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RESEARCH REPORTRESEARCH REPORT

Presented to thePresented to the

March 20, 2008.March 20, 2008.

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The Objective of this Lecture are:The Objective of this Lecture are:

To discuss why &how the Research Report isTo discuss why &how the Research Report isprepared and written.prepared and written.

To discuss five guidelines that can be usefulTo discuss five guidelines that can be usefulwhile writing a Research Report.while writing a Research Report. To present the basics outline for the ResearchTo present the basics outline for the Research

Report format.Report format. To discuss reasons why the efficency of theTo discuss reasons why the efficency of the

research procedures should be evaluatedresearch procedures should be evaluatedimmediately after the research report hasimmediately after the research report hasbeen written.been written.

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The SixThe Six GoldenGolden GuidelinesGuidelines

No matter what the quality of the researchNo matter what the quality of the researchundertaken, much of the acceptance of theundertaken, much of the acceptance of theresults depends on the way they areresults depends on the way they arecommunicated to the relevant audiences.communicated to the relevant audiences.

Different audience, may have differentDifferent audience, may have differentinterest.interest.

Standards for researchers may differ fromStandards for researchers may differ from

executive when report is intended.executive when report is intended. Researchers must make their presentationsResearchers must make their presentations

technically accurate as well astechnically accurate as well asunderstandable and useful.understandable and useful.

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The SixThe Six GoldenGolden GuidelinesGuidelines

Proper execution of the research stepsProper execution of the research stepsmake the research presentation easiermake the research presentation easierto prepare.to prepare.

Each project is different ; the processEach project is different ; the processof communicating the results is neverof communicating the results is never

automatic.automatic.

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THE NEXT BIG THIHGTHE NEXT BIG THIHG

Project requires originality

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Principles of Research ReportPrinciples of Research Report

Adhere to the study objectives.Adhere to the study objectives.

Be selective.Be selective. Be objective.Be objective.

Have a purposeful organization & facts.Have a purposeful organization & facts.

Write clearly.Write clearly.

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Research ReportResearch Report

AfterAfter collecting and analyzing the data, thecollecting and analyzing the data, theresearcher has to accomplish the task of drawingresearcher has to accomplish the task of drawinginterferences followed by the Report Writinginterferences followed by the Report Writing

AA Report is a communication from someone whoReport is a communication from someone whohas some information to someone who wants tohas some information to someone who wants touse that informationuse that information ..

A Report carries information from someone whoA Report carries information from someone whohas it to someone who needs it. A report is ahas it to someone who needs it. A report is abasic management tool used in decision makingbasic management tool used in decision making ..

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A report may be in an oral form of may be inA report may be in an oral form of may be inwritten form.written form.

A report means a statement or description ofA report means a statement or description ofwhat has been said, seen, done etc. it containswhat has been said, seen, done etc. it containsthe facts, figure, information, analysis, opinion,the facts, figure, information, analysis, opinion,suggestions, recommendations, maps, charts,suggestions, recommendations, maps, charts,graphs etc.graphs etc.

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According to the American Marketing SocietyAccording to the American Marketing SocietyA report is to convey the interested personsA report is to convey the interested persons

the whole results of the study in sufficientthe whole results of the study in sufficientdetails and so arranged as to enable each readerdetails and so arranged as to enable each readerto comprehend the data and so determine forto comprehend the data and so determine forhimself the validity of conclusion.himself the validity of conclusion.

A Good Report is evidence of the writersA Good Report is evidence of the writersvocabulary, grammar, , it shows weather thevocabulary, grammar, , it shows weather thewriter can gather facts, evaluate analyze them ,writer can gather facts, evaluate analyze them ,and then reason logically.and then reason logically.

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PRECAUTIONS FOR WRITING A RESEARCHPRECAUTIONS FOR WRITING A RESEARCH

REPORTREPORT

Research report is just like a channel ofResearch report is just like a channel ofcommunicating the research findings to thecommunicating the research findings to theresearcher of the report.researcher of the report.

