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Reverse Engineering amp New Product
Development
What does it mean to reverse engineer something
Reverse engineering is the general process of analyzing an object in order to determine
how it was designed or how it operates Reverse engineering is not confined to any
particular purpose but is often used as a part of a companys research and development
The process of taking something apart and revealing the way in which it works is often an
effective way to learn how to build a new product or make improvements to an existing
product
How is reverse engineering performed
To reverse engineer a researcher gathers data needed to document the specifications of a
product or part by performing a product inspection Reverse engineering allows
researchers to understand both the form and structure of an object and any aspects
causing it --or the product it is apart of -- to malfunction
What are the benefits of reverse engineering
The primary benefit of reverse engineering is new product development With reverse
engineering manufacturers can compete against products that dominate their market
Creation of better product designs often begin with the reverse engineering process
How is reverse engineering used in product development
Understanding a products use
Locating and fixing malfunctions or limitations with product inspection
Studying design ideas
Creating compatibility between products
Finding out if someone has copied elements of a product that is protected
by intellectual property law
Improving obsolete products
How does reverse engineering differ from other types of engineering
When a product is engineered the process begins with an idea that working forward
becomes a product When something is reverse engineered the process begins with a
product that when examined reveals ideas and other concepts used to create it Reverse
engineering aims to duplicate the product in order to modify or enhance the original
product design
What stages are involved in reverse engineering a product
Identifying the product or component which will be reverse engineered
Measuring the product by digitizing it using a 3D digitization 3D laser scan
Documenting the specifications of the product
Implementing the data generated by reverse engineering in a replica or modified
version of the original product
Designing a new product
Is reverse engineering for new product development legal
Yes Reverse engineering is a legitimate form of discovery in both legislation and court
opinions The Supreme Court has confronted the issue of reverse engineering multiple
times and has upheld it as a vital method of the dissemination of knowledge that
encourages innovation in the marketplace and avoids the creation of monopolies
See
Nonobviousness and the Incentive to Innovate An Economic Analysis of
Intellectual Property Reform - (PDF 2382KB) from Federal Trade Commission
The Law and Economics of Reverse Engineering by Pamela Samuelson
Yale Law Journal
Kewanee Oil v Bicron [416 US 470 476 (1974)]
Bonito Boats v Thunder Craft [489 US 141 160 (1989)]
Does making a temporary copy of an object in the reverse engineering
process infringe intellectual property rights
Though companies have attempted to bring claims against those who reverse engineer
reverse engineering is considered a fair use when no alternative means of gaining an
understanding of those ideas and functional concepts exists
See Sega Enterprises Ltd v Accolade
Is reverse engineering an object affected by patent law
Yes and No Sometimes a product may contain components from different manufacturers
that may be protected by patent law However the specifications of the component must
be disclosed in the published version of a patent
Since some components are very complex it would not be possible to figure out how the
whole product works without having to replicate some of its parts
Does trade secret protection of information contained within a product
restrict reverse engineering
Yes However the status of a trade secret depends on efforts undertaken by the owner to
maintain the secrecy of the information There is no limitation on how long trade secrecy
is enforceable trade secrets can potentially provide eternal protection for any product
Should someone who plans to reverse engineer a product be concerned
with trademarks
No Trademark law protects words names symbols or devices that identify the source of
goods and services -- not the product or components of a product
Should someone who plans to reverse engineer a product be concerned
with copyright
No Copyright protects an expression such as a literary musical or artistic work
Copyright does not cover ideas processes procedures systems or methods of operation
3D Laser Scanning in a nutshell 3D laser scanning digitizing is a technology that captures the digital shape of
physical objects Our patented technology will decrease engineering costs improve
product times to market and provide a whole new perspective
Inspection amp Reverse Engineering using 3D Laser Scanning Through the power of Laser Triangulation Technology our 3D laser scanners are
ideal for applications in Inspection and Reverse Engineering Whether youre an
animation engineer creating animated movies for the big screen or in quality control
or product development you can shorten product development time through our
cutting edge solutions Take a clay model and quickly place it into a virtual world
Or use our technology for reverse engineering quality control manufacturing and
product design Read Application Stories about our 3D laser scanning technology
How 3D Laser Scanning Works Laser Designs technology uses Laser Triangulation a precise method of 3D data
acquisition Laser triangulation is an active stereoscopic technique where the
distance of the object is computed by means of a directional light source and a video
camera A laser beam is deflected from a mirror onto a scanning object The object
scatters the light which is then collected by a video camera located at a known
triangulation distance from the laser Using trigonometry the 3D spatial (XYZ)
coordinates of a surface point are calculated The CCD camerarsquos 2D array captures
the surface profilersquos image and digitizes all data points along the laser
Software Specialized for 3D Laser Scanning
Through specialized software from Laser Design Solution Partners the 3D laser scan
can be easily compared to a CAD file enabling deviations from normal to be
graphically displayed Other software programs allow NURBS surfaces to be applied to the scan data as well as STL and CNC tool path files
Please contact us or your nearest Laser Design Authorized Distributor for additional product information
Reverse engineering
Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of taking something (a device an electrical
component a software program etc) apart and analyzing its workings in detail usually
with the intention to construct a new device or program that does the same thing without
actually copying anything from the original The verb form is to reverse-engineer
spelled with a hyphen
Reverse engineering is commonly done to avoid copyrights on desired functionality and
