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On 8-9 June 2012, NGO Internews, with the support of the Annenberg School for Communication of Pennsylvania University and USAID, organised a “Conference on Internet Governance, Policy and Regulation” in Sarajevo (Bosnia-Herzegovina). Cedric Laurant presented some of the current challenges that privacy and data protection present for the defense of freedom of expression in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Several representatives from the Bosniak Minister of Communications, Communications Regulatory Authority, USAID and the Council of Europe assisted to the event, as well as from Bosniak NGOs working on freedom of expression issues and media organisations, together with international Internet governance, free speech and privacy experts from Europe and the United States. Panels covered the issues of privacy, data protection and free speech in the digital age, online security, and Internet governance, policy and regulatory aspects. More information at http://www.ulys.net/fr/conferences-489/current-privacy-and-data-protection-challenges-for-the-defense-of-free.html
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www.ulys.net www.droittechnologie.org 1 (SARAJEVO, BOSNIAHERZEGOVINA, 89 JUNE 2012) INTERNEWS & ANNENBERG SCHOOL FOR COMMUNICATION Cédric Laurant A5orneyatLaw, Cabinet Ulys (Brussels) Principal, Cedric Laurant ConsulAng CONFERENCE ON INTERNET GOVERNANCE, POLICY & REGULATION
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Page 1: "Retention & Online Search: How Current Challenges for Privacy Become New Threats for Freedom of Expression" (Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, June 8, 2012)

www.ulys.net    -­‐    www.droit-­‐technologie.org   1  

(SARAJEVO,  BOSNIA-­‐HERZEGOVINA,  8-­‐9  JUNE  2012)  INTERNEWS  &  ANNENBERG  SCHOOL  FOR  COMMUNICATION  

 

Cédric  Laurant  A5orney-­‐at-­‐Law,  Cabinet  Ulys  (Brussels)  Principal,  Cedric  Laurant  ConsulAng  

 

CONFERENCE  ON  INTERNET  GOVERNANCE,  POLICY  &  REGULATION  

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www.ulys.net    -­‐    www.droit-­‐technologie.org   2  

RETENTION  AND  ONLINE  SEARCH:  HOW  CURRENT  CHALLENGES  FOR  PRIVACY  BECOME  NEW  THREATS  FOR  FREEDOM  OF  

EXPRESSION  

ü IntroducAon:  2  illustraAons  

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www.ulys.net    -­‐    www.droit-­‐technologie.org   3  

RETENTION  AND  ONLINE  SEARCH:  HOW  CURRENT  CHALLENGES  FOR  PRIVACY  BECOME  NEW  THREATS  FOR  FREEDOM  OF  

EXPRESSION  

ü 1)  public  authority’s  surveillance  by  data  retenAon  mandates  

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q How  threats  to  privacy  may  present  a  threat  to  free  speech:  

§ 1.  public  authority’s  surveillance  by  data  retenAon  mandates  

CHALLENGE  TO  PRIVACY  –  THREAT  TO  FREE  SPEECH?  

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http://www.zeit.de/datenschutz/malte-spitz-data-retention

q The  case  of  Malte  Spitz  

THE  CASE  OF  MALTE  SPITZ  

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“How  much  informa[on  do  you  give  online  every  day?  And  who  has  access  to  it?”  

 See  h`p://vimeo.com/19289724  

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THE  CASE  OF  MALTE  SPITZ  

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http://www.zeit.de/datenschutz/malte-spitz-data-retention

q 6  months  of  phone  records  (“traffic  data”),  enhanced  with  records  of  the  Malte  Spitz’s  tweets  and  blog  entries  

q Person’s  profile  q Person’s  rela[onships  q Where  he  lives,  works,  spends  [me  with  friends,  spouse?...  lovers?  

q Indirectly  reveals  his  poli[cal,  philosophical,  even  sexual  preferences.  

