Restoring Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in northern … · Restoring Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)...

Restoring Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in northern New York

Michael Godwin Kelan Koncewicz

Biology Department St Lawrence University

23 Romoda Drive Canton NY 13617

mjgodw11stlawuedu krkonc11stlawuedu

13

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip3 PROBLEM DEFINITIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip5

LOSS OF NATIVE SPECIEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip5 SALMONIDS AND ATLANTIC SALMONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip6

Life Cycle of Anadromous Salmonhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip6 Life Cyle of Landlocked Salmonhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip8

HISTORY OF ATLANTIC SLAMON IN NORTHERN NEW YORKhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip9 Reasons for Declinehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip10

CURRENT RESTORATION EFFORTShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip11 METHODShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13

INTERVIEWShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip15 Subjectshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip15

IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip17 ENVIRONMENThelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip17 GOVERNMENThelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip18

Federal Hatcherieshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip18 State Hatcherieshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip20

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip20 CONSERVATIONISTS AND RESEARCHERShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip21 ANGLERShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip22 BUSINESSEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip23 PUBLIChelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip24

GOVERNMENT ISSUEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip25 FEDERAL GOVERNMENThelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip25

Federal Powers Acthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip25 US Fish and Wildlife Servicehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip26 Issueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27

STATE GOVERNMENThelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27 Issueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip28

DEVELOPMENT OF SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30 PARAMETERIZING SOLUTIONShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30 IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL SOLUTIONShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30 IDENTIFICATION OF FEASIBLE SOLUTIONShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip32 IDENTIFICATION OF BEST SOLUTIONShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip33

EASE OF IMPLEMENTATIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35 EDUCATIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35 RESEARCH AND MONITORINGhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35 WILLINGNESS FOR CHANGEhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip36

IMPLEMENTATION PLANhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip37 EDUCATE ANGLERSPUBLIChelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip37 RESEARCH AND MONITORINGhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip37 HABITAT PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENThelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip38 CONTINUE STOCKING PROGRAMShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip38

CONCLUSIONShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip40 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip41 LITERATURE CITEDhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip42 APPENDICIES helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip45

2

13

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

We investigated the status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in northern New York and

directed our research towards Lake Ontario and its major tributaries such as the St Lawrence

and Salmon Rivers Native species were once humanities only resource however migration of

different groups of people and cultures created an increased prevalence of non-native species

Some people have goals of restoring native biodiversity but often times the benefits and use-

value of non-native species is too great for a realistic change to occur Before the eighteen

hundreds Atlantic salmon inhabited Lake Ontario and northern New York waterways in

tremendous numbers comprising one of the greatest salmon fisheries in the world However

post-colonization events pushed for a decline in both landlocked and sea-run Atlantic salmon

We addressed the decline in Atlantic salmon abundance gathering information from interviews

with different stakeholders government and state organizations and their web sites as well as

primary and secondary textual publications Our research suggests that dam building destruction

of habitat (deforestation and agriculture) pollution and overfishing all contributed to the near

extirpation of Atlantic salmon in northern New York Pacific salmon were soon introduced as a

means of controlling the alewife population as well as replacing the diminishing native

landlocked salmon fishery Our problem assessed the reintroduction and restoration of a native

fish species and its effect on both the local environment and the stakeholders involved with the

issue We found that conservation efforts to enhance Atlantic salmon stocks have been occurring

for years however the lack of natural reproduction requires annual stocking by state

organizations and hatcheries Restoration of Atlantic salmon is challenging where the well-

established Pacific salmon fishery greatly benefits local economy throughout the state of New

3

13

York Convincing the public (including anglers) to sacrifice for the benefit of a native species is

a difficult task Our solutions include first to increase education and awareness of Atlantic

salmon and the history of their decline in northern New York and Lake Ontario More

information is required from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

regarding salmon identification to assist anglers in differentiating between Pacific and Atlantic

salmon Additionally we propose an increase in research and annual monitoring of Atlantic

salmon stocks to establish more concrete data on the relationships between stocking and the

most successful conservation efforts Research is also required to assess the relationships

between Pacific and Atlantic stocks to determine areas where two species can coexist if at all

We also propose habitat provisioning and management of spawning streams as they are essential

in providing for future salmon generations Finally we suggest promoting the importance of

Atlantic salmon by increasing public interest of native species An increase in public awareness

could eventually result in a more gradual shift in fisheries however the goal is a long term one

Our hopes are to provide future incentives for Atlantic salmon research and awareness and to

further enhance the argument of the importance of restoring native biodiversity to northern New

York

4

13

PROBLEM DEFINITION

Loss of Native Species

Native species were once the only means of natural resources used for human livelihood

However since the period of colonization and Westward expansion the utilization of native

species has diminished due to the fact that migrant groups brought non-native species with them

intending to preserve their own culture (Speziale et al 2014) Trigger et al (2008) argue that

cultural traditions tend to embrace newly introduced organisms progressively by attributing to

them the values originally associated with native speciesrdquo which further decreases the

importance of native species and natural systems Michael Souleacute one of the leaders in

conservation biology questioned the ethics behind ldquoconvert[ing] the shrinking remnants of wild

nature into farms and gardens beautified with non-native speciesrdquo and argued that conservation

should seek to enhance natural systems that benefitted wider human populations (Souleacute 2013)

While the value of native species has been challenged by the increased usage of non-native

species the interest in native species conservation is still present Souleacutersquos movement of ldquonew

conservationrdquo is structured to promote humans to have more affection towards nature and to

conserve biodiversity and natural systems for means of increased human condition (Souleacute 2013)

The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) created a

list of all species in New York that are listed as endangered threatened or of special concern by

the Fish and Wildlife Department (NYSDEC 2015) The list contains no native species that have

gone extinct completely however there are thirteen species listed that were extirpated from the

state of New York (NYSDEC 2015) Other sources have indicated two bird species native to

New York that have gone extinct the Labrador Duck (Camptrohynchus labradorius) and the

5

13

Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) (NYS Ornithological Association 2015) There are

five known fish species that have gone extinct completely and originated in the Great Lakes

however only two of those species occurred in Lake Ontario they are the Blue Pike (Stizostedion

vitreum glacum) and the Shortnose cisco (Coregonus reighardi) (Auer et al 2015)

Salmonids and Atlantic salmon

One native fish species of New York that has greatly declined in abundance is the

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) The Salmonidea family or Salmonids currently includes sixty-

six species of salmon and trout and is highly diverse All species within the Salmonidae family

are either anadromous (inhabit marine and freshwater systems) or strictly freshwater species and

occur in the Northern Hemisphere However many species of the Salmonidae family have been

introduced in other areas of the world for reasons of aquaculture and fishing interest (Animal

Diversity Web 2015) Atlantic salmon are one example of such fish that were introduced to the

western coast of South America in Chile Some Salmonidae species have been classified as

either endangered or have gone extinct due to overfishing and spawning stream destruction

Life Cycle of Anadromous Salmon

Anadromous salmonid species have eight stages within their life cycle beginning as eggs

in freshwater streams followed by migration and life in the ocean concluding with a return to

similar or identical streams for the spawning period and death (Figure 1) Females build nests or

redds laying up to 5000 eggs in freshwater streams where the embryos develop over the next

few months of winter During the spring eggs hatch as alevins and remain close to redds where

they feed on and fully consume the yolk sac and grow Alevins then develop into Fry at 3-6

weeks after hatching Fry slowly leave redds rising to the surface to fill their swim bladders with

