Respiratory System Mechanics

7/27/2019 Respiratory System Mechanics

1/73

Group 10


2/73

Remember to breathe.

It is after all, the secretof life.

Gregory Maguire,A Lion Among Men


3/73

Introduction


4/73

To distribute oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxidefrom all the cells of the body

To achieve this, it works together with thecirculatory system

The Primary Role of the

Respiratory System


5/73

Respiration

The movement of air intoand out of the lungs

The transport of oxygenand carbon dioxidebetween the longs and

body cells


6/73

Ventilation


7/73


8/73


9/73

The proportion of pressure that the a gas exerts in amixture

In the atmosphere, at sea level, the total pressure is760 mmHg

Oxygen makes up 21% of the total atmosphere, andtherefore has a partial pressure of 160 mmHg

Partial Pressures


10/73

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse down theirpartial pressure gradients, from high partial pressure

to low partial pressures

Partial Pressures


11/73

ACTIVITY 1

Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacities


12/73


13/73

Tidal Volume

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Residual Volume

Respiratory Volumes


14/73

Amount of air inspired and then expired with eachbreath under resting conditions

500 ml

Tidal Volume


15/73

Amount of air that can be forcefully expired after anormal tidal volume inspiration

Male: 3,100 ml Female:1,900 ml

Inspiratory Reserve

Volume


16/73

Amount of air that can be forcefully expired after anormal tidal volume expiration

Male: 1,200 ml Female: 700 ml

Expiratory Reserve

Volume


17/73

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forcefuland complete expiration

Male: 1,200 ml Female: 1,100 ml

Residual Volume


18/73

Respiratory Capacities

Total Lung Capacity

Vital Capacity

Forced Vital Capacity

Forced ExpiratoryVolume


19/73

Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after amaximum inspiratory effort

TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RVMale: 6,000 ml

Female: 4, 200 ml

Total Lung Capacity


20/73

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired andthen expired with maximal effort

VC = TV + IRV + ERVMale: 4, 800 ml

Female: 3, 100 ml

Vital Capacity


21/73

Amount of air that can be expelled when the subjecttakes the deepest possible inspiration and forcefully

expires as completely and as rapidly as possible

Forced Vital Capacity


22/73

Measures the percentage of the Vital Capacity that isexpired during 1 second of the FVC test

Normally 75-85% of the Vital Capacity

Forced Expiratory

Volume


23/73

Radius Flow(L/min)

TV ERV IRV RV VC FEV1 TLC BreathRate

5.00 7,485 499 --- --- --- --- --- --- 15

Baseline Results


24/73

Radius Flow(L/min

)TV ERV IRV RV VC FEV1 TLC Breath

Rate5.00 7,500 500 1,200 3,091 1,200 4,791 3,541 5,991 15

Baseline Results


25/73

Decrease the Radius byIncrements of .50 mm


26/73

Radius Flow

(L/min

)TV ERV IRV RV VC FEV1 TLC Breath

Rate4.50 4,920 328 787 2,028 1,613 3,143 2,303 4,756 15

Radius of 4.50 mm


27/73

Radius of 4.00 mm Radius of 3.50 mm


28/73

Radius Flow

(L/min)TV ERV IRV RV VC FEV1 TLC Breath

Rate3.00 975 65 156 401 2,244 621 436 2865 15

Radius of 3.00 mm


29/73

Summary of Results


30/73

As the radius decreases, the flow rate decreases

As the radius decreases, air resistance increases

All measured parameters also decreased as theradius decreases except for Residual Volume

Discussion


31/73

ACTIVITY 2

Comparative Spirometry


32/73

Spirometry

It is the most commonof the pulmonary

function tests (PFTs),measuring lungfunction, specificallythe amount (volume)and/or speed (flow) ofair that can be inhaledand exhaled.


33/73

There is a significant loss of elastic recoil in the lungtissue

This occurs as the disease destroys the walls of thealveoli

Emphysema


34/73

Airways resistance is increased

The lungs become overly compliant and expand

easily Easy inspiration, difficult expiration

Emphysema


35/73


36/73

The airways collapse and pinch closed before aforced expiration is completed

Volumes and peak flow rates are significantlyreduced

Elastic recoil is NOT diminished

Acute Asthma Attack


37/73

Many people seek to relieve symptoms with aninhaler

Usually includes a smooth muscle relaxant (B2agonist or an acetylcholine antagonist)

Relieves bronchospasms and

Induces bronchodilation

Acute Asthma Attack


38/73

Exercise

Moderate Exercise

Increased metabolicdemand met in part bychanges in respiration

Rate of breathing and

tidal volume increase Increase in tidal volume

is greater than theincrease in breathing

Heavy Exercise

Further changes inrespiration are requiredto meet the metabolicdemands of the body

