"Health between Nutrition and Treatment” 1

ResearchMethodos & EthicsProf.Dr.Ing. David Luigi FUSCHI

30 – 31 August 2015 "Health between Nutrition and Treatment”

2Table of contents

Section 1 - What is Research?

Section 2 - Scientific Method (basics)

Section 3 - Research Methodologies

Section 4 - Ethical Principles

Section 5 - Conflicts of Interest

Section 6 - Conclusions

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What is Research

Section 1

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4Research a definition

Noun

• The systematic investigation-into and study-of materials and sources to establish facts abd reach new conclusions

"the group carries out research in geochemistry"

Synonyms: investigation, experimentation, testing, exploration, analysis, fact-finding, examination, scrutinization, probing; groundwork; rare indagation

Verb

• Investigate systematically.

"she has spent the last five years researching her people's history"

Synonyms: investigate, conduct investigation into, study, enquire into, look into, probe, explore, analyse, examine, scrutinize, inspect, review, assess

30 – 31 August 2015 "Health between Nutrition and Treatment”

5What is research

Methodical, systematic study to prove a hypothesis or answer a specific question

Organized and planned, inclusive of a literature review of past research

Finding a definitive answer is the central goal of any experimental process

Requires some kind of interpretation and the formulation of a reasoned opinion

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Scientific Method(basics)

Section 2

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7Creating knowledge

Implies:

formulating questions

collecting data

testing hypotheses

drafting conclusions

Yet always leaving room for doubt

Question

Collect Data

Test Hypothesis

Conclusion

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8Scientific Method

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Research Method

Section 3

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10Research Method

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11Research Method

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12Research Method

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Ethical Principles

Section 4

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14Ethics & Research

The researcher is always responsible of the ethical conduct of her/his research

Avoid fabrication and falsification of any form at any time

Always acknowledge work and contributions of others so as to avoid plagiarism

Always use informed consent whenever there are human participants

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Conflict of Interest

Section 5

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16Conflict of Interest a Definition

Noun• A situation in which the concerns or aims of two different parties

are incompatible.

"the conflict of interest between elected officials and corporate lobbysts"

• A situation in which a person is in a position to derive personal benefit from actions or decisions made in their official capacity.

"Mr X quit his job after questions about a possible conflict of interest"

However the term meaning varies when referred to: - Public Administartion- Law and Legal context- Organization and Corporate- Medical & Pharmaceutical Research- Research

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17Examples & Counter measures

The following are the most common forms of conflicts of interests:• Family interests• Self-dealing• Outside employment• Gifts• Pump and dump• Bribes (corruption)• Personal use of government/corporate property/assets (fraud).

The following are the most practical countermeasures• Removal• Disclosure• Recusal• Third-party evaluation

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Conclusions

Section 6

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19Conclusions

Generally, conflicts of interests should be eliminated

Codes of ethics help to minimize problems with conflicts of interests because they can spell out the extent to which such conflicts should be avoided, what the parties should do and also embedd the threat of disciplinary action

Subscribing Codes of Ethics ensures that professionals cannot claim that they were unaware that their improper behavior was unethical

Ultimately the researcher is always responsible of the ethical conduct of her/his research

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Questions? ?تساؤل

Prof.Dr.Ing. David Luigi FUSCHI

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Thank You! ! شكرا

Prof.Dr.Ing. David Luigi FUSCHI