may be used for avoiding patent law though this is a bit risky patents apply to the
functionality not a specific implementation of it
Reverse engineering is often used by military in order to copy other nations technology
parts of which have been obtained by intelligence operations It was often used during the
Second World War and the Cold War
Reverse engineering software or hardware systems for the purposes of interoperability
for example in order to support undocumented file formats or hardware peripherals is
mostly believed to be legal though patent owners often aggressively pursue their patents
Other purposes of reverse engineering include security auditing removal of copy
protection (cracking) circumvention of access restrictions often present in consumer
electronics pure curiosity and customization of embedded systems for example engine
management systems
[edit]
Reverse engineering of mechanical components
Mechanical components of mechanical systems such as motors or electrical systems
such as plugs sockets and edge card connectors can be reproduced by measuring their
mechanical characteristics In RE of mechanical components the shape of the component
under scrutiny must be completely and accurately measured The forces acting upon it
must also be analysed in order to ensure that the new component can withstand the forces
that the original withstood
Coordinate-measuring machines (CMM) can be used to create a 3D model of the original
component which can then be used in computer-aided modeling New and improved
techniques in reverse engineering include laser scanning which uses laser beams to scan
across the surface of components of any shape and create a very precise image of the
component surface This scanning creates a series of slices that when combined can
represent the surface of the object in a computer simulation
[edit]
Reverse engineering of software
The term reverse engineering as applied to software means different things to different
people prompting Chikofsky and Cross 1 to write a paper researching the various uses
and defining a taxonomy From their paper Reverse engineering is the process of
analyzing a subject system to create representations of the system at a higher level of
abstraction
It can also be seen as going backwards through the development cycle 2 In this model
the output of the implementation phase (in source code form) is reverse engineered back
to the analysis phase in an inversion of the traditional waterfall model
Reverse engineering is a process of examination only the software system under
consideration is not modified (which would make it reengineering)
In practice two main types of reverse engineering emerge In the first case source code
is already available for the software but higher level aspects of the program perhaps
poorly documented or documented but no longer valid are discovered In the second
case there is no source code available for the software and any efforts towards
discovering one possible source code for the software are regarged as reverse
engineering This second usage of the term is the one most people are familiar with so
that at times reverse engineering becomes a synonym for decompilation
[edit]
Reverse engineering of binary software
This process is sometimes termed Reverse Code Engineering or RCE 3 As an example
decompilation of binaries for the Java platform can be accomplished using
ARGOumlorg One famous case of reverse engineering was the first non-IBM
implementation of BIOS which launched the historic PC clone industry
In the United States the Digital Millennium Copyright Act exempts from the
circumvention ban some acts of reverse engineering aimed at interoperability of file
formats and protocols (17 USC 1201(f)) but judges in key cases have ignored this law
since it is acceptable to circumvent restrictions for use but not for access
The Samba software which allows systems that are not running Microsoft Windows
systems to share files with systems that are is a classic example of software reverse
engineering since the Samba project had to reverse-engineer unpublished information
about how Windows file sharing worked so that non-Windows computers could emulate
it The WINE project does the same thing for the Windows API and OpenOfficeorg is
one party doing this for the Microsoft Office file formats
Reverse engineering of software can be accomplished by various methods The three
main groups of reverse engineering are 1) analysis through observation of information
exchange (most prevalent in protocol reverse engineering) 2) disassembly using a
disassembler and 3) decompilation using a decompiler
[edit]
Reverse engineering as business research
Reverse engineering is also used by businesses to assess competitors products It is used
to analyze for instance how a competitors product works what it does who
manufactures it what components it consists of estimate costs identify potential patent
infringement etc
Value engineering is a related activity also used by business It involves deconstructing
and analysing products but the objective is to find opportunities for cost cutting
[edit]
Similar tasks
Research of physical
laws is reverse-
engineering the
world
Black box testing in
software engineering
has a lot in common
with reverse-
engineering the
tester usually has the
API but his goals
are to find bugs and
undocumented
features by bashing
the product from
outside
[edit]
Examples
Jerry can During
World War II
British and
American forces
noticed that the
Germans had
gasoline cans with an
excellent design
They reverse
engineered copies of
those cans The cans
were popularly
known as Jerry cans
The Tupolev Tu-4
During World War
II a number of
American B-29
bombers on missions
over Japan were
forced to land in the
USSR The Soviets
who did not have a
similar strategic
bomber decided to
copy the B-29
Within a few years
they had developed
the Tu-4 a near
perfect copy
[edit]
See also
Reverse engineering 101
Portable CMMs and
software make reverse
engineering useful for
modifications new
designs and duplicating
parts without drawings
Robert Pearce
Applications Engineer
Faro Technologies
Lake Mary Fla
A portable
CMM
digitally
captures the
position of
the turbine
blade root
and shaft
surfaces In
this case a
measuring
pattern
should
follow
concentric
circles
around the
hub A
completed
image can
be
manipulated
by various
CAD
programs to
add
surfaces to
the image
measure
uniformity
of
individual
blades or
even test
flow
properties
in a
simulation
program
Pro
duc
tio
n
equ
ip
me
nt
and
line
s
can
be
fin
e-
tun
ed
afte
r
cap
turi
ng
crit
ical
di
me
nsi
ons
usi
ng
rev
ers
e-
eng
ine
eri
ng
tec
hni
que
s
In
this
cas
e a
las
er
trac
ker
tem
por
aril
y
in
the
cen
ter
of
the
pro
duc
tio
n
line
can
me
asu
re
to
any
spo
t
on
the
ma
chi
ne
Las
er-
trac
kin
g
dev
ice
s
suc
h
as
this
one
hav
e a
ran
ge
of
230
ft
wit
h
up
to
plusmn0
001
-in
acc
ura
cy
Th
e
bes
t
app
roa
ch
to
dig
itiz
ing
a
co
mp
lex
sha
pe
is
to
div
ide
it
int
o
sim
ple
zon
es
Zo
nes
1
to
5
and
7
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
usi
ng
a
par
alle
l-
pla
ne
tec
hni
que
Zo
ne
6
