The Ideologies of Change

Responses to the Conservative Order1. Liberalism

Belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible

Adopted by the industrial middle classEconomic Liberalism (who?)Political Liberalism (who?)

2. Nationalism (who?)Common institutions, traditions, language, and

customsNot the same as fascist nationalism

Ideologies of Change

Responses to the Conservative Order3. Socialism (who?)

Belief that human cooperation was superior to capitalist competition

Against private property (factors of production, not individual things)

Create new systems of social organization

Ideologies of Change

The French (again)Charles X

Took over after Louis XVIII died (restoration of the Bourbons)

Favored the aristocrats and the ultra-royalistsViolated the concept of “ministerial

responsibility”July 1830: Imposed the July Ordinances

Censorship of the press, dissolved the legislative assembly, reduced the electorate

Produce the July RevolutionBrought Louis-Philippe to power

Revolution and Reform - 1848

Louis-Philippe (bourgeois)Favored upper-middle classDressed like a member of the middle classSome concessions but largely favored

bourgeoisiesOnly wealthiest people could vote

Industry in 1830s and 1840s added to discontent

Revolution and Reform - 1848

Revolution in Paris triggered upheavals in central Europe as well

Germanic StatesLobbied for constitutional liberties

Free Press, Jury TrialsFrederick William IV (Prussia) abolished

censorship and agreed to a new constitutionPromised to work towards a united GermanyFrankfurt Assembly (ultimately failed)

Revolution and Reform - 1848

Austrian EmpireLiberals from Hungary began agitating for

“commonwealth” statusKeep the monarchy, but have a legislature.March 1848: demonstrations broke out in

Buda, Prague, and ViennaMetternich is dismissedVienna: revolutionary forces capture the capital

and demand a liberal constitutionHungary was granted its wish for its legislature,

army, and foreign policy and budget.

Revolution and Reform - 1848

Austrian Empire (cont.)Hungary begins gaining marginal independenceRussia (Nicholas I) intervenes and helps put down

the Hungarian Revolution in 1849.

Italian StatesRisorgimento (resurgence): movement for Italian

nationhoodGiuseppe Mazzini: nationalist who founded the

organization “Young Italy.Nationalism began to spread north from Sicily

Lombardy and Venetia rebel against Austria

Revolution and Reform - 1848

Italian States (cont.)State of Piedmont wrote liberal constitution and kept itOther states fell to counterrevolutionary forcesFrance intervened in the Papal States with the Pope to

restore order to Rome

Failures of 18481. Lack of real unity and solidarity

Propertied classes vs. working classes

2. Differences in NationalitiesEspecially in Hungary vs. Austria

Revolution and Reform - 1848

Large numbers of people began moving from countryside to the citiesHistorical context: industrializationProblems associated with large urban

populations?Horrible living conditionsPovertyUnemploymentSocial dissatisfactionCrime

Specifically crime against property

The Emergence of Ordered Society

Police Forces:There to protect property and livesThe French Police1829: serjents, lightly armed with canes and

sabers to ensure they were not military but civilian.

The British Police: had long resisted the creation of a police force.Used initially to maintain order, but morphed

into use as controlling working class populations

The Emergence of Ordered Society

The German PoliceInstituted after the Revolutions of 1848Called the SchutzmannschaftModeled after the London police, but after

1851 they were organized along military lines.Used for political purposes

The Emergence of Ordered Society

What would we expect to happen after the Revolutions of 1848?Development of police forcesSome reformsNew conservative orderNapoleon III – the coupUsed nationalism and liberalism to bolster his

own power.1851: National Assembly refused an amendment

to constitution for reelectionUsed army to seize the gov’t on Dec. 1

The France of Napoleon III

Use of LiberalismRestores universal male suffrageAsks the people to elect him for 10 yearsAsks the people for the restoration of the

empire97% said yes – nationalism

Forms of NationalismGov’t simulation of the economy

InfrastructureParis reconstruction project

Why widen streets?

The France of Napoleon III

Liberal ReformsGave workers more rightsLiberalized the political process

Opposition parties had more freedom to campaignLegislature had more involvement in decision making

Foreign Policy – the Crimean WarWho would be the beneficiaries of the old Ottoman

Empire?Ottoman Empire begins to slowly decline.Loses eastern Europe to Austria in 1699Loses Crimean to Russia in late 18th and early 19th cent.Loses Greece in 1830 (Lord Byron)

The France of Napoleon III

How does it start?What is Napoleon III’s motivation to fight?Long lasting consequences?

What happens to the major powers?Austria?Russia?Great Britain?