6

13

oxygen They begin to feed within the natal streams on macroinvertebrates however adequate

stream shelter is essential in protecting fry from predators Generally fry spend about one year

feeding in natal streams until they develop into smolts however some fry migrate into lakes

where they spend from one to two years before their seaward migration Smolts proceed to

migrate downstream out to the ocean while continuing to grow and develop Estuaries or areas

where streams meet ocean tidal areas are essential for smolts to feed and adapt to oceanic

conditions Adult salmon spend one to seven years in ocean habitats often moving around to

different abundant feeding areas Migration back into freshwater streams towards natal spawning

areas occurs as a result of environmental and chemical signals Salmon cease feeding and derive

energy from fat storage and muscles to move upstream Salmon that are not consumed by

terrestrial predators during upstream migration eventually reach spawning streams where females

begin to build redds (females fan with their tails to move small pebbles) Males compete for

females and the most dominant males spawn with females a process where sperm and eggs are

released simultaneously and fertilize Lastly salmon die following the spawn and provide

essential nutrients to natal streams and respective terrestrial ecosystems thereby increasing the

chances of survival for the next generation of salmon (National Park Service 2015)

7

The Salmon

Life Cyc e bull

Figure 1 Anadromous salmon life cycle httpwwwnpsgovolymlearnnaturethe-salmon-life-cyclehtm

Life Cycle of Landlocked Atlantic salmon

Landlocked Atlantic salmon are slightly different from anadromous salmon motioned

above Instead of migrating to the ocean landlocked Atlantic salmon remain in lakes and their

native stream tributaries for the duration of their lifetime They often occupy shores of lakes and

streams during spring months due to warm temperatures and food availability As temperatures

continue to rise landlocked Atlantic salmon begin to move into deeper lake waters (roughly 60

degrees Fahrenheit) and feed on rainbow smelt alewives cicso and yellow perch Upon

8

13

reaching sexual maturity landlocked Atlantic salmon move back into natal streams where they

were originally stocked (most landlocked Atlantic salmon are stocked) and remain until death

(NYSDEC 2015)

History of Atlantic salmon in northern New York

Before the nineteenth century Atlantic salmon were extremely abundant in Lake Ontario

and Lake Champlain as well as the St Lawrence and Salmon Rivers and their tributaries

(NYSDEC 2015) The Atlantic salmon fishery in Lake Ontario was considered one of the

greatest of all fisheries in the world Atlantic salmon historically ranged throughout the North

Atlantic Ocean abundance in portions of northeastern US and eastern Canada (Figure 2)

Commercial fishing records from the early eighteen hundreds included catches of four hundred

to three thousand in one night (Chanatry 2012) However colonization and increases in social

and cultural demand removed Atlantic salmon from New York waters to almost nothing by the

mid-to-late eighteen hundreds (Miller and Ringler 1996) Rivers were dammed water was

polluted from factory runoff and deforestation decreased available spawning habitat by filling in

streams with suspended sediment Atlantic salmon were nearly extinct in New York by 1900

(NYSDEC 2015) Trophic release of a top fish predator caused the alewife population to

skyrocket by the nineteen sixties and stocks of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Coho

(Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) salmons were introduced as a

means of population control Pacific salmon soon created a tremendous angling industry by 1989

an industry which now produces thirty million dollars annually from the Salmon River alone

(Chanatry 2012)

9

middot i i i

OHTARIO

Hvdson Bay Labrador Sea

NAD -A_

GREENLAND (DEN)

st Johns

A I a n t i c

0 c e a n

Figure 2 Original range of Atlantic salmon in the United States and Canada httpwwwnativetroutflyfishingcomimgatlanticsalmonmapjpg

Reasons for Decline

Damming of rivers combined with habitat loss and pollution of water systems in the

nineteenth century contributed to the decline of Atlantic salmon in Lake Ontario and its major

river tributaries Reports from 1815 suggested that early signs of habitat loss were resulting from

excess agricultural practices such as ploughing of land and deforestation which decreased

stream availability and nutrient levels (Webster 1982) In 1817 a dam was built across the

Genesee River in Rochester and thousands of salmon were harvested in areas below the dam

Another dam was installed in Plattsburgh across the Saranac River in the late eighteen hundreds

that greatly reduced salmon runs (Webster 1982) By the year 1869 eighteen dams were built

across the Salmon and Oswego Rivers and thirty-four across the Big and Little Sandy Creeks

(Webster 1982) The US Commission of Fish and Fisheries reported in the late eighteen

10

13

hundreds that available spawning areas for Atlantic salmon were lacking and proposed

restoration efforts Additionally in 1891 the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries reported to the

New York state senate that damming of the St Lawrence River was one of the main reasons for

Atlantic salmon decline (Webster 1982) Similarly the lower Black River in Jefferson County (a

major tributary of Lake Ontario) once held an abundant Atlantic salmon population However

dams were built across the river inhibiting salmon migration and water pollution provided for an

unsuitable habitat which led to their extirpation from Black River by the twentieth century

(NYSDEC 2015)

Current Restoration Efforts

Although Atlantic salmon were nearly extirpated from the state of New York by the

nineteen hundreds human interest in the fish species was not lost Restoration efforts have been

in occurrence for about fifty years The NYSDEC stocks major river systems of Lake Ontario

with 200000 one-year-old Atlantic salmon each year (Miller and Ringler 1996) Salmon

hatcheries such as the Tunison Lab of Aquatics in Cortland conduct salmon reintroduction

research and control stocking programs that stock thousands of juvenile Atlantic salmon annually

(Chanatry 2012) Other organizations such as the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (started

in 1987) work to stock New York waters with Atlantic salmon In addition to research and

stocking programs restoration programs provide education and awareness of Atlantic salmon in

northern New York through public support and daily catch data from anglers (Bring Back the

Salmon 2015)

Challenges in restoring Atlantic salmon arise due to the fact that their migratory patterns

include both upstream and downstream areas of freshwater systems An example of the

11

13

challenges of restoring Atlantic salmon occurred in the lower Black River when pollution

decreased around 1960 (NYSDEC 2015) Pacific salmon were introduced and flourished by

1981 in Black River however ldquoa hydroelectric dam located at Dexter prevented the upstream

movement of fish and crowded fish and fisherman into a short one-mile section of the riverrdquo

which allowed for an increase in salmon harvest but did not provide for opportunistic Atlantic

salmon restoration (NYSDEC 2015) As a result the Federal Regulatory Commission gave

permission for the DEC to install two ldquofish laddersrdquo in dams to allow for a more successful

salmon run The fish ladders were successful in increasing salmon runs by 1989 which then

promoted future investigation into Atlantic salmon reintroduction in Lake Ontario (NYSDEC

2015)

12

13

METHODS

In order to conduct our case study we directed our research towards Lake Ontario St

Lawrence River the tributaries surrounding each larger water body (Salmon River Black River

St Regis River) and the communities and people surrounding the eastern edges of Lake Ontario

and southern portions of the St Lawrence River (Figure 3)

To gather information we looked at primary scientific journal articles and secondary

sources including newspapers articles and radio piecespodcastsinterviews We also conducted a

series of phone interviews and searched for Internet sources from government websites

international organizations local fishing businesses statewide and federal fish hatcheries and

public opinion

13

Legend

-- North County Rivers

r-- Adirondack Park Boundary

L___J Waterbod1es ~ North Country Large

- Importa nt Rivers

B Kelan Koncewicz 426 15 Created y

N

1

I E w

s

Figure 3 Study site of northern New York

14

13

Interviews

We gathered a large portion of our information from phone interviews with different

people provided in Appendix A Subjects were selected based on their experience with Atlantic

salmon in northern New York whether it is through research angling or through conservation