THE  CASE  OF  MALTE  SPITZ  

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q Ques[ons:  q Does  this  threaten  Malte  Spitz’s  right  to  associate  with  others?  To  travel?  To  communicate  or  interact  with  whom  he  wishes?  

q Does  data  reten[on  poten[ally  place  every  ci[zen  under  suspicion?  

q Could  such  surveillance  end  the  presump[on  of  innocence?  

q …  

THE  CASE  OF  MALTE  SPITZ  

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www.ulys.net    -­‐    www.droit-­‐technologie.org   10  

RETENTION  AND  ONLINE  SEARCH:  HOW  CURRENT  CHALLENGES  FOR  PRIVACY  BECOME  NEW  THREATS  FOR  FREEDOM  OF  

EXPRESSION  

ü 2)  private  sector’s  surveillance  through  online  behavioural  and  targeted  adverAsing  techniques  

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q How  threats  to  privacy  may  present  a  threat  to  free  speech:  

§ 1.  public  authority’s  surveillance  by  data  retenAon  mandates  

§ 2.  private  sector’s  surveillance  through  online  behavioural  and  targeted  adver[sing  techniques  

CHALLENGE  TO  PRIVACY  –  THREAT  TO  FREE  SPEECH?  

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“COLLUSION”  

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“COLLUSION”  

q A  Firefox  add-­‐on  that  allows  you  to  see  which  sites  are  using  third-­‐party  cookies  to  track  your  movements  across  the  Web.  It  shows,  in  real  [me,  how  that  data  creates  a  spider-­‐web  of  interac[on  between  companies  and  other  trackers.  

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http://blogs.wsj.com/wtk/

“WHAT  THEY  KNOW”  (WALL  STREET  JOURNAL)  

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ü 1.  How  can  violaAons  of  individuals’  privacy  affect  their  freedom  of  

speech?  

RETENTION  AND  ONLINE  SEARCH:  HOW  CURRENT  CHALLENGES  FOR  PRIVACY  BECOME  NEW  THREATS  FOR  FREEDOM  OF  

EXPRESSION  

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1.  HOW  CAN  VIOLATIONS  OF  YOUR  PRIVACY  AFFECT  YOUR  FREEDOM  OF  SPEECH?  

q Ar[cula[on  between  privacy  and  freedom  of  speech.  

q Privacy  as  a  core  human  right  and  a  condi[on  for  freedom  of  expression.  (But  also  freedom  to  travel,  to  associate,  etc.)  

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ü 2.  Challenges  to  individuals’  privacy:  illustraAons  of  how  actual  or  hypotheAcal  infringements  to  individuals'  privacy  have  led,  or  may  lead,  to  a  restricAon  of  their  

freedom  of  expression  

RETENTION  AND  ONLINE  SEARCH:  HOW  CURRENT  CHALLENGES  FOR  PRIVACY  BECOME  NEW  THREATS  FOR  FREEDOM  OF  

EXPRESSION  

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2.1.  DATA  RETENTION  

q How  regula[ons  in  Europe  manda[ng  the  reten[on  of  communica[ons  data  -­‐  e.g.,  online  traffic  and  mobile  communica[ons  -­‐  on  online  service  providers  and  telecommunica[ons  companies,  have  affected  Internet  users,  consumers  and  individuals’  right  to  privacy  and,  as  a  result,  their  freedom  of  speech.  

q Delega[on  by  the  state  of  law  enforcement-­‐specific  du[es  to  the  private  sector  (Choicepoint  case).  

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www.ulys.net    -­‐    www.droit-­‐technologie.org   19  

DATA  RETENTION  IN  EUROPE  

Extract  from  the  European  Privacy  &  Human  Rights  2010  report.  Map  available  at  h5ps://www.privacyinternaAonal.org/projects/global-­‐country-­‐reports  

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Struggles  against  data  reten[on    in  Central  and  Eastern  Europe    

   

Case  study  of  Poland    

(by  Katarzyna  Szymilewicz,  Panoptykon)  

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•   Overview  of  data  reten[on  regimes  (and  struggles  against  them).  

•   2011  case  study  of  Poland  contrasted  against  the  cases  of  Hungary,  Bulgaria,  Lithuania,  Czech  Republic  and  Romania:  necessity  and  propor[onality  revisited.  

•   Interpreta[ons?  

