RESPIRATORY DISEASES
PPT HEK SCIENCE DEPT
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ASTHMA
BRONCHITIS
EMPHYSEMA
PNEUMONIA
ASP. PNEUMONIA
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
PNEUMOCONIOSIS
ARDS
PUL EMBOLISM
PUL INFARCT
RESPIRATORY
DISEASES
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ASTHMA
BRONCHITIS
EMPHYSEMA
ASTHMA
• A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASE WITH: OBSTRUCTION, INFLAMMATION AND HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS.
• SYMPTOMS: WHEEZING, DYSPNEA, COUGH AND MUCOID SPUTUM.
• CAUSE IS NOT KNOWN BUT INVOLVES CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES, MUCUS AND SWELLING OF AIRWAYS.
IgE attaches to mast and basophil cells
Plasma cell
IgE
Allergens:dust pollen, foods.
Next time allergens enter the body they are attracted to IgE on mast cells and cause a release of histamine which causes bronchoconstriction and vasodilatation.
Allergic reaction:
= Release of histamine
antigens
ASTHMA SYMPTOMS
• WHEEZING• CYANOSIS• IRRITABLE• RESP RATE• SWEATING• O2 SAT<90-92%• UNABLE TO TALK
MORE THAN A FEW WORDS AT A TIME.
PEAK FLOW TEST
PEFR:
PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE
A DROP IN 50-60% IS INDICATION OF A SEVERE ATTACK.
TREATMENT
• BETA-ADRENERGIC AGENTS - CAUSE BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION AND INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS, SUBSTANCES. (Albuterol).
• THEOPHYLLINE – BRONCHODILATOR. ORIGINALLY DERIVED FROM TEA LEAVES.
• CORTICOSTEROIDS - REDUCE INFLAMMATION.
• O2 THERAPY• ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC INFECTION.
BRONCHITIS
INFLAMMATION OF THE BRONCHI. OFTEN FOLLOWS A COLD OR ANY INFECTION OF NOSE AND THROAT. AGGRAVATED BY SMOKING OR SMOKE, DUST AND CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
BRONCHITIS SYMPTOMS
• COUGH WORSE IN AM WITH CLEAR MUCOUS SPUTUM.
• BECOMES THICKER YELLOW IF INFECTION OCCURS
• FEVER SUGGESTS BACTERIAL INFECTION.
BRONCHIAL GLAND WITH EXCESS MUCOUS
MUCOUS PLUG
BRONCHITIS TREATMENT
• REST• FLUIDS• ANTIPYRETIC
FOR FEVERS• ANTIBIOTICS FOR
PURULENT SPUTUM WHEN HIGH FEVER PERSISTS.
EMPHYSEMA
• CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN WHICH AIR SACS DEGENERATE UNTIL ELASTIC FIBERS ARE DESTROYED. LEADS TO A DECREASE IN LUNG ELASTICITY, RESULTING IN ACCUMULATION OF CO2 IN THE LUNGS POST EXHALATION.
EMPHYSEMA CAUSES AN OVER-INFLATION OF THE ALVEOLI RESULTING FROM A
BREAKDOWN OF THE WALLS WITH DECREASED RESPIRATORY FUNCTION.
DAMAGE TO ALVEOLI IS IRREVERSIBLE AND RESULTS IN
HOLES AND BULLAE IN LUNG TISSUE
BULLAE
MOTH-EATEN
APPEARANCE
ETIOLOGY
• SMOKING
• ADV. STAGE OF BRONCHITIS
• MAY FOLLOW ASTHMA AND TB
• ATT-ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY RELATED EMPHYSEMA
HOW SERIOUS IS EMPHYSEMA?
• 2.8 MILLION AMERICANS
• RANKS 15th AMONG CHRONIC CONDITIONS TO ACTIVITY LIMITATIONS
• MEN HAVE HIGHER RATES 53% HIGHER THAN FEMALES
SYMPTOMS
• INCREASING SOB• COUGH• SPUTUM
PRODUCTION• PROLONGED
EXPIRATION• ANOREXIA• WT LOSS• MALAISE
SMOKERS LUNG
OLD PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST
MODERN PFT
TREATMENT
• NO CURE
• STOP SMOKING
• BRONCHODILATOR DRUGS
• ANTIBIOTICS
• TREAT WITH A1P1 FOR THOSE WHO HAVE DEFICIENCY
• LUNG TRANSPLANT
• LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION
• BREATHING EXERCISES & PD
EMPHYSEMA PATIENT
BARREL CHEST
PERCUSSION
ARDS
• A FAILURE OF THE RESP SYS BY FLUID ACCUMULATION WITHIN THE LUNGS THAT CAUSE THEM TO STIFFEN. CAUSES BLOOD VESSELS TO “LEAK” INTO THE LUNGS
• ETIOLOGIES: TRAUMA, SHOCK, BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, HEAD INJURY, SMOKE INHALATION AND NEAR DROWNING.