All but one of our subjects was interviewed over the phone and some were contacted initially

through email Some subjects were asked different questions based on their experiences and

prerequisites but most interviews were conducted using the following questions what has been

your experience with Atlantic salmon in northern New York What are some of the most

effective salmon restoration efforts in the area Is it possible for Pacific and Atlantic salmon to

coexist in northern New York and if so to what extent What is the greatest challenge in

restoring Atlantic salmon in northern New York Can a native Atlantic salmon fishery

effectively replace the well-established Pacific salmon fishery and would the public (primarily

anglers) be open to this type of change Where do you see the status of Atlantic salmon being in

the next 10-15 years

Subjects

First we met with Brad Baldwin a professor at St Lawrence University in the

Conservation Biology Department a specialist in both limnology and marine biology We chose

to speak with Brad initially because we felt he would provide use with direction in our research

as well as other individuals we could potentially interview Brad facilitated our research by

listing a number of salmon hatcheries in northern New York and individuals either associated

with those hatcheries or connected to Atlantic salmon in other ways

Our first phone interview was with Brett Canary a local game warden working for the

NYSDEC in St Lawrence Country The interview was conducted on March 25 2015 Brett

15

13

provided us with information regarding dams across St Lawrence River tributaries and the

effects of those dams on salmon migration Additionally Bret provided us with his perspective

on Atlantic salmon restoration and its importance in providing for local towns in the North

Country As both a local nature enthusiast and a conservation officer for the DEC Brett

enhanced our knowledge on more than one stakeholder level

We then interviewed Dick MacDonald the Head of the Region 6 Fisheries Department in

Watertown New York Dick is also an employee of the DEC and was chosen as our second

interviewee after a recommendation from Brett Canary We interviewed Dick over the phone on

March 27 2015 Dick conducted his masterrsquos work on a population model for Atlantic salmon

introduced near the Oswego Drainage of Lake Ontario and provided us with useful information

regarding his research and his hopes for Atlantic salmon stocks in the future Additionally Dick

allowed us to better understand structurally the legislative powers associated with fisheries and

hatcheries in New York and gave us more direction in our research on government issues

Lastly Dick informed us of the history of Pacific salmon in northern New York and reasons for

their introduction following Atlantic salmon decline in the eighteen hundreds

Our last interviewee was Dave ldquoRockyrdquo Rockwell a fishing guide on the Salmon River

and a representative of the Douglaston Salmon Run (DSR) The interview was conducted over

the phone on May 5 2015 Dave was a very informative subject in that he was not only

knowledgeable of Atlantic salmon restoration projects in effect but also provided inside on

anglers on the Salmon River their intentions and hopes and their willingness to help restore a

native fishery Dave was most effective in helping us to determine feasible solutions to our

problem and identifying solutions that were either impossible or unrealistic

16

13

IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS

A stakeholder can be defined as anyone who might be impacted by a project and might be

involved in the decision making process depending on the scope of the issue In regards to our

own case study we chose to look specifically into stakeholders related to the restoration of

Atlantic salmon in northern New York Based on the past range of Atlantic salmon and current

nation range we also thought it would be important to consider the stakeholder in a broader

sense including northeastern United States We also more briefly considered the international

realm of Atlantic salmon and considered organizations in countries of northern Europe as well as

Canada

Environment

Perhaps the most important stakeholder of all is the environment Ecosystem services that

the environment preforms plays a central role in our everyday lives and altering these processes

by affecting species existence in an area can be detrimental The removal of an entire species can

have significant impacts on the environment Ever since the beginning of heavy settlement in

northern New York white men have been hunting and contributing towards the extinction of

Atlantic salmon from Lake Ontario and its tributaries By the end of the 17th century Atlantic

salmon had been completely extirpated from Lake Ontario With the removal of a top predator

from the lake forage fish including alewives began to skyrocket impacting aquatic as well as

terrestrial communities Alewives specifically ldquocontain an enzyme that breaks down the thiamin

protein resulting in a high mortality amount fry of trout and salmon that dine on itrdquo (Figura

2012) Although some forms of introduction occurred earlier it wasnrsquot until 1963 that Pacific

salmon an invasive species were formally introduced into Lake Ontario and its tributaries to

once again alter communities and the ecosystem

17

13

Anthropogenic influences play a substantial role in Atlantic salmon livelihood In

addition multiple companies in northern New York and broader have contributed to pollution

and acidification of waters that provide Atlantic salmon habitat ALCOA Inc and Reynolds

Metals Company contributed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) among other chemicals to the St

Regis River affecting Atlantic salmon habitat as well as and affecting Saint Regis Mohawk

Tribe along the Akwesasne and the cultural significance of salmon (Benedict et al 2013) Water

acidification has also been an issue of concern from factories in the Midwest Other factors such

as deforestation promoting soil erosion and suspended sediment in streams and fertilizers runoff

of fertilizers from agricultural fields heavily impact the livelihood of species including Atlantic

salmon The salmon life cycle can be heavily impacted by small changes in its environment and

it is essential to consider the environment as a stakeholder in regard to restoration of Atlantic

salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries

As of 2000 Atlantic salmon have been listed as an endangered species in the United

States As a result federally funded fish hatcheries and government organization have led the

way in efforts to restock Atlantic salmon throughout tributaries within northeastern United States

In New York State the only laboratory that specializes in the restoration of Atlantic

salmon is the Tunison Lab of Aquatic Science in Cortland NY It was established in 1930 under

the US Bureau of Fisheries and has been part of the United States Geologic Survey (USGS)

since 1997 (Tunison Lab of Aquatics 2013) Among other goals the Tunison Lab is committed

to (1) ldquoexamining the feasibility of restoring Atlantic Salmon deep water ciscos and lake

sturgeon in Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence Riverrdquo (2) ldquoExamining the cause effect and

18

13

possible remediation of thiamine deficiency that causes high fry mortality in salmonidsrdquo (3)

ldquodetermining the ecological health of Great Lakes tributaries near shore areas and embayment

as it relates to fishery management native species restoration and exotic species restorationrdquo

and (4) ldquoassessing the status and conservation needs of threatened endangered and species of

special concern in the St Lawrence River Basinrdquo all of which relate to the restoration of

Atlantic salmon in northern New York (Tunison Lab of Aquatics 2013) Dr Jim Johnson is one

of the main scientists at Tunison Lab who specializes on Atlantic salmon The purpose of the lab

is for ldquoscientific research for the restoration enhanced management and protection of fish

species and their habitat in the Great Lakes and its tributariesrdquo (Figura 2012)

US Fish and Wildlife Service an agency of the US Department of Interior is another

federal service that is taking initiative to restore Atlantic salmon in Maine The Craig Brook

National fish hatchery in East Orland ME is the oldest public salmon hatchery in the country

created in 1889 and currently supporting 7 different river in Maine with Atlantic salmon

populations (Craig Brook 2014) The Green Lake National Fish Hatchery located in Ellsworth

ME is part of the Marine Fisheries Complex that is directly related Craig Brook and is also part

of the efforts to restore Atlantic salmon to the area Of the approximate 3 million eggs gathered

from Atlantic salmon the Penobscot River 1 million of them are raise in Green Lake for smoltz

production while the other 2 million are raised at Craig Brook and released as fry (Craig Brook

