Date post: | 11-Nov-2014 |
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Young people, alcohol and health
Dr. Jean-Pascal Assailly, psychologist, researcher and expert for the World Bank
Are YOU well
informed about it?
Sources
• ESPAD Study: www.espad.org• HBSC Study: www.hbsc.org/• ESCAPAD Study (french only):
www.ofdt.fr/BDD/publications/docs/eisxstra.pdf • YOUNG PEOPLE AND ALCOHOL, trends, causes, consequences
and strategies of prevention, Dr. Assailly• WHO Global status report on alcohol and health, 2011 : www.
who.int1.Alcoholism - epidemiology. 2.Alcohol drinking - adverse effects. 3.Social control, Formal - methods. 4.Cost of illness. 5.Public policy. I.WorldHealth Organization.
Sociological, medical and psychological aspects
Differences young men/women
GIRLS DRINK LESS ALCOHOL FEWER ALCOHOL RELATED PROBLEMS DRINKING FOLLOWS THE AGENDA OF FEMINISM HIGHEST VOLUME IN NORDICS COUNTRIES
BOYS HIGHER CONSUMPTION ON THEIR MOST RECENT
DRINKING DAY THAN GIRLS BINGE DRINKING DURING THE PAST 30 LAST DAYS
MORE COMMON AMONG BOYS THAN GIRLS
General Trends
Differences young men/women
General Trends
GIRLS AND BOYS SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES
FOUND IN ALL COUNTRIES HIGHER INTOXICATION SCORE IN
A COUNTRY GIRLS ARE FOLLOWING THE BAD EXAMPLE OF BOYS
GENDER DIFFERENCES DRINKING AS A MARKER OF
MASCULINITY
Differences young men/women
Beverage type: beer and spirits
GIRLS 33% OF GIRLS’ CONSUMPTION: SPIRITS
BOYS 50% OF BOYS’ CONSUMPTION: BEER
Causes of alcohol misuseGIRLS
NEGATIVE INTERNAL STATE FAMILY CONFLICTS
BOYS PEER PRESSURE SOCIAL EXPECTANCIES
Differences young men/women
Consequences
GIRLS CONSEQUENCES OF HEAVY ALCOHOL USE OR
USE DISORDERS MORE NEGATIVE FOR WOMEN• MORE PHYSICAL HARM AND SEXUAL
ASSAULT• RANGE OF REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS
Alcohol-related brain damage
Young ‘at-risk’ drinkers: vulnerability markers?
Definition Alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) is a result of
chronic excessive alcohol misuse
Alcohol-related brain damage
Specific drinking patterns in young people
Critical period in brain development particularly vulnerable to alcohol misuse
Influence of substance use on mental health: vulnerability
Early prevention and treatment
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Is alcohol use a risk factor or a risk marker?
Age of onset of regular drinking
CONSEQUENCES
Immediate consequences of alcohol use (blackouts, hangovers) Brain deficits School failure Alcohol dependency Traffic accidents (related to alcohol) and violations Delinquency and antisocial behavior
Individuals who start regular alcohol at 14 years and
before are at increased risk of developing alcohol use
disorders
→Positive consequences at least as strongly associated with drinking as negative consequences.
→Possible role of Fun/Social consequences in the escalation and maintenance of high-risk drinking.
The types of the consequences of drinking
Fun/social Relaxation/coping Positive image
Physical Behavioral Driving
The beliefs of students about drinking
Copying with internal state
(anxiety)Copying with external state (social
situation)
Enhancement of internal positive state (pleasure)Enhancement of
external positive state (friendship)
Positive global effects
Reduction of negative emotional
states
Activation and agression
Activation and sexual pleasure
Relaxation and tension
reduction
The “false” consensus
Overestimation by students of the extent of their fellow students' alcohol consumption Campaigns measuring and communicating the real prevalence have produced positive effects on binge drinking, changing the perceived social norm (20% instead of 80% !!)
Definition Overestimation of the prevalence of drinking on the campus
Peers influences on drinking behavior
Important role models of friends and siblings
Strong similarity in drinking between best
friends and adolescents but best friends are
not permanent!
Ambivalent value of popularity among peers
Importance of alcohol in peer-selection
processes
Drink and driving
Presence of alcohol in 30% of fatal traffic accidents of young people: first cause of death of young people, important cause of license suspension
Driver designation: no data on students about this impact
Mobility offers: no data on students about the impact of alcohol consumption
Second hand” and environmental effects”
Direct impacts of campuses with many binge drinkers Having sleep or study interrupted Having to take care of a drunken student Being insulted or assaulted Being the victim of unwanted sexual advances Having personal property vandalized
Impacts on universities
More alcohol outlets within a mile, lower socioeconomic status environment, lowered quality of neighborhood life
Impacts of alcohol outlets Importance of the number of nearby alcohol outlets mediating the
relationship between universities
Effects and impacts of drinking
Consequences of drinking on health
SHORT TERM CONSEQUENCES
Acute alcohol intoxication
Young people less body mass than adults and more likely to lose control
and to take risks
Young people more vulnerable than adults
Sedative effect of alcohol less important for young adults compared to adults
Blackouts or loss of memory due to an episode of heavy drinking
Alcohol myopia
Consequences of drinking on health
FOCUS ON TWO CONSEQUENCES
BLACKOUT MYOPIA
25% of university students who drank reported blackouts during the school year.
Incidence doubled (54%) among frequent binge drinkers.
Blackout for girls with an average of only 5 drinks. Males averaged 9 drinks per occurrence.
More blackouts and forgetting events among young people than adult drinkers
Intoxication Underestimation of the possible
negative consequences of decisions and overestimation of the positive consequences
Applied to all types of decision-making
Conjunction with pre-existent individual characteristics, type of relationship with the partner and motivations
Consequences of drinking on health
LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES
SLEEP DEPRESSION
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE SOCIAL RISKS TAKING (unprotected sex)
FRIENDSHIP
What is moderate and what is excessive? It’s ok because it’s light!
How to define what is moderate and excessive drinking?
No more than 4 drinks in one occasion Being able of abstinence one dayDaily use not excess 20 g of pure alcohol
How to define what is moderate and excessive drinking?
MODERATE?
WOMENno more than 2 units
per day
MENno more than 3 units
per day
How to define what is moderate and excessive drinking?
BUT…No consistent definitions of moderate or heavy drinking
Underestimations of the volume of alcohol included in standard drinks
Inconsistencies in research reports about the relative benefits and harms of different types of alcoholic beverages
Differences in the way self-reported “drinks” different across different countries, within countries, and between different beverage types and in different drinking settings
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Questions welcome…but answers not guaranted!!
And what about you? do you feel concern? …Let’s go further together with Responsible Party
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