Rate of breathing andtidal volume increase tomaximum tolerablelimits


39/73

Results


40/73

Patient

TypeTV ERV IRV RV FVC TLC FEV1 FEV1

(%)Normal 500 1,500 3,000 1,000 5,000 6,000 4,000 80%

Normal Patient


41/73

Patient


(%)Emphys

ema500 750 2,000 2,750 3,250 6,000 1,625 50%

Emphysema Patient


42/73


43/73

Patient


(%)Asthma

Attack

Plus

Inhaler

500 1,500 2,800 1,200 4,800 6,000 3,840 80%

Asthma Patient with

Inhaler


44/73

Patient


(%)Modera

te

Exercise1,875 1,125 2,000 1,000 ND 6,000 ND ND

Moderate Exercise


45/73

Patient


(%)Heavy

Exercise3,650 750 600 1,000 ND 6,000 ND ND

Heavy Exercise


46/73

Summary


47/73


48/73

Graphical Summary


49/73

Discussion


50/73

Compared to the normal patient, the TV of thepatient with acute asthma attack is lower

The patient suffering from emphysema and acuteasthma attack plus inhaler has the same TV to that ofthe normal patient

Those who have done exercise, both moderate and

heavy, have greater TV

Tidal Volume


51/73

ALL patients have shown a lesser ERV compared tothe normal patient

The lowest ERV were exemplified by the patientswho did heavy exercise, who had Acute AsthmaAttack, and had Emphysema

Expiratory Reserve

Volume


52/73

ALL of the patients have shown a lesser IRVcompared to the normal patient

The lowest IRV is seen on the patient whounderwent heavy excercise

Inspiratory Reserve

Volume


53/73

Those who did exercise had the same RV with thenormal patient

Patients with emphysema had the greatest increasein RV, followed by the patient with acute asthmaattack, then the patient with the inhaler.

Residual Volume


54/73

Least in the patient with Emphysema, followed bythe patient with Acute asthma attack, then by the

Asthmatic patient with an inhaler

Forced Vital Capacity and

Forced Expiratory Volume


55/73

The different breathing classification among patientshave varied values for their respiratory volumes and

capacities. This is primarily due changes in thepassageway of air (bronchoconstriction, mucousproduction, increased alveolar compliance).


56/73

ACTIVITY 3

Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Presure on Respiration


57/73

A tension produced by unequal attraction in a gas-liquid boundary

This force resists any force that tends to increase thesurface area of the gas-liquid boundary and acts todecrease the size of hollow spaces such as those inalveoli and microscopic air spaces

Surface Tension


58/73

A detergent-like mixture of lipids and proteins thatreduces the attraction between water molecules

Through this, surface tension is decreased

Surfactant


59/73

The pressure in thepleural cavity

Between breaths, it isless than the pressurein the alveoli

Intrapleural Pressure


60/73

Two forces cause this negative pressure condition:

First, the tendency of the lung to recoil because of the

elastic properties and the surface tension of thealveolar fluid

Second, the tendency of the compressed chest wall torecoil and expand outward

These two forces pull the lungs away from thethoracic wall, creating a partial vacuum in thepleural cavity

Negative Pressure


61/73

presence of air in the pleural space

This can lead to lung collapse, a condition called

atelectasis

Pneumothorax


62/73

Results


63/73

Radius Breath

RateSurfactant Pressure

LeftPressure

RightFlow Left Flow

RightTotal

Flow5 15 0 -4 -4 49.69 49.69 99.38

No Surfactant


64/73

Radius Breath

RateSurfactan

tPressure

LeftPressure

RightFlow Left Flow

RightTotal

Flow5 15 2 -4 -4 69.56 69.56 139.13


65/73

Radius Breath

RateSurfactan

tPressure

LeftPressure

RightFlow Left Flow

RightTotal

Flow5 15 4 -4 -4 89.44 89.44 178.88


66/73

Radius Breath

RateSurfactan

tPressure

LeftPressure

RightFlow Left Flow

RightTotal

Flow5 15 0 -4 -4 49.69 49.69 99.38

Baseline


67/73

Radius Breath

RateSurfactant Pressure

LeftPressure

RightFlow Left Flow

RightTotal

Flow5 15 0 0.00 -4 0.00 49.69 49.69

Valve Open


68/73

Radius Breath

RateSurfactan

tPressure

LeftPressure

RightFlow Left Flow

RightTotal

Flow5 15 0 0.00 -4 0.00 49.69 49.69

Valve Closed


69/73

Radius Breath

RateSurfactan

tPressure

LeftPressure

RightFlow Left Flow

RightTotal

Flow5 15 0 -4 -4 49.69 49.69 99.38

Lungs Reset


70/73

Discussion


71/73

As surfactant was applied to the lungs, the pressure onthe left and right lung was maintained

Addition of surfactant increased the flow rate on eachlong

Effect of Surfactants


72/73

In this activity, the left lung is the affected lung

When the valve was opened, the left intrapleural

pressure equalized with the atmospheric pressure Expansion did not take place, and the flow of air at

the left lung is 0

Even when the left valve is closed, the left lung did

not reinflate

In Pneumothorax


73/73

Thank you!

Date post:	14-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	juli-torre
View:	223 times
Download:	0 times

Respiratory System Mechanics

Documents