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
Identifying the product or component which will be reverse engineered
Measuring the product by digitizing it using a 3D digitization 3D laser scan
Documenting the specifications of the product
Implementing the data generated by reverse engineering in a replica or modified
version of the original product
Designing a new product
Is reverse engineering for new product development legal
Yes Reverse engineering is a legitimate form of discovery in both legislation and court
opinions The Supreme Court has confronted the issue of reverse engineering multiple
times and has upheld it as a vital method of the dissemination of knowledge that
encourages innovation in the marketplace and avoids the creation of monopolies
See
Nonobviousness and the Incentive to Innovate An Economic Analysis of
Intellectual Property Reform - (PDF 2382KB) from Federal Trade Commission
The Law and Economics of Reverse Engineering by Pamela Samuelson
Yale Law Journal
Kewanee Oil v Bicron [416 US 470 476 (1974)]
Bonito Boats v Thunder Craft [489 US 141 160 (1989)]
Does making a temporary copy of an object in the reverse engineering
process infringe intellectual property rights
Though companies have attempted to bring claims against those who reverse engineer
reverse engineering is considered a fair use when no alternative means of gaining an
understanding of those ideas and functional concepts exists
See Sega Enterprises Ltd v Accolade
Is reverse engineering an object affected by patent law
Yes and No Sometimes a product may contain components from different manufacturers
that may be protected by patent law However the specifications of the component must
be disclosed in the published version of a patent
Since some components are very complex it would not be possible to figure out how the
whole product works without having to replicate some of its parts
Does trade secret protection of information contained within a product
restrict reverse engineering
Yes However the status of a trade secret depends on efforts undertaken by the owner to
maintain the secrecy of the information There is no limitation on how long trade secrecy
is enforceable trade secrets can potentially provide eternal protection for any product
Should someone who plans to reverse engineer a product be concerned
with trademarks
No Trademark law protects words names symbols or devices that identify the source of
goods and services -- not the product or components of a product
Should someone who plans to reverse engineer a product be concerned
with copyright
No Copyright protects an expression such as a literary musical or artistic work
Copyright does not cover ideas processes procedures systems or methods of operation
3D Laser Scanning in a nutshell 3D laser scanning digitizing is a technology that captures the digital shape of
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product times to market and provide a whole new perspective
Inspection amp Reverse Engineering using 3D Laser Scanning Through the power of Laser Triangulation Technology our 3D laser scanners are
ideal for applications in Inspection and Reverse Engineering Whether youre an
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Or use our technology for reverse engineering quality control manufacturing and
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How 3D Laser Scanning Works Laser Designs technology uses Laser Triangulation a precise method of 3D data
acquisition Laser triangulation is an active stereoscopic technique where the
distance of the object is computed by means of a directional light source and a video
camera A laser beam is deflected from a mirror onto a scanning object The object
scatters the light which is then collected by a video camera located at a known
triangulation distance from the laser Using trigonometry the 3D spatial (XYZ)
coordinates of a surface point are calculated The CCD camerarsquos 2D array captures
the surface profilersquos image and digitizes all data points along the laser
Software Specialized for 3D Laser Scanning
Through specialized software from Laser Design Solution Partners the 3D laser scan
can be easily compared to a CAD file enabling deviations from normal to be
graphically displayed Other software programs allow NURBS surfaces to be applied to the scan data as well as STL and CNC tool path files
Please contact us or your nearest Laser Design Authorized Distributor for additional product information
Reverse engineering
Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of taking something (a device an electrical
component a software program etc) apart and analyzing its workings in detail usually
with the intention to construct a new device or program that does the same thing without
actually copying anything from the original The verb form is to reverse-engineer
spelled with a hyphen
Reverse engineering is commonly done to avoid copyrights on desired functionality and
may be used for avoiding patent law though this is a bit risky patents apply to the
functionality not a specific implementation of it
Reverse engineering is often used by military in order to copy other nations technology
parts of which have been obtained by intelligence operations It was often used during the
Second World War and the Cold War
Reverse engineering software or hardware systems for the purposes of interoperability
for example in order to support undocumented file formats or hardware peripherals is
mostly believed to be legal though patent owners often aggressively pursue their patents
Other purposes of reverse engineering include security auditing removal of copy
protection (cracking) circumvention of access restrictions often present in consumer
electronics pure curiosity and customization of embedded systems for example engine
management systems
[edit]
Reverse engineering of mechanical components
Mechanical components of mechanical systems such as motors or electrical systems
such as plugs sockets and edge card connectors can be reproduced by measuring their
mechanical characteristics In RE of mechanical components the shape of the component
under scrutiny must be completely and accurately measured The forces acting upon it
must also be analysed in order to ensure that the new component can withstand the forces
that the original withstood
Coordinate-measuring machines (CMM) can be used to create a 3D model of the original
component which can then be used in computer-aided modeling New and improved
techniques in reverse engineering include laser scanning which uses laser beams to scan
across the surface of components of any shape and create a very precise image of the
component surface This scanning creates a series of slices that when combined can
represent the surface of the object in a computer simulation
[edit]
Reverse engineering of software
The term reverse engineering as applied to software means different things to different
people prompting Chikofsky and Cross 1 to write a paper researching the various uses
and defining a taxonomy From their paper Reverse engineering is the process of
analyzing a subject system to create representations of the system at a higher level of