2014) Although restoration efforts in Maine may not directly affect northern New York Maine

hatcheries are the last known location in the US where native Atlantic salmon still spawn and

techniques used their back be applied to northern New York

19

13

State hatcheries

The New York State Department of Conservation (NYS DEC) currently operates 12 fish

hatcheries throughout the state varying in species of fish and amount produced Each of these

factors is important if restoration of Atlantic salmon is to be considered Dependent on funding

the DEC decides what fish to raise and stock in tributaries and how many If Atlantic salmon

restoration is to be taken seriously alteration in other fish species may have to be made for the

benefit of the Atlantic salmon Two specific hatcheries that are directly related to Atlantic

salmon restoration are the Salmon River Fish Hatchery in Pulaski NY and the Adirondack

Hatchery in Saranac Lake NY whose annual fish production averages about 120000 and

30000 respectively (A Look at DEC Hatcheries 2015) The Salmon River Hatchery focuses

mainly on raising Pacific Salmon including steelhead chinook and coho but also raises brown

trout and landlocked Atlantic salmon The Adirondack Hatchery focuses specifically on

landlocked Atlantic salmon of which is distributed statewide to other hatcheries including the

Salmon River Hatchery

International Organizations

Numerous organizations have Atlantic salmon in their best interest Because of its range

many of these organizations that care for the health of Atlantic salmon tend to be international in

countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom Bring back the Salmon is a five-year phases

initiative along Lake Ontario tributaries in Canada focused on four main goals ldquofish production

and stocking water quality and habitat enhancement outreach and education and research and

monitoringrdquo (Bring Atlantic Salmon 2013) After the completion of phase 1 in 2011 studies

already began to show natural spawning of Atlantic Salmon which is a huge success for not only

Atlantic salmon but for the potential of restoring a population within Lake Ontario As efforts in

20

13

both the US and Canada are be slowly underway the duel effort would seem to only enhance

the chance of a successful salmon restoration

The Atlantic Salmon Trust (AST) is a UK based charity that was founded in 1967

whose mission is to reduce threats to survival and maximize abundance of wild salmon As a

result of the AST the North American Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO) was

established in 1984 at an intergovernmental organization in order ldquoto conserve restore enhance

and rationally manage wild Atlantic salmonrdquo (Burke 2013) With the help and funds from the

Atlantic Salmon Federation North Atlantic Salmon Trust and National Fish and Wildlife

Foundation NASCO was able to negotiate with Greenland fishermen Atlantic salmon catch

down from an unlimited catch to 213 tons in 1993 and then down to a subsistence level of 20

tons a decade later (Burke 2013) Although some negotiations and unrest is still ongoing the

power of international cooperation and funding can achieve great conservation goals If similar

efforts could be initiated on a smaller scale in northern New York the greater protection can be

given to the reintroducing Atlantic salmon

Conservationists and Researchers

Conducted studies and information learned by conservationists and researchers is

pertinent if the restoration of Atlantic salmon is to persist Currently New Yorkrsquos only stream

tributary focused on restoring Atlantic salmon population is the Salmon River Dr Johnson is the

branch chief and manager of the Tunison Lab of Aquatic Science and is heavily involved in

efforts around the Salmon River In an article he stated that reintroducing Atlantic salmon to the

river is not a ldquofull blown restoration projectrdquo but rather an effort to see what works to with

bringing Atlantic salmon back into the picture (Figura 2012) Johnson has also been publishing

many academic articles concerning salmon One article suggests the interspecific habitat shared

21

13

by the Chinook salmon and Atlantic salmon can provide useful management restoration and

habitat protection (Johnson and Chalupnicki 2014)

In regards to Atlantic salmon abundance internationally the International Council of the

Exploration of the Sea (ICES) believes their abundance to be so low that Atlantic Salmon should

not be fished at all in the north Atlantic (Burke 2013)

Not enough research is done on Atlantic salmon being restored to the Salmon River

Although current spawning occurs from June-July Atlantic salmon are opportunistic and their

spawn may vary annually Additionally the presence of Atlantic salmon is extremely episodic

where Atlantic salmon spawn would be seen one year but be absent another (Rock)

Anglers

The importance of anglers as stakeholder is of the utmost importance to our case study

Anglers are the people who actually go out and catch the fish whether it is in streams rivers or

lakes Their activity could range from solely recreation and enjoyment to full-blown guide and

making a living off of what you catch or the customers you service Regardless the restoration of

Atlantic salmon would have a direct impact on every angler and it is essential that the

restoration plan that is evidently put forth consider the people who catch the fish

The Douglaston Salmon Run (DLS) is a private subsidiary of the first 25 miles upstream

from the mouth of the Salmon River The fishery restricts the number of anglers allowed per day

and is also a no kill zone for Atlantic salmon On the online website DLS lists 19 different

fishing guides of various age who all are considered experts Another angler guide service is the

Salmon River Guides consisting of Shane and Jackie Thomas who make it their livelihood to

offer fishing service on the Salmon River and Lake Ontario All of these anglers mentioned need

22

13

to be at the pinnacle of the decision making process because it is their career that involved in

regards to restoration of Atlantic salmon However if it is carried out efficiently restoration

project could accommodate for many of the stakeholders

Businesses

Similar to anglers associated businesses rely on a fishery to bring in profit The towns of

Altmar and Pulaski NY are relying on the salmon and trout fishing industry to function and stay

up and running Whether itrsquos the hotels that house visitors stores that sell the fishing equipment

boat marinas or restaurants the entire towns are supported by the fishing industry The scope of

the impact can range from the family owned Salmon River Sports Shop in Pulaski NY to the

larger Fat Nancyrsquos Tackle Shop in Altmar NY to even Dickrsquos Sporting Good or Walmart stores

that sells more generalized merchandise all are impacted with the alteration of a fishing industry

with the restoration of Atlantic Salmon Job security at risk with a changing fishery whether it

be the owner or employee of a store if not enough goods sell then cuts are going to have to be

made Restoring a species that could impact an industry is a sizable task and considering peoples

livelihoods is essential

During initial efforts of restoration of Pacific salmon business supported regulations and

taxation from the government on the fishing industry in order to protect the resource they profit

from Now with a stable and economical fishery of Pacific salmon within the Salmon River

businesses want little to no enforcement in order to catch the most fish make the most sales and

earn the most money possible (Rock)

Private business of aquaculture can also play a role in the restoration process In 2011

Aqua-Arbor Fish Hatchery of Chateaugay NY formally opposed the upgrade to the Essex

County Fish Hatchery that would allow them to self-raise fish in order to bring in revenue

23

13

(McKinstry 2011) Despite being almost 100 miles apart Aqua-Arbor who raises landlocked

Atlantic salmon fears that sales from Essex County would affect their overall sales Considering

all realms many entities are impacted by decision making of fisheries and decisions made about

Atlantic salmon would be no different

Public

The final stakeholders considered for restoration of Atlantic salmon are the public

specifically community members in northern New York who do not fish Those people who do

eat fish particularly salmon might be concerned about numerous factors such as the fishes size

health least cost or if it is farmed wild native or even how people value fish as a species in

relation to a food item There are also people who do not eat fish who may care about the

preservation of a species or could care less Salmon are aquatic very different from human

beings and not necessarily readily seen every day in its natural habitat by human in comparison

to a bird or land mammal The public may not be concerned about the issue of restoration of

Atlantic salmon and it is information that is noteworthy

24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government

There are three branches of the United States federal government that provide for

creating and implementing laws and policies that are then carried out by state governments The

legislative branch is responsible for making laws and is controlled by Congress the executive

branch is controlled by the President Vice President and the Cabinet and implements laws

created by Congress Finally the judicial branch is controlled by the Supreme Court and is

responsible for evaluating laws after they are created and implemented (USAgov 2015)

Federal Powers Act

On June 10th of 1920 the federal government created the Federal Powers Act which

facilitates communication between the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and other

