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29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 1
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
(Business Research Methods)
Week 5
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29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 2
Secondary Data
Secondary (or historical) data is data which has
been acquired through a research or any other
effort in the past and for another purpose
Depending on the secondary data needed, there
may be numerous sources for acquiring thissecondary data
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29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 3
Advantages of Secondary Data
Pool of already existing data
Cost-effective vis--vis primary data
Quick availability No need for designing and undertaking a
research study
Collecting primary data may not befeasible (privacy issues)
Many different sources are available
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29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 4
Disadvantages of Secondary Data
Relevance for researcher
Does data apply to target population?
Time-frame consistent with researchers requirement?(outdatedness)
Variation in terms of definition of terms Different units of measurement (data conversion)
Verification of datas accuracy (inherent biases due tovested interests)
Reputation of the data-collecting organization andresearch design used may not be good
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29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 5
Evaluating Secondary Data
Do the data help answer questions
set out in the problem definition?
Do the data help answer questions
set out in the problem definition?
Do the data apply to the time
period of interest?
Do the data apply to the time
period of interest?
Do the data apply to the population
of interest?
Do the data apply to the population
of interest?
Do other terms and variable
classifications presented apply
to the project?
Do other terms and variable
classifications presented apply
to the project?
Are the units of measurement compatible?
Are the units of measurement compatible?
Can data
be re-
worked?
If yes,
continue
Applicabilityt o
Curr e
ntProject
No!
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No!
No!
No!
No! (Next
Slide!)
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Fact Finding
Fact finding is about collecting secondary (or descriptive) datawith a view to obtaining insights which can assist in decision-
making
Some examples:
(1) Macroeconomic Data of Pakistan
(2) Global Oil price trends
(3) FDI in China over the period 2000-2005
(4) Indo-Pakistan trade statistics
(5) Salary structure across ten selected industries
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29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 8
Model Building
Model building is about specifying relationships
between two or more variables
Models can range from very simple ones,involving only two interrelated variables to
complex ones involving several interrelated
variables (multivariate statistical forecasting
models)
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29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 9
Classification of Secondary Data: Internal Sources
Internal Sources (data already existing within an
organization, for example, data collected and
stored by various departments such as
accounting and finance, marketing)
Sometimes one unit in an organization is
unaware that other units may be maintaining
data which may be relevant for it and undertakes
unnecessary and costly data collection
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29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 10
Classification of Secondary Data: External Sources
External Sources (data generated or provided byindividuals and entities other than the researcher orhis/her organization)
There are many types of external sources of secondarydata:
Books and Professional Journals Federal Government sources
Regional / Provincial Publications Electronic and Print Media Sources Commercial Sources Internet, CDs
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29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 11
Secondary Data in the International Context
As economies and business becomesincreasingly global in outlook, so does the needfor secondary data from other regions andcountries
Potential Problems:
Unavailability of data in some countries
Accuracy of data may be questionable Definitions and measurements of data may vary Comparability of data may be difficult
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29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 12
On-Line Sources of Secondary (Business) Data in Pakistan:
Selected Examples
Business Recorder www.brecorder.com
Forex Pakistan www.forexpk.com
Karachi Stock Exchange www.kse.com.pk
The Economist www.economist.com/countries/pakistan
State Bank of Pakistan www.sbp.org.pk
National Bank of Pakistan www.nbp.com.pk
Federal Ministry of Finance www.finance.gov.pk
Pakistan Federal Government www.pakistan.gov.pk
http://www.brecorder.com/http://www.forexpk.com/http://www.kse.com.pk/http://www.economist.com/countries/pakistanhttp://www.sbp.org.pk/http://www.nbp.com.pk/http://www.finance.gov.pk/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/http://www.finance.gov.pk/http://www.nbp.com.pk/http://www.sbp.org.pk/http://www.economist.com/countries/pakistanhttp://www.kse.com.pk/http://www.forexpk.com/http://www.brecorder.com/