abstraction
It can also be seen as going backwards through the development cycle 2 In this model
the output of the implementation phase (in source code form) is reverse engineered back
to the analysis phase in an inversion of the traditional waterfall model
Reverse engineering is a process of examination only the software system under
consideration is not modified (which would make it reengineering)
In practice two main types of reverse engineering emerge In the first case source code
is already available for the software but higher level aspects of the program perhaps
poorly documented or documented but no longer valid are discovered In the second
case there is no source code available for the software and any efforts towards
discovering one possible source code for the software are regarged as reverse
engineering This second usage of the term is the one most people are familiar with so
that at times reverse engineering becomes a synonym for decompilation
[edit]
Reverse engineering of binary software
This process is sometimes termed Reverse Code Engineering or RCE 3 As an example
decompilation of binaries for the Java platform can be accomplished using
ARGOumlorg One famous case of reverse engineering was the first non-IBM
implementation of BIOS which launched the historic PC clone industry
In the United States the Digital Millennium Copyright Act exempts from the
circumvention ban some acts of reverse engineering aimed at interoperability of file
formats and protocols (17 USC 1201(f)) but judges in key cases have ignored this law
since it is acceptable to circumvent restrictions for use but not for access
The Samba software which allows systems that are not running Microsoft Windows
systems to share files with systems that are is a classic example of software reverse
engineering since the Samba project had to reverse-engineer unpublished information
about how Windows file sharing worked so that non-Windows computers could emulate
it The WINE project does the same thing for the Windows API and OpenOfficeorg is
one party doing this for the Microsoft Office file formats
Reverse engineering of software can be accomplished by various methods The three
main groups of reverse engineering are 1) analysis through observation of information
exchange (most prevalent in protocol reverse engineering) 2) disassembly using a
disassembler and 3) decompilation using a decompiler
[edit]
Reverse engineering as business research
Reverse engineering is also used by businesses to assess competitors products It is used
to analyze for instance how a competitors product works what it does who
manufactures it what components it consists of estimate costs identify potential patent
infringement etc
Value engineering is a related activity also used by business It involves deconstructing
and analysing products but the objective is to find opportunities for cost cutting
[edit]
Similar tasks
Research of physical
laws is reverse-
engineering the
world
Black box testing in
software engineering
has a lot in common
with reverse-
engineering the
tester usually has the
API but his goals
are to find bugs and
undocumented
features by bashing
the product from
outside
[edit]
Examples
Jerry can During
World War II
British and
American forces
noticed that the
Germans had
gasoline cans with an
excellent design
They reverse
engineered copies of
those cans The cans
were popularly
known as Jerry cans
The Tupolev Tu-4
During World War
II a number of
American B-29
bombers on missions
over Japan were
forced to land in the
USSR The Soviets
who did not have a
similar strategic
bomber decided to
copy the B-29
Within a few years
they had developed
the Tu-4 a near
perfect copy
[edit]
See also
Reverse engineering 101
Portable CMMs and
software make reverse
engineering useful for
modifications new
designs and duplicating
parts without drawings
Robert Pearce
Applications Engineer
Faro Technologies
Lake Mary Fla
A portable
CMM
digitally
captures the
position of
the turbine
blade root
and shaft
surfaces In
this case a
measuring
pattern
should
follow
concentric
circles
around the
hub A
completed
image can
be
manipulated
by various
CAD
programs to
add
surfaces to
the image
measure
uniformity
of
individual
blades or
even test
flow
properties
in a
simulation
program
Pro
duc
tio
n
equ
ip
me
nt
and
line
s
can
be
fin
e-
tun
ed
afte
r
cap
turi
ng
crit
ical
di
me
nsi
ons
usi
ng
rev
ers
e-
eng
ine
eri
ng
tec
hni
que
s
In
this
cas
e a
las
er
trac
ker
tem
por
aril
y
in
the
cen
ter
of
the
pro
duc
tio
n
line
can
me
asu
re
to
any
spo
t
on
the
ma
chi
ne
Las
er-
trac
kin
g
dev
ice
s
suc
h
as
this
one
hav
e a
ran
ge
of
230
ft
wit
h
up
to
plusmn0
001
-in
acc
ura
cy
Th
e
bes
t
app
roa
ch
to
dig
itiz
ing
a
co
mp
lex
sha
pe
is
to
div
ide
it
int
o
sim
ple
zon
es
Zo
nes
1
to
5
and
7
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
usi
ng
a
par
alle
l-
pla
ne
tec
hni
que
Zo
ne
6
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
Yes However the status of a trade secret depends on efforts undertaken by the owner to
maintain the secrecy of the information There is no limitation on how long trade secrecy
is enforceable trade secrets can potentially provide eternal protection for any product
Should someone who plans to reverse engineer a product be concerned
with trademarks
No Trademark law protects words names symbols or devices that identify the source of
goods and services -- not the product or components of a product
Should someone who plans to reverse engineer a product be concerned
with copyright
No Copyright protects an expression such as a literary musical or artistic work
Copyright does not cover ideas processes procedures systems or methods of operation
3D Laser Scanning in a nutshell 3D laser scanning digitizing is a technology that captures the digital shape of
physical objects Our patented technology will decrease engineering costs improve
product times to market and provide a whole new perspective
Inspection amp Reverse Engineering using 3D Laser Scanning Through the power of Laser Triangulation Technology our 3D laser scanners are
ideal for applications in Inspection and Reverse Engineering Whether youre an
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cutting edge solutions Take a clay model and quickly place it into a virtual world
Or use our technology for reverse engineering quality control manufacturing and
product design Read Application Stories about our 3D laser scanning technology
How 3D Laser Scanning Works Laser Designs technology uses Laser Triangulation a precise method of 3D data
acquisition Laser triangulation is an active stereoscopic technique where the
distance of the object is computed by means of a directional light source and a video
camera A laser beam is deflected from a mirror onto a scanning object The object
scatters the light which is then collected by a video camera located at a known
triangulation distance from the laser Using trigonometry the 3D spatial (XYZ)
coordinates of a surface point are calculated The CCD camerarsquos 2D array captures
the surface profilersquos image and digitizes all data points along the laser
Software Specialized for 3D Laser Scanning