A good report is the one, which does this taskA good report is the one, which does this taskefficiently and effectively.efficiently and effectively.

Here are some followings precautions that we musHere are some followings precautions that we muskeep in mind:keep in mind:

The length of the report (The length of the report (all the facts are covered and the report must not be too short.)all the facts are covered and the report must not be too short.)The report should maintain the interest.The report should maintain the interest.

The research should not be dull.The research should not be dull.

Abstract terminology and jargon words should be avoided.Abstract terminology and jargon words should be avoided.

The report should be written in an objective style and in a simple language.The report should be written in an objective style and in a simple language.

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REPORTREPORT (contd.)(contd.)

The report should have availability of findings butThe report should have availability of findings butfor this purpose charts, graphs and statisticalfor this purpose charts, graphs and statistical

tables can be usedtables can be used The layout of the report should be well thought ouThe layout of the report should be well thought ouand it must be appropriate in accordance with theand it must be appropriate in accordance with theobjectivity if the research problem.objectivity if the research problem.

The report should be free from the grammaticalThe report should be free from the grammaticalmistakes.mistakes.

The report must present the logical analysis of theThe report must present the logical analysis of thesubject mattersubject matter

Originality should be there to solve the intellectualOriginality should be there to solve the intellectual

problemproblem Dr. Manish Sharma

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REPORTREPORT (contd.)(contd.)

Objectivity of the study, the nature of the problem,Objectivity of the study, the nature of the problem,methods used and the analysis techniques adoptedmethods used and the analysis techniques adopted

must be clearly defined in the report.must be clearly defined in the report. Index is the essential part of the good report so itIndex is the essential part of the good report so itmust be prepared in an effective way.must be prepared in an effective way.

The Bibliography of sources must be thereThe Bibliography of sources must be there

Appendices should be enlisted in respect of all theAppendices should be enlisted in respect of all thetechnical data in the report.technical data in the report.

Calculated confidence limits must be mentionedCalculated confidence limits must be mentionedand various constraints should be stated in theand various constraints should be stated in theresearch report.research report.

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REPORT FORMATREPORT FORMAT

There is no one best format for all the reports.There is no one best format for all the reports.

The physical format can be employed to createThe physical format can be employed to create

desirable emphasis and clarity.desirable emphasis and clarity. The use of widely spaced paragraphs, variedThe use of widely spaced paragraphs, varied

margins, separated headings, different type sizesmargins, separated headings, different type sizesand color all make it possible to emphasis majorand color all make it possible to emphasis majorpoints and to clarify the sequence and relationshippoints and to clarify the sequence and relationshipof ideas.of ideas.

A report must have the format that best fits theA report must have the format that best fits theneeds and wants if its reader.needs and wants if its reader.

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REPORT FORMATREPORT FORMAT

TITLE PAGETITLE PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTTABLE OF CONTENT

FOREWORD ( INTRODUCTION)FOREWORD ( INTRODUCTION)

STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVESSTATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES

METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGN

DATA COLLECTION METHODSDATA COLLECTION METHODS

SAMPLINGSAMPLING

FIELDWORKFIELDWORK

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

LIMITATIONSLIMITATIONS FINDINGSFINDINGS

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

APPENDIXAPPENDIX

COPIES OF FORM USEDCOPIES OF FORM USED

DETAILS OF SAMPLE WITH VALIDATIONDETAILS OF SAMPLE WITH VALIDATION

TABLES NOT INCLUDED IN THE FINDINGSTABLES NOT INCLUDED IN THE FINDINGS

BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY Dr. Manish Sharma

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TITLE PAGETITLE PAGE

Title page indicates the subject.Title page indicates the subject.

Date when the report is prepared.Date when the report is prepared.

For whom the report is prepared.For whom the report is prepared. Prepared by whom.Prepared by whom.

Sometimes it is not necessary to specify for whomSometimes it is not necessary to specify for whomthe report is prepared.the report is prepared.

