Respiratory System
Objectives:1. Describe the structure of the
respiratory system. 10.012. Analyze the function of the
respiratory system. 10.023. Identify characteristics and
treatment of common respiratory disorders. 10.03
Respiratory System Includes the
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs, and pleura.
Nasal Cavity Nasal
Septum=divides nasal cavities into R and L sides
Cilia- the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles.
Sinuses- cavities in the skull
Connected to the nasal cavity, by ducts
Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten air
Sinuses give resonance to the voice.
Pharynx (throat)
Common passageway for air and food
5” long When food is swallowed,
the Epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx preventing food from entering the lungs
Meet the Larynx
Larynx- voice box Triangular chamber
below the pharynx Within the larynx
are vocal cords Epiglottis covers
larynx during swallowing
Adam’s apple Produces sound Made of cartilage
fibrous plates
Meet the Trachea Windpipe. 4 ½ in. long. Walls are alternate
bands of membrane and C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to keep trachea open and more rigid
Lined with ciliated mucous membrane.
Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous.
Did Someone say Bronchi and Bronchioles are next? Lower end of
trachea divides into R and L bronchus
Become bronchial tubes and bronchioles as branches enter lungs
Passageway for air from trachea to alveoli in lungs
Alveoli Clusters of thin-walled
sacs made of single layer epithelial tissue
Inner surfaces covered with Surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing
Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries
O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries (diffusion)
Lovely Lungs Fill the thoracic cavity Upper part=apex Lower part=base Lung tissue porous and
spongy –it floats R lung=larger and shorter
displaced by the liver and has 3 lobes
L lung smaller displaced by the heart and has 2 lobes
Pretty Pleura Thin, moist
slippery membrane that covers the lungs.
Double walled sac.
Space is pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction.
Test your gray matter…..What structure of the respiratory system is responsible for voice production?
Which body function is made possible by fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx?
The respiratory system ends in millions of tiny, thin walled sacs called:
What covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage?
The windpipe is referred to as the:
The wall of the trachea are made more rigid by the presence of:
Each lung is divided into two or three parts called:
When the trachea divides to enter both lungs, the tubes that are formed are called:
LarynxSpeech
AlveoliPleura
TracheaRings of Cartilage
LobesBronchi
The partition that separated the nose into right and left cavities is the:
The medical name for the throat is the:
Septum
Pharynx
That’s all for now….
Function of the Respiratory System
1. External respiration, internal respiration , and cellular respiration
2. Production of sound (vocal cords)
Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
Inspiration Inhalation
Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.
Pulmonary Ventilation
Expiration Opposite action
takes place. Exhalation is a
passive process
Respiratory Movements
1 inspiration + 1 expiration=1 respiration
Normal adult = 14-20Respirations per minute Increases with
exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.
Age-newborm= 40-60/min
Sleep= respiration Emotion can or rate
Coughing
Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract
Hiccups – spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.
Sneezing Air forced through
nose to clear respiratory tract
Yawning Deep prolonged
breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood
Control Breathing Breathing controlled by neural and chemical factors.Neural Factors
• Respiratory center located in the Medulla Oblongata
• on CO2 or O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center
• Phrenic Nerve- stimulates the diaphragm
Chemical Factors
Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood (respiratory center in the brain)
Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2
Test your gray matterRespirations would normally increase in number if there was an increase of:
Which of the following is initially sensed by the brain to control breathing?
Cilia located in the nasal epithelium performs the function of:
The normal number of breaths an adult takes each minute at rest is about:
Of the following, which is the correct pathway of air into the lungs?Start with larynx
Which body function is made possible by fibrous plates contained within the cartilage
of the larynx?
The part of respiration that involves taking air into lungs is called:
Carbon dioxide in the blood
CO2 level in blood
Filtering in the air
Trachea, bronchi, alveoli
14-20
Speech Inspiration
Respiratory Disorders
Common Cold Contagious viral
respiratory infection Contributing factors-
chilling fatigue,poor nutrition, and not enough sleep
Rx- stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition
Good handwashing best prevention.
Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
Pharyngitis- red, inflammation throat
Laryngitis- Inflammation of the larynx or voice box
Symptoms- sore throat , hoarseness or loss of voice dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi
Symptoms-cough, fever, substernal paina nd rales (raspy sound)
Chronic bronchitis-middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause.
Bronchitis
Viral infection of upper respiratory tract
Symptoms-Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion
Rx – treat the symptoms
Influenza (Flu)
Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria
or virus Alveoli fill with thick
fluid Symptoms- chest pain,
fever, chills dyspnea Diagnosis- x-ray and
listening to lungs Rx- O2 and antibiotics
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis Infectious bacterial lung
disease Tubercles (lesions) forms
in the lungs Symptoms: cough, low
grade fever in the afternoon, weigh loss, night sweats
Diagnosis- TB skin test If skin test positive-follow
up with chest x-ray and sputum sample
RX- Antibiotic
TB Game
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/tuberculosis/
Terms to know: Apnea Dyspnea Tachypnea
Tuberculosis
Due to the increase in immigration, homelessness and AIDS, the incidence of TB is increasing in the United States.
Inflammatory airway obstruction
Caused by allergen or psychological stress
5% of Americans have asthma
Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest
RX anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator.
Alveoli become over-dilated, lose their elasticity, can’t rebound, may eventually rupture
Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale-forced exhalation required
Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2
Dyspnea increases as disease progresses
RX – Alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2
Test your gray matter…Due to increase in illegal immigration, homelessness, and AIDS, the incidence of what disease is increasing in the US?
Kim experienced hoarseness for two days and loss of voice for three days. She most likely suffers from:
Which of the following disorders is characterized by distended alveoli that have lost their elasticity?
A respiratory infection which spreads quickly and results in the greatest loss in production hours each year is:
Cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, and night sweats are symptoms of what disease?
In which of the following diseases does dyspnea worsen as the disease progresses?
The two main causes of pneumonia are:
John comes into the ER with wheezing, dyspnea, and tightness in the chest. He is experiencing:
TB
Laryngitis EmphysemaCommon cold
TB Emphysema
Bacteria + Virus
Asthma
The most common cause of chronic bronchitis is:
Influenza is caused by a :
Cigarette Smoking
Virus