Through specialized software from Laser Design Solution Partners the 3D laser scan
can be easily compared to a CAD file enabling deviations from normal to be
graphically displayed Other software programs allow NURBS surfaces to be applied to the scan data as well as STL and CNC tool path files
Please contact us or your nearest Laser Design Authorized Distributor for additional product information
Reverse engineering
Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of taking something (a device an electrical
component a software program etc) apart and analyzing its workings in detail usually
with the intention to construct a new device or program that does the same thing without
actually copying anything from the original The verb form is to reverse-engineer
spelled with a hyphen
Reverse engineering is commonly done to avoid copyrights on desired functionality and
may be used for avoiding patent law though this is a bit risky patents apply to the
functionality not a specific implementation of it
Reverse engineering is often used by military in order to copy other nations technology
parts of which have been obtained by intelligence operations It was often used during the
Second World War and the Cold War
Reverse engineering software or hardware systems for the purposes of interoperability
for example in order to support undocumented file formats or hardware peripherals is
mostly believed to be legal though patent owners often aggressively pursue their patents
Other purposes of reverse engineering include security auditing removal of copy
protection (cracking) circumvention of access restrictions often present in consumer
electronics pure curiosity and customization of embedded systems for example engine
management systems
[edit]
Reverse engineering of mechanical components
Mechanical components of mechanical systems such as motors or electrical systems
such as plugs sockets and edge card connectors can be reproduced by measuring their
mechanical characteristics In RE of mechanical components the shape of the component
under scrutiny must be completely and accurately measured The forces acting upon it
must also be analysed in order to ensure that the new component can withstand the forces
that the original withstood
Coordinate-measuring machines (CMM) can be used to create a 3D model of the original
component which can then be used in computer-aided modeling New and improved
techniques in reverse engineering include laser scanning which uses laser beams to scan
across the surface of components of any shape and create a very precise image of the
component surface This scanning creates a series of slices that when combined can
represent the surface of the object in a computer simulation
[edit]
Reverse engineering of software
The term reverse engineering as applied to software means different things to different
people prompting Chikofsky and Cross 1 to write a paper researching the various uses
and defining a taxonomy From their paper Reverse engineering is the process of
analyzing a subject system to create representations of the system at a higher level of
abstraction
It can also be seen as going backwards through the development cycle 2 In this model
the output of the implementation phase (in source code form) is reverse engineered back
to the analysis phase in an inversion of the traditional waterfall model
Reverse engineering is a process of examination only the software system under
consideration is not modified (which would make it reengineering)
In practice two main types of reverse engineering emerge In the first case source code
is already available for the software but higher level aspects of the program perhaps
poorly documented or documented but no longer valid are discovered In the second
case there is no source code available for the software and any efforts towards
discovering one possible source code for the software are regarged as reverse
engineering This second usage of the term is the one most people are familiar with so
that at times reverse engineering becomes a synonym for decompilation
[edit]
Reverse engineering of binary software
This process is sometimes termed Reverse Code Engineering or RCE 3 As an example
decompilation of binaries for the Java platform can be accomplished using
ARGOumlorg One famous case of reverse engineering was the first non-IBM
implementation of BIOS which launched the historic PC clone industry
In the United States the Digital Millennium Copyright Act exempts from the
circumvention ban some acts of reverse engineering aimed at interoperability of file
formats and protocols (17 USC 1201(f)) but judges in key cases have ignored this law
since it is acceptable to circumvent restrictions for use but not for access
The Samba software which allows systems that are not running Microsoft Windows
systems to share files with systems that are is a classic example of software reverse
engineering since the Samba project had to reverse-engineer unpublished information
about how Windows file sharing worked so that non-Windows computers could emulate
it The WINE project does the same thing for the Windows API and OpenOfficeorg is
one party doing this for the Microsoft Office file formats
Reverse engineering of software can be accomplished by various methods The three
main groups of reverse engineering are 1) analysis through observation of information
exchange (most prevalent in protocol reverse engineering) 2) disassembly using a
disassembler and 3) decompilation using a decompiler
[edit]
Reverse engineering as business research
Reverse engineering is also used by businesses to assess competitors products It is used
to analyze for instance how a competitors product works what it does who
manufactures it what components it consists of estimate costs identify potential patent
infringement etc
Value engineering is a related activity also used by business It involves deconstructing
and analysing products but the objective is to find opportunities for cost cutting
[edit]
Similar tasks
Research of physical
laws is reverse-
engineering the
world
Black box testing in
software engineering
has a lot in common
with reverse-
engineering the
tester usually has the
API but his goals
are to find bugs and
undocumented
features by bashing
the product from
outside
[edit]
Examples
Jerry can During
World War II
British and
American forces
noticed that the
Germans had
gasoline cans with an
excellent design
They reverse
engineered copies of
those cans The cans
were popularly
known as Jerry cans
The Tupolev Tu-4
During World War
II a number of
American B-29
bombers on missions
over Japan were
forced to land in the
USSR The Soviets
who did not have a
similar strategic
bomber decided to
copy the B-29
Within a few years
they had developed
the Tu-4 a near
perfect copy
[edit]
See also
Reverse engineering 101
Portable CMMs and
software make reverse
engineering useful for
modifications new
designs and duplicating
parts without drawings
Robert Pearce
Applications Engineer
Faro Technologies
Lake Mary Fla
A portable
CMM
digitally
captures the
position of
the turbine
blade root
and shaft
surfaces In
this case a
measuring
pattern
