Resource Guide Power Transmission 2

Part 2: Mechanical Drive Systems

Bearings and Power Transmission Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Belt Drive ComponentsChain Drive ComponentsGear Drive ComponentsSynchronous Drive Components

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Tensioners and IdlersIndustrial V-BeltsHTDTiming Pulleys and Sprockets

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800.253.0421 ReidSupply.com Copyright©2008 Reid Supply Co. All Rights Reserved

CONTENTSReid Supply Resource Guides 1

Purpose of This Resource Guide 1

Disclaimer 1

Terminology 2

Safety 2

Design Considerations 2

Regulations 2

Safety 4Acceptable Noise Levels 5

Mechanical Drive Systems 5

Belts 7V-Belts 7Synchronous Belts 8Belt Tensioning 8Storing and Handling Belts 10

Pulleys 11Balancing 11

Chains 12Drive Chain Basics 13Handling Chain 14Chain Strength 14Chain Lubrication 16

Operating Temperatures 17Methods of Lubrication 17

Repair and Replacement 18Chain 18Chain Adjustment 19Assembling Connecting Links 19Measuring Chain Wear 20

Drive Chain Tips 21Conveyor or Engineering Chain Tips 21Chain Drive Troubleshooting 21

Sprockets 23

Tensioners 24

Bearings 24

Selecting the Correct System or Component 24

Mechanical Drive Solutions 24

Belt Drive System 24V-Belts 24V-Belt Pulleys 26

Pulley Styles 27Pulley Designs 28

Synchronous Drive System 28Timing Belts 28HTD Belts 29Synchronous Drive Pulleys 29Belt Drive Attributes 31

Pulley Types 31Bushings 31QD Bushing Mounting Instructions 32Taper-Lock® Bushing Mounting Instructions 37Belt Drive Attributes 40

Chain Drive System Components 40

Drive Chain 40Drive Chain Selection 40Conveyor Chain Selection 42

Chain Attributes 44Sprockets 45

Belt/Chain Drive Components 46

Custom Products 47

Summary 48

For More Information 48

Glossary 50

References 52

Notes 52

Regulations and StandardsComparison Charts For Drive Types And Similar ProductsBushing Install Procedures

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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Belt Tensioning 9

Figure 2: Pulley Balancing Standards 11

Figure 3: Basic Roller Chain Components 13

Figure 4: Roller Chain Link Identification 13

Figure 5: Basic Roller Chain Structure 14

Figure 6: Roller Chain Safety Factor Chart 15

Figure 7: Chain Tension Adjustment 19

Figure 8: Sprocket Wear 23

Figure 9: Tensioner Components 24

Figure 10: Classical vs. Wedged V-Belt Cross-Section 25

Figure 11: Timing Belt Construction 29

Figure 12: Sample Pulley Types 31

Figure 13: QD Bushing Mounting 33

Figure 14: Taper-Lock Bushing Mounting 37

Figure 15: Roller Chain Quick Selection Chart 41

LIST OF EQUATIONSEq. 1: Chain Safety Factor 15

LIST OF TABLESTable 1: Standards for Bearings and Power Transmission Systems and Components 3

Table 2: Drive System Comparisons 5

Table 3: Belt Construction Styles 7

Table 4: Design Tips for V-Belts 8

Table 5: Belt Tension Force Values 10

Table 6: Comparison of Different Chain Types 12

Table 7: ANSI and ISO Chain Numbers 13

Table 8: American vs. European Chain Standards 13

Table 9: Chain Life for Various Application Considerations 15

Table 10: Chain Safety Factor 16

Table 11: Chain Recommended Lubricant Viscosity 17

Table 12: Chain Lubrication System Types 18

Table 13: Chain Drive Troubleshooting 22

Table 14: Chain Drive Troubleshooting 23

Table 15: V-Belt Styles 26

Table 16: Pulley (Sheave) Styles 27

Table 17: Pulley Designs 28

Table 18: Synchronous Belt Styles 29

Table 19: Synchronous Drive Pulleys 30

Table 20: Pulley Bushings 32

Table 21: QD Bushing Proper Torque Values 35

Table 22: QD Bushing Set Screw Torque and Axial Loads 36

Table 23: Taper-Lock Bushing Proper Torque Values 39

Table 24: Belt Drive Attributes 40

Table 25: Roller Chain Styles 42

Table 26: Chain Attributes 44

Table 27: Sprocket Styles 45

Table 28: Belt/Chain Components 46

Table 29: Recommended Documentation and Reference Manuals. 48

Table 30: Reference Manual Content Relative to This Guide. 49

LIST OF PROCEDURESChecking Belt Tension 9

Measuring Chain Wear (elongation) 20

Standard Installation of QD Bushing — Flange facing end of shaft 33

Reverse Installation of QD Bushing — Flange facing away from end of shaft 34

Removing Standard Mounted QD Bushing — Flange facing end of shaft 36

Removal of Reverse Mounted QD Bushing — Flange side at end of shaft 36

Taper-Lock Bushing Installation 38

Taper-Lock Bushing Removal 39

Using Quick Selector Chart 41



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800.253.0421 ReidSupply.com 1

Copyright©2008 Reid Supply Co. All Rights Reserved

In our continuous effort to improve our offerings and meet customer needs, simplify effort and provide solutions, Reid Supply has separated our products into 12 easy-to-identify categories:

Manual Controls - Blue

Clamps and Workholding - Red

Tooling Components - Gold

Fasteners and Hardware - Blue Green

Leveling Devices and Vibration Control - Orange

Material Handling - Purple

Bearings and Power Transmission - Blue Gray

Metalworking - Brown

Maintenance, Repair and Operations - Aqua

Pneumatics and Hydraulics - Dark Red

Structural Systems - Yellow Green

Safety - Orange Yellow

Bearings and Power Transmission is the seventh of a series of Resource Guides relative to each of 12 categories. Each Resource Guide includes detailed application information, data and references to help our customers select the best product for their intended application. To better manage content within the Bearings and Power Transmission Resource Guide, it has been divided into four parts:

Part 1: Motors

Part 2: Mechanical Drives

Part 3: Bearings

Part 4: Machine Components

Reid Supply welcomes your feedback and comments on any aspect of these Resource Guides. Please contact Customer Service at the number listed below or email us at [email protected].

The purpose of this manual is to aid customers in the proper selection of mechanical drive components in the Bearings and Power Transmission category of Reid Supply product offerings. It is not intended to be a how-to manual. However, much of the information presented is relative to the selection and proper use of the products referenced. The information included in this Resource Guide extends beyond the catalog to provide details, tables, charts and other information to further assist maintenance personnel, engineers, designers, users and others in selecting the best parts for their Bearings and Power Transmission needs.

Tables include material and usage information and allow quick comparison. Professional standards and government safety regulations improve application design and performance. Product pros and cons allow customers to compare products relative to application specifications. Links send the reader directly to related information or online catalog searches relative to the products listed.

NOTE: References used are listed at the end of this manual and referred to by number, e.g. [3], in the text. References to text books and other documentation sold by Reid Supply are also referred to by number, e.g. {5}, as listed in Table 29 at the end of this manual.

It should be noted that this Resource Guide is for reference only. The information provided is intended to assist in the selection of products sold by Reid Supply and its vendors. As Reid Supply and its vendors are not typically aware of or possess any expertise in the systems or processes for which products are to be applied, we cannot accept any responsibility or liability for the outcome thereof.

Furthermore, with new and old technologies continually expanding and changing, it is impossible to address all systems, processes and applications for which Reid Supply products are purchased. Reid Supply also has little control over materials and processes from which our products are produced.

In addition, due to the nature of some materials; colors, textures, shapes and sizes may lack consistency.

REID SUPPLY RESOURCE GUIDESREID SUPPLY RESOURCE GUIDES

PURPOSE OF THIS RESOURCE GUIDEPURPOSE OF THIS RESOURCE GUIDE

DISCLAIMERDISCLAIMER



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2 800.253.0421 ReidSupply.com Copyright©2008 Reid Supply Co. All Rights Reserved

Products sold by Reid Supply are sold with the understanding that the purchaser is thoroughly familiar with the safe and proper use and application of the product. Responsibility for the use and application of the products rests with the user. Failure of the product can occur due to misapplication, abuse, intentional alteration or improper maintenance.

Specifications for Bearings and Power Transmission products apply at the time of purchase only. Application and use, proper or improper, can change the characteristics of the Bearings and Power Transmission system and its components. The user is solely responsible for any recommended or mandatory maintenance and inspection of these products, documented or undocumented, by the vendor, professional organization, or governmental body relative to the Bearings and Power Transmission system or component purchased. Furthermore, the user shall be solely responsible for the safe operation and use of all products purchased by Reid Supply.

Improper application, use, or operation of Bearings and Power Transmission systems and components can cause damage to equipment, destruction of transported material, personal injury or death. Where applicable, statements are included in this document to stress the importance of safety as it applies to the design, application, use and/or operation of Bearings and Power Transmission systems and components.

Reid Supply reserves the right to modify, update and otherwise maintain this document and its content.

Some terms used to define products may be vendor and product specific. To avoid confusion, a glossary of product related terms has been included at the end of the manual.

As Reid Supply purchases its products from several vendors, it is sometimes difficult to sort and categorize these differences. If you find yourself confused by terminology in the catalog or this document, try shopping online using the web site listed below or contact Customer Service at the number listed below or email us at [email protected].

Where it applies, the use of the OSHA and ANSI injury triangle, black triangle with an exclamation point in the center and shown in the above warning statement, shall be used. This triangle emphasizes the potential for personal injury or death in all circumstances for which it may apply.

Most all Bearings and Power Transmission systems and components are potentially hazardous; both electrical and mechanical. Common sense, knowledge, experience, and safe operating practices should be exercised during application and use of Bearings and Power Transmission components and systems.

Safety standards are available from government, industrial, and professional standards organizations listed in Table 1. If in doubt and safety guidelines are not included with your purchase, contact Reid Customer Service and the proper documentation or other information will be provided. Seminars are also available for some products.

Many Bearings and Power Transmission products are preassembled or require some assembly prior to use. In this case, design considerations are not in designing of the products, but in designing the space where the products are to be used or applied. Prior to purchase:

Most of these products are used in the handling and transportation of goods. Review specifications to ensure they are large enough and strong enough to support the intended load.Measure to ensure there is enough room to transport and maneuver the Bearings and Power Transmission system and intended load.

As previously stated, listed product specifications apply to new and unused products. Under mechanical stress and loads, product characteristics can change, depending on the material used. Material properties can be found in this document, online or in the references listed in Table 29.

There are many government regulations and organizational standards for best practices and safety issues relative to Bearings and Power Transmission systems. There are also too many to list in this document, however, many are listed online at www.regulations.gov and at the organizations included in Table 1.

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WARNING:WARNING:

TERMINOLOGYTERMINOLOGY

SAFETYSAFETY

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSDESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

REGULATIONSREGULATIONS


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The content of many of these regulations are summarized and listed in this Resource Guide. More detailed content can be obtained online at the respective sites listed in Table 1 or in many of the references listed in Table 29.

Table 1: Standards for Bearings and Power Transmission Systems and Components

Standard1 Number1 FunctionANSI American National Standards Institute

www.ansi.org

ANSI facilitates the development of American National Standards (ANS) by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations (SDOs). These groups work cooperatively to develop voluntary national consensus standards.

B4.1 Preferred Limits and Fits for Cylindrical Parts

B4.2 Preferred Metric Limits and Fits

B15.1 Safety Standard for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus

B29.1 Precision Power Transmission Roller Chains, Attachments and Sprockets

B29.3 Double-pitch Roller Chain for Power Transmission

B29.15M Steel Roller Type Conveyor Chains, Attachments, and Sprocket Teeth

ASME

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

www.asme.org

Founded in 1880 as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, today’s ASME promotes the art, science & practice of mechanical & multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the globe.

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

www.astm.org

Formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM International is one of the largest voluntary standard development organizations in the world – a trusted source for technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. Known for their highly technical quality and market relevancy, ASTM International standards have an important role in the information infrastructure that guides design, manufacturing, and trade in the global economy.

CSA

Canadian Standards Association

www.CSA.ca

The Canadian Standards Association is a not-for-profit membership-based association serving business, industry, government and consumers in Canada and the global marketplace.

DIN

Deutsches Institut für Normung

www.DIN.de

DIN, the German Institute for Standardization, develops norms and standards as a service to industry, the state and society as a whole. A registered non-profit association, DIN has been based in Berlin since 1917.

DIN’s primary task is to work closely with its stakeholders to develop consensus-based standards that meet market requirements.

8187 Roller Chains – European Type

8188 Roller Chains – American Type

EPTDA

European Power Transmission Distributors Association

www.eptda.org

Founded in May 1998, EPTDA’s MISSION is to advance distribution and strengthen members to be successful, profitable and competitive in a changing market environment.

EPTDA is DEDICATED to providing its members with information, education and business tools required to profitably meet the needs of the industrial market place.

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

www.iso.org

ISO is the world’s largest developer and publisher of International Standards. It is a non-governmental organization network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system.

487:1998 Steel roller chains, types S and C, attachments and sprockets

606 Short-pitch transmission precision roller and bush chains, attachments and associated chain sprockets

606:2004 Short-pitch transmission precision roller and bush chains, attachments and associated chain sprockets

1275:2006 Double-pitch precision roller chains, attachments and associated chain sprockets for transmission and conveyors

3512:1992 Heavy-duty cranked-link transmission chains



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Standard1 Number1 FunctionISO

(continued)

1977:2006 Conveyor chains, attachments and sprockets

10823 Guidelines for the selection of roller chain drives

13203:2005 Chains, sprockets and accessories -- List of equivalent terms

R-1000 SI units and their use

JIS

Japanese Industrial Standards Committee

www.jisc.go.jp/eng

Japanese equivalent to ANSI.

B 1801 Short-pitch transmission precision roller chains and bush chains

B 1802 Power Transmission Sprocket

MPTA

Mechanical Power Transmission Association

www.mpta.org

The Mechanical Power Transmission Association was founded in 1933 as the Multiple V-Belt Drive and Mechanical Power Transmission Association. In 1961, the Association name was changed to Mechanical Power Transmission Association.

MPTA was one of the first organizations in the power transmission field to launch programs of standardization. All publications listed are free to download.

B1-2003 Bore and Keyway Tolerances for V-Belted Sheaves

B2C Standard Practice Sheave/Pulley Balancing

B7i-2007 Calculation of V-Belt Tensions And Shaft Loads

C1C-2008 Elastomeric Coupling Glossary of Terms

C2C Elastomeric Coupling Alignment Primer

C4C Elastomeric Coupling Primer

NIST

National Institute of Standards and Technology

www.NIST.gov

Founded in 1901, NIST is a non-regulatory federal agency within the U.S. Department of Commerce. NIST’s mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.

OSHA

Occupational Safety & Health Administration

www.OSHA.gov

Most government safety regulations are set by OSHA. Searching for the keyword “Bearings” produces 94 publications, while “Power Transmission” produces over 800 publications on the OSHA web site. Publications include definitions, directives, standards and regulations, articles and more.

1910.219 Machinery and Machine Guarding: mechanical power-transmission apparatus.

1910.307 Tools - Hand and Power: mechanical power-transmission apparatus.

RMA

Rubber Manufacturers Association

www.RMA.org

RMA is the national trade association for the elastomer products industry. Its members include companies that manufacture various elastomer products, including tires, hoses, belts, seals, molded & extruded goods, and other finished elastomer products.