The Crimean War

Who has contributed to German unification?Napoleon I – Confederation of the RhineKlemons von Metternich – Confederation of the

Rhine

The Unification of Germany

1. Austria had major influence over the German Confederation.

Prussia began to expand economicallyZollverein – German customs union

1853: all Germanic states except Austria had joined

2. Explain how the German tax system might have lead to unification.

3. Frederick William IV dies in 1861William I takes the throneHas visions of strengthening the militaryMiddle-class liberal parliament rejects new military

build-up

The Unification of Germany

4. Wilhelm appoints Bismarck to strong-arm the military build up

Rejected by Parliament again he does it anyway

What’s a way to unify a divided home front?

Danish War – (1864)Prussia vs. Danishland…

Over… Collin?

The Unification of Germany

Denmark attempts to annex Schleswig and HolsteinPrussia takes the lead

Denmark quickly defeatedAustria took HolsteinPrussia took Schleswig

Bismarck begins to see an opportunity to isolate and push out Austria

Austro-Prussian War – (1866)Why were the Prussians successful?How did Prussia treat Austria after the war?North German Confederation and Southern Germany

The Unification of Germany

Aftermath

The Unification of Germany

Very Important Development in the March to National Socialism – NazismThink about the way Napoleon III governed.Bismarck proved the idea that nationalism and

authoritarian state power could exist side by side.What is the history of each?Why would this be such a novel idea?

North German ConfederationGerman states kept local gov’tKing of Prussia and Chancellor ran the army and

foreign policyBundesrat and Reichstag

The Unification of Germany

Spanish ProblemRevolution deposes Queen Isabella II of Spain

Why is a prince in Spain related to the king of Prussia?

Habsburgs and the old Holy Roman Empire – Now the Hohenzollern

Why would Leopold taking the throne be a problem for France?France was able to get Wilhelm to withdraw Leopold

from the positionFrance then demands a formal apology and ensure

that Leopold would never attempt to take the throne of Spain

The Unification of Germany

The Ems DispatchWilhelm was met at a spa resort by the

French ambassador to PrussiaWilhelm’s secretary, Heinrich Abeken, took

notes of the French demand.Bismarck received the notes and edited it to

seem sharper and more demanding than it was.Bismarck leaked it to the publicThe idea was to insult the French and anger

the German population at the same time.Just as Bismarck had hoped, the French

declared war

The Unification of Germany

Franco-Prussian WarNo match for the Prussian military machine

France was defeated within a year.Paris resisted for four months under Prussian

siege.A precursor to the Paris Commune

As a result of the victory (even before it) the South agreed to enter the North German ConfederationAt Versailles, Wilhelm I became Kaiser and

emperor of the Second German Empire or the Second Reich.

The Unification of Germany

Post-Revolution of 1848-49Restored autocratic governmentAct of Emancipation (1848)

Freed the serfs and eliminated compulsory laborIndustrialization

What generally happens with industrialization?Localities were subjected to imperial

administrationGerman speaking officialsCatholic church declared state church and in charge

of educationHungary was subjected to all these

The Austrian Empire

Attempts at legislative reform only alienated the Hungarians.

Results of the Austro-Prussian WarAustria now isolated is forced to deal with

domestic issuesAusgleich: Compromise of 1867

Creates Dual Monarchy of Austria-HungaryEach part now has constitution, bi cameral

congress, and domestic governments.

The Austrian Empire

1. Western Europe saw the expansion of mass politcs2. However, central and eastern Europe remained

loyal to old ordersGreat BritainReform Act of 1867: Lowered $$ requirements for

voting, enfranchised many male urban workersReform Act of 1884: enfranchised all men who

paid taxes – now even agricultural workersRedistribution Act (1885): redrew election

districts – now roughly equal populations with one rep.

MPs receive salaries in 1911

The National State

Great Britain – The Irish ProblemAct of Union of 1801: united the English

and Irish parliamentsWilliam Gladstone: attempted reforms by

land reform and pushed for “home rule”Charles Parnell (1870)

Irish nationalists begin terror attacks on England.

The National State

Third Republic in FranceAftermath of the Franco-Prussian War

Bismarck forces France to elect a gov’t with universal male suffrage

National Assembly: very aristocratic (monarchists)Paris forms its own Republican government – Paris

CommuneThe Commune is crushed by force

Huge rift between working and middle classesConstitution of 1875 – Bicameral legislature and

ministerial responsibility

The National State

SpainKing Alfonso (1875)

Two political groups (conservatives & liberals)Still dominated by wealthy land owners

After loss in Spanish American War people begin agitating for changeGeneration of 1898Barcelona Revolt (1909)

The National State

GermanyProblems after unification?Lack of unification

Bavaria and Prussia kept their own kings, post offices and armies

Largest impediment to political democracy?Prussian armyViewed itself as the keeper of the aristocracyJunker class made up the officers

What was Bismarck’s Kulturkampf?How did Bismarck deal with socialism?

The National State