehensive citation databases. Web of Science is Web of Science is one of the most comprehensive citation databases. Web of Science is comprised of three databases: comprised of three databases: Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation IndexScience Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index and and Art & Art & Humanities Citation IndexHumanities Citation Index..

Click on Cited Ref Search to find articles that cite a particular author or paper.Click on Cited Ref Search to find articles that cite a particular author or paper. Use the Citation Report feature to compile citation statistics for search results, including the Use the Citation Report feature to compile citation statistics for search results, including the

number of times an article has been cited per year and average number of citations per year.number of times an article has been cited per year and average number of citations per year. ScopusScopus

Scopus is a multidisciplinary database covering sciences and social sciences. Follow the Scopus is a multidisciplinary database covering sciences and social sciences. Follow the cited by cited by links links in the search results. Results can be sorted by the number of times cited.in the search results. Results can be sorted by the number of times cited.

Use the citation tracker feature to find out the number of times an article or author has been cited Use the citation tracker feature to find out the number of times an article or author has been cited over a period of time.over a period of time.

Select an author search to search for papers by a particular authorSelect an author search to search for papers by a particular author Using Scopus to trace the developments in a subject area since a particular article was publishedUsing Scopus to trace the developments in a subject area since a particular article was published

Online tutorial on cited reference searching in ScopusOnline tutorial on cited reference searching in Scopus Google ScholarGoogle Scholar  

Google Scholar search results have a "cited by" link in the search results that can be used to find Google Scholar search results have a "cited by" link in the search results that can be used to find articles which have referenced a particular paper.articles which have referenced a particular paper.

Citations and ReferencingCitations and Referencing

Which style should I use?Which style should I use? There are many different referencing styles, including There are many different referencing styles, including APAAPA and  and HarvardHarvard. .

Your lecturer will recommend the style you should use, or use the select box Your lecturer will recommend the style you should use, or use the select box below for further information about referencing for your course.below for further information about referencing for your course.

Referencing Style by SubjectReferencing Style by Subject

                                  

           

PlagiarismPlagiarism Using correct referencing will ensure that you avoid plagiarismUsing correct referencing will ensure that you avoid plagiarism Citation BuilderCitation Builder Use Use NoodleBib ExpressNoodleBib Express to create a quick reference in APA, MLA or  to create a quick reference in APA, MLA or

Chicago/Turabian formats.Chicago/Turabian formats.

WHY IS REFERENCING SO WHY IS REFERENCING SO IMPORTANT?IMPORTANT?

To acknowledge the author or creator for To acknowledge the author or creator for their work. their work.

To avoid plagiarism. To avoid plagiarism. To enable others to locate the sources you To enable others to locate the sources you

have cited in your work. have cited in your work. To give credibility to your work.To give credibility to your work.

Reference Reference

Extract from an essay on Students and mobile phones: Extract from an essay on Students and mobile phones: According to Sharma(2007) According to Sharma(2007) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... or use grammar correctly. (Koolfone 2005). ............ or use grammar correctly. (Koolfone 2005). “…………………………………………………………………………………“………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..” (Nokia, 2008, p. 12). ..” (Nokia, 2008, p. 12).

Reference List: Reference List: Sharma ,S. (2007). Students with Flip phones. Technophobic Review, Sharma ,S. (2007). Students with Flip phones. Technophobic Review, 33(5), 23-34. 33(5), 23-34. Nokia, M. (2008). Text-O-Rama. Sydney: Dream Phones. Koolfone, J. Nokia, M. (2008). Text-O-Rama. Sydney: Dream Phones. Koolfone, J. F. (2005). Stay connected. F. (2005). Stay connected. Retrieved December 15, 2007, from www.TechnologyReview.com Retrieved December 15, 2007, from www.TechnologyReview.com

DIFFERENT INFORMATION SOURCES REQUIRE DIFFERENT INFORMATION SOURCES REQUIRE DIFFERENT REFERENCE DIFFERENT REFERENCE

FORMATTING FORMATTING REFERENCING A BOOKREFERENCING A BOOK

In the APA style a book reference should follow this pattern: In the APA style a book reference should follow this pattern:

Author. (Year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.Author. (Year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

For example: For example:

Thomas, A. (2007). Sociology of health and health care. Oxford: Blackwell. Thomas, A. (2007). Sociology of health and health care. Oxford: Blackwell.

REFERENCING A BOOK CHAPTERREFERENCING A BOOK CHAPTER

In the APA style a book chapter reference should follow this pattern: In the APA style a book chapter reference should follow this pattern:

Chapter author. (year). Chapter title. In Editors of the book (Eds.), Book Title. (pp. page numbers). Chapter author. (year). Chapter title. In Editors of the book (Eds.), Book Title. (pp. page numbers).

Place of publication: Publisher.Place of publication: Publisher.

For example: For example:

Taylor, S. (2007). Sociology, social research and health. In S.Taylor & D. Field (Eds.), Sociology of health and Taylor, S. (2007). Sociology, social research and health. In S.Taylor & D. Field (Eds.), Sociology of health and

health care. (pp. 3-24). Oxford: Blackwell. health care. (pp. 3-24). Oxford: Blackwell.

REFERENCING A JOURNAL ARTICLEREFERENCING A JOURNAL ARTICLE

In the APA style a journal article reference should follow this pattern: In the APA style a journal article reference should follow this pattern:

Author. (Year), Article title. Journal title, Volume(issue), page number.Author. (Year), Article title. Journal title, Volume(issue), page number.

For example: For example:

Sweeting, A. & Vickers, E. (2007), Language and the history of colonial education - the case of Hong Kong. Sweeting, A. & Vickers, E. (2007), Language and the history of colonial education - the case of Hong Kong.

Modern Asian Studies, 41(1), 40. Modern Asian Studies, 41(1), 40.

REFERENCING A WEB DOCUMENTREFERENCING A WEB DOCUMENT

In the APA style a web document reference should follow this pattern: In the APA style a web document reference should follow this pattern:

Author. (Year of copyright or last update). Title. Date of retrieval, from web address.Author. (Year of copyright or last update). Title. Date of retrieval, from web address.

For example: For example:

Department of the Environment and Water Resources. (2007). Water resources: water for the environment. Department of the Environment and Water Resources. (2007). Water resources: water for the environment.

Retrieved November 21, from http://www.environment.gov.au/water/environmental/wetlands/about.htmlRetrieved November 21, from http://www.environment.gov.au/water/environmental/wetlands/about.html . .

Thank YouThank You

I am I am

Dr. Amar Nath SharmaDr. Amar Nath Sharma

LibrarianLibrarian

On behalf of GCCBA LibraryOn behalf of GCCBA Library

Dr. Amar Nath Sharma (Librarian)Dr. Amar Nath Sharma (Librarian)

Email: Email: sharmago4amar@gmail.comsharmago4amar@gmail.com

http://gccbalibrary.wordpress.com/http://gccbalibrary.wordpress.com/

http://gccbachd.org/library/http://gccbachd.org/library/

FOR ANY QUERY AND HELP

CONTACT