Return edited by Xiang Biao, Brenda S. A. Yeoh and Mika Toyota

7/30/2019 Return edited by Xiang Biao, Brenda S. A. Yeoh and Mika Toyota

1/25

RetuRnNationalizing Transnational Mobility in Asia

Xiang Biao, Brenda S. A. Yeoh, and Mika oyota, eds.

Dk Ut P Dm L 2013


2/25

2013 Dk Ut P

A t

Pt t Ut Stt Amc c-

Ht H. It t L Bk.

t P Imt Stm, Ic.

L t--Pct Dt

Rt : tz tt mt A /

B, B S. A. Y, k t, t.

cm

Ic c c x.

isbn 978-0-8223-5516-8 (ct : k. )

isbn 978-0-8223-5531-1 (k. : k. )

1. Rt mtA. 2. AEmt

mmt. I. , B. II. Y, B S. A.

III. t, k.jv8490.r48 2013

325.5c23

2013018964


3/25

Contents

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Rt t R t t A1Xiang biao

Chapter One Rt Nt t Rt21

Te Changing Meaning o Mobility among Japanese Brazilians, 19082010

Koji sasaKi

Chapter Two

S Hm39War, Migration, and Delayed Return in Postwar Japan

MariKo asano aManoi

Chapter Three

Guiqiao Ptc Sct t k t

P Rc , 1949197963Wang Cangbai

Chapter Four

t Ect83Compulsory Return as a Labor-Migration Control in East Asia

Xiang biao


4/25

Chapter Five

m G Hm100Forced Returns and Redisplacement Tirty Years

afer the American War in Indochina

sylvia r. CoWan

Chapter SixRc, Rt, Pc122Deportees, Victims, and the Regulation o Indonesian Migration

johan lindquis

Chapter Seven

Rt t G I141Sofware Proessionals and the Worlding o Bangalore

Carol upadhya

Chapter Eight

Etcz, tz, Ntz162South Korea and the Returning Korean Chinese

Melody Chia-Wen lu and shin hyunjoon

Contributors179 Reerences183 Index205


5/25

ACknowledgments

Ti book i th rit o v yr o collbortio tht trtd with th

c Rt t A t t A Rc It-

tt, Nt Ut S, t mm 2008. tk

ari t cc t t t-

t t . t t ct t t

. T ct w m wtt t ct-

t tm t. V S., L , S A-k f cmmt t t t t. tk I

Sm, S Y, Pc t mtt t t.


6/25

IntroduCtIon

Return and the Reorderingof Transnational Mobility in Asia

Xiang biao

When the Washington-based Migration Policy Institute asked a number o

mt xt t w wt tm mt 2006,

Hw Dc, t xct t - Itt -

t Pct, t t t mt t A

t mt tk. At t mt cmm m,

t m t, c t H , ct

than one would expect, he commented. Te signicance o the large-scalet mt m t t t H t

t ctxt t tc t H t t P Rc

o China (PRC). Between 1984, when the Chinese and British governments

t mt, t 1997, m t

m H t t t t

(Rittr 2007). By 2005, howvr, third o tho who hd migrtd to

t t tt ctt, m t-

tct t tct c t t m c.

At t 120,000 t 1999 . T t H t t

PR t t t H c w


7/25

2 Xiang biao

mtt w tc . T

t t t x A. I, t t t-

bd proiol d trprr to Ai, pcilly to Chi d

I, c t t t t t

tc c. Rt ct tt t t.

T rvr ow o proiol cotitt oly mll prt o r-

tr migrtio i Ai. Mch lrgr mbr o irrglr migrt

c t t t t ct ctz, m

Ai cotry to othr. Ti bcm prticlrly vidt r th -

c c 1997. Fm J 1997, w t c k t, t J-

1998, t ck m t 10,000 B Pkt

workr, Soth Kor xplld btw 150,000 d 300,000 migrt, T tt 6,000 Bm (V 1998). It m-

gcy mr, orcd rtr w oo trd ito roti. Mlyi

t t, , t mt c t

z cckw c t t 1990. J x -

g o 54,000 migrt yr i th 1990 d rly 2000. T cop

t c t A tk w cm t t

prt o th world: i th 2000 Atrli rmovd d dportd bot

10,000 yr, th Uitd Kigdom mor th 60,000, d th UitdStt 400,000 2011 (cm t t 30,000 1990

t 200,000 2000). I, t Hm Af t

Azm c t O (Ot ) cm c

2005, wc x 600,000 t 800,000 mt, t

t tmt m t w (Ht 2009).