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www.ulys.net    -­‐    www.droit-­‐technologie.org   22  

                 Purpose  limita[on  for  data  reten[on    

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Poland     For  preven[on  or  detecAon  of  crimes,  for  prevenAon  and  detecAon  of  fiscal  offences,  for  use  by  prosecutors  and  courts  if  relevant  to  the  court  proceedings  pending,  for  the  purpose  of  the  Internal  Security  Agency,  Foreign  Intelligence  Agency,  Central  AnA-­‐CorrupAon  Bureau,  Military  Counter-­‐intelligence  Services  and  Military  Intelligence  Services  to  perform  their  tasks.  

Hungary   To  enable  invesAgaAng  bodies,  the  public  prosecutor,  the  courts  and  na[onal  security  agencies  to  perform  their  du[es,  and  to  enable  police  and  the  Na[onal  Tax  and  Customs  Office  to  invesAgate  intenAonal  crimes  carrying  a  prison  term  of  two  or  more  years.  

Bulgaria     For  ‘discovering  and  inves[ga[ng  severe  crimes  and  crimes  under  ArAcle  319a-­‐319f  of  the  Penal  Code  and  for  searching  persons’.  

Lithuania     For  the  inves[ga[on,  detec[on  and  prosecu[on  of  serious  and  very  serious  crimes,  as  defined  by  the  Lithuanian  Criminal  Code.  

Romania  &  Czech  Rep.    

Not  transposed.  

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Access  to  retained  data    

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Poland     Police,  border  guards,  tax  inspectors,  Internal  Security  Agency,  Foreign  Intelligence  Agency,  Central  AnA-­‐CorrupAon  Bureau,  military  counter-­‐intelligence  services,  military  intelligence  services,  th.e  courts  and  the  public  prosecutor.  Requests  must  be  in  wri[ng  and  in  case  of  police,  border  guards,  tax  inspectors,  authorised  by  the  senior  official  in  the  organisaAon.  

Hungary   Police,  NaAonal  Tax  and  Customs  Office,  naAonal  security  services,  public  prosecutor,  courts.  Police  and  the  NaAonal  Tax  and  Customs  Office  require  prosecutor’s  authorisaAon.  Prosecutor  and  naAonal  security  agencies  may  access  such  data  without  a  court  order.  

Bulgaria     Specific  directorates  and  departments  of  the  State  Agency  for  NaAonal  Security,  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior,  Military  InformaAon  Service,  Military  Police  Service,  Minister  of  Defence,  NaAonal  InvesAgaAon  Agency;  the  court  and  pre-­‐trial  authoriAes  under  the  condiAons.  Access  only  possible  on  the  order  of  the  Chairperson  of  a  Regional  Court.  

Lithuania     Pre-­‐trial  invesAgaAon  bodies,  the  prosecutor,  the  court  (judges)  and  intelligence  officers.  Authorised  public  authoriAes  must  request  retained  data  in  wri[ng.  For  access  for  pre-­‐trial  invesAgaAons  a  judicial  warrant  is  necessary.  

Romania  &  Czech  Rep.    

 Not  transposed.  

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Reten[on  periods    

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 Poland    

 2  years.  

 Hungary  

 6  months  for  unsuccessful  calls  and  1  year  for  all  other  

data.  

 Bulgaria    

1  year    Data  which  has  been  accessed  may  be  retained  for  a  

further  6  months  on  request.  

 Lithuania    

 6  months.  

 Romania  &  Czech  Rep.    

       Not  transposed.  

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Number  of  requests  for  retained  data  in  2009    

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 Poland    

 1  048  318.  

 Hungary  

 None  provided.  

 Bulgaria    

 None  provided.  

 Lithuania    

 72  473.  

 Romania  

 None  provided.  

 Czech  Republic    

 280  271.  

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(  POLAND    

number  of  requests  for  retained  data:        

 2009  –  1  048  318    (total  for  the  EU:  2  051  082)    2010  –  1  382  521  

     

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Courts,    Prosecu[on  and  Police  