IP-20 Classical Multiple V-Belts (A,B,C, D, and E Cross Sections)

IP-22 Narrow V-Belts and Sheaves (Joint RMA/MPTA)

IP-23 Single V-Belts (2L, 3L, 4L, and 5L Cross Sections)

IP-25 Variable Speed V-Belts (12 Cross Sections)

IP-26 V-Ribbed Belts (H, J, K, L, and M Cross Sections)

IP-27 Specifications for drive using using curvilinear toothed synchronous belts

NOTES: 1 Reid Supply does not design, fabricate or manufacture any of its products. The professional, safety and standard organizations, plus related documentation, listed are for reference only and may not be complete or up-to-date. The vendor, customer, purchaser and user is responsible for obtaining, understanding and applying any standards, safety or otherwise, relative to the application and use of all Reid Supply products.

Of course, safety is a high priority for any application; especially when human interface is required or machines and equipment operate in the presents of humans. Bearings and Power Transmission components deal with different safety concerns: electrical, mechanical and sound respectively. Systems powered by electric motors must comply with NEMA, NEC, IEC, IEEE, OSHA and other standards specifying safe design and operating specifications.

SAFETYSAFETY


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Noise reduction is very important in hospital, office, manufacturing and other environments where people are present. Motors, bearings and other mechanical systems can generate noise levels far above harmful levels to humans. More information on acceptable noise level can be found in documents listed in Table 1.

Loud sound levels can cause physical damage to the human ear. It has been proven that extreme noise decibels can cause hearing loss. An up to 6 dB increase in the A-weighted noise level can be present in motors with a sinusoidal power source and non-PWM (Pulse Wave Modulation) controls. While motors operated with PWM controls can produce an increase in noise levels from 5 dB to 15 dB at rated frequencies. Other frequencies can produce noise levels even higher.

Mechanical noise generation can also be experienced relative to motor speed (“cogging”):Mechanical couplings may be misaligned to the point that vibrations occur and noise is present.Improperly balanced or mounted components on rotating shafts.Vibration resonating between connected components.

For information on managing and controlling sound levels and vibration, refer to the Leveling and Vibration Control Resource Guide.

There are many ways to produce motion, both linear and rotary. Manufacturing and governmental organizations have developed standards which simplify design, repair and service of mechanical drive systems. These standards also address safety issues and are listed in Table 1.

This section addresses some of these standards; however, the required engineering, understanding and calculations required to properly design a mechanical drive system is beyond the scope of this document. Only information required for replacing components is included for most components of Bearings and Power Transmission.

Mechanical Drives include these primary components:Motor A device that generates mechanical power in the form of rotary motion. In most cases, an electric

motor is used, but gas powered motors are also common.

Belt or Chain A means of connecting system components and transporting the mechanical energy from the Rotary Power generator to other components in the system.

Drive Pulley The pulley directly connected to Rotary Power and used to mechanically drive the system.

Idler Pulley Free spinning pulley used to redirect a belt or chain and/or provide tension to take up slack and reduce vibration, harmonics and mechanical shock.

Table 2: Drive System Comparisons

Drive System Characteristic1 Direct Coupling Gear Flat Belt V-Belt Synchronous

Belt2 Roller-Chain

Absorb shock In Coupling None In Belt In Belt Low, in Belt Only in chain slack

Attachments None None None None NoneYes

Dogs, trip levers, link plates, etc.

Backlash In coupling if rubber Between gears

In belt stretch and tension or

gears

In belt stretch and tension

In belt stretch and tension

In chain stretch, tension and

wear

Design flexibility

None(linear) Very Low Medium-low Low Medium High

Distance between

components

None(share

centerline)

Sum of gear radii

Short(guards may be

required)

Short(guards may be

required)

Short to Medium(guards may be

required)

Medium to Long(guards may be

required)

Efficiency50%

improvement over belt drives

90%(when properly

tensioned)

93% to 95%(when properly

tensioned)98% to 99% 98% to 99%

•••

Acceptable Noise LevelsAcceptable Noise Levels

MECHANICAL DRIVE SYSTEMSMECHANICAL DRIVE SYSTEMS



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Belt2 Roller-Chain

Environment Avoid water, dust

Avoid water, dust

Avoid heat, oil, water, dust



Avoid water, dust

Lateral bearing pressure

Depends on alignment Low High

(heavy tension)High

(heavy tension)Medium

(some tension)Low

(light tension)

Length N/A Limited Limited Limited Limited Unlimited

Life expectancy

Depends on coupling

20,000 to 25,000 hrs 45,000 hrs

15,000 hrs100 to 300 hrs without lubrication

Lubrication Bearings Only Bearings and gears Bearings only Bearings only Bearings only Bearings and

chain

MaintenanceNone

(unless damaged)

Low Medium LowNone

(unless damaged)

High

Misalignment tolerance Very Low Depends on

gear Low High(decreases life) None None

Noise Level None High Quiet Quiet Low High

Pulley diameter N/A Small Small to Large

Medium to Large (small with notches)

Medium to Large(must have

cogs)

Medium to Large(must have

cogs)

Slippage3

None(coupling can break when overloaded)

None(use shear

pins to protect components)

When overloaded

When overloaded

Jumping is possible when overloaded or

loose

None (can break if overloaded)

Speed Can exceed 9,000 ft/min

2,000 to 3,000 ft/min

500 RPM or greater

More than twice that of chain drive without

loss in efficiency

Low to Mid speed drives

(typically 600 to 800 ft/min)

(6,000 ft/min,inversely

proportional with pitch)

Stretch4 N/A N/AYes

(require periodic retensioning)

Yes(require periodic

retensioning)

Yes(no retensioning required due to

low tension)

3%(require frequent

retensioning)

Required tension N/A N/A

High(relies on friction

for grip)

Medium(relies on friction

and sheave angle for grip)

Low(only to take up

slack)

Low(only to take up

slack)

Temperature range

Depends on material

2000°F (1093°C)(depends on

material)

-40°F to 130°F-40°C to 55°C(depends on

material)


material)


material)

2000°F (1093°C)(depends on

material)

Torque transmission Great Great Good

Good (the use of multiple or

ribbed belts increases capability)

Better(uses notch/cog

connection)

Best(less likely to

jump positions, even if loose)


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Belt2 Roller-Chain

Wear5Low

(depends on lubrication)

Low (depends on

lubrication and hardness)

Due to slippage or misalignment

Due to slippage or misalignment

None(can be caused

by misalignment)

Metal-to-metal(chain and sprockets)

NOTES: 1 Excludes motor or other rotary power source. Data assumes proper design, installation, alignment, maintenance, etc.

2 Includes timing belt drive systems.

3 For belts, this can be an advantage to protect other equipment from load serges. Chain drives can use shear-pins in sprockets to protect chain and equipment.

4 Stretch of a 100 section for the expected life (values depending on OEM and materials used): CHAIN = 3 (3%) or 1.5 of center distance take up, V-BELT = 1.5 to 2.5 of center distance, SYNCHRONOUS BELT = 0.04 of center distance.

5 Belt drives experience mostly belt wear and are due to slippage and/or misalignment. Belts outlast chain 3 to 1. Chain and sprockets wear simultaneously. Sprockets should be replaced along with chain.

Belt drive systems are the most common means of rotational power transmission. This section includes some basic information relative to belt drive system design, maintenance, and replacement.

V-shaped belts proved to be an improvement over flat belts that would walk on a pulley due to mechanical misalignment. The V-shape allowed belts to be more narrow and self-correct due to misalignments in mechanical couplings. Several standards apply to V-belts as listed in Table 1. This section describes V-belt nomenclature and assist with application choices.

V-belts can be grouped into four construction styles as shown in Table 3. These construction styles determine how the belts will perform in a drive system.

Table 3: Belt Construction Styles

Construction1 IDs2 Description

Classical

Heavy-Duty V-Belt A, B, C ,D, E

FHP 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L

Standard V-shaped cross-section.Compensates for mechanical misalignments.Made with oil and heat resistant materials.Usually includes Wrapped construction.Thinner than Wedged construction and not as strong.

••••

Wedged

Heavy-Duty Narrow 3V, 5V, 8V

Same width as Classical, but thicker.Improved compensation for mechanical misalignment.More strength for higher horsepower and torque applications.Can be used in matched set.

••

•

Wrapped

Heavy-Duty V-Belt A, B, C ,D, E

FHP 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L

Belt construction includes protective wrap around belt.Better resistance to abrasive environment.Improved wear qualities.

••

Edge Cut & Notched

Notched V-Belt AX, BX, CX 3VX, 5VX

Synchronous 3M, 5M, 8M, 14M

Edge trimmed with no wrap on outside. Inside edge is notched as shown in the illustration to the left.

Able to function at tighter radii on smaller pulleys..Works well in smaller space.

••

NOTE: 1 More than one construction type can be applied to a belt. 2 V-Belt nomenclature is defined in the section on V-Belts. Dimensions relative to IDs can be found in

Table 15.

BELTSBELTS

V-BeltsV-Belts



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Table 4 includes some tips for selecting the correct belt for an application based on the information included in Table 3.

Table 4: Design Tips for V-Belts

Scenario Description SolutionAbrasive Environment

Drive system is exposed to abrasive dust and debris.

A wrapped belt can take more abuse and maintain strength.

High Torque or Horsepower

The mechanics of the drive system calls for higher torque and/or more horsepower.

Use matched set belts. Fewer wedge belts are required than classic belts.

Space Limitations

A compact design is preferred or enclosure is small.

Use small pulleys and notched belts, which are more flexible.

Synchronous belts, or timing belts, are updated versions of the flat belt that are notched on the inside. The standard notch dimensions match with cogs on synchronous (timing) pulleys and sprockets to produce a belt driven system that will not slip. Synchronous belts are used in applications similar to chain driven systems, but have less weight.

Similar to chain, the no-slip feature of synchronous belts can be used to maintain a timed relationship between rotating components; thus the term “Timing Belt”. Some synchronous belts have cogs on both sides that allow synchronous operation from either side.

Belt tensioning adjustment can be made using a tension meter or other type of spring scale as shown in Figure 1. Improper tensioning can reduce power transmission performance levels.

To much tension can generate lateral forces in the drive system resulting in a shortened life for belts, bearings, and other components. Synchronous belts do not rely on tension for grip and require less tensioning force than V-belts, however a loose belt can allow the drive to “Jump teeth” at startup. Tight synchronous belts tend to make more noise. Too little tension can:

Allow slipping for a V-belt; causing excessive sheave and belt wear.Cause belt to sag; which can result in a snapped belt during startup or during peak loads.

To measure belt tension, refer to Figure 1, the below procedure, and Table 5.

•

•

••

−−

Synchronous BeltsSynchronous Belts

Belt TensioningBelt Tensioning


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Figure 1: Belt Tensioning

Force

Checking Belt TensionStep Action/Results Supporting Information

1. Stop the drive.

2. Using a tension meter, measure the force necessary to depress belt at center, 1/64 for every inch of belt span (t). See above figure.

If a multi-belt system is used, measure the middle belt. For synchronous belts wider than two inches, apply tester pressure on a 3/4 metal or wooden strip, laying across the belt to prevent distortion while measuring.

Example: For a 30 belt span, measure the force at a deflection of 30/64 or 15/32 .

3. Compare force measured with the values in Table 5.

Table 5 includes acceptable tension force for various belt classes and pulley diameters.

4. If belt tension is not correct, adjust according to OEM instructions and return to Step 2.

Various methods are used to adjust belt tension.

End of procedure



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Table 5: Belt Tension Force Values

Standard V-Belt Tensioning Deflection Force

Belt Cross

Section

Smaller Pulley

Diameter Range (in.)

Deflection Force1

Run-in (lbs.)

Normal (lbs.)

A3.0-3.6 3.8-4.8 5.0-7.0

2-1/4 2-7/8 3-3/8

3-3/8 4-1/4 5-1/8

AX3.0-3.6 3.8-4.8 5.0-7.0

4-1/8 5 6

2-3/4 3-1/4

4

B3.4-4.2 4.4-5.2 5.4-9.4

4 6

7-1/8

2-5/8 4

5-1/4

BX3.4-4.2 4.4-5.2 5.4-9.4

5-1/4 7-1/8

9

3-1/2 4-3/4

6

C 7.0-9.0 9.5-16.0

11-1/4 15-3/4

7-1/2 10-1/2

CX 7.0-9.0 9.5-16.0

13-1/2 17-1/2

9 11-3/4

D 12.0-16.0 18.0-22.0

24-1/2 33

16-1/2 22

E 21.6-27.0 48 32

3V 3.40-4.20 4.20-10.6

6 7

4 5

3VX 2.20-3.65 4.12-10.6

7 8

5 6

5V 7.10-10.9 11.8-16.0

16 20

8-12 10-15

5VX 4.40-10.9 11.8-16.0

18 22

10-14 12-18

8V 12.5-17.0 18.0-22.4

36 40

18-27 20-30

NOTE: The deflections forces specified in these tables are adequate for most applications. Actual tension required depends on peak loads, system rigidity, number of teeth in mesh, etc.

Synchronous Belt Tensioning Deflection Force

Belt Pitch Belt Width Deflection Force1

Synchronous 8MM

(14mm)

20mm 30mm 50mm 85mm

2 to 4 lbs 3 to 6 lbs 7 to 11 lbs 11 to 19 lbs

Synchronous 14MM

(14mm)

40mm 55mm 85mm 115mm 170mm

5 to 11 lbs 8 to 17 lbs 14 to 27 lbs 20 to 40 lbs 30 to 60 lbs

MXL (.080-in.)

1/8-inch 3/16-inch 1/4-inch 5/16-inch

1 oz 1 - 1-1/2 oz

2 oz 2 - 2-1/2 oz

XL (1/5-in.)

1/4-inch 5/16-inch 3/8-inch

2-1/2 oz 3 oz

3-1/2 oz

L (3/8-in.)

1/2-inch 3/4-inch 1-inch

7 oz 11 oz 1 lb

H (1/2-in.)

3/4-inch 1-inch

1-1/2-inch 2-inch 3-inch

2 lbs 2-1/2 lbs

4 lbs 5-1/2 lbs 8-1/2 lbs

XH (7/8-in.)

2-inch 3-inch 4-inch

7-1/2 lbs 11-1/2 lbs 16-1/2 lbs

XXH (1-1/4-in.)

2-inch 3-inch 4-inch 5-inch

9 lbs 14 lbs 20 lbs 26 lbs

V-Ribbed Belt Tensioning Deflection Force

Belt Cross Section

Small Sheave Diameter range

Force1 “F” Lbs. Per Rib

J 1.32-1.67 0.4

J 1.77-2.20 0.5

J 2.36-2.95 0.6

L 2.95-3.74 1.7

L 3.94-4.92 2.1

L 5.20-6.69 2.5

M 7.09-8.82 6.4

M 9.29-11.81 7.7

M 12.40-15.75 8.8

Improper storage and handling of belts can change the characteristics of belt material plus degrade performance and belt life. Consider the following:

Keep belts off floors unless properly packaged and protected.Prolonged exposure to sunlight and heat can break down the chemical makeup of rubber and other materials.

1.2.

Storing and Handling BeltsStoring and Handling Belts


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Although resistant properties exist, prolonged or repeated exposure to moisture can degrade rubber and other materials.Ozone can attack rubber and produce cracks. Ozone generators include transformers, motors, electrical panels, etc.An atmosphere of chemicals and solvents can react with the rubber and other belt materials to reduce performance and belt life.When hanging belts on pegs, larger pegs or crescent shaped saddles are better to prevent distortion due to belt weight.Wide belts, up to 120 inches, are nested for shipment and storage. It is best to separate only as needed. Belts greater than 120 inches can be rolled. In either case, small radii should be avoided.