should
follow
concentric
circles
around the
hub A
completed
image can
be
manipulated
by various
CAD
programs to
add
surfaces to
the image
measure
uniformity
of
individual
blades or
even test
flow
properties
in a
simulation
program
Pro
duc
tio
n
equ
ip
me
nt
and
line
s
can
be
fin
e-
tun
ed
afte
r
cap
turi
ng
crit
ical
di
me
nsi
ons
usi
ng
rev
ers
e-
eng
ine
eri
ng
tec
hni
que
s
In
this
cas
e a
las
er
trac
ker
tem
por
aril
y
in
the
cen
ter
of
the
pro
duc
tio
n
line
can
me
asu
re
to
any
spo
t
on
the
ma
chi
ne
Las
er-
trac
kin
g
dev
ice
s
suc
h
as
this
one
hav
e a
ran
ge
of
230
ft
wit
h
up
to
plusmn0
001
-in
acc
ura
cy
Th
e
bes
t
app
roa
ch
to
dig
itiz
ing
a
co
mp
lex
sha
pe
is
to
div
ide
it
int
o
sim
ple
zon
es
Zo
nes
1
to
5
and
7
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
usi
ng
a
par
alle
l-
pla
ne
tec
hni
que
Zo
ne
6
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
graphically displayed Other software programs allow NURBS surfaces to be applied to the scan data as well as STL and CNC tool path files
Please contact us or your nearest Laser Design Authorized Distributor for additional product information
Reverse engineering
Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of taking something (a device an electrical
component a software program etc) apart and analyzing its workings in detail usually
with the intention to construct a new device or program that does the same thing without
actually copying anything from the original The verb form is to reverse-engineer
spelled with a hyphen
Reverse engineering is commonly done to avoid copyrights on desired functionality and
may be used for avoiding patent law though this is a bit risky patents apply to the
functionality not a specific implementation of it
Reverse engineering is often used by military in order to copy other nations technology
parts of which have been obtained by intelligence operations It was often used during the
Second World War and the Cold War
Reverse engineering software or hardware systems for the purposes of interoperability
for example in order to support undocumented file formats or hardware peripherals is
mostly believed to be legal though patent owners often aggressively pursue their patents
Other purposes of reverse engineering include security auditing removal of copy
protection (cracking) circumvention of access restrictions often present in consumer
electronics pure curiosity and customization of embedded systems for example engine
management systems
[edit]
Reverse engineering of mechanical components
Mechanical components of mechanical systems such as motors or electrical systems
such as plugs sockets and edge card connectors can be reproduced by measuring their
mechanical characteristics In RE of mechanical components the shape of the component
under scrutiny must be completely and accurately measured The forces acting upon it
must also be analysed in order to ensure that the new component can withstand the forces
that the original withstood
Coordinate-measuring machines (CMM) can be used to create a 3D model of the original
component which can then be used in computer-aided modeling New and improved
techniques in reverse engineering include laser scanning which uses laser beams to scan
across the surface of components of any shape and create a very precise image of the
component surface This scanning creates a series of slices that when combined can
represent the surface of the object in a computer simulation
[edit]
Reverse engineering of software
The term reverse engineering as applied to software means different things to different
people prompting Chikofsky and Cross 1 to write a paper researching the various uses
and defining a taxonomy From their paper Reverse engineering is the process of
analyzing a subject system to create representations of the system at a higher level of
abstraction
It can also be seen as going backwards through the development cycle 2 In this model
the output of the implementation phase (in source code form) is reverse engineered back
to the analysis phase in an inversion of the traditional waterfall model
Reverse engineering is a process of examination only the software system under
consideration is not modified (which would make it reengineering)
In practice two main types of reverse engineering emerge In the first case source code
is already available for the software but higher level aspects of the program perhaps
poorly documented or documented but no longer valid are discovered In the second
case there is no source code available for the software and any efforts towards
discovering one possible source code for the software are regarged as reverse
engineering This second usage of the term is the one most people are familiar with so
that at times reverse engineering becomes a synonym for decompilation
[edit]
Reverse engineering of binary software
This process is sometimes termed Reverse Code Engineering or RCE 3 As an example
decompilation of binaries for the Java platform can be accomplished using
ARGOumlorg One famous case of reverse engineering was the first non-IBM
implementation of BIOS which launched the historic PC clone industry
In the United States the Digital Millennium Copyright Act exempts from the
circumvention ban some acts of reverse engineering aimed at interoperability of file
formats and protocols (17 USC 1201(f)) but judges in key cases have ignored this law
since it is acceptable to circumvent restrictions for use but not for access
The Samba software which allows systems that are not running Microsoft Windows
systems to share files with systems that are is a classic example of software reverse
engineering since the Samba project had to reverse-engineer unpublished information
about how Windows file sharing worked so that non-Windows computers could emulate
it The WINE project does the same thing for the Windows API and OpenOfficeorg is
one party doing this for the Microsoft Office file formats
Reverse engineering of software can be accomplished by various methods The three
main groups of reverse engineering are 1) analysis through observation of information
exchange (most prevalent in protocol reverse engineering) 2) disassembly using a
disassembler and 3) decompilation using a decompiler
[edit]
Reverse engineering as business research
Reverse engineering is also used by businesses to assess competitors products It is used
to analyze for instance how a competitors product works what it does who
manufactures it what components it consists of estimate costs identify potential patent
infringement etc
Value engineering is a related activity also used by business It involves deconstructing
and analysing products but the objective is to find opportunities for cost cutting
[edit]
Similar tasks
Research of physical
laws is reverse-
engineering the
world
Black box testing in
software engineering
has a lot in common
with reverse-
engineering the
tester usually has the
API but his goals
are to find bugs and
undocumented
features by bashing
the product from
outside
[edit]
Examples
Jerry can During
World War II
British and
American forces
noticed that the
Germans had
gasoline cans with an
excellent design
