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Research Theme 4: Food storage, value addition and mycotoxin management
Research Progress from September 2014 to June 2015
Presented to ESA Planning Meeting
Malawi, July 2015
By Research Team 4
Team MembersResearch theme 4• Storage and Nutritiono Adebayo Abass and team
• Mycotoxinso George Mahuku and team
Integrated with:• Research theme 1: Fertilizer and maize variety trialso Job Kihara and Team
• Research theme 8: Poultry feed formulationso Ben Lukuyu and Team
Importance of food storage and mycotoxin management
• To minimize: o Quantitative losses (food security: accessibility, affordability) o Qualitative losses (nutritive value and safety of food)o Financial losses and safeguard trade - especially international
trade• So that the harvested food reaches the consumer to fulfill
satisfaction in terms of quality, quantity and safety• But due to poor or absence of improved:
o Pre- & post-harvest management technologies , including storage infrastructure
o Improved processing methods and machineryo Market facilitieso Awareness
Importance of food storage and mycotoxin management
• Significant post-harvest losses are experienced (20 – 40% in Africa)• Health problems from consumption of unsafe
foods – mycotoxins (cancer, child stunting, immune suppression, blood and nerve defects, instant death, etc.)• Rejection of agricultural products with higher than
the regulated limits for mycotoxins (aflatoxin in Kenya) – loss of market opportunities
What are the possible impacts of food losses and high mycotoxin in foods?
• Insufficient household foods for 365days• Poor quality of nutrients in household
diets• Unsafe foods• Malnutrition in children, lactating women
and the elderly.• Frail or sickly population
Post-harvest loss assessment:characteristics of a maize-based system
Abass et al., 2014
What has been done in Babati?
• 120 maize samples at storage (Day 0) collected in August/September 2014• 180 maize samples at storage (Day 90) collected in November 2014• 180 maize samples at storage (Day 180) collected in February 2015• Samples assayed for aflatoxin and fumonisin• 103 maize samples collected in June 2015 from maize variety and fertilizer
trials conducted by Research Theme 1 to determine influence of maize variety and fertilizers on mycotoxins. The samples are currently being processed prior to lab mycotoxin analysis
• Aflatoxin bio-control activities executed in 4 villages (Sabilo, Sangaiwe, Matufa and Hallu Villages) with 20 farmers per village
• Assessment of post-harvest losses in maize in three storage structures• Assessment of nutritional status of the diet for the population of maize based
farming system (children and the vulnerable groups)
Conducted in Long, Sabilo and Seloto, involving 60 farmers and 5 tons of maize
Assessment of post-harvest losses in maize
Percentage loss of maize stored for 8 months
Poly
prop
ylen
e ba
g st
ored
out
side
the
hom
este
ad
Poly
prop
ylen
e ba
g w
ith
inse
ctici
des
Poly
prop
ylen
e ba
g w
ith
in-h
ouse
sto
rage
Trad
ition
al c
ribs
Trad
ition
al c
rib
wit
h in
secti
cide
Her
meti
c st
orag
e ba
g
Maize storage practices
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Loss
(% u
nmar
keta
ble
grai
ns)
Assessment of nutritional status of pregnant women in Babati
Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)
At risk of malnutrition (MUAC < 220mm)
Normal (MUAC ≥ 220mm)0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
8
2226.7
73.3
Number Percent
Assessment of nutritional status of farm households in maize-based farming system (children and the other vulnerable groups)
Underweight (BMI < 18.5)
Normal (BMI 18.5 - 24.9) Overweight (BMI ≥ 25)0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
7
29
517.1
70.7
12.2
Number Percent
Nutritional status of lactating mothers in Babati
Body mass index (BMI)
Nutritional status of the elderly in Babati
Body mass index (BMI)
Underweight (BMI < 18.5)
Normal (BMI 18.5 - 24.9) Overweight (BMI ≥ 25)0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
8
24
6
21.1
63.2
15.8
Number Percent
Can adequate food storage lead to better health outcomes?