A pulley is used to transmit torque and motion. The edge of a pulley is typically shaped to carry and contain the rope, cable, belt or other component that is being partially wrapped around it. A pulley with a grooved edge is commonly referred to as a sheave. Pulley quality, or precision, is directly related to speed. Balanced pulleys with precision bearings will run smoothly at high speeds. Running low quality pulleys at high speeds will generate noise and vibration; resulting in decreased life and performance for all components in the drive system.

Figure 2 shows maximum RPM for gray cast iron, standard statically balanced pulleys of a given diameter and face width. To exceed this speed limit, dynamic balancing is required.

Figure 2: Pulley Balancing Standards

Conventional Belt Sheaves, # of grooves

2

2

2

2

21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30

5 10 15 20

2015105

5 10 15 20

5 10 15 20D

C

B

A

BELTSECT.

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

15

20

25

30

40

50

60

3V

5V

8V

2

2

2

5

5

5

10

10

10

15

15

15

19

19

19

400

500

600

700

800

900

100011001200130014001500

1750

200022002400260028003000

3500

4000

45005000

6000

7000

8000

RPM (REVOLUTIO

NS PER MIN

UTE)

NORMAL FACE WIDTH IN INCHES

DIA

MET

ERS

IN IN

CHES

NARROW V -BEL T SHEA VES, # OF GROOVES

CONVENTIONAL BELT SHEAVES, # OF GROOVES

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

PULLEYSPULLEYS

BalancingBalancing



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There are two basic types of chain offered by Reid Supply, drive and conveyor, although other types (leaf, lift, engineering, etc.) can be purchased by special request. Because many machines are imported from manufactured Europe and other countries, there may be some confusion between Conveyor and Engineering chains.

CHAINS CAN BE DANGEROUS, especially when moving at high speed. Chains can break due to excessive wear, damaged components, obstruction or other unexpected operating conditions. Serious personal injury can be caused by flying parts and components from a breaking chain or personal contact with moving chain. Flying chain parts and components can also cause equipment damage. To avoid these potential instances, proper guarding should always be in place during operation.

Proper guard, breaking, and/or restraining systems must be employed for chains carrying loads that may be uncontrollably released should a chain, or other system component, break.

Table 6: Comparison of Different Chain Types

Property Drive Chain Conveyor Chain Engineering ChainLifting Chain

Leaf Bush/Roller

Image

Function Transfer Power Transport Goods Lift or Transport Goods Load Balancing

Application

Used in thousands of applications to transmit power from one mechanical system to another.

Typically include special attachments for transporting objects from one location to another.

Conveyor or Lifting The most common use for lift chain is for lift trucks.

Attachments For synchronous devices Standard or Custom Standard or Custom None

DesignPrecision made with roller bearings.

Precision made with roller bearings.

Are not always precision made, but usually custom designed.

Interleaved plates sharing a common pin.

Roller bearing

Direction Change Sprocket Sprocket Sprocket Flat Pulley Sprocket

LoadLight to Medium-duty

(can use multiple-strand chain to increase strength)

Light to Medium-duty Heavy-duty (can use multiple-strand

chain to increase strength)

Heavy-duty Medium-duty

Pitch Standard Standard, but more commonly double

2 to 18 inches

PlatesStandard

Typically figure eight design

Standard

Typically straight design

Thick

Typically straight design

Standard Standard Typically figure

eight design

Speed Low to High Low to Medium Low Low

Style Roller Bearing Roller Bearing Roller Bearing

Wear

Depends on environment and lubrication

Depends on environment and lubrication

Depends on environment and lubrication, however, is less wear resistant than precision chain.

Depends on environment and lubrication, however, is less wear resistant than precision chain.

Determining the proper chain type for an application can be confusing because many times the application defines the type of chain. For instance, referring to Table 6, three of the four types listed have roller bearing design, which makes them roller chain. If the same roller chain is used in a drive application, it is labeled “Drive Chain”. Applying the chain to a conveyor system, even with attachments, makes it a conveyor chain. Either can be single or double pitch.

CHAINSCHAINS

WARNING:WARNING:


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In some cases, chain drives are being replaced with synchronous drive systems, but not all. As can be seen in Table 2, chain drives are the best choice for high temperature, high horsepower, and high speeds.

ANSI standards list 14 sizes of chain listed in Table 7. Use this table as a cross reference between ANSI and ISO chain sizes. Some manufactures offer chain sizes larger or smaller than those included in the table.

Table 7: ANSI and ISO Chain Numbers

Chain NumberANSI1,3 25-1 35-1 41-1 40-1 50-1 60-1 80-1 100-1 120-1 140-1 160-1 180-1 200-1 240-1

ISO2,3 04C-1 06C-1 085 08A-1 10A-1 12A-1 16A-1 20A-1 24A-1 28A-1 32A-1 — 40A-1 48A-1

NOTE: 1 The left number identifies the chain pitch as follows: #140 chain has a pitch of 14/8 = 1.75 inch pitch, or 14 x 3.175 = 44.45 mm pitch. ANSI numbers ending in 5 are Bush chains, without rollers. #41 is a narrower variation of #40. The suffix identifies the number of strands, e.g. 40-2 would be a 1/4 inch pitch, duplex chain. Chain types can be Single, Double, or Triple Strand; and Multiple-Strands of 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10).

2 The first two digits are the chain pitch size in 1/16’s of an inch; for instance, 08 = 8/16 = 1/2 inch pitch. The letter B indicates European Standard. The final digit identifies the number of strands.

3 Some manufacturers will add a prefix or postscript to the ANSI number for further identification.

Table 8: American vs. European Chain Standards

Specification ANSI ISOPitch Pitch sizes in 1/8 of an inch. Pitch sizes in 1/16 of an inch.

Pitch size Pitch sizes range from 1/4 to 3 inches. Pitch sizes can range from 4 to 114.3 mm (0.158 to 4.5 inches).

Other differences

Heavy duty options are further identified with thicker plates (H) and/or through hardened pins (V): 140-2HV duples or 80H simplex.

Larger pin diameter for increased wear resistance, except for 5/8 inch pitch.

Figure 3: Basic Roller Chain Components

Figure 4: Roller Chain Link Identification

Color Code

• Inner and outer plate

• Bearing pin

• Bushing

• Bushing, minus pin

• Roller

Drive Chain BasicsDrive Chain Basics



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A minimum of three measurements are needed to identify a chain: (a) Pitch, (b) Width between inner plates, and (c) Roller diameter. Chain dimensions are available in the Reid Supply Catalog in print or online.

Figure 5: Basic Roller Chain Structure

A: Single Strand

B: Duplex and Triple Strand

Where: A = Pitch1

B = Width between inner plates1

C = Roller diameter1

D = Plate height E & F = Plate thickness

G = Pin diameterH = Overall widthJ = Pin extrusionK = Distance between strand centersNOTE: 1) Minimum dimensions to identify

chain.

A new chain should always be stored in its box and/or bag until installation. New chain is lubricated at the factory, but this lubrication will not stand up to outdoor conditions, particularly in a saltwater atmosphere. Unprotected, lubricated chains will become contaminated with grit and other materials that will harm the chain and tend to clog strainers, filters, and oil lines. A roller chain is a precision-made series of bearings that will perform best if handled and stored in correct conditions.

Like link chain, one of the specifications of roller, conveyor, and other chain types is Breaking Load or Tensile Strength (T). The Tensile Strength for each chain is listed in the Reid Supply catalog. To obtain a design working load, it is necessary to apply a “FACTOR OF SAFETY” to the breaking load. However, before considering this, the following points should be noted [4]:

Most chain side plates are manufactured from low- to medium-carbon steel and are sized to ensure they have adequate strength and ductility to resist shock loading.These steels have yield strengths of approximately 65 percent of their ultimate tensile strength. This means that if chains are subjected to loads greater than this, depending upon the material used in the side plates, then permanent pitch extension will occur.Most applications are subjected to intermittent dynamic loads well in excess of the maximum static load and usually greater than the designer’s estimate.Motors, for example, are capable of up to 200 percent full load torque output for a short period. As a result, chain confidently selected with a factor of safety of 8:1 on breaking load is, in effect, operating with a factor of safety of around 5:1 on yield and much less than this, when the instantaneous overload on the drive is considered.

•

•

•

•

Handling ChainHandling Chain

Chain StrengthChain Strength


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Figure 6: Roller Chain Safety Factor Chart

Axi

al b

reak

ing

forc

e/m

ax w

orki

ng lo

ad

Safety Factors

12

10

9

8

7

6

54321

Harsh Environments

Passenger Lifts

High-Cycle Lifting

Low-Cycle Lifting

Not Normally Used

Safe

ty C

ritic

al

Transmission

11

In a properly maintained application, normal service life is expected to be 8,000,000 cycles or 15,000 hours, whichever comes first. Wear will be the usual mode of failure. In applications where low factors of safety are required, the service life will be reduced accordingly [4].

Table 9: Chain Life for Various Application Considerations

Factor of Safety Maximum Cycles

(rough indication)Type of Application

Single-Strand Multi-Strand

5.0 6.0 1,000,000Dynamic load does not exceed working load

6.0 7.2 2,000,000

8.0 8.0 8,000,000 Dynamic loads can occasionally exceed working load by 20%

10.0 10.0 8,000,000 All passenger lifts

It should be noted that at factors below 8:1, bearing pressures increase above the maximum recommended [4]. As a result, increased wear will arise unless special attention is taken with lubrication, i.e.:

More frequent lubricationHigher-performance lubricantsBetter methods of applying lubrication

For factors of 5:1, the resulting bearing pressure is 50 percent higher than recommended. Chain working under these conditions will wear prematurely, despite the type of lubrication regime used.

The Safety Factor (S) value is used as a reference for determining the best Working Load (LW) for an application. The chain manufacturer determines the Tensile Strength (T) under ideal conditions. Working Load and chain life changes with cleanliness, temperature, and periodicity of lubrication. A application’s Working Load (LW) is estimated by applying a Safety Factor (S) to the Tensile Strength (T) using equation Eq. 1 and Table 10.

Eq. 1: Chain Safety Factor

STLW

Where: LW = Working Load T = Minimum Tensile Strength or Breaking Limit listed in the Reid Supply catalog S = Safety Factor - As a general rule, a value of 8 can be applied to most appli-

cations. For a more accurate value based on cleanliness, temperature, and lubrication, refer to Table 10.

•••

IMPORTANT:IMPORTANT:



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For harsh environments, where there is anything other than a clean and well-lubricated environment, the factor of safety should be adjusted, if some detriment to the working life of the chain is to be avoided. Low temperatures will also decrease working life, especially if shock loads are involved.

The following tables [4] give a general guide to the appropriate safety factors of different applications for a target life of 8,000,000 cycles.

Table 10: Chain Safety Factor

A: Safety Factor Based on Cleanliness and Lubrication

LubricationCleanliness

Clean Moderately Clean Dirty Abrasive

Regular 8 10 12 14

Occasional 10 12 14 16

None 12 14 16 18

B: Safety Factor Based on Temperature and Lubrication

LubricationOperating Temperature

-22 - 302°F(-30 - 150°C)

302 - 392°F(150 - 200°C)

392 - 572°F(200 - 300°C)

Regular 8 10 12

Occasional 10 12 14

None 12 14 16

C: Safety Factor Based on Temperature and Load

Operating Temperature Load Regime°F °C Smooth Moderate Shocks Heavy Shocks

+50 to 300 10 to 149 8 11 15

32 to 50 0 to 50 10 15 19

-5 to 32 -20.6 to 0 12 20 25

-40 to -5 -40 to -20.6 15 25 33

Normally the OEM will calculate and apply a Working Load (LW, Eq. 1) for their design. However, conditions may change where an End User will have to recalculate LW for replacement or repair purposes.

According to chain industry estimates, roller chain drives, operating without lubrication, wear approximately 300 times faster than comparable drives that are properly lubricated. And yet, roller chain manufacturers estimate that 90 to 95% of all installed drives are either improperly lubricated, or not lubricated at all. Determining the type of lubrication method needed is a major design consideration with cost implications of its own. An oil retaining chain housing, for example, can represent up to 75% of total chain drive system cost. In addition to lubrication, proper sprocket alignment and chain tensioning are critical to increasing roller chain life.

Chain and sprockets should be kept free of dust, dirt, debris and moisture. For best performance and chain life, lubrication should be added periodically such that the chain is always oiled and not allowed to run dry. The lubricant should be a good quality, non-detergent petroleum-based oil that will penetrate and enter the bearing surfaces. Refer to Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Chain LubricationChain Lubrication


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Table 11: Chain Recommended Lubricant Viscosity

Ambient Temperature Lubricant Rating°F (°C) SAE BS4231

23 - 41 (-5 - +5) 20 46 to 68

41 - 104 (5 - 40) 30 100

104 - 122 (40 - 50) 40 150 to 220

122 - 140 (50 - 60) 50 320

As with any mechanical device in motion, chain design and lubrication reduces friction, wear, and (in some cases) removes heat. Heavy oils and greases are generally too stiff to coat bearing surfaces and should not be used. Greases are not good for removing the heat generated in high speed drives. If grease must be used [4]:

Limit chain speed to approximately 13 ft/sec (4 m/sec).Although grease can coat outside surfaces, it will not work into and coat bearing surfaces unless heated enough to make fluid. The chain must be allowed to soak in the heated grease long enough for the removal of air and proper penetration. This type of lubrication system requires cleaning and regreasing at regular intervals, depending on the application power and speed.

High chain and chain case temperatures must be avoided during chain operation. As stated previously, heat is removed through the lubrication system. This requirement depends on any number of conditions, including: the severity of the drive service, duration and speed of operation, etc. It should be noted that specified OEM operating temperatures typically reflect ideal conditions with recommended and functioning lubrication systems.

Chain temperatures above 212°F (100°C) should be avoided, if possible, due to lubricant limitations, see lubricant specifications. The chain, however, can operate at temperatures up to approximately 482°F (250°C) in some circumstances. Depending on the method of lubrication, cooling can be made more effective by increasing oil volume and lubrication frequency (up to 1.2 gallons per minute or 4.5 liters per minute per chain strand) and incorporate a method of external cooling for the oil. Also:

For applications where abnormal ambient temperatures up to 482°F (250°C) exist, a dry lubricant, such as colloidal graphite or MoS2 in white spirit or poly-alkaline glycol carriers, are most suitable.For low temperatures between -40°F and 23°F (-40°C and -5°C), special low temperature lubricants are required as recommended by lubricant suppliers. Contact Reid Supply Customer Service for more information.

Although drive chain and conveyor chain have different application and design considerations, the recommended lubricant, Table 11, and methods of lubrication are the same. There are four basic types of lubrication systems [4], as indicated in Table 12. The method used depends on chain speed and power transmitted. For each method, the criteria is the same:

Chain is kept wet with oil.Allow penetration of clean lubricant into all chain joints.Directs the oil into the clearances between the inner and outer linkplates, preferably at the point where the chain enters the sprocket on the bottom strand.Control heat by minimizing friction, especially in high speed applications.