O v grtr cl r complory rtr o lgl lbor mi-

t. T wm mt t m wk w m-

t m A ct t t tct tm tmd hv to rtr hom oc thir cotrct r d (P. Mrti 2008).

t-c ct c t cmm t -

t, t c. Tt , t tm t m w

rom prticlr cotry ccordig to th rtr to tht cotry. Ti

c m tt t t m mt t t A

cotri rom th Gl lo vry yr. Aprt rom proiol d

lbor migrt, th rtr o rg d victim o hm trckig

m c cc t .

T t w t t c t tt t -

c, ctt, c tt. T t


8/25

Itct 3

c m c tt m A t 1990. T

mode o governance seeks to regulate mobility through mobility. Te states

t mt t ck t ctt mmt. Rt

mt t t mt mt w

t mt m ck t t t m t mas new recruitments are constantly needed to replace the returned. But re-

t mt c k tt t tm mt. tt --

t cct mmt t mmt t t mwk

t-tt. Rt t tz tt mt.

Fw G Smm ct t mc t

z mmt tct (Smm 1997, 171), w m k

t m t t. Rt t ct ct t

movement o each vehicle, but they channel the trac into certain patternstt c mt t m tc. T mmt

t c t w mmtm, k

m tm t tm; t t mmt t w tt -

t t-tt. Nt-tt t tc -

t mwk zt c, t c tt

ct. Ntzt w tt mt -

t m tt x. I ctt t t cmm -

t tt tt mt c tt t (.., S1996, 6774) t c (.., t 2004), tt

cct A (t) mt mt t.

w w L L E Ox c

thogrphy o rtr migrtio tht py ll tttio to th di-

t, cmxt, tt t m xc (2004,

115), t k tt t m c ct, ,

trtgic momt wh th itrctio btw tio- tt d

tt mt tc . F t k, t t typ o migrtio migrtio bhvior with ditict ttribt d

tt k tt mt m mt. Emc, -

tr i tilly mbigo. T Philippi govrmt, or itc,

t tt cm tm t t

t wcm t t, t t t m tm t mt c-

t mt t t . w

b miig th poit by xtig o whthr th rtr hold b

t; wt mtt t ct tt t t mt t

mt t m mt mk t

k t. k: w c ct t c,


9/25

4 Xiang biao

, ct? t mtm tt -

t m t, t mtm m tt

t c t? A wt t t t t c-

cmc mt A ? T tt t x-

c t t mt t m t ct t t; t c t t c t-

tc t.

Asia as a Method or Global Studies

E t t t t t ; A ct t

t t t t . T w wt w- mt t-

t t m w cm ft t. A ct t t c t mt t t. It m

cct tt k t mt A t.

Ti rct prticlr rticltio btw tt itrvtio d th

mkt, tw t t tt w

t . t A ct t t z t cm, t

t t m tm t ct t t t

tt w. T cmt t tt tt

wt -mkt cm w cc ct t Et A c-nomic miracle o the 1970s and 1980s (Evans 1995). Te postdevelopmental

tt tt m t 1990 m t m-

kt t, t t m cmm ttc (O 2000,

2004). T -c asean (Act Stt A Nt) w

zt t tw ct -w

economic integration and saeguarding member states political autonomy

d ovrigty. T asean tio corg itrtiol migrtio,

c t t mk t xct tt c mm- mt c t cc t w tm t

ow polici. T thr i o rpri tht rtr migrtio i com-

m c fct c t . , -

t mt f ct t xm w tt-

t x tt mt c wk tt t

o exclude each other. As such, examination o return migration helps shed

t t t A.

T tct t mt t A. O t

ct, xc A tc mtt c c

t ct m mt c t w. T t


10/25

Itct 5

tck ctm cmm cc E

t t t w. I tm mt, t eu -

mt cc mt tw E -eu ct c

t t 2000. Rt t ct m-

t ( t 2006; mm E mmt 2007;t, A, tc 2006). T Bt Pmt mm Fk

F ct mt c m , m t,

m t w mt m A (2008). T N -

t cmt P m t mt t-

wk m t Ut Stt t t D (2006).