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FOREWARD ( INTRODUCTION)FOREWARD ( INTRODUCTION)

This section serves to introduce the readerThis section serves to introduce the readerto the research project.to the research project.

This section also gives the background ofThis section also gives the background ofthe problem (the problem ( How and when it came into the existenceHow and when it came into the existence))

It tells us about the importance of theIt tells us about the importance of theproblemproblem

Various dimensions of the problemVarious dimensions of the problem

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STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVESSTATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES

The objective of the study must be there.The objective of the study must be there.

The reader must know exactly what theThe reader must know exactly what the

report covers.report covers. If the project is having the large problemIf the project is having the large problem

then it is desirable to state the overallthen it is desirable to state the overallproblem and the problem solution process.problem and the problem solution process.

Information regarding that how theInformation regarding that how theproblem arouse and previous work haveproblem arouse and previous work havebeen carried out.been carried out.

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METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

The purpose of the methodology section isThe purpose of the methodology section isto describe the research procedure.to describe the research procedure.

It includes the sampling procedure,It includes the sampling procedure,research design, data collection methods,research design, data collection methods,etc.etc.

This is the most difficult section to writeThis is the most difficult section to writebecause it is hard to discuss methodologybecause it is hard to discuss methodologywithout using technical terms.without using technical terms.

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METHODOLOGY (Contd.)METHODOLOGY (Contd.)

RESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGN

Description of the research design clarifiesDescription of the research design clarifies

that the study is exploratory or conclusivethat the study is exploratory or conclusivein nature.in nature.

In case of the research design theIn case of the research design theresearcher should explain the researchresearcher should explain the research

design in brief.design in brief.

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DATA COLLECTION METHODDATA COLLECTION METHOD

In data collection methods the researchersIn data collection methods the researchers

should mention the type of data used in theshould mention the type of data used in theresearch project i.e. Primary or Secondaryresearch project i.e. Primary or Secondarydata.data.

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SAMPLINGSAMPLING

In describing the procedure of samplingIn describing the procedure of sampling

first step is to indicate the nature of thefirst step is to indicate the nature of theuniverse to studied.universe to studied.

In this different types of sampling methodsIn this different types of sampling methodscan be used in the report.can be used in the report.

This include the sample size, and otherThis include the sample size, and othertypes of the sampling used. and theirtypes of the sampling used. and theirdescription so as to avoid the confusion.description so as to avoid the confusion.

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FIELD WORKFIELD WORK

In this the researcher tell the reader aboutIn this the researcher tell the reader about

the idea of the accuracy within which thethe idea of the accuracy within which thework was done.work was done.

It include the :It include the :

The full description of field workers used.The full description of field workers used.

It also tells about the training, selection, supervision &It also tells about the training, selection, supervision &

verification of the workers.verification of the workers.

Copies of instructions that was given to the field workersCopies of instructions that was given to the field workers

are to mention in the appendix.are to mention in the appendix.

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ANALYSISANALYSIS

In this section findings are mentioned and iIn this section findings are mentioned and i

any special statistical techniques are usedany special statistical techniques are usedare to mentioned.are to mentioned.

Recommendation are to given by theRecommendation are to given by theresearcher that can help gain theresearcher that can help gain the

acceptance of the report.acceptance of the report.

Interpretation must be subjective so that iInterpretation must be subjective so that ihelps the readers to appraise thehelps the readers to appraise theinterpretation given.interpretation given.

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LIMITATIONSLIMITATIONS

As every project has some limitationsAs every project has some limitations

The factor of limitation helps the reader toThe factor of limitation helps the reader to

find the accurate interpretation of thefind the accurate interpretation of theresultsresults

Limitations may be of several types.Limitations may be of several types.