••

•

•

•••

•

Operating TemperaturesOperating Temperatures

Methods of LubricationMethods of Lubrication



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Table 12: Chain Lubrication System Types

Type 1Manual Lubrication

Type 2Drip Lubrication

Type 3Bath or Disc Lubrication

Type 4Stream Lubricant

RENOLD

Oil is applied manually with a brush, oil can, or other applicator every eight hours of operation.An aerosol spray can be used under some conditions:

Must be approved type for the application.Must penetrate into pin/bushing/roller clearances.Resists dripping or draining when chain is stopped.Resists centrifugal “flinging” when chain is moving.

•

•

−

−

−

−

Oil automatically drips between linkplate edges.Volume and frequency should allow penetration into moving joints.Provides minimal cooling during operation.

•

•

•

Oil bath only:The lower strand of chain runs through a sump of oil in the drive housing.Oil level covers the chain at its lowest point during operation.

Slinger disk:Oil bath is used for disk only. A disk picks up oil from sump and flings the oil toward the chain at top of sprocket.Deflector plates direct slung oil onto chain above oil bath.Peripheral speeds should be between 590 and 7,350 ft/min (180 and 2240 m/min).

Both methods help cool chain during operation.

•−

−

•−

−

−

•

Provides a continuous supply of oil from a circulating pump or central lubricating system onto chain.Drops are aligned to fall directly onto chain edges.Spray pipe is positioned so that the oil is delivered onto chain just before it engages with drive sprocket. This ensures oil is centrifuged onto chain and cushions roller impact on sprocket teeth.Best method for cooling and impact dampening of chain during high speed operation.

•

•

•

•

All chain drives will require periodic repair and replacement of components. This includes chain and sprockets. Other components are discussed elsewhere in this Resource Guide or other relative Resource Guides.

The following precautions must be applied before disassembly or removal of chain drive systems:Always isolate the power source from the drive or equipment.Always wear safety glasses.Always wear appropriate protective clothing, hats, gloves and safety shoes as warranted by the circumstances.Always ensure tools are in good working condition and used in the proper manner.Always loosen tensioning devices.Always support the chain to avoid sudden unexpected movement of chain or components.Never attempt to disconnect or reconnect a chain unless the chain construction is fully understood.Always ensure that directions for the correct use of any tools are followed.Never reuse individual components.Never reuse a damaged chain or chain part.On light duty drives where a spring clip is used, always ensure that the clip is fitted correctly with the closed end pointing in the direction of travel.

Chain repair, as a rule, should not be necessary. A correctly selected and maintained chain should gradually wear out over a period of time (approximately 15,000 hours), but it should not fail. The amount of chain wear is directly related to the amount of elongation over time. Elongation and wear is generally

1.2.3.

4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.

Repair and ReplacementRepair and Replacement

CAUTION:CAUTION:

ChainChain


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distributed equally throughout the length of the chain. Refer to the section on Measuring Chain Wear for details.

If a drive chain sustains damage due to an overload, jam-up, or by riding over the sprocket teeth, it should be carefully removed from the drive and given a thorough visual examination. Remove the lubricating grease and oil to make the job easier.

Depending on the damage, it may be practical to effect temporary repairs using replacement links. It is not, however, a guarantee that the chain has not been overstressed and so made vulnerable to a future failure. The best policy, therefore, is to remove the source of trouble and fit a new chain. This should be done for the following reasons.

The cost of downtime to the system or machine can often outweigh the cost of replacing the chain.A new or used portion of chain or joints assembled into the failed chain will cause whipping and load pulsation. This will likely produce rapid failure of the chain and will accelerate wear in both the chain and its sprockets.

If a chain has failed two or more times, it is certain the chain will, in time, fail again. If no replacement is immediately available, repair the chain, but replace it at the earliest opportunity.

To obtain full chain life, some form of chain adjustment must be provided, preferably by moving one of the shafts. If shaft movement is not possible, an adjustable tensioner with an idler sprocket engaging with the unloaded strand of the chain is recommended. Generally the idler should have the same number of teeth as the driver sprocket and care should be taken to ensure the speed does not exceed the maximum shown in the Quick Selector Chart (see Figure 15).

The chain should be adjusted regularly so that, with one strand tight, the slack strand can be moved a distance “A” at the midpoint (see diagram below). To cater for any eccentricities of mounting, the adjustment of the chain should be tried through a complete revolution of the large sprocket.

Figure 7: Chain Tension Adjustment

C

A

Connecting links:Always come with have outer plates. Should always be used to connect two inner plate links together.

Slip-fit connecting links should not be used where high speed or arduous conditions are encountered. In these, or equivalent circumstances where safety is essential, a press-fit connecting link must be used.

Design Slip-Fit Press-Fit

Sample

Assembly

Connecting link with a slip-fit outer plate:Plate must be pushed down on the pins to permit insertion of the fastener.Always ensure that the closed end of the spring clip is in the direction of rotation.

•

•

Drive the outer plate down far enough on the pins to allow insertion of the two split pins, but not so far as to create a tight joint.

1.2.

••

Chain AdjustmentChain Adjustment

Assembling Connecting LinksAssembling Connecting Links

CAUTION:CAUTION:



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A properly assembled connecting link accomplishes three important things:Clearances between link plates allow lubricant to get to bearing surfaces. If compressed too tight, joint motion is restricted and lubricant cannot penetrate bearing channels.Ensures a smooth gearing action with a minimum of whipping.Decreases any tendency of spring clip to fall off during operation.

A direct measure of chain wear is the extension in excess of the nominal length of the chain. Chain wear can therefore be ascertained by length measurement in line with the instructions given below.

Measuring Chain Wear (elongation)Step Action / Results Supporting Information

1. To determine the required tension to be applied during measurement, use the ANSI and ISO standards for measuring chain length. This is typically 1% of Breaking Load rounded up to the nearest whole number. The tension should range from 18 lbs (80 N) for 25, 35 and 41 chain; to 1000 lbs (4450 N) for 240 chain.

Record results for use in later steps.

This value will be used to determine:Tension to be applied for proper measurement.Size of scale (A-horizontal) or weight (B-vertical) to be used while measuring chain length.

In the case of double-pitch chains (i.e., chains having the same breaking load and twice the pitch), apply measuring loads as for the equivalent short-pitch chains.

••

2. Remove chain from application. After removing the connecting, or master, link; the chain should terminate at both ends with an inner link.

3. Lay chain stretched out on a flat surface.

Hang chain vertically from an anchor point.

A.

B.

When specified, use either method A (horizontal) or method B (vertical).

Area must be long enough to allow chain to stretch full length.

For B, the chain can be suspended from the forks of a fork truck. See support information for step 4.

4. Anchor one end of chain.

Skip this step, but apply Step 3 information.

A.

B.

This anchor point must be strong enough to support twice the calculated load from Step 1.

5. Attach other end to a turnbuckle and a spring scale suitably anchored.

Attach an equivalent weight to the lower end.

A.

B.

The spring scale must be able to measure the calculated load from Step 1.

The size of the weight should match the value calculated in Step 1.

A.

B.

6. Measure length ‘M’ (see diagram to right) from which the percentage extension can be obtained from the following formula:

100)(PN

PNMExtensionPercentage

Where: M = Overall length or section of chain.

N = Number of pitches measured. P = Pitch specified for new chain. Record value if tracking chain performance.

M

Refer to value A in Figure 5 to determine the value N.

In measuring M, be sure to measure from inner link to inner link as shown.

7. Use Percentage Extension to determine if chain should be replaced and replace if necessary.

As a general rule, the useful life of a chain is terminated and the chain should be replaced when extension reaches 2 percent (1 percent in the case of doublepitch chains). For drives with no provision for adjustment, the rejection limit is lower, dependent upon the speed and layout. A usual figure is between 0.7 and 1.0 percent extension.

End of procedure

In many cases, preventive maintenance concepts can be applied here. To do so, periodically measure chain length using the above procedure. Record the percentage measured in Step 6, by date, for each instance. The periodicity used depends on the application and run-time of the chain. Plot the values on graph paper or in software (Spreadsheet software, e.g. Microsoft Excel, has features for automatically

•

••

Measuring Chain WearMeasuring Chain Wear


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plotting data and trend analysis.) Use the graph to predict when and how often the chain wear (elongation) percentage will reach replacement criteria as indicated in Step 7 of above procedure.

This discussion includes some tips for applying and maintaining drive chain. Further tips and guidelines can be found in the reference material listed in Table 29 and Table 30.

Roller Chain:For high speed drives or drives operating in arduous conditions, a properly riveted outer link should always be used for optimum security, in preference to any other form of chain joint.The use of other connecting and offset links should always be restricted to light duty, non-critical applications, in drives where an odd number of pitches is absolutely unavoidable.Wherever possible, drives should have sufficient overall adjustment to ensure the use of an even number of pitches throughout the useful life of the chain. A offset link should only be used as a last resort.

Drive sprocket tips [1]:Sprocket wheels with fewer than 16 teeth may be used for relatively slow speeds.18 to 24 teeth are desirable for high-speed service.Sprockets with fewer than 25 teeth and running at speeds above 500 or 600 RPM should be heat-treated.Pitch is inversely proportional to speed. The shorter the pitch, the higher the allowed operating speed.Horsepower ratings are based on the number of teeth and the rotative speed of the smaller sprocket, either drive or follower. The horsepower limits of a single strand can be expanded by increasing the number of strands.

Idler sprocket tips [1]:Idler sprockets can be used on either side of the chain to:

Take up slack.Guide the chain around obstructions.Change the direction of rotation of a driven shaft.Provide more wrap on another sprocket.

Idlers should not run faster than the speeds recommended as maximum for other sprockets with the same number of teeth.Idlers should have at least two teeth in mesh with the chain.

This discussion includes some tips for applying and maintaining conveyor chain. Further tips and guidelines can be found in the reference material listed in Table 29 and Table 30.

Extending conveyor chain life:Load — like link chain, conveyor chain has a WLL (Working Load Limit) and a Breaking Limit or Tensile Strength.Although many factors determine the maximum load, the amount of tension on the chain should never exceed OEM specifications.

To isolate problems with your chain drive system. Use Table 13 to select the most likely symptom and identify the most probable cause. Use Table 14 to determine the solution to the problem. If further assistance is required, contact Reid Supply Customer Service.

•

•

•

•••

•

•

•−−−−

•

•

•

•

Drive Chain TipsDrive Chain Tips

Conveyor or Engineering Chain Tips

Conveyor or Engineering Chain Tips

Chain Drive TroubleshootingChain Drive Troubleshooting



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Table 13: Chain Drive Troubleshooting

Symptom

Probable Cause

Cotte

rs im

prop

erly

inst

alle

d

Chai

n pi

tch

is to

o la

rge

Exce

ssiv

e ch

ain

slac

k

Exce

ssiv

e ch

ain

spee

d

Exce

ssiv

e ch

ain

wea

r

Exce

ssiv

e sp

rock

et w

ear

Exce

ssiv

e vi

brat

ion

Expo

sed

to m

oist

ure

Expo

sure

to s

ever

e co

rros

ion

Extre

me

over

load

Impr

oper

pla

ting

of c

hain

Inad

equa

te lu

bric

atio

n

Load

ing

is g

reat

er th

an c

hain

cap

acity

Loos

e ca

sing

or s

haft

mou

nts

Obst

ruct

ion

Over

load

Spro

cket

mis

alig

nmen

t

Too

few

spr

ocke

t tee

th

Wat

er in

lubr

ican

t

Rusted chain X X X

Excessive noise X X X X X X X X X

Wear on roller link plates and on one side of the sprocket tooth surface X

Chain clings to sprocket teeth X X

Chain climbs the sprocket teeth X X X X

Missing or broken cotters X X X

Broken link plates X X X X

Ultimate strength failure X

Fatigue failure X

Stress corrosion cracking X X

Pin Failures X X X

Broken Pins X

Pin Galling X X

Turned Pins X


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Table 14: Chain Drive Troubleshooting

Probable Cause SolutionExposed to moisture. Replace chain with Nickel-Plated, Hydro-Service®, or Stainless Steel products.

Water in lubricant. Change lubricant. Protect lubrication system from water. Replace chain if necessary.

Inadequate lubrication. Provide or reestablish proper lubrication.

Obstruction. Inspect and remove obstruction. Replace chain if necessary.

Loose casing or shaft mounts. Tighten fasteners.

Excessive chain slack. Retension chain.

Excessive chain wear. Replace chain.

Excessive sprocket wear. Inspect chain for damage and replace sprockets.

Sprocket misalignment. Inspect chain and sprockets for damage and realign sprockets and shafts.

Inadequate lubrication. Inspect chain. Clean and establish correct lubrication.

Chain pitch is too large. Redesign the drive using a smaller chain pitch (multiple strands), if possible.

Too few sprocket teeth. Check to see if larger sprockets can be used. If not, redesign drive using a smaller chain pitch (multiple strands), if possible.

Extreme overload. Replace chain and inspect all drive components for damage. Replace damaged components and eliminate the cause of overload.

Loading is greater than the chain’s dynamic capacity.

Inspect the drive to determine the cause of high load and eliminate if possible. Redesign the drive using a higher-capacity chain, if the cause of high load cannot be eliminated.

Exposure to severe corrosion in combination with high interference fits.

Protect the chain from corrosion or use stainless steel products.

Hydrogen embrittlement from improper plating of chain.

Never plate chains. Order plated chain from the manufacturer.

Sprockets are used to transmit torque and motion. There are two basic types of sprockets:Drive 1) Attach directly or indirectly, through gearing, to a motor drive shaft to transmit rotary motion to the

chain. 2) Attach to a driven shaft to transmit power from the chain

Idler No power is transmitted by an idler sprocket. These sprockets are used to:

Take up slack when attached to a tensioner.Increase the amount of chain contact with another sprocket.Relocate a chain and guide it around obstacles.Change chain direction.Reverse direction of another sprocket. Sprocket direction will change when placed on the opposite side of a chain. Due to space constraints, adding an idler to reverse chain direction can accomplish the same thing.

Figure 8: Sprocket Wear

X = Y

10

PCD PCD

Depthof wear

X

Y

Examination of both flanks of a sprocket (shown in Figure 8) will give an indication of the amount of wear that has occurred. Under normal circumstances, this will be evident as a polished worn strip

•••••

SprocketsSprockets



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around the pitch circle diameter of the sprocket tooth. If the depth of this wear “X” has reached an amount equal to 10 percent of the “Y” dimension, steps should be taken to replace the sprocket. [4]

Running new chain on sprockets having this amount of tooth wear will cause rapid chain wear. It should be noted that in normal operating conditions, with correct lubrication, the amount of wear “X” will not occur until several chains have been used.

Tensioners are devices that take up slack in a belt, chain, or other mechanical system that rotates in a complete loop. These devices apply tension manually or automatically (spring, pneumatic, or hydraulically loaded).

Figure 9: Tensioner Components

Tensioner components include (See above figure):Mounting Block Support block for mounting tensioner to machine or frame. Can be mounted at any angle

to align with belt, chain or other component to be tensioned. Fixed version usually includes slotted mounting holes for adjusting tension.

Adjustable Arm A feature used to adjust and readjust tension. Tension is adjusted by rotating the arm about a pivot point as shown in the above figure.

Shaft A shoulder bolt or precision shaft mounts the idler to an adjustable arm or directly to the mounting block.

Idler This can be a sprocket, sheave, flat pulley or other free rotating device that directly contacts the belt, chain, or other rotating component. Usually comes with a ball or needle bearing.

More information on tensioners, shafts, and idler sprockets and pulleys can be found in the next section of this manual.

Bearings are discussed in Part 3 of the Bearings and Power Transmission Resource Guides.