56%  

Military  police  0%  

Fiscal  Intelligence  

1%  

Border  Guard    15%  

Military    Intelligence  

11%  

Central  An[-­‐corrup[on  Bureau    4%  

Internal  Security  Agency  13%  

POLAND  data  checks  performed  in  2009    

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Subscriber  data  54%  

Other  3%  

Geoloca[on  9%  

Billing  data  34%  

Types  of  data  checks    performed  by  6  agencies  between    

Jan  2009  and  Oct  2010  

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RECENT  DEVELOPMENTS  SHOWING  CHALLENGES  TO  LEGALITY  AND  LEGITIMACY  OF  DATA  RETENTION  LAWS  IMPLEMENTED  IN  EASTERN  EUROPEAN  MEMBER  STATES  

q   Romania:  ConsAtuAonal  Court:  blanket  data  retenAon  unconsAtuAonal  per  se  (2009);  new  drag  data  retenAon  bill  introduced  in  Parliament  (2011),  but  rejected  by  Senate  (end  2011).  

q   Czech  Republic:  ConsAtuAonal  Court:  naAonal  provisions  implemenAng  the  DirecAve  recognised  not  proporAonate  (2011);  Chamber  of  DepuAes’  current  a5empts  to  reintroduce  data  retenAon  (2012).  

q   Bulgaria:  Supreme  AdministraAve  Court  revised  and  amended  naAonal  law  on  data  retenAon  on  the  basis  of  unconsAtuAonality  with  Bulgarian  ConsAtuAon  and  ECHR  (2008).  

q   Hungary  &  Poland  –  pending  cases.  

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RECENT  DEVELOPMENTS  SHOWING  CHALLENGES  TO  LEGALITY  AND  LEGITIMACY  OF  DATA  RETENTION  LAWS  IMPLEMENTED  IN  EASTERN  EUROPEAN  MEMBER  STATES  

q European  Court  of  Jus[ce:  decision  expected  soon  that  will  assess  compaAbility  of  data  retenAon  mandate  of  Data  RetenAon  DirecAve  with  respect  to  the  fundamental  right  to  privacy.  

q European  Commission:  suing  Germany  for  failing  to  implement  the  Data  RetenAon  DirecAve  (May  2012)  

q Other  EU  Member  States:  q Germany:  ConsAtuAonal  Court  declared  unconsAtuAonal  the  naAonal  data  

retenAon  law  (March  2010).  §  Court  ordered  deleAon  of  collected  data.  §  Court  stated:  data  retenAon  could  “cause  a  diffusely  threatening  feeling  of  being  

under  observa@on  that  can  diminish  an  unprejudiced  percep@on  of  one's  basic  rights  in  many  areas.”  

q Ireland:  Court  referred  to  European  Court  of  JusAce  a  case  challenging  legality  of  Data  RetenAon  DirecAve  (thanks  to  an  Irish  NGO)  (May  2010).  

q Cyprus:  Supreme  Court:  parts  of  data  retenAon  law  are  unconsAtuAonal  (Feb.  2011).  

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INTERPRETATIONS?  

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q Used  in  Mexico  by  the  police…  and  the  mafia  (!);  

q Contains  name,  tel.no.  and  ID  no.  (Clave  Única  de  Registro  de  Población);  

q Useful  to  locate  someone.  

“RENAUT”  DATABASE  DATABASE  (REGISTRO  NACIONAL  DE  USUARIOS  DE  TELEFONÍA  MÓVIL)  

OTHER  EXAMPLES  OF  HOW  ACTUAL  INFRINGEMENTS  TO  INDIVIDUALS'  PRIVACY  HAVE  LED  TO  A  RESTRICTION  OF  THEIR  FREEDOM  OF  EXPRESSION  

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RETENTION  AND  ONLINE  SEARCH:  HOW  CURRENT  CHALLENGES  FOR  PRIVACY  BECOME  NEW  THREATS  FOR  FREEDOM  OF  

EXPRESSION  

ü 2.2.  How  making  an  online  search  can  reduce  freedom  of  speech?  