They reverse
engineered copies of
those cans The cans
were popularly
known as Jerry cans
The Tupolev Tu-4
During World War
II a number of
American B-29
bombers on missions
over Japan were
forced to land in the
USSR The Soviets
who did not have a
similar strategic
bomber decided to
copy the B-29
Within a few years
they had developed
the Tu-4 a near
perfect copy
[edit]
See also
Reverse engineering 101
Portable CMMs and
software make reverse
engineering useful for
modifications new
designs and duplicating
parts without drawings
Robert Pearce
Applications Engineer
Faro Technologies
Lake Mary Fla
A portable
CMM
digitally
captures the
position of
the turbine
blade root
and shaft
surfaces In
this case a
measuring
pattern
should
follow
concentric
circles
around the
hub A
completed
image can
be
manipulated
by various
CAD
programs to
add
surfaces to
the image
measure
uniformity
of
individual
blades or
even test
flow
properties
in a
simulation
program
Pro
duc
tio
n
equ
ip
me
nt
and
line
s
can
be
fin
e-
tun
ed
afte
r
cap
turi
ng
crit
ical
di
me
nsi
ons
usi
ng
rev
ers
e-
eng
ine
eri
ng
tec
hni
que
s
In
this
cas
e a
las
er
trac
ker
tem
por
aril
y
in
the
cen
ter
of
the
pro
duc
tio
n
line
can
me
asu
re
to
any
spo
t
on
the
ma
chi
ne
Las
er-
trac
kin
g
dev
ice
s
suc
h
as
this
one
hav
e a
ran
ge
of
230
ft
wit
h
up
to
plusmn0
001
-in
acc
ura
cy
Th
e
bes
t
app
roa
ch
to
dig
itiz
ing
a
co
mp
lex
sha
pe
is
to
div
ide
it
int
o
sim
ple
zon
es
Zo
nes
1
to
5
and
7
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
usi
ng
a
par
alle
l-
pla
ne
tec
hni
que
Zo
ne
6
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
must also be analysed in order to ensure that the new component can withstand the forces
that the original withstood
Coordinate-measuring machines (CMM) can be used to create a 3D model of the original
component which can then be used in computer-aided modeling New and improved
techniques in reverse engineering include laser scanning which uses laser beams to scan
across the surface of components of any shape and create a very precise image of the
component surface This scanning creates a series of slices that when combined can
represent the surface of the object in a computer simulation
[edit]
Reverse engineering of software
The term reverse engineering as applied to software means different things to different
people prompting Chikofsky and Cross 1 to write a paper researching the various uses
and defining a taxonomy From their paper Reverse engineering is the process of
analyzing a subject system to create representations of the system at a higher level of
abstraction
It can also be seen as going backwards through the development cycle 2 In this model
the output of the implementation phase (in source code form) is reverse engineered back
to the analysis phase in an inversion of the traditional waterfall model
Reverse engineering is a process of examination only the software system under
consideration is not modified (which would make it reengineering)
In practice two main types of reverse engineering emerge In the first case source code
is already available for the software but higher level aspects of the program perhaps
poorly documented or documented but no longer valid are discovered In the second
case there is no source code available for the software and any efforts towards
discovering one possible source code for the software are regarged as reverse
engineering This second usage of the term is the one most people are familiar with so
that at times reverse engineering becomes a synonym for decompilation
[edit]
Reverse engineering of binary software
This process is sometimes termed Reverse Code Engineering or RCE 3 As an example
decompilation of binaries for the Java platform can be accomplished using
ARGOumlorg One famous case of reverse engineering was the first non-IBM
implementation of BIOS which launched the historic PC clone industry
In the United States the Digital Millennium Copyright Act exempts from the
circumvention ban some acts of reverse engineering aimed at interoperability of file
formats and protocols (17 USC 1201(f)) but judges in key cases have ignored this law
since it is acceptable to circumvent restrictions for use but not for access
The Samba software which allows systems that are not running Microsoft Windows
systems to share files with systems that are is a classic example of software reverse
engineering since the Samba project had to reverse-engineer unpublished information
about how Windows file sharing worked so that non-Windows computers could emulate
it The WINE project does the same thing for the Windows API and OpenOfficeorg is
one party doing this for the Microsoft Office file formats
Reverse engineering of software can be accomplished by various methods The three
main groups of reverse engineering are 1) analysis through observation of information
exchange (most prevalent in protocol reverse engineering) 2) disassembly using a
disassembler and 3) decompilation using a decompiler
[edit]
Reverse engineering as business research
Reverse engineering is also used by businesses to assess competitors products It is used
to analyze for instance how a competitors product works what it does who
manufactures it what components it consists of estimate costs identify potential patent
infringement etc
Value engineering is a related activity also used by business It involves deconstructing
and analysing products but the objective is to find opportunities for cost cutting
[edit]
Similar tasks
Research of physical
laws is reverse-
engineering the
world
Black box testing in
software engineering
has a lot in common
with reverse-
engineering the
tester usually has the
API but his goals
are to find bugs and
undocumented
features by bashing
the product from
outside
[edit]
Examples
Jerry can During
World War II
British and
American forces
noticed that the
Germans had
gasoline cans with an
excellent design
They reverse
engineered copies of
those cans The cans
were popularly
known as Jerry cans
The Tupolev Tu-4
During World War
II a number of
American B-29
bombers on missions
over Japan were
forced to land in the
USSR The Soviets
who did not have a
similar strategic
bomber decided to
copy the B-29
Within a few years
they had developed
the Tu-4 a near
perfect copy
[edit]
See also
Reverse engineering 101
Portable CMMs and
software make reverse
engineering useful for
modifications new
designs and duplicating
parts without drawings
Robert Pearce
Applications Engineer
Faro Technologies
Lake Mary Fla
A portable
CMM
digitally
captures the
position of
the turbine
blade root
and shaft
surfaces In
this case a
measuring
pattern
should
follow
concentric
circles
around the
hub A
completed
image can
be
manipulated
by various
CAD
programs to
add
surfaces to
the image
measure
uniformity
of
individual
blades or
even test
flow
properties
in a
simulation
program
Pro
duc
tio
n
equ
ip
me
nt
and
line
s
can
be
fin
e-
tun
ed
afte
r
cap
turi
ng
crit
ical
di
me
nsi
ons
usi
ng
rev
ers
e-
eng
ine
eri
ng
tec
hni
que
s
In
this
cas
e a
las
er
trac
ker
tem
por
aril
y
in
the
cen
ter
of
the
pro
duc
tio
n
line
can
me
asu
re
to
any
spo
t
on
the
ma
chi
ne
Las
er-
trac
kin