Many components and subassemblies are required to produce motion in a machine. This section, along with Design Considerations discussed previously, can help select the best component for designing or replacing components and subassemblies of a mechanical drive system. These components and subassemblies are listed at the top of each page in this manual.

Several mechanical drive systems are in use today. They include any system containing a motor which produces power that must be transmitted from one assembly to another. Selecting the proper drive system depends on horsepower, torque, available space, and synchronization requirements. This section provides some basic information to help select and replace drive related components.

Belts have been used to transmit mechanical power for industrial machines since 1701 [Google News Archives] when Charles Plumier, a Frenchmen, used a flat belt to drive a lathe. Flat belts were the first belts used in manufacturing. Made of leather, they would mechanically link a common drive system, usually steam driven, to several small machines (lathes, for instance) in a machine shop. Today, this type of system only exists in photos and museums. It was replaced with individual motors and V-belts as defined previously. V-belts have been used in industry since 1917.

Perhaps the most widely used of the belt drive systems, V-belts have a distinct advantage over flat belts as shown in Table 2. This section of the Resource Guide incudes information on V-belt drive system

IMPORTANTIMPORTANT

TENSIONERSTENSIONERS

Adjustable ArmAdjustable Arm

ShaftShaft

Mounting BlockMounting BlockIdlerIdler

BEARINGSBEARINGS

SELECTING THE CORRECT SYSTEM OR COMPONENT

SELECTING THE CORRECT SYSTEM OR COMPONENT

MECHANICAL DRIVE SOLUTIONSMECHANICAL DRIVE SOLUTIONS

BELT DRIVE SYSTEMBELT DRIVE SYSTEM

V-BeltsV-Belts


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components design and nomenclature. The information provided can help determine the best belt to use in your application and how to identify existing belts for replacement. Much of the information also applies to pulley specification and design.

Figure 10: Classical vs. Wedged V-Belt Cross-Section

Thickness

Classical Belt Construction

Thickness

Wedge Belt Construction

As shown in Figure 10, the belts are constructed of highly engineered, high performance, oil and heat resistance components encasing several strands of fiber for strength. They are designed to perform at the identical or higher level than all other major USA manufacturer’s belts of the same type. All belts meet or exceed USA RMA (Rubber Manufacturers Association) published ratings levels. The components are made using the latest in belt technology available on a global basis. All belts of a given size are manufactured to run interchangeably in a matched set.

ANSI/RMA standards define belt and sheave design for all belt drive systems. The standards define belt width, thickness and an included angle of approximately 40°. Letter codes are used to identify construction types:

V-Belt Classical Construction: Type - ODType A, B, C, D

Refers to a classical belt construction. The letter value (A, B, C or D) determines belt cross-section width and thickness dimensions as shown in Table 15.

OD Approximate outside length of a Classical belt. To approximate OD, add 20 for A, 30 for B, 40 for C, 50 for D.

V-Belt Light Construction: Width - Type - ODWidth A number before the Type that refers to the top width of the belt in 8ths of an inch. Width and

thickness values are listed in Table 15.

Type: L Light Duty construction belts have the same dimensions as classical belts. They are normally used for light mechanical applications with Fractional Horsepower motors.

OD Approximate outside length of a Wedged belt in tenths of an inch.

V-Belt Wedge Construction: Width - Type - ODWidth A number that refers to the width of the belt in 8ths of an inch. This width is typically the same as

Classical belts. Width and thickness values are listed in Table 15.

Type: V Signifies a Wedged belt construction, which is thicker than a Classical belt as shown in Figure 10.

X Notched construction as shown in Table 3. This letter is appended to the belt Construction Type when applicable. See examples.

OD Approximate outside length of a Wedged belt in tenths of an inch.

Examples:B102 Classical V-belt with an ID of 102 and an OD of 102 +3 = 105 .

CX60 Classical Notched belt with an ID of 60 and an OD of 60 +4 = 64 .

8VX2120 A 1 wide Wedged V-belt that has an OD of 212 .

4L230 This is a 1/2 wide Light Construction belt with a outside length of 23 .

WidthWidth WidthWidth



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Table 15 lists standard dimensions for some V-belt types. It also lists some pros and cons relative to each.

Table 15: V-Belt Styles

Style Pros Cons

Classical

Fabric wrapped construction give premium belt performance. Nomenclature:

Type: A B C D Load RatingDimension: 1/2 - 5/16 5/8 - 13/32 7/8 - 17/32 1-1/4 - 3/4 High

A, B, COutside Length: 15 - 182 23 - 361.4 50 - 422.2 110.2 - 542.7

Excellent wear resistance.•

FHP

Fabric wrapped construction gives Fractional Horsepower V-Belts consistent good performance. FHP V-belts are designed for general use applications with lower horsepower requirements. Typical applications are laundry machines, home workshop tools, small fans and blowers, small metal and woodworking machines, garage equipment, portable farm tools and other general purpose, low horsepower uses. Nomenclature:

Type: 3L 4L 5L Load RatingDimension: 3/8 - 7/32 1/2 - 5/16 5/8 - 3/8 Low

3L, 4L, 5LOutside Length: 13 - 75 15 - 100 23 - 100

The outer fabric wrap is treated with oil and heat resistant, engineered synthetic rubber coated compound, specifically compounded for excellent wear resistance, proven through thousands of hours of testing.

• Should not be used as a clutch.Should not be used with backside idlers.

••

Classical Notched

This raw edge notched construction gives premium belt performance. Nomenclature:

Type: A B C Load RatingDimension: 1/2 - 5/16 5/8 - 13/32 7/8 - 17/32 High

AX, BX, CXOutside Length: 22 - 93 33 - 147 55 - 177

Notch design allows more flexibility, while maintaining thickness.

•

Wedge V

Fabric wrapped construction give premium belt performance. Nomenclature:

Type: 3V 5V 8V Load RatingDimension: 3/8 - 5/16 5/8 - 17/32 1 - 29/32 High

3V, 5V, 8VOutside Length: 25 - 140 50 - 355 100 - 560

Excellent wear resistance.•

Wedge Notched

This raw edge notched construction gives premium belt performance. Nomenclature:

Type: 3VX 5VX Load RatingDimension: 3/8 - 5/16 5/8 - 17/32 High

3VX, 5VXOutside Length: 24 - 140 40 - 200

Notch design allows more flexibility, while maintaining thickness.

•

Any belt drive system must have matching pulleys to control and guide belt movement. Because mechanical power is transmitted and stored in the belt, selecting the proper pulley for each location is important to ensure efficient, safe operation and performance. Pulleys share the same classification system as V-belts. For instance, a Class B belt should run on a Class B pulley.

V-Belt PulleysV-Belt Pulleys


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Like many products in the Reid Supply Catalog, only the most popular styles are listed. More styles are available as shown in Table 16. Contact Customer Service for how to order.

Table 16: Pulley (Sheave) Styles

Pulley Style Pros Cons

Adjustable Light Duty

Adjustable pulleys can be used to make permanent speed adjustments. Commonly used for HVAC applications.

Designed for up to 5 HP.Pitch diameter is easily changed.Bore range from 1/2 to 1-3/8 .

•••

If setscrew is not properly tightened, pulley can loosen and change pulley width. This will result in:

Decreased performance.Belt damage as belt rides on threads.Side of pulley and belt separating from shaft.

•

−−

−

Adjustable Pitch 8000 Series

Adjustable pulleys can be used to make permanent speed adjustments.

1 & 2 groove pulley for up to 25 HP.Pitch diameter is easily changed.Permits 30% speed variation when used with fixed diameter sheave.

•••

Same as Light Duty.Applications over 5000 ft/min may require balancing.

••

AdjustableHeavy Duty

Adjustable pulleys can be used to make permanent speed adjustments.

Designed for up to 40 HP at 7500 RPM.For use with A, B, 3V, and 5V belts.

••

Dynamic balancing may be required for larger pulleys or high speeds. If so, contact Customer Service.

•

Classical

Designed for use with A/B, C, or D belts.

For belt types A/B, C, and DDesigned for use with QD Bushing and corresponding belts.Depending on type, can have 1 to 12 grooves.

••

•


•

Light Duty

Commonly used for drive pulley.

Can handle up to 20 HP at 1750 RPM.All products have two set screws.1 & 2 grooves for A, B, 3L, and 4L belts.Bush type bore ranges from 1/2 to 1-7/16 .

••••

Grey cast iron sheaves are not to be used with rim speeds greater than 6500 feet per minute.

•

Narrow

For use with 3V, 5V or 8V belts.

Higher HP than classical.Compact and light-weight.Designed for use with QD Bushing and corresponding belts.Depending on type, can have 1 to 12 grooves.

•••

•


•

Step Pulley

Commonly used with drill presses and wood lathes.

Designed for A, 3L, or 4L V-Belts.3, 4, & 5 steps available .Diameters range from 2 to 6 inches.

•••

Speed is adjusted manually.Two pulleys facing opposite directions are typically used to because of fixed belt length.

••

Pulley StylesPulley Styles



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Rim and groove dimensions match standards relative to belt standards for width and thickness. The groove in the rim, however, has a slightly larger taper than the V-belt and is narrower at the bottom width. This compresses the belt in the groove and creates a tighter grip under tension.

The various designs, shown in Table 17, connect the hub to the rim. The design used is determined by pulley diameter, strength requirements and belt classification.

Table 17: Pulley Designs

Pulley Design Pros Cons

Arm

Arms, or spokes, are included in the design of large diameter pulleys.

Lighter weight.Available with up to 12 grooves.

••

Block

A block pulley is one that is a solid design. The face of the hub is aligned with the face of the rim. Refer to Type 1 shown in Figure 12.

Allows pulleys to be placed in close proximity to motor, enclosure or other structural design.

•

Web

For this design, the metal between hub and rim is much thinner than other pulley designs.

Lighter weight.Alternative to spokes.

••

More sensitive to misalignment.•

Fixed Bore

These pulleys have a fixed bore diameter, which is specified when ordering. Refer to Table 29 for references to standard fits for shafts and holes.

Two set screws for tighter grip and improved performance.1 & 2 grooves for A, B, 3L, 4L, and 5L belts.No bushing required.

•

••

Bore must be compatible with shaft.•

Bush Type

These hubless pulleys require a bushing to mount on a shaft. The bushing adapts a fixed diameter hole in the pulley to a specific shaft size. If the correct QD bushing is not listed in the catalog, contact Customer Service for other options.

Depending on condition, bushing can be reused.Use of bushings allows for a smaller pulley inventory.

••

Requires bushing.•

Flat belts are still used, but are made of rubber, like the V-belt, and all have notches. These belts are known as synchronous belts. To compare synchronous belt drive systems with other mechanical drive systems, refer to Table 2. The transmission of power through the belt does not rely on grip. The matching of cogs and notches, similar to chain and sprocket, create a positive mechanical link that, not only transmits power, but also keeps all components synchronized and turning at a proportional rate determined by the diameter of the pulleys used. Over-all costs for the life of the drive is less than chain drives because of the low maintenance and high efficiency of operation.

Synchronous belts, or timing belts, are used in applications where belt slip is not allowed and motion between all belt-linked components must be synchronized. The most common application is that of a timing belt on an automobile engine where valves must move up and down relative to and in time with pistons. Other applications can be found in robotics, machine tools, conveyors and more.

Pulley DesignsPulley Designs

SYNCHRONOUS DRIVE SYSTEMSYNCHRONOUS DRIVE SYSTEM

Timing BeltsTiming Belts


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Figure 11: Timing Belt Construction

Synchronous Belt Construction: Pitch Length - Tooth Pitch - Type - WidthPitch Length Belt length expressed as the number of belt teeth times tooth pitch. Pitch Length is

limited by the amount of power being transmitted and strength of belt. When replacing a belt, measure the pitch and count the number of teeth to determine its length.

Tooth Pitch Distance between like points on belt teeth. Usually measured from center to center as shown in Figure 11. Any belt wear should be compensated for when measuring a worn belt. This can be done by measuring across multiple teeth, then dividing by the number of teeth measured. Tooth Pitch must match the pitch of pulleys in the drive system.

Type: M Letter M is used to ID Metric Curvilinear Timing belts available at Reid Supply. These are notched belts to be used with Timing and HTD (High Torque Drive) Pulleys.

MXL, XL, L, H, XH, XXH, R, S, T or AT Typical synchronous belt classifications. Specifications for these synchronous belt types can be found in references listed in Table 29 for drive design purposes. When replacing an existing belt, measure the belt dimensions shown in Figure 11, before searching the catalog or contacting Customer Service.

Width Belt width in mm as shown in Figure 11.

Example:800-8M20 A Synchronous metric belt having pitch length of 800 mm (100 teeth), a pitch of 8 mm, and 20

mm wide.

NOTE: At the time this document was published, Reid Supply did not include synchronous belts in its catalog. These belts can be ordered and purchased by contacting Customer Service.

HTD (High Torque Drive) synchronous belt drives combine the positive timing action of gears with the flexibility, speed and low noise level of belts. As the name implies, these belts are designed to operate in high torque applications.

Table 18: Synchronous Belt Styles

Sync. Belt Style Description

Curvilinear Timing

Otherwise known as trapezoidal synchronous, these belts are a wide version of the V-belt with similar construction. Many chain drive applications are being replaced with timing belts because of the advantages previously stated and those listed in Table 2.

Dual Synchronous

Similar to the Curvilinear timing belt, these belts have the added advantage of notches on each side of the belt. The advantage is the ability to transmit power on either side when curved in either direction around a synchronous drive pulley.

As mentioned previously, synchronous drive applications are similar to chain applications where all components must move in a timed relation to one another. Synchronous pulleys can be of different diameters to produce other than a 1:1 relationship, but the Tooth Pitch (Figure 11) between belt and all pulleys must be the same. Synchronous pulleys are listed in Table 19.

PP

TT

WW

W = Belt WidthT = Belt ThicknessP = Tooth Pitch

W = Belt WidthT = Belt ThicknessP = Tooth Pitch

HTD BeltsHTD Belts

Synchronous Drive PulleysSynchronous Drive Pulleys



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Like V-belt systems, synchronous pulleys are sized to match classification and dimensions in belt width, thickness and tooth pitch.

Table 19: Synchronous Drive Pulleys

Belt/Pulley Pitch Belt Width1 Pitch Face Width2 # Teeth Type Bushing3

8 mm HTD

3/4

(20 mm)

8 mm

1-1/8

(28.6 mm)24 to 90

Block/Flange, Web/Flange,

Web

QD - JA, L, SH, SDS

1-3/16

(30 mm)

1-1/2

(38 mm)24 to 112


Web, Arm

QD - JA, L, SH, SDS, SK

2

(50 mm)

2-3/8

(60 mm)28 to 192


Web, Arm


3-5/16

(85 mm)

3-3/4

(95 mm)34 to 192


Web, Arm


14 mm HTD

2

(40 mm)

14 mm

2-1/8

(54 mm)28 to 144


ArmSK, SF, E

2-3/16

(55 mm)

2-3/4

(70 mm)28 to 216


ArmSK, SF, E, F

3-5/16

(85 mm)

4

(100 mm)28 to 216


Arm

SK, SF, E, F, J

4-1/2

(115 mm)

5.25

(133 mm)28 to 216


Web, Arm

SK, SF, E, F, J, M

6-11/16

(170 mm)

7-3/8

(188 mm)36 to 216


Web, ArmSF, E, F, J, M

H

1

1/2

1-1/4 14 to 120

Block/Fange, Web/Flange,

Web, Arm

Taper-Lock1-1/2 1-3/4 14 to 120

2 2-9/32 16 to 120

3 3-5/16 16 to 120

L

1/2

3/8

3/4

10 to 84Flange

Plain Bore

18 to 48Taper-Lock

60, 72, 84 Web

3/4 1

12 to 17Flange

Plain Bore

18 to 48Taper-Lock

60, 72, 84 Web

1 1-1/4

13 to 17Flange

Plain Bore

18 to 48Taper-Lock

60, 72, 84 Web


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Belt/Pulley Pitch Belt Width1 Pitch Face Width2 # Teeth Type Bushing3

XL

1/4

5/16

3/8

1/5 9/16

10 to 72 Block, Flange Plain Bore

32 to 72 Block Taper-Lock

NOTES: 1 Width of belt or teeth on pulley. 2 Overall width of pulley, excluding the hub or bushing. It is the width of that portion that carries the belt. 3 If required, shipped with pulley. Plain bore, or fixed bore, pulleys are secured to shaft with two set screws.

Catalog includes type number and figure to show details for each series.

The information in this section can apply to several pulley types. It includes bushings, tools and other common aspects to help with pulley selection, installation and maintenance.

As stated previously, belts and pulleys share the same classification system. The Reid Supply catalog also classifies pulleys by type. This special classification, established by the OEM, refers to the location and design of the hub in relation to the pulley rim. Although the types may seem similar, each type is also relative to the series of pulleys for which it belongs. These types determine how the pulley laterally fits on the shaft relative to the motor and/or structure as is indicated by the samples shown below.

Figure 12: Sample Pulley Types

Type 1

L

1 3/8

3/4

Type 2

L

E

M F

Type 3

TYPE 1

TYPE 1F

TYPE 2

TYPE 2F

F

K

I.D. O.D.

N

M

FK

H O.D.M

In the above figure:Type 1 A blocked hub with the hub length (L) covering the full width of the pulley. The second Type 1 pulley

includes a pushing and the overall width of the pulley is L+E and the position of the pulley on the shaft is similar to the first Type 1 pulley.

Type 2 Shows the hub more offset from the pulley rim and skewed to one side. This design allows the belt to be positioned at or near the end of the shaft on the outside or more tightly positioned on the inside.

Type 3 Has a rim with a larger diameter and more distant from the hub. Larger diameter pulleys will typically have an Arm design as shown in Table 17.

Type 1F The hub is centered in the timing pulley and has a width (M) less than the width of the pulley.

Type 2F Shows a hub width (M) offset and wider than the timing pulley.

NOTE: The above descriptions are examples only and only relative to the types shown in Figure 12. However, the concepts described may apply to other similar types of pulley hubs. In any case, when ordering, specify the type that best meets your application needs.

Pulleys, sprockets, couplings, and other components connect to the shaft directly with a plain bore (PB) hub (fixed bore with set screws shown in Figure 12, Type 2) or with a bushing as shown in Figure 12, Type 3. Bushings give a rotary component flexibility by decreasing inventory, while increasing adaptability to shaft sizes. Bushings are smaller and easier to store than many pulleys and other similar components. See below table for more details.

Belt Drive AttributesBelt Drive Attributes

Pulley TypesPulley Types

L

1 3/8

3/4

L

1 3/8

3/4

L

M F

E

L

M F

E

BushingsBushings



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Table 20: Pulley Bushings

Bushing Styles Pros Cons

QD® Bushing

This universal QD Bushing can be used for some V-belt and timing pulleys, couplings and weld-on hubs. Refer to QD Bushing Mounting Instructions for details.

Standard shaft sizes available, but can be custom ordered.Tapered fit for precise alignment and fit.Built-in feature for removing pulley from bushing using existing screw.Can be mounted forward or reverse. Forward uses through holes, reverse uses threaded holes shown in Figure 13.Setscrew mounted above keyway for locking bushing and key position.100% interchangeable with licensed manufacturer’s products.Available in inch or metric.

•

••

•

•

•

•

Must be securely fastened to pulley or other component with screws. Torque values are included and available from Customer Service.

•

QD® Idler Bushing

QD style idler bushings are used with products such as: sheaves, roller chain sprockets, synchronous belt sprockets and any item that accepts a QD style bushing to be used as an idler. Drive bushings are also available.

Are furnished with bearings and fasteners.Ball or needle bearing versions available.

••

Must be securely fastened to pulley or other component with screws. Torque values are included and available from Reid Supply Customer Service.

•

Reducer Bushings

Used to accommodate smaller shafts or when you don’t have the correct bore on hand.

Instantly adapt to larger bores.Inexpensive fix.Adds flexibility to inventory.Split to adapt to 3/16 key way.

••••

Taper-Lock Bushing

A flangeless version of the QD® bushing, Taper-Lock bushings mount flush to edge of hole. Refer to Taper-Lock Bushing Mounting Instructions for details.

Flush mount with two (sizes 1008-3030) or three (sizes 3535-5050) screws.Inch and metric sizes available.Threaded groove for bushing removal with existing set screw.

•

••


•

Tapered Idler Bushing

Taper-Lock style idler bushings are used with products such as: sheaves, roller chain sprockets, synchronous belt sprockets and any item that accepts a Taper-Lock style bushing to be used as an idler. Drive bushings are also available.

Are furnished with bearings and fasteners.Ball or needle bearing versions available.

••


•

The information in this section applies to QD bushings and sheaves, sprockets, couplings and other components assembled with a QD bushing. The information includes mounting procedures, figures, photos and torque tables.

QD Bushing Mounting InstructionsQD Bushing Mounting Instructions


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Figure 13: QD Bushing Mounting

Inside Mounting QD Bushing Outside Mounting

NOTE: Each bushing includes threaded and non-threaded holes. Both are used, as needed, for mounting the bushing, but the threaded holes double as a means to separate the pulley from the bushing. Mounting instructions provided with bushing, including torque data. Instructions can also be made available upon request from Customer Service.

The following procedures include photos and instructions for the installation and removal of sheaves mounted on a QD bushing. Both standard and reverse mounting procedures are included. With some small modifications, these procedures can also be followed when using QD bushings with sprockets, couplings or other shaft mounted components.

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Standard Installation of QD Bushing — Flange facing end of shaftStep Action / Results Supporting Information

1.

Photo 1

Insert setscrew into hole in flange edge opposite the split.

This setscrew will be tightened later to hold key in keyway. It is assumed the key is already in keyway for this procedure.

2.

Photo 2

Thoroughly remove all oil, moisture and other contaminants from all mounting surfaces.

Bushing must be mounted DRY – without lubricants or antiseize compounds on bushing and hub mounting areas. Lubricant or other contaminants can cause over-torquing of components.

3.

Photo 3

Place sheave over shaft with larger diameter toward shaft end.

Sheave and bushing are tapered for a more precise fit.

4.

Photo 4

Use a flat screwdriver and hammer to pry open split in QD bushing.

This will enlarge the bushing bore and make it easier to slip over shaft.

5.

Photo 5

Place QD bushing over shaft with flange facing end of shaft, then place sheave onto bushing.

If sheave will not fit over bushing, remove bushing and return to step 2.



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Standard Installation of QD Bushing — Flange facing end of shaftStep Action / Results Supporting Information

6.

Photo 6

Align blank holes of bushing with threaded holes of sheave hub and insert cap screws into blank holes of bushing. Hand tighten cap screws into sheave.

For alignment purposes, it is important to understand that the sheave will move toward the flange and onto taper as cap screws are tightened.

7.

Photo 7

Using a straight edge or string, check alignment and reposition sheave as needed. Account for gap between sheave hub and bushing flange. This gap will be taken up in next step, but not closed.

For best performance and component life, all sheaves in belt drive system must be properly aligned. Sheave is drawn toward bushing flange during tightening of cap screws, but not closed.

8.

Photo 8

Moving in a rotating pattern, use an open end wrench to progressively tighten cap screws until sheave hub is snugly fit onto the bushing.

This will draw sheave toward flange, but, because of the tapered fit, the sheave must not be drawn in contact with the bushing flange.

9.

Photo 9

Using the same pattern in step 7, torque cap screws evenly and progressively.

Torque values are listed in Table 21.

IMPORTANT: If extreme screw tightening forces are applied, excess pressures will be created in the hub of the mounted sheave that may cause it to crack.

10.

Photo 10

Repeat Step 7 to check alignment. V-belt drives are less sensitive to misalignment than synchronous belts, chain or couplings.

11. Tighten and torque set screw above keyway. The setscrew was inserted during Step 1. Torque values are listed in Table 22.

End of procedure

Reverse mounting of the QD bushing has many similarities to a standard installation. Follow the below instructions using the matching photos as needed.

4 5 6 7 8

Reverse Installation of QD Bushing — Flange facing away from end of shaftStep Action / Results Supporting Information

1. Insert setscrew into hole in flange edge opposite the split.

This setscrew will be tightened later to hold key in keyway. It is assumed the key is already in keyway for this procedure.

2. Thoroughly remove all oil, moisture and other contaminants from all mounting surfaces.

Bushing must be mounted DRY – without lubricants or antiseize compounds on bushing and hub mounting areas. Lubricant or other contaminants can cause over-torquing conditions.

3. Use a flat screwdriver and hammer to pry open split in QD bushing.


4.

Photo 4

Place QD bushing over shaft with flange facing away from end of shaft, then place sheave onto bushing with large hole facing bushing.

Sheave and bushing are tapered for a more precise fit. If sheave will not fit over bushing, flip sheave over and reinsert over bushing.

5.

Photo 5

Align blank holes of sheave with threaded holes of bushing and insert cap screws into blank holes of sheave hub. Hand tighten cap screws into bushing.

For alignment purposes, it is important to understand that the sheave will move toward the flange and onto taper as cap screws are tightened.


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Reverse Installation of QD Bushing — Flange facing away from end of shaftStep Action / Results Supporting Information

6.

Photo 6

Using a straight edge or string, check alignment and reposition sheave as needed. Account for gap between sheave hub and bushing flange. This gap will be taken up in next step, but not closed.

For best performance and component life, all sheaves in belt drive system must be properly aligned. Sheave is drawn toward bushing flange during tightening of cap screws, but not closed.

7.

Photo 7

Moving in a rotating pattern, use an open end wrench to progressively tighten cap screws until sheave hub is snugly fit onto the bushing.

This will draw sheave toward flange, but, because of the tapered fit, the sheave must not be drawn in contact with the bushing flange.

8.

Photo 8

Using the same pattern in step 7, torque cap screws evenly and progressively.

Torque values are listed in Table 21.

IMPORTANT: If extreme screw tightening forces are applied, excess pressures will be created in the hub of the mounted sheave that may cause it to crack.

9. Repeat Step 6 to check alignment. V-belt drives are less sensitive to misalignment than synchronous belts, chain or couplings.

10. Tighten and torque set screw above keyway. The setscrew was inserted during Step 1. Torque values are listed in Table 22.

End of procedure

Table 21: QD Bushing Proper Torque Values

Bushing Size1

Screw size2 Torque Wrench3 Open End or Socket Wrench4

Torque Capacity5

Length PullInches lbs-ft N·m inch mm lbs N lbs-in N·m

L 1/4 6 8.1 4 102 18 80 1,200 136

JA # 10 5 6.8 4 102 15 66.7 1,000 113

SH 1/4 9 12.2 4 102 27 120 3,500 395

SDS-SD 1/4 9 12.2 4 102 27 120 5,000 565

SK 5/16 15 20.3 6 152 30 133 7,000 791

SF 3/8 30 40.7 6 152 60 267 11,000 1240

E 1/2 60 81.3 12 305 60 267 20,000 2260

F 9/16 75 102 12 305 75 334 30,000 3390

J 5/8 135 183 15 381 108 480 45,000 5080

M 3/4 225 305 15 381 180 801 85,000 9600

N 7/8 300 407 15 381 240 1070 150,000 16900

P 1 450 610 18 457 300 1330 250,000 28200

W 1-1/8 600 813 24 610 300 1330 375,000 42400

S 1-1/4 750 1020 30 762 300 1330 625,000 70600

NOTES: 1 This is an OEM ID for size and style of QD bushings. Bushings are included with sheave when ordered. These torque values apply for all mountings of QD bushing assemblies.

2 Cap screw size for bushing. 3 Final torque value for cap screw. Set torque wrench to this value in ft-lbs. 4 If a torque wrench is not available, these values can be applied. Pull is the amount of force to be applied

at a distance (length) from the cap screw center. Example: 15 lbs applied at 4 (1/3 ft) from the pivot point produces 5 lbs-ft of torque.

5 This value represents the maximum operating torque of the sheave/bushing union. An applied torque operating against the sheave/bushing assembly may weaken, or even shear, bolts and allow the sheave to slip on the bushing.



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Table 22: QD Bushing Set Screw Torque and Axial Loads

Set Screw Size

Socket / Allen Key Size

Recommended Tightening Torque

Set Screw Axial Load (± 30%)

Cup Point Knurled Point

(Across Flat) N·m lbs-in N lbs N lbs

#10 - 24 3/32 3.62 32 1500 340 2225 500

1/4 - 20 1/8 6.8 60 2500 560 3650 820

5/16 - 18 5/32 12.4 110 3500 785 5110 1150

3/8 - 16 3/16 22.6 200 4500 1010 6580 1480

1/2 - 13 1/4 45.2 400 9000 2025 13230 2975

5/8 - 11 5/16 97.2 860 12000 2720 17800 4000

NOTE: For axial loads in excess of the values listed, a shoulder shaft against the face of the inner ring is recommended.

The following procedures are for the removal of sheave and QD bushing. Removal procedures are included for both standard and reverse mounting. The below photos relate to standard mount removal, but can also be referenced for reverse mounted QD bushings.

1 4

Removing Standard Mounted QD Bushing — Flange facing end of shaft Step Action / Results Supporting Information

1.

Photo 1

Remove cap screws and thread into tapped holes in QD bushing flange.

QD bushings are designed for both install and removal of sheave.

2. Using a rotating pattern, similar to install procedure, progressively tighten cap screws until sheave is free from bushing taper.

Cap screws will act as jacking screws and push the two components apart. Too much pressure to one side can skew and damage tapered surfaces, crack flange, or worse.

3. Loosen set screw in flange over keyway. This screw holds key in keyway, it is not necessary to totally remove the screw.

4.

Photo 4

Use a flat screwdriver and hammer to pry open split in QD bushing.


5. Remove bushing and sheave from shaft. It is not necessary to remove key from keyway.

End of procedure

Removal of Reverse Mounted QD Bushing — Flange side at end of shaft Step Action / Results Supporting Information

1. Remove cap screws and thread into tapped holes in sheave hub.

QD bushings are designed for both install and removal of sheave.

2. Using a rotating pattern, similar to install procedure, progressively tighten cap screws until sheave is free from bushing taper.

Cap screws will act as jacking screws and push the two components apart. Too much pressure to one side can skew and damage tapered surfaces, crack flange, or worse.


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Removal of Reverse Mounted QD Bushing — Flange side at end of shaft Step Action / Results Supporting Information

3. Remove sheave from QD bushing and shaft. QD bushing should be exposed. Depending on next operation, cap screws can be left in sheave until reinstallation.

4. Loosen set screw in flange over keyway. This screw holds key in keyway, it is not necessary to totally remove the screw.

5. Use a flat screwdriver and hammer to pry open split in QD bushing.


6. Remove bushing from shaft. It is not necessary to remove key from keyway.

End of procedure

The information in this section applies to Taper-Lock bushings plus the pulleys and couplings for which it is used. The included mounting procedures, figures, photos and torque tables are used for installation and removal of Taper-Lock bushings.

