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8/14/2019 Reticular Lec
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RETICULARRETICULAR
FORMATIONFORMATIONBy
Dr. Bernadett Pua Velasco
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Reticular Formation
Resembles a net (reticular) that isResembles a net (reticular) that is
made up of nerve cells and nervemade up of nerve cells and nerve
fibersfibers
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Reticular Formation
Consists of clusters of Consists of clusters of
interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
throughout the BSthroughout the BS
Has projections to the SC,Has projections to the SC,
hypothalamus, cerebellum andhypothalamus, cerebellum andcerebral cortexcerebral cortex
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General Arrangements
MedianMedian
MedialMedial
laterallateral
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Afferent projections
SpinoreticularSpinoreticular SpinothalamicSpinothalamic Medial lemniscusMedial lemniscus Vestibular, acoustic, visualVestibular, acoustic, visual
pathwayspathways
CerebelloreticularCerebelloreticular Subthalamic, thalamic,Subthalamic, thalamic,
hypothalamic nuclei and corpushypothalamic nuclei and corpus
striatumstriatum ºº
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Efferent projections
Reticulobulbar to motor nuclei of Reticulobulbar to motor nuclei of
CNCN
Reticulospinal to AHCReticulospinal to AHC
ANSANS
Corpus striatum, cerebellum, redCorpus striatum, cerebellum, red
nucleus, substantia nigra, tectumnucleus, substantia nigra, tectum
Thalamus, subthalamus, Thalamus, subthalamus,
hypothalamushypothalamus
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Functions
Modulate muscle tone and reflexModulate muscle tone and reflexactivityactivity
– Reciprocal inhibitionReciprocal inhibition Maintain the tone of antigravityMaintain the tone of antigravity
muscle when standingmuscle when standing–
Vestibular apparatus of the inner earVestibular apparatus of the inner earand vestibulospinal tractand vestibulospinal tract
Serve as respiratory centerServe as respiratory center
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Functions
Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain
Control of ANSControl of ANS
Control of activity of Control of activity of
hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system
Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm
Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness
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LIMBIC SYSTEMLIMBIC SYSTEMBy
Dr. Bernadett Pua Velasco
8/14/2019 Reticular Lec
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Limbic system
““border or origin”border or origin”
Forms the border betweenForms the border between
diencephalon and telencephalondiencephalon and telencephalon
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Structures
AmygdalaAmygdala– Forms the uncus on theForms the uncus on the
parahippocampal gyrusparahippocampal gyrus– Located above and in front of Located above and in front of
inferior horn of lateral ventricleinferior horn of lateral ventricle
– Almond shapeAlmond shape
– Damage: dec in aggressiveDamage: dec in aggressivebehavior, inc appetite,behavior, inc appetite,hypersexuality, emotional instability,hypersexuality, emotional instability,restlessnessrestlessness
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Structures
Parahippocampal gyrusParahippocampal gyrus
– Lies between hippocampal fissureLies between hippocampal fissure
and collateral sulcusand collateral sulcus– Medial edge of temporal boneMedial edge of temporal bone
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Structures
Hippocampal formationHippocampal formation
– Located at the floor of the inferiorLocated at the floor of the inferior
horn of lateral ventriclehorn of lateral ventricle– Consists of dentate gyrus,Consists of dentate gyrus,
hippocampus proper, subiculanhippocampus proper, subiculan
– Receives highly processed sensoryReceives highly processed sensoryinformation about the external andinformation about the external and
internal environmentinternal environment
– Important in learning and memoryImportant in learning and memory
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Structures
HippocampusHippocampus
– Group of cell bodies at the floor of Group of cell bodies at the floor of
the inferior horn of lateral ventriclethe inferior horn of lateral ventricle– Sea-horse shapesSea-horse shapes
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Structures
Dentate gyrusDentate gyrus
– Narrow, notched band of grayNarrow, notched band of gray
matter that lies between the fimbriamatter that lies between the fimbriaof the hippocampus andof the hippocampus and
parahippocampal gyrusparahippocampal gyrus
HypothalamusHypothalamus– Major ouput pathwayMajor ouput pathway
thalamusthalamus
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Structures
AmygdalaAmygdala– Forms the uncus on theForms the uncus on the
parahippocampal gyrusparahippocampal gyrus– Located above and in front of Located above and in front of
inferior horn of lateral ventricleinferior horn of lateral ventricle
– Almond shapeAlmond shape
– Damage: dec in aggressiveDamage: dec in aggressivebehavior, inc appetite,behavior, inc appetite,hypersexuality, emotional instability,hypersexuality, emotional instability,restlessnessrestlessness
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Functions
Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain
Control of ANSControl of ANS
Control of activity of Control of activity of
hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system
Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm
Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness
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Functions
Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain
Control of ANSControl of ANS
Control of activity of Control of activity of
hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system
Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm
Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness
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Functions
Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain
Control of ANSControl of ANS
Control of activity of Control of activity of
hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system
Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm
Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness
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Functions
Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain
Control of ANSControl of ANS
Control of activity of Control of activity of
hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system
Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm
Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness
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Functions
Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain
Control of ANSControl of ANS
Control of activity of Control of activity of
hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system
Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm
Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness
8/14/2019 Reticular Lec
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Functions
Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain
Control of ANSControl of ANS
Control of activity of Control of activity of
hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system
Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm
Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness
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Functions
Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain
Control of ANSControl of ANS
Control of activity of Control of activity of
hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system
Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm
Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness
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AUTONOMICAUTONOMICNERVOUSNERVOUS
SYSTEMSYSTEMBy
Dr. Bernadett Pua Velasco
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ANS
Part of the nervous system thatPart of the nervous system that
controls visceral functionscontrols visceral functions
Responsible for neural controlResponsible for neural control
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ANS
Consists of nerve fibers thatConsists of nerve fibers that
innervate the smooth muscles,innervate the smooth muscles,
cardiac muscles and glands of thecardiac muscles and glands of thebodybody
Special division of the biggerSpecial division of the bigger
peripheral nervous systemperipheral nervous systemcontrolling visceral effectorcontrolling visceral effector
organsorgans
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Two neural chain
Effector organAutonomic ganglia
Autonomic gangliaBrainstem CN nucleiSC lateral graycolumn
Secondary neuronPrimary neuron
Postsynaptic neuronPresynaptic neuron
Post-ganglionicPreganglionic
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Two neural chain
AchNorepinephrine
Ach
ManyFew
UnmyelinatedMyelinated
Post-ganglionicPreganglionic
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Divisions of ANS
AchAch
Craniosacral Thoracolumbar
CN III, VII, IX, X, XI
S2-S4
T1-L2 spinal cord
Cholinergic systemAdrenergic system
ParasympatheticSympathetic
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Divisions of ANS
cholinergicAdrenergic
AchNorepinephrine (Ach)
Various plexusesVarious plexuses
Near the muscularcoats of effectororgan
Paravertebralganglion
prevertebral
ParasympatheticSympathetic
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Divisions of ANS
Well localizedReferred pain
Conserves energyFight, fright, flight
Entirely visceralBlood vessels,pilomotor musclesand sweat glands
Visceral organs
ParasympatheticSympathetic
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Paravertebral gangliaParavertebral ganglia
Cervical GangliaCervical Ganglia
– SuperiorSuperior
– MiddleMiddle– LowerLower
Stellate gangliaStellate ganglia
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Prevertebral gangliaPrevertebral ganglia
Aorticorenalganglia
Thoracicsplancnic
Small and
large intestine
Superior
mesentericganglia
T10-T12
Stomach, liver,pancreas,
spleen,adrenalmedulla
Celiac ganglia T5-T9
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Prevertebral gangliaPrevertebral ganglia
Sex organsHypogastricganglia
Lumbarsplancnic
Distal half of large intestine,rectum, kidneyand urinary
bladder
Inferiormesentericganglia
L1-L2
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ParasympatheticParasympathetic
Parotid glandOtic ganglionInferiorsalivary
IX
Mucousmembrane innose, air
sinuses, palate,pharynx,lacrimal gland
Pterygopalatine
Submandibula
r
Superiorsalivary
VII
Ciliary andsphincter ms of the eye
Ciliaryganglion
Edingerwestphal
Oculomot
or
III
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ParasympatheticParasympathetic
Urinary and
reproductivesystem,descendingcolon, sigmoid,
rectum
Hypogastric
plexuses
S2-S4
Heart, lung andabdominalviscera
Cardiac andpulmonaryplexuses,esophagealand celiacplexuses
Dorsalmotornucleus
X
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ConstrictAbdominalarteries
ConstrictBronchialarteries
GlycogenolysisLiver
Stimulatesecretion
Adrenalmedulla
ConstrictsArteries
ContractsErector pili ms
IncSweat gland
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
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DecIncHeart rate
Inc secretionDec secretionSalivary glandInc secretionDec secretionLacrimal gland
ContractRelaxCiliary ms
ConstrictDilatePupil
DilateConstrict/dilateCoronary
arteries
ConstrictSkeletal msarteries
Parasympatheti
c
Sympathetic
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ContractRelaxGallbladder
IncDecGI secretions
RelaxConstrictGI sphincters
IncDecGI motility
DecIncForce of ventricularcontraction
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
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relaxUB externalsphincter
ContractDetrusor ms
Stimulatesecretion
Respiratoryglands
ConstrictDilateBronchi
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic