Respiration &

CirculationAccel Bio 2005

Respiration Self-review Topics

• Location & Function of structures of human respiratory system– diaphragm, alveoli, lungs, bronchioles,

bronchi, trachea, larynx, epiglottis, pharynx, nasal cavity, mouth, cilia, mucus, mucous membrane

• Mechanical control of breathing– role of diaphragm and rib cage

Respiration topics for discussion

• Chemical control of breathing– Role of CO2 levels in blood– Blood chemistry & pH

• Oxygen delivery by Hemoglobin & the Bohr effect

• Adaptations to breathing at altitude• Dangers of carbon monoxide, altitude

sickness, & smoking

Chemical control of breathing is controlled by CO2 levels in blood

The medulla controls the breathing rate by monitoring blood pH

Oxygen Delivery by Hemoglobin & the Bohr Effect

Altitiude Adaptations:Hb O2 saturation in different species

Circulation & Blood Self-review Topics• Evolution of vertebrate circulatory systems

– comparative anatomy of fish & mammal heart/ circulation• hearts with 2 & 4 chambers respectively• single circuit blood flow v. dual circuit blood flow (pulmonary &

systemic) respectively

• Location & Function of structures of human circulatory system– Heart structure (chambers, valves & blood vessels) and

path by which blood flows through it (deox. & oxygenated blood)

– Cardiac cycle (systole/diastole, how happens, role of SA node, AV node, Bundle of His)

– Systemic & Pulmonary circulation– Blood vessel structure & function (arteries, veins,

capillaries)

Circulation topics for discussion

• Blood pressure & velocity

• Cardiovascular disease (types & causes)

• Blood makeup & function

• ABO Blood typing

• If time: Fetal circulation

Blood Pressure in Various Vessels, Blood Vessel Area & Blood Velocity

Types of Cardiovascular Disease

• CV Disease Risk Factors:– – – – – –

• Examples of CV disease:– Hypertension– Atherosclerosis– Angina pectoris– Coronary thrombosis– Stroke

CV Disease: Atherosclerosis• What is it?

– A good definition & description of arteriosclerosis & atherosclerosis: http://www.chclibrary.org/micromed/00038850.html

Occlusion (blockage)

Remaining opening

Other Manifestations of CV Disease

• Angina pectoris • Coronary thrombosis• Stroke

Treatment of Atherosclerosis in Coronary Arteries

• Angioplasty

• Angioplasty with Stent insertion

• By-pass surgery

Blood Makeup

1

2

3

ABO Blood Typing

ABO Blood Typing

Type A Type B Type AB Type O

Fetal Circulation

Image Sources• Mammalian Circ & Heart1: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/ip/christerhogstrand/courses/hb0223/circulat.htm• Respiration (various): http://www.kcl.ac.uk/ip/christerhogstrand/courses/hb0223/respirat.htm• Block artery: http://www.tmc.edu/thi/cad.html• Athero.jpg: http://www.yourdictionary.com/images/ahd/jpg/A4athero.jpg• atherosclerosis_1x.jpg: http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/Heart/atherosclerosis.htm• athero comparison:

http://www.mountauburn.caregroup.org/library/healthguide/en-us/support/topic.asp?hwid=hw139808• Angina: http://www.heart-help.net/angina.html• Angina Man in snow: http://www.agw.uni-osnabrueck.de/GES_Homepage/Abbildungen• Angina ManPuking: http://www.moondragon.org/images/angina1.jpg• Angina symptoms: http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/images/guide/disease/cad/symptoms.JPG• Angioplasty: http://www.bartleby.com/61/imagepages/A4angiop.html• Stent in hand: http://www.iof.fraunhofer.de/departments/precision-engineering/medical/index_d.html

www.iof.fraunhofer.de/.../ _media/stent2.jpg• Angioplasty with Stenting: http://www.bhf.org.uk/hearthealth/index.asp?

secID=1&secondlevel=79&thirdlevel=456&artID=1589• Stenting phases: http://www.uthscsa.edu/mission/spring98/stent.html• Blood type, Preg Rh neg blood, blood donor: http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/circulation.html• Fetal Circulation: http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/hrnewborn/nicuintr.html