• UPON XRAY LUNGS BECOME WHITED-OUT
ARDS SYMPTOMS &TREATMENT
• RAPID BREATHING• NASAL FLARING• CYANOSIS• DYSPNEA• ANXIETY AND STRESS• APNEA AT TIMES• RALES, RHONCHI
AND WHEEZES
• SURVIVAL RATE IS 50% WITH 90% HAVINGA CARDIAC ARREST
• O2 AT 100% IS ADMINISTERED INTUBATION AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION
• MEDS TO REDUCE INFLAMMATION
ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
• ABNORMAL ENTRY OF FLUIDS: VOMIT, BILE, ACIDS INTO THE LUNGS.
• TAKES COURSE SIMILAR TO ARDS• SAME TYPE OF TREATMENT IS REQUIRED
TO GIVE RESPIRATORY SUPPORT WITH O2 AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION.
• FREQUENT SUCTIONING IS DONE EARLY IN THE COURSE OF TREATMENT.
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
PNEUMONIA• INFLAMMATION OF THE
LUNGS DUE TO BACT, VIRUSES OR CHEM IRRITANTS
• MOST COMMON TYPE IS BACT PNEUMONIA FROM STREP. PNEUMONIAE
• OCCURS WHEN THE BODY IS WEAKENED FROM ILLNESS, MALNUTRITION, OLD AGE
SYMPTOMS
• CHILLS, HIGH FEVER• CHEST PAIN• PRUNE COLORED
SPUTUM• SWEATING• RAPID PULSE AND
BREATHING• CYANOSIS• CONFUSED MENTAL
STATE.
TREATMENT: ANTIBIOTICS, O2, NEBULIZER, POSTURAL DRAINAGE, NUTRITION, FLUIDS VACCINES.
VACCINATION
NEXT
PNEUMOCONIOSESOCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• INHALATION OF PARTICLES: DUSTS, SILICA, ASBESTOS, COAL, IRON OXIDES, COTTON, FLAX
• PARTICLES DEPOSITED DEPEND ON SEDIMENTATION, INERTIAL IMPACTION AND DIFFUSION
PATHOLOGY OF DISEASE
INHALED
PARTICULATESPROLIFERATIONOF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DUE TO IRRITATION
COLLAGEN FORMATION & COALESCING OF NODULES
END RESULT IS LUNG AND HEART FAILURE
NODULE OF DUST
TYPES OF PNEUMCONIOSES
• SILICOSIS
• ASBESTOSIS
• ANTHRACOSIS
• SIDEROSIS
• BAGASOSSIS
• BYSSINOSIS
ASBESTOS FIBERS
SYMPTOMS
• SOB RELATED TO SIZE OF NODULES
• WHEEZING• COUGH• DYSPNEA• WEIGHT LOSS• EXCESS SPUTUM• REDUCED EXERCISE
TOLERANCE
TREATMENT
• DUST SUPPRESSION
• TREAT SYMPTOMS
• SIMILAR TO COPD TREATMENT
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC. INFECTION
• O2 THERAPY
• NEB AND STEROIDS
CITY LUNG
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• INHERITED AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE TRAIT OCCURRING IN ABOUT 5% OF POP.
• A DISEASE OF EXOCRINE GLANDS WHICH HYPER-SECRETE PRIMARILY AFFECTING RESPIRATORY AND GI SYSTEMS
• MOST COMMON LETHAL GENETIC DIS. IN WHITE POP.
SYMPTOMS
ABN SWEAT AND MUCOUS GLANDS WITH LOSS OF NaCl CAN CAUSE: ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE, ARRHYTHMIAS, SHOCK.
THICK MUCOUS CAUSES: RESP INFECTION, DYSPNEA, LUNG DISEASE, MALNUTRITION & POOR GROWTH.
CHEST PHYSICAL THERAPY
NEBULIZER DELIVERY OF BRONCHODILATORS
TREATMENT OF CF
• PT• EXERCISE TO
LOOSEN MUCUS AND STIMULATE COUGHING
• BRONCHODILATORS• O2 THERAPY• ANTIBIOTICS FOR
SEC. INF.• NUTRITION AND
VITAMINS• LUNG TRANSPLANT
PULMONARY EMBOLUS
• SUDDEN LODGEMENT OF A BLOOD CLOT WITH OBSTRUCTION OF BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LUNG PARENCHYMA.
• CAN LEAD TO NECROSIS OF LUNG TISSUE = PUL. INFARCT
SYMPTOMS & TREATMENT
• SYMPTOMS:VARY IN FREQ. & INTENSITY
• TACHYPNEA
• SUBSTERNAL CHEST PAIN
• HYPOXEMIA
• TREATMENT: ANALGESICS, HEPARIN (WATCH FOR BLEEDING), O2, SEDATIVES, PUL. EMBOLECTOMY.
PhotoGallery
bulbous emphysemaanthracosis
bronchopneumonia
PhotoGallery
CF bronchiectasis
PhotoGallery
emphysema
PhotoGalleryPul embolus Pul infarct
PhotoGallery
pneumonia
PhotoGallery
siderosis
PhotoGallery
Status asthmaticus
PhotoGallery
TB Lung transplant
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• www.pediatriconall.com
• www.courier-journal.com
• www.fpnotebook.com
• www.itc.csmd.edu
• //krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu
• www.merck.com
• med-lab.utah.edu