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2.2.  HOW  MAKING  AN  ONLINE  SEARCH  CAN  REDUCE  FREEDOM  OF  SPEECH?  

q  Profiling  by  online  marke[ng  industry,  data  aggregators  and  other  online  adver[sing  companies:  characterisa[on  of  Internet  user  as  a  type  of  consumer  fiwng  into  marke[ng  and  data  mining  categories,  which  in  turn  may  affect  their  choices  online  as  a  consumer,  computer  user,  individual  or  ci[zen.  

q  “Dynamic”  pricing:  discriminatory  aspects.  q  Google’s  new  merged  privacy  policy  and  consequences  (example  of  search  in  Google  

and  YouTube  while  logged  on  through  gmail  account).  q  Facebook’s  subject  access  request  (Max  Schrems’  case:  h`p://europe-­‐v-­‐facebook.org).  q  Rapleaf  case:  tying  of  an  e-­‐mail  address  to  a  profile.  q  “SSN”  case:  individual’s  date  +  place  of  birth  (zip  code)  sufficient  to  guess  his/her  

Social  Security  No.  q  Facebook  “Apps”:  

h`p://online.wsj.com/ar[cle/SB10001424052702303302504577327744009046230.html#ar[cleTabs%3Dinterac[ve  

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http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/st_RAPLEAF_20101018.html

RAPLEAF  CASE  

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OUTLINE  (1/2)  

q Introduc[on:  2  illustra[ons  showing  extent  of  the:  q a)  Challenges  to  privacy,  and  q b)  How  they  may  present  a  threat  to  free  speech:  

§  1)  public  authority’s  surveillance  (data  retenAon):  Malte  Spitz’s  case  §  2)  private  sector  surveillance  (WSJ  “What  They  Know”  example  of  3rd  party  

tracking  through  online  behavioural  adverAsing).  

q 1.  How  viola[ons  of  your  privacy  can  affect  your  freedom  of  speech:  q 1.1.  ArAculaAon  between  privacy  and  freedom  of  speech.  But  also  freedom  to  travel,  to  associate,  etc.  

q 1.2.  Privacy  as  a  core  human  right  and  a  condiAon  for  freedom  of  expression.  

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OUTLINE  (2/2)  

q 2.  Challenges  to  individuals’  privacy:  illustra[ons  of  how  actual  or  hypothe[cal  infringements  to  individuals'  privacy  has  led,  or  may  lead,  to  a  restric[on  of  their  freedom  of  expression  q 2.1.  Data  retenAon:  how  regulaAons  in  Europe  mandaAng  the  retenAon  of  communicaAons  data  affect  users  and  consumers'  right  to  privacy  and,  as  a  result,  their  freedom  of  speech.  

q 2.2.  How  making  an  online  search  can  reduce  freedom  of  speech?  

q   3.  Take-­‐aways  

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3.  TAKE-­‐AWAYS  

q What  solu[ons?  q EU  legal  framework  (ECHR,  EU  Chart  FR,  DP  Dir.,  DP  Reg.).  q Integra[on/adapta[on  of  Bosniak  legal  framework  within  the  EU  framework.  

q Civic  engagement  and  public  opposi[on  in  Eastern  European  countries  (cfr  Eastern  European  cons[tu[onal  courts’  decisions  on  data  reten[on).  

q Impact  of  Civil  Society  &  NGOs.  q Ci[zens’  public  trust  in  their  government  and  public  ins[tu[ons  (cfr  data  reten[on  slides).  

q Risks  of  discrimina[on.  

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ü New  Technologies,  Privacy  &  ICT  ü Intellectual  Property  ü Cinema,  Media  &  Entertainment  ü E-­‐Payment,  E-­‐Finance  &  Internet  Banking  ü Sport  &  Gaming  ü Commercial  Law  

ULYS  BELG

IUM  

224  avenue

 de  la  Cour

onne                    

                                       

   

1050  Bruxe

lles  

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ULYS,  a  Moder-  and  Human  Law  Fir5,  Dedicated  to  Innovation  !  THANK  YOU  FOR  YOUR  ATTENTION  !  

AREA

S  OF  EXPERT

ISE      

Cédric  Laurant  A5orney-­‐at-­‐Law,  Cabinet  Ulys  (Brussels)  

(Member  of  the  Brussels  and  District  of  Columbia  Bars)  

Principal,  Cedric  Laurant  ConsulAng  [cedric.laurant  [at]  ulys  [dot]  net]  [c  [at]  cedriclaurant  [dot]  com]  

CONFERENCE  ON  INTERNET  GOVERNANCE,  POLICY  &  REGULATION  (SARAJEVO  8-­‐9  JUNE  2012)  

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PresentaAon  available  at:    

h5p://blog.cedriclaurant.org  


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