Date post: | 13-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | claire-howard |
View: | 214 times |
Download: | 0 times |
HOW MUCH ENERGY IS USED ANNUALLY?
1 QUAD ~ 100 BILLION KWH ~ 200 MILLION BARRELS OF OIL
USA ANNUALLY USES ~ 80 QUADS
SOURCE: QUADS USA TOTAL RESOURCE
COAL: ~15 >6000
NATURAL GAS: ~20 400
OIL: ~40 400
NUCLEAR: ~5 BREEDER REACTOR > 600,000 NON-BREEDER 1000
HYDROELECTRIC: ~3 RENEWABLE
GEOTHERMAL: ~0.1 RENEWABLE
SOLAR (TOO SMALL TO MEASURE ON THIS SCALE)
ENERGY RESOURCES
DEPLETABLE RESOURCES:
FOSSIL FUELS: NUCLEAR:
NATURAL GAS FISSIONOIL NON-BREEDER
COAL REACTORS
RENEWABLE OR NON-DEPLETABLE:
FISSION(BREEDER) NUCLEAR
FUSION (DEUTERIUM)
WIND SOLAR OTEC
DIRECT
GEOTHERMAL
HYDROELECTRIC
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
HYDROCARBONS: NATURAL GAS, OIL
PROBLEMS: COMBUSTION PRODUCES CO2 ACID RAIN (FROM SULFUR CONTENT)MOST LIMITED QUANTITY OF FUELTRANSPORT FROM "TROUBLED AREAS"
POTENTIAL: EXTENSIVE RESERVESRELATIVE LOW POLLUTINGMOST CONVENIENT OF FUELS
WHY ARE HYDROCARBONS USED:FUEL OF CHOICE DUE TO HIGH ENERGYCONTENT IN CONVENIENT FORM
TRANSPORTATION AND UTILIZATION ISFULLY MATURE WITHIN OUR ECONOMY...
RESOURCE USEAGEPROFILES OVER TIME
Note: Arctic Reserve estimated at 10-20 billion barrels, plus ‘new’ areas Canadian Reserves with Tar Sands ~ 100 billion barrelsRussia has unknown additional quantities, Caspian, Siberia, KamchatkaWestern USA Oil Shale resource >> Saudi Oil resource.
A piece of Oil Shale
The USA has at least3 Trillion barrels of OilEquivalent of this resource.
Coal
• Carbon, water, impurities
• C + O2 CO2
• HALF IS CLINKER
: COAL
US Coal Consumption
• Coal 22 QBtu (23%)
• 80% used by electric utilities
Major Coal-Producing States
Coal
• Anthracite• 22 – 28 million Btu per ton• Not plentiful
• Bituminous • 19 – 30 million Btu per ton• Most plentiful
• Subbituminous• 16 – 24 million Btu per ton• Low sulfur content
• Lignite (Brown Coal)• 9 – 17 million Btu per ton• Local value only
Coal Resources and Consumption
• Global Recoverable• 1,000 billion tons
• Global Consumption• 5.2 billion tons/year
• US Recoverable• 274 billion tons
• US Consumption• 1.1 billion tons/year
Global Coal Resources
• United States 25%
• Russia 16%
• China 12%
• India 9%
• Australia 8%
• Germany 7%
• South Africa 5%
RENEWABLE OR NON-DEPLETABLE:
FISSION(BREEDER) NUCLEAR
FUSION (DEUTERIUM)
WIND SOLAR OTEC
DIRECT
GEOTHERMAL
HYDROELECTRIC
A major drawback of fission energy: Diversion to bombs
CHERNOBYL REGION RADIOACTIVITY
Potential for accidental or intentional containment failure.
Cleanup can be effected by biological and other means
GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES
LIMITATIONS AND PROBLEMS:
AVAILABLE ONLY IN GEOLOGICALLY ACTIVEREGIONS
RELEASED VOLCANIC GASES CONTAIN ACIDS ANDOTHER POLLUTANTS
REQUIRES MANAGEMENT TO MAINTAIN RESOURCE
POTENTIAL:
STABLE SOURCE OF POWER, IF MANAGEDPROPERLY
EARTH CORE HEAT (IF WE CAN GET DOWN TO THE20 KM LEVELS REQUIRED) IS AN UNLIMITED POWERSOURCE, NOT FEASIBLE TODAY.
ANY APPROACHWHICH REDUCESENERGY USE ISUSEFUL TO EXTEND OUR RESOURCES,
I.E.
CONSERVATION ISTHE FASTESTMETHOD TO GETNEW ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY
CHARACTERISTICS:
DIFFUSE SOURCE OF ENERGY(< 1KILOWATT/SQUARE METER)
FEASIBLE USE AT LOCAL SITES AS WELL ASLARGE PLANT SITES
DIURNALLY VARIABLE (12-ON_12-OFF), CLOUDS
NEED FOR STORAGE/EXCESS COLLECTIONSOLAR PONDS, PUMPED RESERVOIRS
LONG DISTANCE POWER TRANSMISSION?
COLLECTION IN SOUTHWEST IMPLIESTRANSMISSION TO AREAS WHERE USED...