A storage experiment with farmers from 2013-2014: Assessment of the nutritional status of children of participating and non-
participating households
Underweight Stunting Wasting0
10
20
30
40
50
60
16.1
41.4
3.3
21.5
56.6
2.5
Experimental households Non-experimental households
Perc
ent
Integration with Research theme 1: samples collected for mycotoxin analysis
Samples collected from Research theme 1
Village Number of samplesFertilizer
trialMaize variety
trial
Seloto 24 36Sabilo 12 9Hallu 12 10Total 48 55Grand total 103
Fertilizer and variety treatments
Fertilizer treatments0N 40P 60K45N 40P 60K90N 40P 60K120N 40P 60K150N 40P 60K120N 0P 60K120N 15P 60K120N 30P 60KControl
Maize varietiesSEED CO 627Kenya H513Pioneer 3253
Integration with Research theme 8Village Sample type Quantity
Matufa
Lablab 2Maize bran 3Blood meal 1Sorghum 4Pigeon pea 2Maize 2Sunflower cake 1Soybean 1Broken rice 1Rice bran 1Moringa leaf meal 1
Leucaena leaf meal 1Total 20
SabiloSunflower cake 2Sorghum 2Pigeon pea 2
Total 6
Village Sample type Quantity
Seloto
Sunflower cake 3Maize 3Maize bran 1Pigeon pea 1Sorghum 1Soybean 1
Total 10
HalluMaize bran 2Sunflower cake 2Sorghum 2
Total 6
Babati town Blood meal 1Fish meal 2
Total 3Grand total 45
Samples collected for mycotoxin analysis
• Use of Aspergillus flavus strains that do not produce toxins
• Naturally outcompete the toxic producing strains, reducing their population and hence aflatoxin
Villages selected in Babati: • Sabilo• Sangaiwe• Matufa• Hallu
Interventions/Scaling-up
Aflatoxin bio-control
Broadcast @ 10 kg/ha 2-3 weeks before flowering
Spores
Insects
Biocontrol in 5 kg boxes
3-20 days
Wind
Soilcolonization
30-33 grains m-2
Fungal network in killed grain
Sporulation on moist soil
How does the bio-control works?
Interventions/Scaling-up
Validation of potential aflatoxin bio-control product
• Efficacy tests of the Tanzanian atoxigenic A. flavus were conducted in the 4 villages (Hallu, Sabilo, Sangaiwe and Seloto)
• 5 sites per village to give total of 20 sites • 2 biocontrol products, consisting of 8 atoxigenic A. flavus
strains (4 strains in each group) tested • 30 samples collected from 3 villages (June 2015)• Samples currently being assayed for aflatoxin level• Microbial analysis (A. flavus, toxigenic and atoxigenic strain
analysis being done on 30 soil samples from successful trials
Percent of Fields
Tota
l Afl
atox
ins
Percent of Fields
Biological control of aflatoxin in Kenya – efficacy test experiments
Hola irrigation scheme – costal Kenya (2012)
Makueni - Farmer Field Trials (2012)
Nigeria: Efficacy on Maize
2009 2010 2011 20120
20
40
60
80
100
120372
Aflasafe™Control
2009 2010 2011 20120
100
200
300
400
500
600
*All means of aflasafe and control pairs significantly different; Student’s t-test (P<0.05)
82 94 83 86 82 93 89 90Less (%)
At Harvest After Storage
Interventions/Scaling-upWarehousing • Large-scale storage of maize to up-scale the improved hermetic
bag storage structure initiated in three villageso Long storage to wait for better price (price monitoring)o Reduce losses due to storage pests (quarterly sampling)o Reduce risks for contamination with mycotoxins (quarterly
sampling)Maize threshing machine• Saves time (500kg per hour) compared to traditional methods• Reduces labour input by women, fewer people• Reduces waiting time for threshing (in the open), hence reduces
chances for mycotoxin contamination(Scaling expert required to design further experiments)
Interventions/Scaling-upProduct development: Introducing high protein-content recipe using locally available materials –common bean: Long Seloto and Sabilo
• Creation of awareness of nutrition problem (stunting, wasting, lack of protein in diets, etc)
• New highly nutritious foods developed (6); lab analysis of new foods for nutrient density
• Support the establishment of pilot processing & innovation platform centers
• Sensory evaluation and community-based nutrition training
Awareness creation
Awareness creation to selected farmers during site selection
Atoxigenic strain imobilized on sorghum sporulates
A farmer applying biocontrol product
Farmers with biocontrol product
At least four manuscripts will be prepared for publication in international peer reviewed journals in 2015/2016 as one of the deliverables for this project (Research Theme 4).
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