RESISTIVE CIRCUITS

• KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS - THE FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUIT CONSERVATION LAWS- KIRCHHOFF CURRENT (KCL) AND KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE (KVL)

KIRCHHOFF CURRENT LAW

ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSERVATION PRINCIPLESIN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

“CHARGE CANNOT BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED”

NODES, BRANCHES, LOOPS

NODE: point where two, or more, elementsare joined (e.g., big node 1)

LOOP: A closed path that never goestwice over a node (e.g., the blue line)

BRANCH: Component connected between twonodes (e.g., component R4)

The red path is NOT a loop

A NODE CONNECTS SEVERAL COMPONENTS.BUT IT DOES NOT HOLD ANY CHARGE.

TOTAL CURRENT FLOWING INTO THE NODEMUST BE EQUAL TO TOTAL CURRENT OUTOF THE NODE

(A CONSERVATION OF CHARGE PRINCIPLE)

NODE

KIRCHHOFF CURRENT LAW (KCL)SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING INTO A NODE ISEQUAL TO SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING OUT OFTHE NODE

A5

A5

node the ofout flowing

negative the to equivalent is

node a into flowingcurrent A

ALGEBRAIC SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING INTO ANODE IS ZERO

ALGEBRAIC SUM OF CURRENT (FLOWING) OUT OFA NODE IS ZERO

A node is a point of connection of two or more circuit elements.It may be stretched out or compressed for visual purposes…But it is still a node

A GENERALIZED NODE IS ANY PART OF A CIRCUIT WHERE THERE IS NO ACCUMULATIONOF CHARGE

... OR WE CAN MAKE SUPERNODES BY AGGREGATING NODES

0:

0:

7542

461

iiii

iii

3 Leaving

2 Leaving

076521 iiiii:3 & 2 AddingINTERPRETATION: SUM OF CURRENTS LEAVINGNODES 2&3 IS ZEROVISUALIZATION: WE CAN ENCLOSE NODES 2&3INSIDE A SURFACE THAT IS VIEWED AS AGENERALIZED NODE (OR SUPERNODE)

PROBLEM SOLVING HINT: KCL CAN BE USEDTO FIND A MISSING CURRENT

A5

A3

?XI

a

b

c

d

SUM OF CURRENTS INTONODE IS ZERO

0)3(5 AIA XAIX 2

Which way are chargesflowing on branch a-b?

...AND PRACTICE NOTATION CONVENTION ATTHE SAME TIME...

?

4

3

,2

be

bd

cb

ab

I

AI

AI

AI NODES: a,b,c,d,eBRANCHES: a-b,c-b,d-b,e-b

b

a

c

d

e2 A

-3 A4 A

Ib e = ?

0)2()]3([4 AAAIbe

WRITE ALL KCL EQUATIONS

THE FIFTH EQUATION IS THE SUM OF THE FIRST FOUR... IT IS REDUNDANT!!!

1 2 3( ) ( ) ( ) 0i t i t i t

1 4 6( ) ( ) ( ) 0i t i t i t

3 5 8( ) ( ) ( ) 0i t i t i t

FIND MISSING CURRENTS

KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE INTERCONNECTION.THE TYPE OF COMPONENT IS IRRELEVANT

KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE TOPOLOGY OF THE CIRCUIT

Here we illustrate the useof a more general idea of node. The shaded surfaceencloses a section of thecircuit and can be consideredas a BIG node

0NODE BIG LEAVING CURRENTS OF SUM 0602030404 mAmAmAmAI

mAI 704 THE CURRENT I5 BECOMES INTERNAL TO THE NODE AND IT IS NOT NEEDED!!!

mAI 501 mAmAmAIT 204010

0410 1 ImAmA

01241 mAmAI03 12 ImAI

1I FindTI Find

1I Find21 I and I Find

KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE LAW

ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSERVATION LAWSIN ELECTRICAL ENGINERING

THIS IS A CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE“ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATE NOR DESTROYED”

KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)KVL IS A CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE

A POSITIVE CHARGE GAINS ENERGY AS IT MOVESTO A POINT WITH HIGHER VOLTAGE AND RELEASESENERGY IF IT MOVES TO A POINT WITH LOWERVOLTAGE

AV

BBV

)( AB VVqW

q

abV

a bq

abqVW LOSES

cdV

c dq

cdqVW GAINS

AV

BBV

q

CV

ABV

BCV

CAV

ABqVW

BCqVW

CAqVW

A “THOUGHT EXPERIMENT”

IF THE CHARGE COMES BACK TO THE SAMEINITIAL POINT THE NET ENERGY GAIN MUST BE ZERO (Conservative network)

OTHERWISE THE CHARGE COULD END UP WITHINFINITE ENERGY, OR SUPPLY AN INFINITEAMOUNT OF ENERGY

0)( CDBCAB VVVq

KVL: THE ALGEBRAIC SUM OF VOLTAGEDROPS AROUND ANY LOOP MUST BE ZERO

A B V

A B )( V

DROP NEGATIVEA

IS RISE E A VOLTAG

0321

RRRS VVVV

VVR 181

VVR 122

LOOP abcdefa

THE LOOP DOES NOT HAVE TO BE PHYSICAL

beV

0][3031

VVVV RbeR

PROBLEM SOLVING TIP: KVL IS USEFULTO DETERMINE A VOLTAGE - FIND A LOOP INCLUDING THE UNKNOWN VOLTAGE

be

R3R1

V VOLTAGETHE DETERMINE

KNOWN AREV V:EXAMPLE ,

BACKGROUND: WHEN DISCUSSING KCL WE SAW THAT NOT ALL POSSIBLE KCL EQUATIONSARE INDEPENDENT. WE SHALL SEE THAT THESAME SITUATION ARISES WHEN USING KVL

THE THIRD EQUATION IS THE SUM OF THEOTHER TWO!!

A SNEAK PREVIEW ON THE NUMBER OFLINEARLY INDEPENDENT EQUATIONS

BRANCHES OF NUMBER

NODES OF NUMBER

DEFINE CIRCUIT THE IN

B

N

EQUATIONSKVL

TINDEPENDENLINEARLY

EQUATIONSKCL

TINDEPENDENLINEARLY

)1(

1

NB

N

EXAMPLE: FOR THE CIRCUIT SHOWN WE HAVE N = 6, B = 7. HENCE THERE ARE ONLY TWO INDEPENDENT KVL EQUATIONS

ecae VV , VOLTAGESTHE FIND

GIVEN THE CHOICE USE THE SIMPLEST LOOP

+-

+-

a

b V4 xV

1V

2V kR 2

VVVV 4,12 21

2k

ab

x

P

resistor 2k the

on disipatedPower

V

V

DETERMINE

SAMPLE PROBLEM

We need to find a closed path where only one voltage is unknown

04124

0412

X

X

X

V

VVV

VFOR

4V

2

2 0

VVV

VVV

Xab

abX

-8V

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