Federal agencies regarding the provisioning and installing of various power projects (ie dams)

(Federal Powers Act 2015) Five commissioners maintain and manage projects under the Act and

are appointed by the President (the President also issues field work operations within the

Department of Agriculture and Interior) (Federal Powers Act 2015) Additionally within the

Federal Powers Act is what is referred to as ldquonavigable watersrdquo which are streams and bodies of

water controlled by the Commission and Congress in provisioning and regulating within and

among states Similarly reservations and national parks are protected under the Federal Powers

Act to the extent that applications and licenses for power projects are not accepted unless

approved by Congress The Commission itself is responsible for maintaining equal consideration

for both power and energy projects as well as protecting and enhancing aquatic habitats

including spawning areas (Federal Powers Act 2015) Amendments were added to the Federal

Powers Act in 1986 (Electric Consumers Protection Act) and legislates the protection and

25

13

conservation of specific fish and wildlife areas affected by various power projects and works

with state governments to efficiently manage or enhance such areas Lastly the Commission of

the Federal Powers Act is responsible for controlling and managing ldquofish passage facilitiesrdquo such

as fish ladders (Federal Powers Act 2015)

US Fish and Wildlife Service

Under the federal government are the US Fish and Wildlife Service which works to

ldquoconserve protect and enhance fish wildlife and plants and their habitats for the continuing

benefit of the American peoplerdquo (USFWS 2015) The US Fish and Wildlife Service is a bureau

of the Department of the Interior and with regard to fisheries and fish conservation the Fish and

Wildlife Service works to restore ldquonationally significant fisheriesrdquo as well as ldquoconserve and

restore wildlife habitatrdquo (USFWS 2015) Moreover a national program within the US Fish and

Wildlife Service is the Fish and Aquatic Conservation Program created to control manage and

enhance the National Hatchery Program as well as fish species and habitat conservation

invasive species and education and recreation (Fish and Aquatic Conservation 2015)

Another program under legislation of the Fish and Wildlife Service is the Dingell-

Johnson Sport Fish Restoration Act (created in 1950) and is designed to control sport fish

populations throughout the country (Sport Fish Restoration Program 2007) The program also

control the benefits derived from sport fisheries and the public access to those fisheries (boating

public waterways) Research and management mandated by the program areas such as habitat

enhancement hatchery and lake construction and education (Sport Fish Restoration Program

2007) States receive funding and grants from the Sport Fish Restoration Program to provide for

public education and public access to sport fisheries (USFWS 2015)

26

13

Issues

Issues regarding federal policy and regulation arise when thinking about the solution to

our problem of dams inhibiting migratory access to spawning streams If dams were to be

deconstructed or fish ladders implemented in selected rivers and streams the application would

have to be accepted by the Federal Powers Act Commissioners and Congress The possibility of

implementing ldquofish passage facilitiesrdquo is there if the effects do not negate the efficiency of the

dam as a power source and do not cause any other environmental harm Additionally if there is

to be any chance or shift in hatchery production the same application process would have to be

accepted and could pose a challenge due to the high level of economic benefits of the Pacific

salmon fishery in New York

State Government

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC)

The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation was created in 1970 and

facilitated for cooperation between state programs associated with environmental conservation

The mission of the NYSDEC is to ldquoconserve improve and protect New Yorks natural resources

and environment and to prevent abate and control water land and air pollution in order to

enhance the health safety and welfare of the people of the state and their overall economic and

social well-beingrdquo (NYSDEC 2015) Legislative powers within the NYSDEC include a single

Commissioner and their executive managers followed by 24 divisions that are broken down into

bureaus Various laws and regulations are also place on the Pacific and Atlantic salmon fisheries

within the Salmon River and Lake Ontario (Table 1 Table 2)

Within the NYSDEC is the Division of Fish Wildlife and Marine Resources which is

made up of five bureaus (fisheries habitat marine resources wildlife and fish and wildlife

27

13

services) Funding for the division is compiled from three distinct areas The Conservation Fund

receives money from hunting fishing and trapping licenses and fees as well as donations from

volunteers Secondly federal aid is provided by the US Fish and Wildlife Service and is

collected from federal taxes on firearms ammunition archery fishing equipment and motor

boat fuel (NYSDEC 2015) Lastly a General Fund supports the Division of Fish Wildlife and

Marine Resources and includes funding from New York State tax (NYSDEC 2015)

Issues

Issues in implementing a solution could arise at state level government due to a lack of

funding State budget has a large impact on fisheries hatcheries and fish restoration because if

the budget is low then the first funding to be cut will be to those areas (Dave Rockwell 2015) A

lack of funding could also result from a lack of licenses and equipment purchased and fees issued

in a given year or a lack of volunteer donations

28

13

Table 1 Data from statewide angling regulations httpwwwdecnygovoutdoor31421html

Species Open Season Minimum length Daily Limit Landlocked Atlantic Salmon

April 1 ndash Oct 15 15rsquorsquo 3

It is illegal to take Atlantic Salmon from Waters of the marine and coastal district

Kokanee April 1 ndash Oct 15 Any size 10 Coho Chinook Pink Salmon

See Great Lakes Regulations

Table 2 A simplified version of the Lake Onterio St Lawrence River and Tributaries Angling Regulations httpwwwdecnygovoutdoor31423html

Species Open Season Minimum length Daily Limit Coho and Chinook Salmon

All year 15rsquorsquo 3

Atlantic Salmon All year 25rsquorsquo 1

29

13

DEVELOPMENT OF SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM

Parameterizing Solutions

The problem of restoring landlocked and anadromous Atlantic salmon in northern New

York would be considered solved if the following parameters were met First a stable and

naturally occurring landlocked Atlantic salmon population would have to be present in Lake

Ontario The success of sea-run Atlantic salmon would depend on the accessibility from oceans

to spawning streams Next suitable stream habitat is required for a successful spawning period

therefore management and enhancement of Lake Ontariorsquos tributaries must occur In addition to

stream quality stream size plays a role in determining the success of Atlantic salmon The

presence of Pacific salmon in New York waterways limits available habitat for Atlantic salmon

and if the two cannot coexist then population control of Pacific salmon would need to occur to

allow the reintroduction of Atlantic salmon Finally since the Pacific salmon fishery is such a

well-supported and popular industry public interest in native Atlantic salmon must be at a level

that supports the restoration and reintroduction of Atlantic salmon

Identification and Evaluation of Potential Solutions

In addressing the issue of the Pacific salmon fishery in New York a potential solution

would be to shift all hatchery production in New York State from Pacific to Atlantic salmon The

shift would cause a decline in Pacific salmon numbers and would provide greater opportunity for

Atlantic salmon to re-naturalize in Lake Ontario and its tributaries However as beneficial as

such a shift may be to the Atlantic salmon population the stakeholders impacted by a loss of the

Pacific salmon fishery would be far too great Additionally the state government will not fund or

support the loss of such an economically beneficial Pacific salmon fishery

30

13

The major issue for anadromous Atlantic salmon is finding a migratory route to spawning

streams most of which are inhibited by dams Removal of all dams that contributed to Atlantic

salmon decline would provide complete access from the ocean to spawning streams Dam

removal requires labor time and funding and the number of dams across Lake Ontario

tributaries is too high to be considered a feasible solution Hydroelectric dams provide energy for

small towns and removing such a high number of dams would create a tremendous lack of

energy for local families and businesses Another potential solution regarding dams is to install

fish passage facilities such as fish ladders which would provide salmon with access to spawning

streams without sacrificing hydroelectric power Although it is more feasible that deconstructing

all dams installing fish ladders in each dam is also costly and requires maintenance