They can be as follows: respondent was notThey can be as follows: respondent was notat home, respondent was not accurateat home, respondent was not accuratewhile answering, respondent are not atwhile answering, respondent are not athome, the answers given by thehome, the answers given by the

respondents are not specific.respondents are not specific.Dr. Manish Sharma

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FINDINGSFINDINGS

Findings are the result of study.Findings are the result of study.

It is an organized narrative of then resultsIt is an organized narrative of then results

The specific objectives of the study shouldThe specific objectives of the study shouldbe kept in mind and findings presented witbe kept in mind and findings presented witthem in view.them in view.

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CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONSCONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion should be drawn with directConclusion should be drawn with directreferences to the objectives of the study.references to the objectives of the study.

With this the reader should be able to readWith this the reader should be able to readthe objective and then he can reach to thethe objective and then he can reach to thespecific conclusionspecific conclusion

Making recommendation assumesMaking recommendation assumesconsiderable knowledge of the total pictureconsiderable knowledge of the total pictureincluding the resources of the firm and allincluding the resources of the firm and allthe alternative course of action.the alternative course of action.

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What does Six Sigma Quality look like?What does Six Sigma Quality look like?Part 1Part 1

Let process targetT=30,Let process targetT=30,with LSL=27 and USL=33with LSL=27 and USL=33

If the process is centered atIf the process is centered atT, we need to work onT, we need to work onshrinking variation toshrinking variation toimprove qualityimprove quality

As variation dpmoAs variation dpmo

Process distribution vs specs

0

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

diameter

f(x)


0

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

diameter

f(x)


0

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

diameter

f(x)

Dr. Mary McShane Vaughn

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What does Six Sigma Quality look like?What does Six Sigma Quality look like?Part 2Part 2

Let process targetT=30, withLet process targetT=30, withLSL=27 and USL=33LSL=27 and USL=33

Process should produce 3.4Process should produce 3.4dpmo even AFTER thedpmo even AFTER theprocess means shifts 1.5process means shifts 1.5sigma from Targetsigma from Target

This means that the specsThis means that the specsshould beshould be 6 sigma6 sigma awayawayfrom the Targetfrom the Target

Process istri tion sspecs

0

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

di eter

f(x)

Process distri tion s specs

0

0.5

1

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

di eter

f(x)

Process distri tion s specs

0

0.5

1

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

di eter

f(x)


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How do we get to 3.4 dpmo?How do we get to 3.4 dpmo?

In order to achieve Six SigmaIn order to achieve Six SigmaQuality, a prescribed methodologyQuality, a prescribed methodologyis used called theis used called the DMAICDMAIC

(d(d--maymay--ik) Processik) Process

DDefineefine

MMeasureeasure

AAnalyzenalyze IImprovemprove

CControlontrol


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DefineDefine

The Customer, their Critical to Quality (CTQ)The Customer, their Critical to Quality (CTQ)issues, and the Core Business Processissues, and the Core Business Processinvolved.involved.

Who customers are, what theirWho customers are, what theirrequirements are for products and services,requirements are for products and services,and what their expectations areand what their expectations are

Project boundaries the stop and start ofProject boundaries the stop and start of

the processthe process The process to be improved by mapping theThe process to be improved by mapping the

process flowprocess flow

Source:http://www.isixsigma.com/dictionary/DMAIC-57.htmFrom GE's DMAICApproach, http://www.ge.com/capital/vendor/dmaic.htm


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MeasureMeasure

MeasureMeasure the performance of the Corethe performance of the CoreBusiness Process involved.Business Process involved.

Develop a data collection plan for theDevelop a data collection plan for theprocessprocess

Collect data from many sources toCollect data from many sources todetermine types of defects and metricsdetermine types of defects and metrics

Compare to customer survey results toCompare to customer survey results todetermine shortfalldetermine shortfall



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AnalyzeAnalyze

AnalyzeAnalyze the data collected and the processthe data collected and the processmap to determine root causes of defectsmap to determine root causes of defects

and opportunities for improvement.and opportunities for improvement. Identify gaps between current performanceIdentify gaps between current performance

and goal performanceand goal performance

Prioritize opportunities to improvePrioritize opportunities to improve

Identify sources of variationIdentify sources of variation



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ImproveImprove

ImproveImprove the target process by designingthe target process by designingcreative solutions to fix and preventcreative solutions to fix and prevent

problems.problems. Create innovate solutions using technologyCreate innovate solutions using technology

and disciplineand discipline

Develop and deploy implementation planDevelop and deploy implementation plan



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ControlControl

ControlControl the improvements to keep thethe improvements to keep theprocess on the new course.process on the new course.

Prevent reverting back to the "old way"Prevent reverting back to the "old way" Require the development, documentationRequire the development, documentation

and implementation of an ongoingand implementation of an ongoingmonitoring planmonitoring plan

Institutionalize the improvements throughInstitutionalize the improvements throughthe modification of systems and structuresthe modification of systems and structures(staffing, training, incentives)(staffing, training, incentives)



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Whats all this Green Belt/Whats all this Green Belt/

Black Belt stuff?Black Belt stuff?

Dr. Mikel Harry coined the term atDr. Mikel Harry coined the term atMotorola in the early 1990sMotorola in the early 1990sA manager told him the Six Sigma tools were kicking theA manager told him the Six Sigma tools were kicking the

heck out of variation, and the metaphor was bornheck out of variation, and the metaphor was born

Green Belts work on Six SigmaGreen Belts work on Six Sigmaprojects guided by a Black Beltprojects guided by a Black Belt

Black Belts are mentored by MasterBlack Belts are mentored by MasterBlack BeltsBlack Belts


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What should a Green Belt know?What should a Green Belt know?

Session One Measure and Analyze Six Sigma overview Rolled throughput yield Process mappingFailure mode and effects analysis ProbabilityIntroduction to statistics

Confidence intervals Hypothesis testing Basic tools Measurement system analysis (Gauge R&R) Project planning


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What should a Green Belt know?What should a Green Belt know?

Session Two Improve and Control

Correlation and regression

Analysis of variance

Introduction to design of experiments

Randomized blocks

Full factorial experiments

Statistical process control

Control planning and application

Mistake proofing

Project planning


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Looking for a Six Sigma job in GA?Looking for a Six Sigma job in GA?

Nationwide

search yielded2500 jobs


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Thinking about Quality training?Thinking about Quality training?


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The IET Department offers aThe IET Department offers a FREEFREEGreen Belt Certification seminarGreen Belt Certification seminar

A $1200 value!!A $1200 value!!

Are you a member ofASQ?Are you a member ofASQ?

Have you takenHave you taken

IET2227IET2227

IET3403IET3403

IET3339IET3339

IET4356 or MGNT equivalent?IET4356 or MGNT equivalent?


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Hows your Quality?Hows your Quality?

The probability of accepting theThe probability of accepting thealternative hypothesis (H1) when thealternative hypothesis (H1) when the

null hypothesis (Ho) is true.null hypothesis (Ho) is true.a) Beta Riska) Beta Risk

b) Alpha Riskb) Alpha Risk

c) Attribute Datac) Attribute Datad) Random Experimentd) Random Experiment

Ans: b) Alpha RiskDr. Mary McShane Vaughn

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Hows your Quality?Hows your Quality?

Part 2Part 2

A graphical tool for ranking causes fromA graphical tool for ranking causes frommost significant to least significantmost significant to least significant

a) Check Sheeta) Check Sheet

b) Cause and Effect Diagramb) Cause and Effect Diagram

c) Pareto Chartc) Pareto Chart

d) Scatter Plotd) Scatter Plot

Ans: c) Pareto ChartDr. Mary McShane Vaughn

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The Department of Industrial Engineering Technology at

Southern Polytechnic State University certifies that

Green Belt in QualityDecember xx, 2004.

__________________

Dr. Mary McShane VaughnInstructor

__________________Prof. David Caudill

Chair

Your Name Here

has met the requirements for the


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