Jt w tk t cct , w tk A mt

t. I m wk, t, Yz z-

c (1989) t t ct c ttt tk t w t mt (c t) t m

t ct. Sc t c t t t, t

w m tc E xc ctc. I c-

tt, t mt c xm cc tc -

mt t t t, t tk t

w t ct mtt m t ct xc.

I t mwk, t w cm mc, tt

proc itd o ttic titi i ioltio. Wht Yzo rgd or iobvioly ot pcic to Chi tdi. Ch K- Hig rctly x-

tdd th propoitio ito dvoccy or Ai mthod. T p-

c A mt c c A ct t tk

c t c t, c tt

m t cm mm, tt t c

rooted and generalizable (Chen 2010). Return: Nationalizing Transnational

Mobility in Asia tk A mt t tct

Yz . Ft, ct mtt ct, t t t t cm A xctm. Sc-

, w c t xt A c

xm tct tw A ct. c t

c, tt, tt ctc t x-

mtt. A t m m c

c tt.

kig Ai mthod crtily do ot m tht th rt o

th world i bcomig lik Ai or tht ociti worldwid r dopt-

ig Ai mthod o dvlopmt. Ai mthod i lyticl

trtgy. By dvlopig w prpctiv bd o xpric i Ai,


11/25

6 Xiang biao

w t c mtc t w tt tw -

m t. c c t t x-

tt ct t ctc E the mt. T m-

tm c tt mt, tc,

w t E xc t , c tHolocaust, and this explains why certain concerns and concepts (e.g., indi-

t m ctz) tz w t m-

z (.., cct ). It w t tk t m c-

t t c ; w m t ct t

w mt t m xct t t t t cc t-

cal context. Rather than jettisoning established theories or being Eurocen-

tm, t m m ct t mt, ct w

kw ct. A mt m t xct tt. tkA mt t c A c , t c t -

xtct mt c m t cc t

t m tm tt t.

A mt t c t c t t

A t t w t tt t t t w. A ct t-

ctig with th world rthr th imply rctig it. Mor importt,

A t c c t t t t

ctc tmc t m w w t t w. A c,geographical coverage per se is o secondary importance in selecting cases.

O ct t m t c ft k t t

ft tc tm t ft tm.

T k tt wt t ct t tc t m-

t t A. T w ct

rtr migrtio i th crrt globliztio r. Bor trig to th

specic cases, it is necessary to have an overview o returnees historical re-

t t t-tt , tc w t A tt m ftt, t, ct, t, c-

t t wt t. T ctc ftt ccm-

tc ccc. Tt , tt k ttt -

mt d itrtiol co i ordr to orc rtr, d th

-mc, tz t t c c c

prticlr ivrlitic mig to divr rtr ow. It i throgh

t ctc tw ftt ccc tt c

ctc cttt m c tt

mt.


12/25

Itct 7

Te Returnee and the Nation

Rt m t t xct m mt.

Et Rt (1885) w mt tt tt m-

t tm ccm ct w, t mt-tmthory o th 1970 idtid rtr itgrl prt o ll migrtio

tm ( 1970; Nkm Vk 1996). It w

tc cmmc tt mt m ck t t

ct t . It w c w t cm m

ct tt t t t c w mc t-

c cc. tm t -c t

mc m tt c ct w. T xt-

cably tied to the politics o nation-states. Te word return itsel has now be-cm c t t: mt m t t t c

t (U, t m), wt t w return ct m

i th movmt rom ovr to y prt o o nation o origi. A

Wang Gungwu (1981) has established so clearly, overseas Chinese had been

t mk tt tt t t Q ct t t

nineteenth century ocially named them huaqiao (Chinese sojourners)

tm mt w wt t t. T c

t m t c t cm c t t t -c t Q mt w c t t

czt m tt c t t w, t -

rmt thror lt complld to d it rltio with it ovr

t xct tm w t t t t w.

T tzt t t t c t c

tt wt wc t tt cm t t m ct.