Controlling or completely extirpating the Pacific salmon population in the Salmon River

and other major tributaries of Lake Ontario would allow for Atlantic salmon to reestablish

without competitive pressures Increased Atlantic salmon stocking combined with Pacific salmon

control could yield positive results for Atlantic salmon numbers Similar to a shift in hatchery

production controlling Pacific salmon to such a drastic extent is not only economically

inefficient but could also cause serious environmental harm in the trophic cascade Although

simply increasing annual Atlantic salmon stocking on its own could eventually result in a higher

Atlantic salmon return Stocking of cisco in similar river systems might also provide Atlantic

salmon with an alternative food source to alewives which are greatly consumed by Pacific

salmon Consequently research and monitoring would need to increase to assess the

effectiveness of increased stocking

Finally increasing education and awareness of Atlantic salmon restoration would

potentially increase public interest in the native fish species Anglers who fish the Salmon River

31

13

and other rivers but cannot identify differences in salmon species would benefit from educational

services which would decrease the amount of Atlantic salmon harvested by fishermen

Identification of Feasible Solutions

While considering all potential solution to the problem only a handful of solutions are

actually doable or feasible Creating andor improving fish ladders of current dams along the St

Lawrence River or Lake Ontario and their tributaries Improvement of fish ladders could include

widening or lengthening based on other affective models that are currently implemented

potentially those along tributaries on the Gulf of Maine This would allow for increased

migratory ability for Atlantic salmon during their seaward migration and then back into

freshwater streams to spawn This could potentially decrease mortality rate of Atlantic salmon in

relation to dams while increasing births through successful spawning enhancing the restoration

process

Shifting fish hatchery production is a necessary change needed if restoration of Atlantic

salmon is to occur in northern New York Currently the Tunison Lab for Aquatic Research is the

only effort in the state focusing on raising and stocking Atlantic salmon If Atlantic salmon are to

make a comeback and be restored in northern New York other fish hatcheries such as the

Salmon River Fish Hatchery must shift some focus away from Pacific salmon and towards

Atlantic salmon This way the stock of Atlantic salmon will begin to rise also suggesting a rise

of native Atlantic salmon spawning in the Salmon River and other tributaries With declining

Pacific salmon stocking and increasing Atlantic salmon competition of food spawning habitat

and space between Pacific salmon and Atlantic salmon would begin to favor Atlantic salmon as

their population size increases As Atlantic salmon stock increases more tributaries would be

32

13

able to be stocked besides the Salmon River further progressing restoration efforts The increase

of Atlantic salmon stock at the Tunison lab would also be beneficial to restoration as the more

Atlantic salmon being released the better

Education and promotion for the conservation of Atlantic salmon is essential if the

restoration of Atlantic salmon in northern New York is to succeed In relation to other solutions

it is low cost short time scale and extremely impactful if done correctly Public forums

brochures classes signs etc

If the restoration of Atlantic salmon is to persist it will be important to provide them with

a prey species or forage fish to eat In relation to a project at Tunison Lab for Aquatic Research

Dr Jim Johnson is stocking native Ciscos in Lake Ontario a native bait fish of the salmonoids

that acts as the perfect forage fish for Atlantic salmon (Rock) If ciscos are able to reestablish

themselves in Lake Ontario then it is likely that Atlantic salmon would have a much greater

chance of establishing themselves in Lake Ontario as well The continue stocking of Ciscos in

addition to other forage fish for Atlantic salmon to feed on

Identification of Best Solutions

The solutions that are most necessary are those that are low cost and will be most

effective in restoring Atlantic salmon to northern New York The first best solution may have to

address Atlantic salmon preservation before restoration is the focus As many Pacific salmon

look very similar to Atlantic salmon one of the biggest struggles for Atlantic salmon is anglers

taking and killing them mistakenly for Pacific salmon (rock) If Atlantic salmon are not

preserved and valued but the people who fish them then restoration may not be as effective This

33

13

solution has to be geared more toward the unaware fishermen as guides and professional most

likely know how to distinguish the two species

Monitoring the Atlantic salmon recovery in the Salmon River and other tributaries is also

of importance if restoration is to succeed Because of the nature of Atlantic salmon in response to

restoration efforts their appearance in the Salmon River is episodic and the DEC does not

officially know the current population size of Atlantic salmon (rock) Thus substantial and

professional monitoring of the Salmon River and other tributaries must be made a priority in

order to evaluate the success of restoration action annually Going even further develop and

track concrete data can lead to more research on developing a strategic recovery plan that can be

applied to Atlantic salmon restoration Further research from fishery scientist and Atlantic

salmon conservationists must be epitomized if we wish to make strides towards the restoration of

this species

Building of any sort of construction can be expensive and focus must be streamlined

towards the most essential location regarding Atlantic salmon restoration Depending on funds

fish ladders should be buildenhanced on only the most important dams Location of the ladders

should be focused on dams associated with spawning habitat in comparison to seaward migration

as spawning would benefit Atlantic salmon more especially landlocked Atlantic salmon

Public interest of salmon specifically Atlantic salmon must be raised if restoration efforts

are to succeed Small towns such as Altmar and Pulaski NY near the Salmon River ought to

value Atlantic salmon as a native species and a natural resource and acknowledge its importance

within the ecosystem

34

13

EASE OF IMPLEMENTATION

Education

Education services regarding Atlantic salmon and restoration in northern New York are

already in effect so the continuation of such education programs does not require

implementation but increasing the availability of educational devices requires provisioning and

management Hatchery programs could provide tours of facilities to allow the public to

understand where and how salmon are grown in relation to the streams in which they are

stocked Admission could be charged to fund tours of hatcheries and surveys could be conducted

to assess public interest and awareness salmon hatchery production To assist anglers in

identifying different salmon species salmon identification pamphlets could be installed near

streams and rivers for anglers to refer to

Research and Monitoring

To assess the trends in annual Atlantic salmon stocks and the effects of stocking

programs the NYSDEC and other state organizations must obtain more concrete data of survival

rates success of salmon runs and natural reproduction Research and restoration has occurred

for over fifty years so continuing such is feasible but it must increase if more natural

reproduction of Atlantic salmon is the goal Biologists and field work require funding and a lack

of funding would result in a loss of essential data of landlocked and anadromous Atlantic salmon

stocks

35

13

Willingness for Change

It is difficult to assess how willing the public and anglers are to shift their interests and

livelihood to a more native salmon species Economically it does not make sense for many as

most of their income is received from the Pacific salmon fishery Local fishing shops hotels

restaurants and other entities all benefit from the Pacific salmon fishery so in order for a shift to

occur then there must be economic benefits in an Atlantic salmon fishery that compare to that of

the already establish Pacific salmon fishery

36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

To efficiently establish an implementation plan communication and cooperation must

occur between state organizations (restoration projects hatchery programs etc) and the

NYSDEC Our plan consists of four main areas that if implemented collectively and efficiently

will benefit the Atlantic salmon population as well as the stakeholders involved

Educate AnglersPublic

First we feel that the need to educate the high number of anglers who either live near

Atlantic and Pacific salmon river systems or travel from other areas is most important Anglers

are a large stakeholder in our problem and increasing overall education and awareness of the

issues and possible solutions would decrease negative effects of anglers (killing Atlantic salmon)

as well as reintroduce the significance of native Atlantic salmon as another sport fish species We

feel that informational checkpoints near rivers streams and trail sides would greatly increase

education and awareness Checkpoints (or more simply booths) would include information on

different salmon species the status of those species and a separate section directed towards

