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Restriction Enzymes, Recombinant DNA, Gene Therapy & Genetically
Modified Organisms
Biology 2011
Restriction Enzymes
• What they are:– Enzymes obtained from bacteria that cut DNA
• What they do:– Used to cut DNA at specific regions = restriction
sites– They can produce DNA with “sticky ends”– List of enzymes & restriction sites
http://www.neb.com/nebecomm/products/category1.asp
Restriction Enzymes (cont.)• How we use them:– To cut DNA into pieces for
• gel electrophoresis• PCR• Gene cloning• To insert new DNA into an organism• Gene splicing - cutting DNA and inserting new DNA
Recombinant DNA
• What is it:– DNA from two organisms that is joined together– rDNA
• How it is done:– DNA from both organisms is cut with the same
restriction enzyme to get sticky ends– The pieces of DNA are then joined together using
ligase.– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2jUMG2E-ic
Recombinant DNA (cont.)
Uses of Recombinant DNA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVdLJ78RBWk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0UzdYRnMtY&feature=related
Gene Therapy
• What it is:– Technique for correcting defective genes that
cause disease
• How– A new gene could be inserted into the genome
using a “vector” to deliver the DNA– Viruses are often used as vectors
Current Status of Gene Therapy
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/tlc/29327-understanding-gene-therapy-treatment-video.htm
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml
Genetically Modified Organisms
• What are they?– Organisms whose genetic material has been
altered using genetic engineering techniques– Transgenic organisms – organisms with DNA from
another species
GMO Uses - Insulin Production
• The gene for human insulin has been inserted into bacteria which are able to produce it.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEINuCL-5wc&feature=related
GMO Crops• Crops have been developed that are – Resistant to environmental conditions (freezing,
drought)– Resistant to herbicides– Resistant to pests– Higher nutrient content (rice that is higher in iron
and beta carotene
GMO animals• Pharming - Genetically engineered goats
produces milk containing Atryn, a human anticoagulant
• Glow-in-the-dark fish, cats, mice, plants, bacteria
• Knockout mice – mice that have genes that are turned off ; provides a model for studying and modeling different human diseases (cancer, obesity, heart disease, arthritis, Parkinsons disease…)