Rt t m tm A c t t

or grtio, thogh th mpiricl bodri btw thm rw . Ec tct t t t t- tt -

. T t t t t m cc mt,

m t , w , tm tc

m t m-tt ct, tk t t

t-tt k w tt mt cct

i th mid-twtith ctry. T cod grtio i rprtd by

c cc tm G, J Rz, Jw N,

L Yw, w t t cm t t t

t twtt ct. T t w mtt


13/25

8 Xiang biao

tt 2003 t I mt t J 9, t t w

G t m St Ac twt- ( 1914),

P Bt D (O I D), ct wt

t . T t t t t tm; t

w tt A c t w mt m wtt mm w ct x t tc cttt

i vrio prt o th world, which md thm prticlrly cpbl o

wt c w tm tt t t m

t m tt. T t- ct w t

cm t (A

1991, 4; Chttrj 1986). Prjit Dr y, Ntio r cotrctd

c m ttt c cct

(2009, 6). I thi proc th cod grtio o rtr rvd mt mt m t -

t, w t tc t- ct t

t c mt t t cc c t.

T t t t tw t 1950 1990. T -

t w t t w t t tc

cct t c t ct c

( Ski, thi volm; Wg, thi volm), or both. T rtr

w mt; t tc ct f cc-t t. T t t t t t

ft t. Rt t ctxt ct zt c

cm t ck--t mmt t t t

(U, t m).

Ht m t cm cc: t t t t t

appear to have similar experiences o return. But, while the rst generation

m ck t tc c t xtc

t-tt, t t c m t-tt Ahave developed sophisticated mechanisms or engaging with transnational

mmt. tm t mt ttc tm t

th tio d prticipt i globl circltio. Tir tiol ttch-

mt o rv bi or thir prticiptio i globliztio, d

covrly thir globl poitio r lvrg i thir itrctio with

tiol itittio. I th cod grtio o rtr tiolizd

t m ct, t t t t t w tm-

tz cm - ctz t

t , mm t tt t m t-


14/25

Itct 9

t ct t t mt tz t w

t mt t w t mt c c m.

Chptr 1, 2, d 3 i th book provid brod hitoricl ovrviw

w t ft t t t wt t

mid wr, rvoltio, thic coict, d idologicl bttl. KojiSki chptr trc th littl-kow dbt bot rtrwhthr

t wm J mt Bz t-

t t twtt ct, w tt w mtct

t cc. T mt, mt wm J t t

tt ct t twtt, t t t t

t twtt ct. Bt t tt tm J w cc wt

mtc x t mt t w c.

t J mt c t c c tmt t ct (Nkk) t mt t J t wk

t 1990, mt t t t tmt c m t m-

t c t w tz. T Nkk

p qi- rtr i Jp who joy mor bt th othr or-

t ct cm ctz. T -t tt cc

t J c tc mt, t cmc

c , t tt tt ct mt. I t wk t

2008 c c, t J mt f t t Nkk- t t Bz t ct t t t J

k wk t . t t Bz.

k A m ct c c t-

th ormr oldir o th Jp Impril Army who rtrd

m t tt w t t Sc . B -

lightig th wkwrd o th rtr, th chptr hd w light o

J tmt m mtt m t t tt t-

mt mct J A t. T t th 1950 w wkwrd bc thir prc rmidd th pblic o

J tct wc m J w

mct. T t t t mt t tt t J

t w ctm tt t t t ft t

t t cmct. A w w t t 1970 t

tt wkw cm t t t J c,

t t cm ct t. B tt tm t mm t

w w; t t w ct t xc

t c c mc. It w


15/25

10 Xiang biao

w wkw t t tt c mc. A-

t t w ttc mc t t, t tt c c t w t t t w t t c

w t w t w . U t

wkw t t J tt t t t t,

wc m c t A t.

ct xm m mtc xc

t, cc w I t w t-

z t (1949 t 1979). T t, m wm w

eeing the anti-Chinese sentiment in postcolonial Indonesia, were initiallywm wcm t PR w . Bt t w -

ct t c m t m tm m c t t

t t t P w t t t ctz

m tc tt t c t. T tt t t c

ct guiqiao (t ) tt-

t c t ccmmt, mt, mt t

t. T c m tt c t c

t tt, t t m -

t m, t w w t t t , m

c c t mt t. Sc t t t

igure i. 1. N tc t t? A tc m t IttOzt (ioM) t tt mt E.