Atlantic salmon recovery Checkpoints would be installed by employees of the NYSDEC at

popular sport fishing sites along rivers Anglers are passionate about where they fish and what

species they fish for so it is not unrealistic to say that they act as catalysts in promoting and

expanding the specifics of Atlantic salmon restoration

Research and Monitor

Since stocking of Atlantic salmon is already occurring we feel that data collection is

important in understanding the positive and negative effects of stocking programs Field surveys

37

13

of areas historically known to have high salmon numbers should be conducted extensively by the

NYSDEC Additionally research needs to continue to assess natural reproduction rates and

spawning returns in selected areas Increased natural reproduction on a year-to-year basis would

greatly benefit the Atlantic salmon population so acknowledgement of natural reproduction

through data collecting is necessary

Habitat Provisioning and Management

Habitat loss was one of the major reasons for Atlantic salmon decline in the 1800s We

feel that management of spawning streams and water quality are essential in maintaining the

possibility of a successful Atlantic salmon return Management would be carried out by the

NYSDEC and spawning streams could be monitored for quality assessment and comparison to

other areas Historically abundant Atlantic salmon habitats should be provisioned and managed

as they most likely will yield the highest salmon returns If dams are creating issues for sea-run

salmon migration the possibility of fish passageways (fish ladders) must be explored to provide

for a less limited route for salmon during migration

Continue Stocking Programs

We feel that since natural reproduction of Atlantic salmon is low then stocking programs

must continue to stock Atlantic salmon juveniles in selected streams Areas that receive higher

survival rates should be investigated by the NYSDEC and if stocking can increase in those

areas then Atlantic salmon success may continue to improve Stocking should continue annually

until the success of annual natural reproduction no longer requires stocking to occur which

could take time If at all possible either through funding or public demand Atlantic salmon

38

13

hatchery production and stocking should increase in comparison to Pacific salmon hatchery

production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS

Atlantic salmon (landlocked and anadromous) are currently at a level that cannot be

considered stable in northern New York Dam building deforestation and habitat loss pollution

and overfishing caused Atlantic salmon runs to crash However efforts to reintroduce landlocked

Atlantic salmon in some areas and restore Atlantic salmon in others have produced some positive

results Based on our research we feel that public interest is more directed towards the economic

benefits of the Pacific salmon fishery compared to the intrinsic value and benefits of native

Atlantic salmon however there is room for possible restoration to occur Government and state

organizations must continue to manage spawning streams and habitats as well as mandate

policies research and restoration programs if the goal is to restore Atlantic salmon to their

historically high abundance in both Lake Ontario and its tributaries We propose that educating

the public and anglers monitoring and research of spawning streams and other river habitats and

Atlantic salmon stocking would yield positive results The greatest challenge arises with the

Pacific salmon fishery however the problem is not an impossible task

40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to first thank Dr Erika Barthelmess for her guidance through our research

writing and completion of this paper Next we would like to thank Brad Baldwin for his

assistance and direction towards our research and interviews Third we would like to thank Brett

Canary Dick MacDonald and Dave (Rocky) Rockwell for their time and for offering us with

useful information and stakeholder perspectives Lastly we would like to thank our classmates

for their peer reviews and helpful points and the Conservation Biology Department for allowing

us to conduct our research efficiently and providing access to information

41

13

LITERATURE CITED

A Look at DEC Fish Hatcheries 2015 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation [Internet] [2015] Available from httpwwwdecnygovoutdoor7742html

Benedict A Belva K Racey M King L Hornbuckle W and Hook M 2013 Public Environment to Benefit from $203 Million from Two Settlements for Natural Resource Damage in St Lawrence River Area St Regis Mohawk Tribe Environmental Division [Internet] [2013 March 13] Available from httpwwwsrmtenvorgindexphpspec=nrda_main

Bring Back The Salmon Lake Ontario 2013 Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters [Internet] [2013 cited 2015 Feb 23] Available from httpwwwbringbackthesalmoncapage_id=12

Burke M 2013 Endangered Atlantic Salmon Are Facing a New and Potentially Devastating Threat Forbes [Internet] [cited 2013 Jun 14] Available from httpwwwforbescomsitesmonteburke20130614endangered-atlantic-salmon-are-facing-a-new-and-potentially-devastating-threat

Chanatry D 2012 Bringing Back the Salmon Riverrsquos Salmon North Country Public Radio [Internet] [cited 2012 Nov 23] Available from httpwwwnorthcountrypublicradioorg newsstory2093820121123bringing-back-the-salmon-river-s-salmon

Checklist of the Birds of New York State The New York State Ornithological Association [internet] Available from httpnybirdsorgPublicationsChecklistNYShtm

Craig Brook National Fish Hatchery 2014 US Fish and Wildlife Service [Internet] [2014 Sept 23] Available from httpwwwfwsgovnortheastatlanticsalmonindexhtml

Dewey T 2015 Salmonidae Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Museum of Zoology [internet] [cited 2015 May 4] Available from httpanimaldiversityorgaccountsSalmonidae

42

13

Division of Fish Wildlife and Marine Resources New York State Department of Environmental Conservation [Internet] [cited 2015] Available from httpwwwdecnygovabout634html

Federal Powers Act Digest of Federal Resource Laws of Interest to the US Fish and Wildlife Service [internet] Available from httpswwwfwsgovlawslawsdigestFEDPOWRHTML

Figura D 2012 Tunison Lab in Cortland touts new ultra-violet water treatment building Syracusecom [Internet] [cited 2012 Jan 13] Available from httpblogsyracusecomoutdoors201201tunison_labhtml

Johnson JH and Chalupnicki MA 2014 Interspecific habitat associations of the juvenile salmonoids in Lake Ontario tributaries implications for Atlantic salmon restoration Journal of Applied Ichthyology [Internet] [cited 2014 Oct] 30(5) 853-861 Available from httponlinelibrarywileycomdoi101111jai12456full

McKinstry L 2011 Essex County Fish Hatchery needs more water Press-Republican [Internet] [cited 2011 Feb 10] Available from httpwwwpressrepublicancomnewslocal_newsessex-county-fish-hatchery-needs-more-waterarticle_6b3d041d-fc92-59c4-9570-0b10baa2208ahtml

Miller D Ringler N 1996 Atlantic Salmon in New York [Internet] Syracuse(NY) [2015 cited 2015 Feb 8] Available from httpwwwesfedupubprogbrochuresalmonsalmonhtm

Speziale K L S A Lambertucci C P Souto and F Hiraldo 2014 Recovering Native Culture in a World of Non-Native Species Conservation Biology 28(4) 1129-1131

Sport Fish Restoration Program Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance [internet] Available from httpswwwcfdagovindexs=programampmode=formamptab=coreampid=44af35dfcc7c 909df4d3554510502df3

The Salmon Life Cycle National Park Service US Department of the Interior [internet] [cited 2015 Apr 28] Available from httpwwwnpsgovolymlearnnaturethe-salmon-life-cyclehtm

43

13

Trigger D J Mulcock A Gaynor and Y Toussaint 2008 Ecological restoration cultural preferences and the negotiation of lsquonativenessrsquo in Australia Geoforum 391273ndash1283

Tunison Laboratory of Aquatic Science 2013 United States Geologic Survey [Internet] [2013 Aug 1] Available from httpwwwglscusgsgovsitesdefaultfilesinfosheetsTLAS20130319pdf

Webster DA 1982 Early History of Atlantic Salmon in New York New York Fish and Game Journal [Internet] [2015 cited 2015 Feb 23] 29 Available from httpfishcreeksalmonorgHistory-NYhtm

44

13

APPENDICES

Appendix A Table of interviewees

Person Title Date Interviewed Contact Information

Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin

Associate professor Biology St Lawrence University Canton NY

3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics

Brett Canary NYS DEC environmental conservation officer St Lawrence County

32515 (315)-489-3180

Game and wildlife in northern New York

Dick McDonald NYS DEC Region 6 head of the fisheries department Watertown NY

4315 (315)-273-5791

Fisheries from NYS DEC Region 6

Garrett Brancy Douglaston Salmon Run manager and river keeper Pulaski NY

42815 (315)-298-6672

Natural resource management and fishing lodge host

Dave ldquoRockrdquo Rockwell

Douglaston Salmon Run fishing guide Pulaski NY

5515 (315)-486-6829

Reintroduction of landlocked Atlantic salmon

45

13

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip3 PROBLEM DEFINITIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip5

LOSS OF NATIVE SPECIEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip5 SALMONIDS AND ATLANTIC SALMONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip6

Life Cycle of Anadromous Salmonhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip6 Life Cyle of Landlocked Salmonhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip8

HISTORY OF ATLANTIC SLAMON IN NORTHERN NEW YORKhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip9 Reasons for Declinehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip10

CURRENT RESTORATION EFFORTShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip11 METHODShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13

INTERVIEWShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip15 Subjectshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip15

IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip17 ENVIRONMENThelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip17 GOVERNMENThelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip18

Federal Hatcherieshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip18 State Hatcherieshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip20

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip20 CONSERVATIONISTS AND RESEARCHERShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip21 ANGLERShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip22 BUSINESSEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip23 PUBLIChelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip24

GOVERNMENT ISSUEShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip25 FEDERAL GOVERNMENThelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip25

Federal Powers Acthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip25 US Fish and Wildlife Servicehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip26 Issueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27

STATE GOVERNMENThelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip27 Issueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip28

DEVELOPMENT OF SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30 PARAMETERIZING SOLUTIONShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30 IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL SOLUTIONShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip30 IDENTIFICATION OF FEASIBLE SOLUTIONShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip32 IDENTIFICATION OF BEST SOLUTIONShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip33

EASE OF IMPLEMENTATIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35 EDUCATIONhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35 RESEARCH AND MONITORINGhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35 WILLINGNESS FOR CHANGEhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip36

IMPLEMENTATION PLANhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip37 EDUCATE ANGLERSPUBLIChelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip37 RESEARCH AND MONITORINGhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip37 HABITAT PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENThelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip38 CONTINUE STOCKING PROGRAMShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip38

CONCLUSIONShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip40 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip41 LITERATURE CITEDhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip42 APPENDICIES helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip45

2

13

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY






















3

13
















York

4

13

PROBLEM DEFINITION






















5

13























6

13

















7

The Salmon

Life Cyc e bull









8

13



(NYSDEC 2015)


















(Chanatry 2012)

9

middot i i i

OHTARIO


NAD -A_

GREENLAND (DEN)

st Johns

A I a n t i c

0 c e a n


Reasons for Decline











10

13








(NYSDEC 2015)












Salmon 2015)



11

13










2015)

12

13

METHODS









public opinion

13

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY






















3

13
















York

4

13

PROBLEM DEFINITION






















5

13























6

13

















7

The Salmon

Life Cyc e bull









8

13



(NYSDEC 2015)


















(Chanatry 2012)

9

middot i i i

OHTARIO


NAD -A_

GREENLAND (DEN)

st Johns

A I a n t i c

0 c e a n


Reasons for Decline











10

13








(NYSDEC 2015)












Salmon 2015)



11

13










2015)

12

13

METHODS









public opinion

13

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13
















York

4

13

PROBLEM DEFINITION






















5

13























6

13

















7

The Salmon

Life Cyc e bull









8

13



(NYSDEC 2015)


















(Chanatry 2012)

9

middot i i i

OHTARIO


NAD -A_

GREENLAND (DEN)

st Johns

A I a n t i c

0 c e a n


Reasons for Decline











10

13








(NYSDEC 2015)












Salmon 2015)



11

13










2015)

12

13

METHODS









public opinion

13

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

PROBLEM DEFINITION






















5

13























6

13

















7

The Salmon

Life Cyc e bull









8

13



(NYSDEC 2015)


















(Chanatry 2012)

9

middot i i i

OHTARIO


NAD -A_

GREENLAND (DEN)

st Johns

A I a n t i c

0 c e a n


Reasons for Decline











10

13








(NYSDEC 2015)












Salmon 2015)



11

13










2015)

12

13

METHODS









public opinion

13

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13























6

13

















7

The Salmon

Life Cyc e bull









8

13



(NYSDEC 2015)


















(Chanatry 2012)

9

middot i i i

OHTARIO


NAD -A_

GREENLAND (DEN)

st Johns

A I a n t i c

0 c e a n


Reasons for Decline











10

13








(NYSDEC 2015)












Salmon 2015)



11

13










2015)

12

13

METHODS









public opinion

13

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

















7

The Salmon

Life Cyc e bull









8

13



(NYSDEC 2015)


















(Chanatry 2012)

9

middot i i i

OHTARIO


NAD -A_

GREENLAND (DEN)

st Johns

A I a n t i c

0 c e a n


Reasons for Decline











10

13








(NYSDEC 2015)












Salmon 2015)



11

13










2015)

12

13

METHODS









public opinion

13

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

The Salmon

Life Cyc e bull









8

13



(NYSDEC 2015)


















(Chanatry 2012)

9

middot i i i

OHTARIO


NAD -A_

GREENLAND (DEN)

st Johns

A I a n t i c

0 c e a n


Reasons for Decline











10

13








(NYSDEC 2015)












Salmon 2015)



11

13










2015)

12

13

METHODS









public opinion

13

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13



(NYSDEC 2015)


















(Chanatry 2012)

9

middot i i i

OHTARIO


NAD -A_

GREENLAND (DEN)

st Johns

A I a n t i c

0 c e a n


Reasons for Decline











10

13








(NYSDEC 2015)












Salmon 2015)



11

13










2015)

12

13

METHODS









public opinion

13

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

middot i i i

OHTARIO


NAD -A_

GREENLAND (DEN)

st Johns

A I a n t i c

0 c e a n


Reasons for Decline











10

13








(NYSDEC 2015)












Salmon 2015)



11

13










2015)

12

13

METHODS









public opinion

13

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13








(NYSDEC 2015)












Salmon 2015)



11

13










2015)

12

13

METHODS









public opinion

13

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13










2015)

12

13

METHODS









public opinion

13

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

METHODS









public opinion

13

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

Legend




- Importa nt Rivers


N

1

I E w

s


14

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

Interviews














Subjects









15

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13























16

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13









Canada

Environment














17

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13












salmon

Government

Federal hatcheries










18

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13






















19

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

State hatcheries























20

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13
























21

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13










Anglers













22

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13




Businesses




















23

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13





Public










24

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

GOVERNMENT ISSUES

Federal Government







Federal Powers Act















25

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13























26

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

Issues










State Government













27

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13







Issues






28

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13











29

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13























30

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13
























31

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13












process











32

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13






















33

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13












this species










34

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13


Education

















stocks

35

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13








36

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN





















37

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13






















38

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13


production

39

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

CONCLUSIONS














40

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS








41

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

LITERATURE CITED









42

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13










43

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13




44

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

13

APPENDICES



Expertise

Dr Brad Baldwin


3415 (315)-229-5240

Adirondack aquatics


32515 (315)-489-3180



4315 (315)-273-5791



42815 (315)-298-6672




5515 (315)-486-6829


45

Date post:	03-Oct-2018
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