RELATIVELY NON-POLLUTING
FABRICATION OF COLLECTORS REQUIRESMANUFACTURING TYPE POLLUTION, NOATMOSPHERIC OR WATER POLLUTION
LAND AREA REQUIRED TO REPLACE PRESENTENERGY RESOURCE IS NOT INFEASIBLE
AREA TO BE USED INCLUDES ROOFTOPS, NON-ARABLE LAND; ECOLOGY, ESTHETICS IMPORTANT
SOLAR ENERGY NOW IN USE
SOLAR FURNACES: BARSTOW, CA. 100 MW STATION EQUIVALENT TOPOWERING 50,000 HOMES
PROBLEM: HIGH INSTALLATION COST (PROTOTYPE)ABOUT 10X COAL-FIRED PLANT
SIZE OF SOLAR RESOURCE: TO EQUAL ALLPRESENT POWER REQUIREMENTS FOR USA:
~1% OF WESTERN USA ASSUMING 10% EFFICIENCY
WIND POWER:
PROBLEMS: WINDS ARE ERRATIC, STORAGE IS REQUIRED
WIND SPEEDS BETWEEN 10 AND 30 MPH ARENEEDED FOR EFFICIENT USE (E.G. MOUNTAINS ORTRADE WIND REGIONS)
LARGE AREA WINDMILLS ARE REQUIRED (SOURCEIS 250 WATTS/SQUARE METER OR LESS SO THAT FOOTBALL FIELD SIZE WINDMILL COLLECTS ONEMEGAWATT
WINDMILLS ARE NOISY, UNATTRACTIVE, INTRUSIVE,DISRUPT LOCAL TV RECEPTION, ETC.
POTENTIAL:
LOW TECHNOLOGY, RELIABLE, INEXPENSIVE
LOW POLLUTING EXCEPT FOR ABOVE
CAN BE A RESOURCE EQUALING 10% OF NEED
ROOFTOP SOLAR ENERGY USE:
FACT: HEATING WATER IS ABOUT 30% OF OURENERGY REQUIREMENT...
PROBLEMS: RELATIVELY HIGH INITIAL COSTS, REQUIRES 5-10 YEARS TO RECOVER.
MAINTENANCE IS REQUIRED
POTENTIAL:LOW TECHNOLOGY, CAN REDUCE ENERGYREQUIREMENT FROM NON-RENEWABLEENERGY SOURCES BY 30%!
MORE "HOME SOLAR" OPTIONS
SPACE HEATING: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TO USE WALLS, ETC. TOCOLLECT, DISTRIBUTE SOLAR HEAT
SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE, INEXPENSIVELY
HYDROELECTRIC RESOURCES
LIMITED RESOURCE: PRIMARILY IN NW PORTION OF USA, TOTALRESOURCE IS <10% OF REQUIREMENT
PROBLEMS: ECOLOGICALLY DISRUPTIVE DUE TO WATERIMPOUNDMENT, REDUCED WATER FLOW;LIMITEDLIFETIME DUE SILTATION, DOWN STREAM EFFECTS
EXAMPLES, ASWAN DAM, THREE GORGES DAM(UNDER CONSTRUCTION), HOOVER DAM
POTENTIAL: USEFUL AT LIMITED SITES, IN DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES
OCEAN THERMAL-ELECTRIC CONVERSION
PROBLEMS:OPERATES A REFRIGERATOR IN REVERSE, CARNOTCYCLE ENGINE OF LOW EFFICIENCY
BIOFOULING IN OCEAN
VULNERABLE TO HURRICANES
LONG DISTANCE FOR POWER TRANSMISSION
POTENTIAL:VERY LARGE RESOURCE WITH CONSTANTAVAILABILITY (ENTIRE OCEAN IS ENERGYRESERVOIR)
RELIABLE SOURCE, ECONOMICAL, AVAILABLE
PHOTOVOLTAICS
DIRECT CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY TOELECTRICITY USING SEMI-CONDUCTORS
PROBLEMS:
INSTALLATION COST IS HIGH, BUT REPAID INABOUT THREE YEARS AT TODAY'S COST (WASTEN YEARS A DECADE AGO)
REQUIRES STORAGE MEANS OR CONNECTIONTO PUBLIC ELECTRICITY UTILITY FOR DARKPERIODS
REQUIRES MAINTENANCE, CLEANING
POTENTIAL:
SIZE OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC RESOURCE:
AT 10% EFFICIENCY: 60 QUADS OF ELECTRICITYWOULD REQUIRE A TOTAL COLLECTION AREA OF50,000 KM2 (500 X 100 KILOMETERS)
DESIRABILITY/EFFICIENCY/COST, ALL FAVORABLEOVER THE COMING DECADES
Multi-junction Photovoltaics utilize much more of solar spectrum,MORE THAN 30% EFFICIENCY ALREADY ACHIEVED!
Highly Efficient Energy Utilization
Industrial scale Fuel Cells…
EFFICIENCY OF FUEL CELLS:
CHEMICAL, NOT THERMAL PROCESS
DIRECTLY USES ELECTRICITY
WASTE HEAT MUCH LESS THAN OTTO CYCLE ENGINE
MAX. EFFICIENCY HEAT ENGINE ~ 25-30%
MAX. EFFICIENCY FUEL CELL ~75-80 %
WASTE PRODUCTS DEPEND UPON FUEL
WATER IN CASE OF HYDROGEN FUEL
INTERSTITIAL HYDROGEN IN METALS, EQUALS ENERGY DENSITY OF GASOLINE…
ENERGY RESOURCE AND USEAGE DIRECTLY AFFECTED BYPOPULATION AND STANDARD OF LIVING...