T tc m tt t ioM w t wt t cmt, t,

tt t t m ct. At t cm t mt

mtt ctt t ioM c t 1990.


16/25

Itct 11

Rt, w, t tt t mt t c t-

tiol coctio, both old d w. T w pproch i primrily

tz t t mzt zt, w t

mphi o thic llgic d ocilit rhtoric rmi lit. A

t, t t tw t t-tt cm mcm cmx.

Te Victim, the Ambiguous, and the Desirable

A ct mtt, wt w t t w

ct . T ct -

t, wt k w t, t mt

d v hmilitio drig th Cltrl Rvoltio. I th potCold , wt mtt m wt k t . T t

t t c t w. T tt -

t t tk ct; t m ft

c c. T ftt t mt t ct

t xc; t t t m tt mt,

omtim cotrdictory, objctiv. For itc, tt imltoly

k cmc wt (U, t m), t ct (w,

thi volm), idtity llgic (L d Shi, thi volm), d politi-c tmc ( wc t tct ctm c m-

tt; Lt, t m). T ct t wt

t ctc. Dftt t-tt t m -

t ct t wt t t tm t mt tt

.

Accordig to how thy r trtd by tt polici d how thy r

t c m, t c t t ct:

t ctm ( c ctm m tck), t (m t k t), t m-

o (killd or irrglr migrt who r coomiclly dd bt

c ). Nt-tt m ftt t wt c

t t .

R w t t tt tt-tt t m

t t . Bc t

w tcz w ttt t mmt tt

m, t c ct ctt mcc w

to rdc th mbr o rg drmticlly. T un rg gcy

unhCr t t tt t tm t


17/25

12 Xiang biao

m t t 1990 t c t-

tion (Koser and Black 1999). In Asia, the return o the ve million reugees

m Pkt I t At tw 2002 2009 w t

t t m t t unhCr. I t

tct t w ttc, t tcz, mtm, t t -

g w prdictd o th bli tht th tio- tt, ow ppodly

c t, w t t t ttt tt

t. T w w t m

tcz t t (kk 1995).

T tcz ct t t w t

t ctm m tck. T Rc, t, -

tt, tt cmm tt -zt w t mt t tm t t m

tck (Lt, t m). Rt c c

tcm tt tt zt tf mtm ctt t

identiy a person as a victim who may not have a place to return to, because

w t t t, t t.

Althogh th rtr o rg d victim i ppod to hlp r-

t mc, t t xc t c

tmtc. S R. w ct c t t twt mz tt t c tmtz xc

t. Sm m m t c w -

portd rom th Uitd Stt or committig mior crim, v r

t t tm. T tt w mmt

t mt tm w tt w t

military intervention to deal with international afairs, and was thus meant

t mt w c m. Bt t t -

tt w t t t t t m.Tey were typically repatriated suddenly, without warning, and many grew

t Ut Stt kw t m ct. T

c t w tc t t U.S. mt tt

tc Ic t ct cmt wt

t Amc t ct tt t tm t mm. T c-

c m t cmt t t xc t

tt t c t tt t tw-

tt ct.

T cod grop o rtrprimrily killd lbor migrt


18/25

Itct 13

w t m t tt ck w z.

w ct c w cm t ct t t ct

k mt Et A. m t fct -

t t tw mt t t tt t m t

ctct. A m ct t t wm ckmt m ct tt c c t -

mtc t c t c-

mc ctct wt t t t. Rt c t tct

ct tw tt, m, ct, t ttt

c ct. Sc cct tw t mt ct cttt

an institutional basis or enorced return and making order rom migration.

T t t, t k t ct c, m-

m cmx c mk. T t t killd i ppod to brig th tio ito th globl circit o xibl

ct ccmt kw ct, c t

t -c -cct m t c tk t

1990 (G mm Itt t 2005). Bt

cmc tt w mt cc c ttt

tc . U ct t tc

B, I, t tt t t t t

ck ct, kw-w, tt cct t t- tm. Ntm t t t

t t mkt t c -cc,

t ct tm, c cmc -

tt tc tct mtt. I ctt t t

tm tt I c mmt, tm

tw k, ctt, tt.

Finally, Melody Chia-Wen Lu and Shin Hyunjoon, whose study is based

t m t St , mk tc tht it i policy difrtitio, rthr th xpritil difrc,

tht mttr. T Kor Chi wr i th 1980 rgrdd rpr-

tt t , ctm w w c t

t tc tc c J c-

zt. A c t t t w wcm c

m t t t tc. T t t ,

howvr, bcm mch mor mbigo i th lt 1990 wh Soth

ttmt t mz t t t t

its state-led globalizing agenda. Korean Chinese were privileged compared


19/25

14 Xian g biao

t t t tc cct, t t w tt

vorbly comprd to th mor-rct migrt to th Wt. T gov-

mt c t c t tt m t

St 2004 c t c wt c-

t cct t ct ct ftt t -t mt. I ctc t t t mt

mor docmt to prov thir dctio lvl th thir cotrprt

t m ct. T, t t ftt,

t ct mt ftt m tm t tm.

T c o th Kor Chi how tht tio- tt rmi th

dig rmwork tht orgiz trtiol mobility. T cocr

t tc tt cmc cmtt t -

c t t t St . T St zt t t t t t w t

t tz cct, kw, , ct m t

dispersed Korean diaspora. And in order to maximize the benet o return

to the South Korean nation, potential returnees were diferentiated accord-

t t ct t c, c t t t

t c. O t t 2004 c c tt

vord th Kor Chi w th ri o Chi. T pprt tho-

tt tc t m t t tw mtt t c t, cc tm. T t-

t m tzt t t tc ccc,

wc mtt ct ftt m-

t t t.

Nationalizing and Naturalizing

Wht i rmrkbl bot th govrmtl difrtitio o rtri Ai i tht migrt-rcivig d -dig tt r icrigly i

mt wt c t w t t t ftt.

T k t ct tt t t t t

c t t ct c. Uk -

mt ttct t t t c t c-

t; t t ct tt t mt t tt

ct t tt ct w. m-

t tmt mt

mt Et A c t t 1970 (, t m). A

ctm m tck, t w t tmt -


20/25

Itct 15

t t tt t ctm t mt t t. S

tt w t ct wt c tt c t

them to establish closer relations with their overseas citizens and to tap into

tmt t mt. Rc tt m

tt t mmt wt t tt, tc,by dlgtig powr to govrmt d privt gci i th dig

ct ct c w- mt ( , t

volm). Ti i bc, giv tht immigrtio cotrol i big tight-

c t w, t - tt t ttt

mt t fct t ctct c m

mmt tct (Rz 2010, xx). I-

t fct tt t tm

to enorce return (Lindquist, this volume). Instead o resisting the pressurem t c t, I t ct

ct t mmtm t tt t t tmt.

Sch itrtt itittiol colcc m tht rtr progrm

t-tt t c t w tt

mtlly. Both th dig d rcivig tt bcom mor powrl

t t mt. A c, t ct t tt m-

t t tw mt t c ct

tt tw t c tt, t t t -tw mt c tt. A k mt wk -

t t both t c ct

t t , wc c t ct. I

ctt, k cc t c mk m

m t t mt ct m ck t

tw tm. It mtt t t tt c ttt ccc

btw tt i lrgly itr-Ai phomo. T rptritio o

migrt rom Erop d North Amric to my Ai cotri r-m cmm ct t c t tt t

t ck c.

T t ccc t mt. T

ct tt t t t t t mt

t ft t t m mm. It

instead indicates the construction o a hegemonic ramework, a good com-

m , tt mt tc m. A J Lt

ct t, t t c mt, ngo,

c m ft t mt c c t c-

ct tz t m. Sc t


21/25

16 Xiang biao

m tct t m, t m t mtc

mt. t w wt k m t ck t w

?

T o trl ld rtr polici trog lgitimcy. T

Chi word or dtiy,guisu, litrlly m th lodg to rtr to( lo Wg, thi volm, o th mig ogui). T ocil Jp-

tm tk J ctz kika (t

covrt). T word return tblih th dirctiolity o mobility

ctt tc tm t t c . -

t t c t.

Aprt rom th trlizig d ormlizig fct, rtr c b

z. T tt Stf (2001) w zz t

ctm f t c t . dot th Chi mk th god prmt ridt i thir ho?

Ti i bc, Stford rgd, ltrtig dprtig d rtrig

cc t t, mt, w c t.

Dt t mk t ct

t t t t, t ctt mc t -

t. I w w m cmmt c t

t ( A 1996), t m -

m c t t tt, -t -t or tribl popltio o rgizig tiolim. I th omb o th

Ukow Soldir i o o mot rrtig mblm o tiolim,

Bct A (1991, 5051) t t t, t tm -

liztio, th rtr i powrl mbodimt o tiolim. I th

m t Ukw S cm t t c t

tt t t m tm, t t cc

ttt xtttt, wc cc tm

t z .T tz fct t c t t t.

O ct w tt c fct tc cc. T t -

c t cttt tc tt mt,

t tct ngo, c m, ct,

privt gci tht pciliz i rcritmt d trport. It i th

ttt mt tt t ctc tw f-

tt ccc, tw t t t tt,

t ctt t t mt wtt t.

t t tzt tt mt m m-

t tc c? O t , mt c tm -


22/25

Itct 17

stacles in challenging the system o tightly interrelated nation-states. State-

acilitated returns curtail the political agency o transnational connections.

c Ht At N t mtt mt

t tmtc (2000, 2004). O t t , t tzt -

t t mt t t mc c t kbck to tio-tt to dmd jtic d digity. A L d Shi

chptr how, th Kor Chi drw o th tt tho- tiolit

c t cm t t t, wc mt mt wt t,

odicrimitory polici. T tioliztio o migrtio my lo

t tzt mt tc; tt , mt t-

tt th ctrl cl i orgizig thir ctio, tk tiol di-

c t m tt ct w t m c -

tct t m, t c t c tprimry objctiv. For itc, th cotttio o th mig o r-

t m t m J Nkk ct-

cal reections o the hegemonic perceptions about the Japanese nation and

t t w. F t t k I w c-

ct t t c t c m

t, wk wt t c zt m t t

mt tc tt mk c t w .

Bt jt th tioliztio o mobility do ot imply ptil xig,t tzt mt tc ct t tt c.

T U.S.-t ngo ct m t t -

t, t I t mt wt t c c t

t xtt t t t mkt. T

mt wk J, m ct mtt, ctt tc-

t t t J tt t t t

. T w mt t tt t w t k

tc t t J t tm mt, t t m tm ct tt t mt

t m t . T tt m

tzt w t t xtt ct t w mt -

t w mt tc t t.

Notes

1. Migrtio Iormtio Sorc, Migrtio Exprt Siz p 2006, Dcmbr

2006, www.mtmt., cc Oct 10, 2009.

2. T xct m t t H ct t t. Acc


23/25

18 Xiang biao

t H Btt Ut 2002, 3 ct H -

dents chose the category o returnee as their cultural identity (Hong Kong ransition

Pct 2002, 13).

3. T t ct t tt -t . . . []w

to th rthr itiv tr o th bjct (C d Sttitic Dprtmt o

HSAR 2000, 48; L 2005, 116).4. F tt txt t c c t t

A, 2008. T t A x w Pt D

(2010). t c ttt t A mt t t

hgmoy, rdx mphiz th rctivtd coctio btw difrt prt

A tt w wk t t t t c w t

.

5. Peoples Daily, tt m, t tt 186,200 t-

t t m tt 2011, c m t 38 ct cm-

prd to 135,000 ovr 2010. Peoples Daily(Eglih), 818,400 ovr tdt r-tr to Chi, Mrch 16, 2012, http://thpiw.com/w/mbr- o- rtrig

-c-tt--38/, t cc F 8, 2013.

6. t Jtc, J, Booklet on Immigration, k, 2005, 10.

7. F At, t Dtmt Immt tz A R-

t t 2000, tt://www.mm../t/t//, t

cc F 8, 2013. F t U, U Hm Oc, t Immt:

Stttc, Ut m 2008, 68, At 2009, tt://.mc..k/

/09/1409.. F t Ut Stt, U.S. Dtmt Hm Sc-

t, 2011 Yearbook o Immigration Statistics, 2011, 102, tt://www..//tttc/ct/k.tm.

8. Te campaign mobilized up to 500,000 ocials and volunteers, and sent 600,000

t 800,000 mt m, c 400,000 w t

pihmt d 200,000 to 400,000 who wr dportd. S Giv Op g

c, 2005. S 2008.