Figure 14: Taper-Lock Bushing Mounting

NOTE: Each bushing includes threaded and non-threaded holes. Both are used, as needed, for mounting the bushing, but the threaded holes double as a means to separate the pulley from the bushing. Mounting instructions provided with bushing, including torque data. Instructions can also be made available upon request from Customer Service.

The following procedures include photos and instructions for the installation and removal of sheaves mounted on a Taper-Lock bushing. When installing Taper-Lock bushings:

Note that Taper-Lock bushings are flangeless and do not require a set screw above the keyway.Procedures also apply to two or three half-hole bushings.The same procedure can be used for both standard and reverse mounting of the bushing.Taper-Lock bushings can be mounted on sprocket, gear, and synchronous belt drives. Although the procedures reference synchronous pulleys, the same procedure applies to all drive types.

••••

Taper-Lock® Bushing Mounting InstructionsTaper-Lock® Bushing Mounting Instructions



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2 3 4A 4B

4C 5 6 7

Taper-Lock Bushing InstallationStep Action / Results Supporting Information

1. Thoroughly remove all oil, moisture and other contaminants from all mating surfaces on bushing and pulley.

Bushing must be mounted DRY – without lubricants or antiseize compounds on bushing and hub mounting areas. Lubricant or other contaminants can cause over-torquing conditions.

2.

Photo 2

Insert bushing into pulley and align blank half-holes in bushing with threaded half-holes of pulley.

Check to ensure the half-threaded holes of the bushing are also aligned with blank half-holes of the hub for later removal.

The threaded half-holes are used to separate the pulley from the bushing during removal.

It should be noted that the Taper-Lock design allows the bushing to be mounted in either side of pulley.

Bushings 1008-3030 have two blank half-holes and one threaded half-hole. Bushings 3535-5050 have three blank half-holes and two threaded half-holes. Refer to Figure 14 for details.

3.

Photo 3

Insert set screws through holes aligned in Step 2 and loosely thread each into holes by hand. Bushing should be loose in hub at this point.

It should be noted that the bushing can fit into pulley from either side and pulley alignment with the belt will depend on type of hub, Figure 12, and position on shaft.

4.

Photos 4A, B, C

Align assembly with keyway and slip over and onto the shaft. Hand tighten set screws to full depth of hole.

In some cases, it may be better to slip pulley onto shaft with belt around pulley.

5.

Photo 5

Using eye-ball, check pulley alignment and position on shaft as needed.

If V-belt drive, align using step 7 of QD bushing standard installation procedure. For synchronous belt, ensure belt is straight and centered on pulley. If chain drive, ensure chain is straight and pulleys are aligned.

6.

Photo 6

With a rotating pattern, progressively torque cap screws evenly until at torque value, listed in Table 23, is obtained.

As set screws are advanced, they will act as a clamp and pull the bushing tighter into pulley hub. Refer to Figure 14 for details.

7.

Photo 7

After torquing is complete, use a block or sleeve to hammer each quarter of the large end of bushing.

This process will loosen any binding which may occur during seating of the bushing into the hub.

8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 until the set screws no longer rotate at the required torque.

A proper, evenly spaced, torque must be applied to ensure the bushing is securely seated into the pulley hub.

9. Fill exposed holes with grease to prevent dirt buildup.

End of procedure


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Table 23: Taper-Lock Bushing Proper Torque Values

Bushing No. Screws Wrench torque

lbs-in lbs-ft N·m

1008, 1108 1/4” Set Screws 55 4.5 6.2

1210, 1215, 1310 3/8” Set Screws 175 14.5 19.8

1610, 1615 3/8” Set Screws 175 14.5 19.8

2012 7/16” Set Screws 280 23.0 31.6

2517, 2525 1/2” Set Screws 430 36.0 48.8

3020, 3030 5/8” Set Screws 800 67.0 90.8

3535 1/2” Cap Screws 1,000 83.0 113

4040 5/8” Cap Screws 1,700 142.0 193

4545 3/4” Cap Screws 2,450 204.0 277

5050 7/8” Cap Screws 3,100 258.0 350

3 4 5

Taper-Lock Bushing RemovalStep Action / Results Supporting Information

1. Removing belt or chain from pulley. For some cases, belt or chain can be removed with pulley in step 5. See OEM documentation for belt or chain removal procedure.

2. Loosen and remove all set screws. It may be necessary to remove grease from holes applied during installation procedure.

3. Insert screw(s) into holes that are threaded into bushing side of assembly.

For Taper-Lock bushing with two screws (bushings 1008-3030) only one threaded half-hole is used to separate bushing from hub. Bushings with three set screws (bushings 3535-5050) have two threaded half-holes for disassembly. Refer to Figure 14 for details.

4. Tighten set screw (alternately if there are two) until bushing becomes loose in the hub.

It may be necessary to gently tap on bushing with a hammer to loosen.

5. Remove pulley assembly from shaft. In some cases, belt or chain is removed with pulley.

End of procedure



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Additional items relative to belt drives are available. These items allow testing and checking of belt drive components. Other items allow the designer to apply bushings on most any drive system or rotary component.

Table 24: Belt Drive Attributes

Belt Drive Attribute Pros Cons

Flanges

Synchronous pulleys that include a flange on each side of the teeth.

Tapered to match belt.Allows for some misalignment.

••

If too loose, belt can jump onto flange OD and slip or fall off. This could cut the belt.

•

Sheave & Belt Gage

Useful tool for inspection and belt/sheave identification.

Can be used to determine the corresponding belt that fits with each sheave. Find the gage that fits, depending on size (groove must not be worn), and it will indicate the belt type.Help determine the proper belt selection; just insert the old belt in the “V” to determine belt cross section.

•

•

V-Belt Tension Meter

This invaluable maintenance tool is a handy way of checking belt tension on single strand belts up to 1 inch wide. Refer to Figure 1,

Used with all small V-belt and synchronous drives. Instructions included.Measures force from 0 to 35 lbs (15.9 kg).Measures tension from 0 to 560 lbs (255 kg).

•

••

Requires conversion data in Table 5.•

QD Weld-on Hub

Mates with QD Bushing as shown to left.

Can be used to attach any customized pulley, sprocket or other object to a shaft without welding directly to the shaft.Low carbon steel.Compatible with standard QD bushings.Available with or without flange.

•

•••

Strength depends on weld quality.Balancing may be required.

••

Precision chains are made in strict adherence to ANSI standards. They are manufactured under rigid quality control, from raw material to the finished products, to give high accuracy, strength and greater durability. Accurately controlled heat treatment of chain component parts gives uniform and deep hardened surfaces.

There are several types of drive chains designed to apply, or drive, mechanical energy differently. Conveyor and lifting chain more directly performs the work of moving objects from one location to another. Roller chain, on the other hand, transmits mechanical power from one mechanism to another where the work is actually done. For instance, a roller chain may transfer mechanical power from a motor to a shaft, linking it to a conveyor chain that works to move objects. In both instances, a chain circuit is completed that allows each link to travel continuously, passing the same location over and over again.

Drive chain selection requires the following information: Type of input power (electric motor, internal combustion engine, etc.).Type of equipment to be driven.Horsepower (HP) to be transmitted.Full load speed of the fastest running shaft (RPM).Desired speed of the slow-running shaft. NOTE: If the speeds are variable, determine the horsepower to be transmitted at each speed.Diameters of the driver and driven shafts.

1.2.3.4.5.

6.

Belt Drive AttributesBelt Drive Attributes

CHAIN DRIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

CHAIN DRIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Drive ChainDrive Chain

Drive Chain SelectionDrive Chain Selection


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Center distance of the shafts. NOTE: If this distance is adjustable, determine the amount of adjustment.Position of drive and space limitations (if any).Conditions of the drive. Drives with more than two sprockets, idlers, or unusual conditions such as severely abrasive or corrosive environments, severely high or low temperatures, widely fluctuating loads, frequent starts and stops, etc., require special attention.

Figure 15: Roller Chain Quick Selection Chart

Use the following procedure for using the Quick Selector Chart, above, to make a tentative chain selection. [4]

Using Quick Selector ChartStep Action / Results Supporting Information

1. Working from the bottom up, locate the design horsepower on the vertical axis by reading up the strand columns to the left, until the design horsepower is located. Start by selecting the horsepower value in the column for the least number of strands.

The number of strands are indicated at the top of the left columns (single, double, etc.).

NOTE: Using the fewest number of chain strands will usually result in the most economical selection.

7.

8.9.



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Using Quick Selector ChartStep Action / Results Supporting Information

2. Locate the RPM of the small sprocket on the horizontal axis at the bottom of the chart.

3. Find the intersection of the two lines defined in steps 1 and 2 (design horsepower and small sprocket RPM, respectively). This should be in an area designated with the recommended chain pitch.

If the intersection is near the borderline of the designated pitch area, the chains on both sides of the borderline should be evaluated to assure the best overall selection.

If further assistance is required, contact Customer Service.

End of procedure

Conveyor chain selection requires the following information: Type of chain conveyor (Slat, pusher, cross bar, etc.).The basic layout of the conveyor, including sprocket center distances, angles of incline, etc.The type and weight of material to be conveyed (M lbs/ft).An estimate of the required weight of chain, attachments, and other moving parts of the conveyor (W lbs/ft).Chain speed (S ft/min).Type of environment the chain will operate in (i.e., temperature, corrosion, etc.).

If further assistance is required, contact Reid Supply Customer Service.

Table 25: Roller Chain Styles

Chain Style Pros Cons

Conveyor Chain

Used to transport goods from one location to another, conveyor chain typically uses attachment links to attach standard or custom components to carry goods. Refer to Table 6.

Double Pitch

These chains have twice the pitch length as standard roller chain.

Made with half the bearing components for the equivalent length of standard roller chain.Lighter weight.Can have longer attachments.

•

••

Equivalent lubrication and maintenance requirements as standard roller chain.

•

Attachments

Standard and custom attachments add flexibility and versatility to conveyor chain applications to carry, move, or transport most objects.

Can be designed to function in any direction.Custom components can be added to match goods being transported.

•

•

Increases allowed space around chain.Chain guards must be designed to avoid attachments.

•

•

A variety of conveyor chains can be applied to transport a wide variety goods.Can be made to most any length.Can convey well, indirectly or directly, with attachments.

•

••

Designed to operate at slow speeds.Can be confused with engineering chain, which has similar properties and applications.

••

Lift Chain

Unlike conveyor or roller chain, lift chain is used in open-ended, counter-balancing applications where one or both ends are connected to a counterweight or anchor point.

Capable of supporting heavy loads.Direction changed using simple pulley.

••

Does not have means of geared engagement in chain for sprockets.

•

1.2.3.4.

5.6.

Conveyor Chain SelectionConveyor Chain Selection


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Chain Style Pros Cons

Roller Chain

A wide variety of chain configurations, materials, and coatings are available to suite any application requirements.

ANSI Standard Roller Chain

Well suited to work in all speed ranges and under most all environmental conditions.

Easily substituted for any compatible ANSI standard chain.Single and multi-strands available.Available in standard and heavy duty strength and wear factors.

•

•

•

Attachments

Standard and custom attachments add flexibility and versatility to roller chain drive applications.

Allow dogs, trips and other synchronous devices to be added to chain.Can be designed to function in any direction.

•

•

Increases allowed space around chain.Chain guards must be designed to avoid attachments.

•

•

Designed and built to provide maximum strength and wear life.Wide waist link plates for greater strength and fatigue resistance.Solid cold forged bushings with solid rollers.

•

•

•

Short pitch distances add to weight considerations.

•

Synergy™ Chain

Unique pin and bushing design extends wear life by up to six times longer than other competitive chains.

Dry to the touch during installation.Designed for easy, damage-free disassembly.Platinum colored connecting links are easily identified.More resistant to shock loading.

•••

•

Requires lubrication after installation.

•

Syno™ Self Lube Roller Chain

Ideal for applications where contamination from lubricants is to be avoided.

Food industry approved lubricant and roller coating that never needs relubrication.Dry to the touch.Resists chipping and peeling of nickel-plating.Good resistance to corrosion.

•

•••



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Roller chain is used in many applications as a single length of chain or loop, anchored at one end or both. To complete a chain for an application, several options are available. The chain parts, connecting links, and components illustrated in Table 26 only list available types. If uncertain of the type required, contact Reid Supply Customer Service for the parts relevant to individual chain.

Table 26: Chain Attributes

Chain Attributes Pros Cons

Connecting Links

As was stated previously, connecting links allow chain to be configured in a loop. Refer to the section on Assembling Connecting Links.

Connecting Link - Slip or Press Fit

Supplied with two connecting pins riveted into an outer plate. The second outer plate is clearance fit onto the connecting pins and is secured in position by a cotter (split) pin through the projecting end of each connecting pin.

Connecting Link - Slip Fit

(Used on short pitch chains only.) Supplied with two connecting pins riveted into the outer plate. The clearance fit connecting plate is secured by means of a spring clip, which snaps into the grooves in the pins.

Connect drive and conveyor chain end for end to form a loop.Multiple links in a long conveyor chain allow sections to be removed for maintenance.

•

•

Depending on the manufacturer, may be weaker than factory assembled chain components.

•

ANSI Offset Link

Offset links allow chain to be configured in a loop. Different types of connecting links are shown in Figure 4. Also refer to the section on Assembling Connecting Links.

ANSI Offset Link-Slip Fit

A single Cranked Link (BS/DIN term) with cranked plates pressed onto a bush and roller assembly at the narrow end. A clearance fit connecting pin is fitted at the wide end and is secured by a cotter pin.

ANSI Two Pitch Offset Link

A Double Cranked Links (BS/DIN term) is available for most sizes and types of chain. The unit consists of an inner link (No. 4), with cranked links, retained permanently in position by a riveted bearing pin.

Add only one pitch length to chain, that could result in an odd number of pitches in a length of chain.

• Depending on the manufacturer, it may be weaker than factory assembled chain components.

•

ANSI Outer Link

Riveting Pin (BS/DIN term) The link is supplied with bearing pins riveted into one outer plate. The other outer plate is an interference fit on the bearing pins, the ends of which should be riveted over after the plate is fitted.

For use with all sizes and types of chain where optimum security is desired.

• Press fit connecting links should only be used once; new links must be used to replace dismantled links.

•

ANSI Roller Link

The unit consists of two inner plates pressed on to the bushings which carry the rollers.

Inner Links (BS/DIN term) are complete assemblies for use with all sizes and types of chain.

• Inner links for use with bush chains have no rollers

•

Chain AttributesChain Attributes


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Chain Attributes Pros Cons

Self Adjusting Chain Tensioner

ROLL-RING® is used to automatically adjust tension and reduce oscillation in roller chain applications.

Significantly dampens chain harmonics during operation.Continuously adjusts tension and completely absorbs all slack.Fast, simple installation without tools and maintenance free.Reduces chain wear and extends chain life.Made of recyclable specially formulated polymer that can outlast chain wear by 2 to 1.

•

•

•

••

Made of tough plastic, but can wear or break if abused.Not recommended for chains with a sprocket tooth ratio above 2:1, e.g. 19T to 38T.

•

•

Chain Extractor Tool

Used to break chain links by forcing end-softened bearing pins out of the outer link plates.

Screw-operated.Must be sized according to chain pitch.

••

Some brands of chain require rivet ends to be ground flat before removal.

•

Sprockets are used with roller chain in a chain drive system to control tension and change chain direction, as previously discussed in Sprockets and Tensioners. The below table lists and compares available sprockets.

Table 27: Sprocket Styles

Sprocket Style Pros Cons

Drive

Drive sprockets: 1) Attach directly or indirectly, through gearing, to a motor drive shaft to transmit rotary motion to the chain. 2) Attach to a driven shaft to transmit power from the chain.

Manufactured to ANSI specifications.ANSI standard keyway aligned with tooth centerline.Secured to shaft with two set screws located 90° and 180° from keyway.

••

•

Idler

Unlike the drive sprocket, idler sprockets are allowed to freely rotate on a shaft.

Ball Bearing

Assembled with a ball bearing, these free rotating sprockets are an excellent choice for tensioning and changing chain direction.

Good axial and lateral bearing load protection.

•

Needle Bearing

Similar use as ball bearing sprockets, needle bearing design has both advantages and disadvantages.

Performs well with larger axial loads.Can be smaller in size.

•

•

No lateral bearing load protection.

•

Change direction of chain motion.Used with a tensioner and idler shaft to adjust and maintain chain tension.

••

For proper operation and performance, replace sprocket with one of the same number of teeth.

•

SprocketsSprockets



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These drive components can be applied to both belt and chain drive systems. Tensioners and idler shafts can be assembled with an idler pulley or sprocket to complete the assembly. Refer to Figure 9.

Table 28: Belt/Chain Components

Belt/Chain Drive Components Pros Cons

Idler Shafts

As shown to the left, these idler shafts are used to attach an idler pulley or sprocket to a tensioner or other mounting component.

Precision ground hardened surface is ideal for needle bearing idlers.Grease fitting allows lubrication of idler pulley or sprocket bearing.Adjustable shoulder for easy install and removal of idler pulley or sprocket.Available in course or fine thread.

•

•

•

•

Tensioner, or other mounting component, must match thread.Although a variety of diameters and lengths are available, not all are compatible with every tensioner.

•

•

Shoulder Stud

Idler shafts are used to attach an idler pulley or sprocket to a tensioner or other mounting component.

Accepts medium sized idler pulleys or sprockets.Also accepts bushed idler pulley or sprocket.Made of hardened steel.

•••

No grease fitting on shaft. To grease bearing, fitting must be on idler pulley or sprocket.

•

BELT/CHAIN DRIVE COMPONENTSBELT/CHAIN DRIVE COMPONENTS


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Belt/Chain Drive Components Pros Cons

Tensioners

Tensioners are used to support idler pulleys and sprockets for the purpose of adjusting and/or applying tension on a belt or chain. Three components complete a tensioning assembly: tensioner, idler shaft or stud, and an idler pulley or sprocket. A wide variety of tensioners are available. They fall into one of the below categories.

Fixed Angle

This tensioner consists of a fixed flanged base.

Easily mounted in tight space.Typically used in combination with an adjustable tensioner.

••

Not adjustable.•

Adjustable Angle

Adjustable angle tensioners are a two piece assembly with a flanged base and rotating arm.

The arm is rotated up to 360° to adjust and apply tension.Available with single or double adjusting designs.

•

•

Serrated teeth between arm and base do not allow fine adjustments, typically course adjustments are OK.

•

Adjustable Mount

For this type of tensioner, adjustments are made by loosening the mounting bolts and moving the mount up to a distance of 6 inches.

Mounts are available with horizontal or vertical shaft positioning.Shaft can be mounted on either side of threaded hole.Heavy-duty versions have two locking screws for the shaft.

•

•

•

Adjustments can only be made linear, in plus or minus direction.Depending on type of fastener and torque, tensioner can shift under excessive load.

•

•

Adjustable Slide

Once mounted, tension is adjusted by repositioning adjusting nut.

Available in several lengths.Easily mounted to any flat surface with two fasteners.Fine adjustments are possible.

••

•

Must be mounted so tensioning force is toward and against adjusting nut.

•

Spring Loaded

This tensioner includes a compression spring that applies constant automatic tension on the belt or chain. The compression rate is one inch for every 28 pounds (12.7 kg) of applied force, for a maximum of 3 inches (7.62 cm).

Provides constant automatic tension.Protects drive from damage due to shock and pulsation.Head rotates 360°.

•

•

•

Bolts onto any surface at any angle. Accepts idler shaft or shoulder stud.

••

Shaft not included, must be ordered separately.

•

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DJ-BOLT

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Need technical support?“Ask an Expert” is a free service available on the Reid SupplyLine e-newsletter. Once registered, any question submitted is passed to an experienced team of professionals who provide a quick response.

Do you need help customizing a standard product?TQM, Total Quality Machining, is our manufacturing and modification tooling company. We can take virtually any standard part and customize it to meet your needs.

Just call the toll-free number listed at the bottom of the page or online at ReidSupply.com.

Using the design considerations, data tables and selection information should help with application and selection of Bearings and Power Transmission products for your machine or equipment design and performance. Data tables include material and usage information. Professional standards and government safety regulations improve application design and performance. Product pros and cons allow customers to compare products relative to application specifications. Links send the customer directly to online catalog searches relative to the products listed.

Use of the above information and references listed in Table 29 should ensure the best product selection for proper leveling, noise, shock and vibration control of machines and equipment. This Resource Guide can be viewed online at ReidSupply.com or downloaded and saved, as needed, at no cost. For comments on the contents of this Resource Guide, contact the Customer Service department using the toll-free number listed at the bottom of the page. Or email us at mail @ ReidSupply.com (enter “Resource Guide” in the subject line).

Although the Internet offers a vast wealth of information, it may not always be readily available. Much of the information on the Internet and in this Resource Guide comes from professional standards, government regulations and the reference manuals available at Reid Supply, Table 29. Use Table 30 to help select the best reference manual to meet your needs.

Table 29: Recommended Documentation and Reference Manuals.

Ref # Title Cat. No.1 Machinery’s Handbook Pocket Companion DR-11

2 Machinery’s Handbook Guide

DR-12

DR-5CD

DR-5C

3 Machinery’s HandbookDR-5T

DR-5J

4 Basic Machining Reference Handbook DR-17

5 Machinist’s Ready Reference DR-18

6 Mark’s Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers DR-26

7 Standard Handbook of Machine Design DR-37

8 Engineers Black Book DR-95

NOTE: Refer to Table 30 for details on content relative to this Resource Guide.

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SUMMARYSUMMARY

FOR MORE INFORMATIONFOR MORE INFORMATION


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Table 30: Reference Manual Content Relative to This Guide.

Information Type DR-5

C DR

-CD

DR-5

T DR

-5J

DR-1

1

DR-1

2

DR-1

7

DR-1

8

DR-2

6

DR-3

7

DR-9

5

AC motors 1,2,3,6

AISI classification for

Aluminum 2,4,7 2,4 2,7 2,4 2,4,7 5

Chain/sprockets 1,2,3,6 1,2

Tool steel 2,4,7 2,4 2,7 2,4 2,4,7 5

V-belts/pulleys 1,2,3,4,7 1,2,3,4,7 1,2,3,4,7 2,3,4

Belt/Gear drive calculations 1.2.3.6 2.3

Belt/Pulley dimensions 1,2,5

Belt horsepower 2,3,6 2,5

Belt minimum radius 2,3,5 2,3,5

Belt tensioning 2,3 2

Belts 1,2,3,4,7 1,2,3,4,7 2,3,4,7

Calculating # of V-Belts 2,3,4,7,8

Chain 1,2,3,4,7 1,2,3,4,7 2,3,4,7

Coefficient of friction for materials. 2.3.7 6 2.3.7

Conversion factors 2,3,7 2 2 2 1,2,3,5

Fits for shafts and holes 1,2,3,6 1,2,6 2

Flywheels 2,3,6

Gear design and application 2,3,4,6

Geometric shapes 3,7,8 3,5 3,7,8 3 3,4,7

Hardness 1,2,4,7 2,4 7 2,4,7 3

Harmonics 5 2,3,7

Horsepower for belts and chain 2,3,7 2,3,7

Keys and keyways 1,2,3,6 1,2,3

Lubrication guidelines

Bearings 5

Chain 5 2,4,6

Preferred limits and fits 1,2

Properties of metals 2,4,7 2,5 3,6,8 6 2,4 2,4,7 2,3,4,7

Properties of non-metals 2,4,6 2,4,5 2,4,7

Pulley speeds 2,3,7,8 2,5

Roller Chain horsepower ratings 2,3,7,8 2,3,5

Roller Chain length calculations 2,3,7,8 2,3,5,8

Selecting chain/sprockets 1,2,3,4,6 2,3,4,6

Selecting drive belts 1,2,3,4,6 2,3,4,6 1,2,3,4,5

Service factors for belts 2,6

Service factors for chain 2,6 2.3.5 2,5

Sheave groove ratings 1,2,3,6 2,5



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Information Type DR-5

C DR

-CD

DR-5

T DR

-5J

DR-1

1

DR-1

2

DR-1

7

DR-1

8

DR-2

6

DR-3

7

DR-9

5

Spur gear & sprocket design 2,3,6 2,3,6 1,2,3

Stainless steel type 2,4,7 2,4 6 2,4,7

Standards listed in Table 1 1.2.4.6 2.5 2.4 1.2.4.6 2

Synchronous belt specifications 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,5

Tapered shaft ends 2

Tolerances 1,2,3,4,7 1,2,4,6 3,7,8 1,2,6 1,2,6 1,2,3,6 1,2

Torque conversion 1,2,3,4,7 3,7,8 1,2,3,4 1,2,4

Trigonometry Tables 2,3,7 2,3,6 7,8 2,3 2,3,5 2

V-belts, including ribbed 1,2,3,6 2,5

Variable speed belts 2,3,6

Vibration 1,2,3,7,8

CONTENT: 1) Imperial and metric systems 2) Data/specification charts and tables 3) Formulas 4) Comparison information

5) Some discussion 6) Basics discussion 7) Detailed discussion 8) How-to information

Below is a list of terms used in this document.

Term DefinitionChromate Chromate films are chemical conversion coatings. The substrate metal

participates in the coating reaction and becomes a component of the coating; and it has a profound influence on the properties of the coating.

Among the metals commercially chromated are zinc and cadmium electroplates, zinc die castings, hot-dipped galvanized steel, aluminum (in almost every conceivable form), and sometimes copper and silver alloys. Chromate coatings improve corrosion resistance and appearance of metals and adhesion of organic topcoats.

Cog One of a series of appendages or teeth on the rim of a wheel or gear that transmits mechanical energy, motive force, to another wheel or gear.

Cogging An inherent characteristic of permanent magnet (PM) motors and generators caused by magnet pole geometry and construction; also known as detent. The poles can have detentes that, at particular positions relative to frequency and torque, can cause vibration in the motor.

Dampening To deaden, restrain, or depress.

Decibel (dB) A measure of sound level relative to the human ear. The dB is a logarithmic unit used to describe a ratio. Decibels can be referenced directly (in air as pressure or intensity) or indirectly (through a conductor relative to power, voltage or current).

Differential Driving A condition that exists in a multi-belt drive system when belts are not at the same tension. This condition can exist if belt length is different (stretched) or sheave grooves are warn differently.

Drive Pulley The pulley in a belt drive system that provides the power to be transmitted along the belt. Usually powered directly or indirectly by a motor.

End User The company who purchased a machine or system, with the intent to apply and use the machine or system for the purpose for which it was intended.

GLOSSARYGLOSSARY


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Term DefinitionHTD High Torque Drive - a drive system that uses synchronous timing belts and

related sprockets.

Harmonic A wave or cycle whose frequency is a whole-number multiple of that of another. Periodic motion whose frequency is a whole-number multiple of some fundamental frequency.

Horsepower (HP) A unit to quantify a specific amount of work done over time. One horsepower is the lifting of 33,000 lbs one foot in one minute. In other words:

1HP = 33,000 ft-lbs/minute = 550 ft-lbs/second = 745.699872 wattsIdle Pulley A free turning pulley that presses against a drive belt to guide it or take up

slack. Also known as an Idle Wheel.

Moment Moment refers to an applied force (work) that tends to cause an object to rotate about a pivot point. If the force is applied through the pivot point, the object will move and not rotate. Unlike Torque, whose units are lbs-ft (pounds-foot) or N·m (Newton·meter in metric), moment is expressed in the opposite terms ft-lbs (foot-pounds) or m·N (meter·Newton in metric). Also see Torque.

Notch Used in this document in reference to a series of indents in a belt that match corresponding cogs on a pulley or sprocket in a synchronous drive system.

OEM Original Equipment Manufacture – the company that actually designed, manufactured, and assembled the product, equipment or system.

Power Power (P) is the rate (t) of doing work (W). P = W/t. A typical unit for power depends on the type of engineering being performed:Electrical = Watt (W or kW) and time is typically measured in seconds (s).

Mechanical = Horsepower (HP) and time is typically measured in minutes (m).

Pulley Pulley is a general term used to identify a rotary device used to change the direction of force transmitted in a rope, cable or belt. Also refer to Sheave, Drive Pulley, Idle Pulley or Sprocket

Safety Factor In mechanical terms, also known as Factor of Safety. This is a multiplier applied to design calculations to compensate for uncertainty in the design process. It is the ratio between the strength of a component (S) compared to the minimum load or force (L) applied (value = S/L or as a ratio = S:L, in which case L is typically reduced to a value of 1).

Sheave Pulley with grooved edge. Groove can be curve, V, or any other shape, but not flat.

Slip Percentage of difference in rotation between that of the stator field and the armature field in a motor or generator. Slip is usually less than 0.1% of synchronous speed during normal operation.

Sprocket Toothed wheel used to drive chain. An idler sprocket is a free running toothed wheel used to change chain direction.

Tensile Strength OEM tests are used to determine the maximum rated capacity of a chain. It is the value at which the chain will break under load.

Torque (T)

Measured in N·m (Newton meter) or lbs-ft (pounds-foot), Torque is a measure of how rapidly a rotating body can be turned. To accomplish this rotation, a radial force (F) is applied over a radial distance (R) at, and normal to, the pivot point (P). The equation: T = FR. Also refer to Moment. Also see “Work”.

For example: if a force (F) of 50 N is applied 300 mm (R) from the center of the pivot point (P), the resulting torque would be 15 N·m; or: 50 N x .3 m = 15 N·m.

Vibration A rapid linear motion of a particle or of an elastic solid about an equilibrium position. A change of position that does not entail a change of location.

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Term DefinitionWatt (W) The power that gives rise to the production of energy at the rate of one joule

per second: 1 watt = 1 joule per second. Also refer to Power and Horsepower.

Work The application of a force applied for a distance. For instance, moving a 100 pound block a distance of 2 feet is equivalent to 50 ft-lbs or 4.2 J (Joules in metric units).

Working Load (LW) The Working Load (rated capacity) of conveyor chain is the estimated maximum safe operating load that a conveyor chain can handle under the operating conditions for the application. It is based on the rated Tensile Strength of the chain and operating conditions that include cleanliness, temperature, and lubrication. Refer to Eq. 1.

The following is a list of references used in to create this document. They are referred to by number, e.g. [3], in the text where applicable.

Reference manuals listed in Table 29 American Chain Association (americanchainassn.org)Machine Design Magazine (MachineDesign.com)RenoldJeffrey.com

(This space reserved for user notes)

1]2]3]4]

REFERENCESREFERENCES

NOTESNOTES


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8-02-05-07

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2265 Black Creek Road. Muskegon, MI 49444-2684

800.253.0421 www.ReidSupply.com

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