9. t R P t (2008) tt ctt mt

ttmt cc t ctz t tt ct, c t

cm t, w c t m mt. , ct tt

m t t mt w t mt w mt.10. Wh th Jp govrmt lly trtd dmittig orig lbor r

twt t, t w tc t tm 2004

t t t t mt (t Jtc, J, Booklet

on Immigration, k, 2005). G, t cm cc mt

t mt. T Itt Ozt t (ioM) mt

zt t mt: mc 70 ct t t -

cated to return programs, particularly the Assisted Voluntary Return Program; in 2005

t m m t t ct t t t

3.61 m mt c t m-1990 (Itt Ozt -t 2006, 409). T Gm mt ioM usd 10 m 2002

tt wt mt (Itt Ozt t 2002, 5).


24/25

Itct 19

11. Michel-Rolph rouillot sees orced return as the moment when mobility encoun-

t t tt mt ct t (2001, 125).

12. Rc Sz P (2001) cmt w t cm m tm

F mt tt H , t t t mt

t F tt J wt t .

13. L (2001) t w eu mmt c c t -ct m mt tt c t t E, c w t.

S Skt t . 2007 m cm tw A E.

14. Act Stt A Nt, asean Dct t Ptct

d Promotio o th Right o Migrt Workr, http://www.c.org/19264

.tm, cc A 14, 2012. Gz Bttt . B. A (2003, 10)

cc tt t asean c [t mt mmt] m t

t ctt , wt mm mct c c c-mk

t ct.

15. T thr port o Xim, Shto, d Hog Kog i oth Chi, or x-m, c 14.7 m t tw 1869 1939, 11.6 m -

t tw 1873 1939. S S 2005. O t t t w, -

t t -t tttc mt t m Nt Amc t E

tw 1870 1940, mt t t m ( 2000, 29). F c -

c t t mt m t Ut Stt t E t t

t t twtt ct, m 1996. F ct w t -

tc m, L 2005, 112.

16. F c t w I m ck t

wtt t tt tt t U tm, Bc2012.

17. Othr tdi tht tblihd thi phomo icld Ugr 1986; d H

2006; L zz 2006.

18. A ct m ct t tc czz 2011.

19. F t c t t ctt t I t 1950, -

1997, 35358.

20. Itt R Imt Ntwk (irin), Lmt Sc t A

R, c 15, 2009, tt://www.w./Rt/83474/AFGHANI

SAN-Lmt-c-t--m-, t cc F 8, 2013.21. T t ctm m tct ctc c t t t

t mt mt. D (2005, 69) tc t c-

t m tck t t cc t mt E

w t t B . I A, t Bkk Dct I

t, t mt Pcc A 1999, m c k

btw irrglr migrtio d hm trckig: imly rtr o tho with-

ot right to tr d rmi i importt trtgy to rdc th ttrctiv

o trckig. (Articl 13 o th Dclrtio, http://www.iom.it/jhi/wbdv/it

/myjhiit/hrd/hrd/miit/policy_d_rrch/rcp/APC/BANGKOK_DELARAION., cc 23, 2013). mmt t - O

cm, t t t m mt , Dtk S N Rzk,


25/25

20 Xiang biao

w tt ct mt w , c t wt

cmt unhCr (Star2005). Fc t w fc-

t m t c mt cc m k ww

( G 1998; 2000, 6970; Lkzc 2000).

22. A m c t w tt t t t

ttt t Ut Stt mmt t t c ct. S G 2002; N 2004; Ptz 2006.

23. Sc t t 1990, mtt mt mt, c t -

t k t Itt t ck (CoMMi), ct t

tct w t mt t c t t

ctm m tck.

24. T - A D D m tct L -

operation between Countries o Origin and Destination in Asia, attended by ministers

rom twty cotri i 2008, dord th o-clld li-cycl pproch i m-

gig lbor mobility. Ti pproch ggt tht migrtio h trl li cycltt ct t: ctmt, mmt , t t,

tt. S P. t 2009, 6061. Rt t t t

t wt t c cc.

25. O t mt mtt t (wc ct Vt-

m) t f t tc G (Z Z) t H t

twt-t t tw mt, t wcm t

t.

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