g
dev
ice
s
suc
h
as
this
one
hav
e a
ran
ge
of
230
ft
wit
h
up
to
plusmn0
001
-in
acc
ura
cy
Th
e
bes
t
app
roa
ch
to
dig
itiz
ing
a
co
mp
lex
sha
pe
is
to
div
ide
it
int
o
sim
ple
zon
es
Zo
nes
1
to
5
and
7
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
usi
ng
a
par
alle
l-
pla
ne
tec
hni
que
Zo
ne
6
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
formats and protocols (17 USC 1201(f)) but judges in key cases have ignored this law
since it is acceptable to circumvent restrictions for use but not for access
The Samba software which allows systems that are not running Microsoft Windows
systems to share files with systems that are is a classic example of software reverse
engineering since the Samba project had to reverse-engineer unpublished information
about how Windows file sharing worked so that non-Windows computers could emulate
it The WINE project does the same thing for the Windows API and OpenOfficeorg is
one party doing this for the Microsoft Office file formats
Reverse engineering of software can be accomplished by various methods The three
main groups of reverse engineering are 1) analysis through observation of information
exchange (most prevalent in protocol reverse engineering) 2) disassembly using a
disassembler and 3) decompilation using a decompiler
[edit]
Reverse engineering as business research
Reverse engineering is also used by businesses to assess competitors products It is used
to analyze for instance how a competitors product works what it does who
manufactures it what components it consists of estimate costs identify potential patent
infringement etc
Value engineering is a related activity also used by business It involves deconstructing
and analysing products but the objective is to find opportunities for cost cutting
[edit]
Similar tasks
Research of physical
laws is reverse-
engineering the
world
Black box testing in
software engineering
has a lot in common
with reverse-
engineering the
tester usually has the
API but his goals
are to find bugs and
undocumented
features by bashing
the product from
outside
[edit]
Examples
Jerry can During
World War II
British and
American forces
noticed that the
Germans had
gasoline cans with an
excellent design
They reverse
engineered copies of
those cans The cans
were popularly
known as Jerry cans
The Tupolev Tu-4
During World War
II a number of
American B-29
bombers on missions
over Japan were
forced to land in the
USSR The Soviets
who did not have a
similar strategic
bomber decided to
copy the B-29
Within a few years
they had developed
the Tu-4 a near
perfect copy
[edit]
See also
Reverse engineering 101
Portable CMMs and
software make reverse
engineering useful for
modifications new
designs and duplicating
parts without drawings
Robert Pearce
Applications Engineer
Faro Technologies
Lake Mary Fla
A portable
CMM
digitally
captures the
position of
the turbine
blade root
and shaft
surfaces In
this case a
measuring
pattern
should
follow
concentric
circles
around the
hub A
completed
image can
be
manipulated
by various
CAD
programs to
add
surfaces to
the image
measure
uniformity
of
individual
blades or
even test
flow
properties
in a
simulation
program
Pro
duc
tio
n
equ
ip
me
nt
and
line
s
can
be
fin
e-
tun
ed
afte
r
cap
turi
ng
crit
ical
di
me
nsi
ons
usi
ng
rev
ers
e-
eng
ine
eri
ng
tec
hni
que
s
In
this
cas
e a
las
er
trac
ker
tem
por
aril
y
in
the
cen
ter
of
the
pro
duc
tio
n
line
can
me
asu
re
to
any
spo
t
on
the
ma
chi
ne
Las
er-
trac
kin
g
dev
ice
s
suc
h
as
this
one
hav
e a
ran
ge
of
230
ft
wit
h
up
to
plusmn0
001
-in
acc
ura
cy
Th
e
bes
t
app
roa
ch
to
dig
itiz
ing
a
co
mp
lex
sha
pe
is
to
div
ide
it
int
o
sim
ple
zon
es
Zo
nes
1
to
5
and
7
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
usi
ng
a
par
alle
l-
pla
ne
tec
hni
que
Zo
ne
6
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
the product from
outside
[edit]
Examples
Jerry can During
World War II
British and
American forces
noticed that the
Germans had
gasoline cans with an
excellent design
They reverse
engineered copies of
those cans The cans
were popularly
known as Jerry cans
The Tupolev Tu-4
During World War
II a number of
American B-29
bombers on missions
over Japan were
forced to land in the
USSR The Soviets
who did not have a
similar strategic
bomber decided to
copy the B-29
Within a few years
they had developed
the Tu-4 a near
perfect copy
[edit]
See also
Reverse engineering 101
Portable CMMs and
software make reverse
engineering useful for
modifications new
designs and duplicating
parts without drawings
Robert Pearce
Applications Engineer
Faro Technologies
Lake Mary Fla
A portable
CMM
digitally
captures the
position of
the turbine
blade root
and shaft
surfaces In
this case a
measuring
pattern
should
follow
concentric
circles
around the
hub A
completed
image can
be
manipulated
by various
CAD
programs to
add
surfaces to
the image
measure
uniformity
of
individual
blades or
even test
flow
properties
in a
simulation
program
Pro
duc
tio
n
equ
ip
me
nt
and
line
s
can
be
fin
e-
tun
ed
afte
r
cap
turi
ng
crit
ical
di
me
nsi
ons
usi
ng
rev
ers
e-
eng
ine
eri
ng
tec
hni
que
s
In
this
cas
e a
las
er
trac
ker
tem
por
aril
y
in
the
cen
ter
of
the
pro
duc
tio
n
line
can
me
asu
re
to
any
spo
t
on
the
ma
chi
ne
Las
er-
trac
kin
g
dev
ice
s
suc
h
as
this
one
hav
e a
ran
ge
of
230
ft
wit
h
up
to
plusmn0
001
-in
acc
ura
cy
Th
e
bes
t
app
roa
ch
to
dig
itiz
ing
a
co
mp
lex
sha
pe
is
to
div
ide
it
int
o
sim
ple
zon
es
Zo
nes
1
to
5
and
7
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
usi
ng
a
par
alle
l-
pla
ne
tec
hni
que
Zo
ne
6
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
Reverse engineering 101
Portable CMMs and
software make reverse
engineering useful for
modifications new
designs and duplicating
parts without drawings
Robert Pearce
Applications Engineer
Faro Technologies
Lake Mary Fla
A portable
CMM
digitally
captures the
position of
the turbine
blade root
and shaft
surfaces In
this case a
measuring
pattern
should
follow
concentric
circles
around the
hub A
completed
image can
be
manipulated
by various
CAD
programs to
add
surfaces to
the image
measure
uniformity
of
individual
blades or
even test
flow
properties
in a
simulation
program
Pro
duc
tio
n
equ
ip
me
nt
and
line
s
can
be
fin
e-
tun
ed
afte
r
cap
turi
ng
crit
ical
di
me
nsi
ons
usi
ng
rev
ers
e-
eng
ine
eri
ng
tec
hni
que
s
In
this
cas
e a
las
er
trac
ker
tem
por
aril
y
in
the
cen
ter
of
the
pro
duc
tio
n
line
can
me
asu
re
to
any
spo
t
on
the
ma
chi
ne
Las
er-
trac
kin
g
dev
ice
s
suc
h
as
this
one
hav
e a
ran
ge
of
230
ft
wit
h
up
to
plusmn0
001
-in
acc
ura
cy
Th
e
bes
t
app
roa
ch
to
dig
itiz
ing
a
co
mp
lex
sha
pe
is
to
div
ide
it
int
o
sim
ple
zon
es
Zo
nes
1
to
5
and
7
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
usi
ng
a
par
alle
l-
pla
ne
tec
hni
que
Zo
ne
6
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
measure
uniformity
of
individual
blades or
even test
flow
properties
in a
simulation
program
Pro
duc
tio
n
equ
ip
me
nt
and
line
s
can
be
fin
e-
tun
ed
afte
r
cap
turi
ng
crit
ical
di
me
nsi
ons
usi
ng
rev
ers
e-
eng
ine
eri
ng
tec
hni
que
s
In
this
cas
e a
las
er
trac
ker
tem
por
aril
y
in
the
cen
ter
of
the
pro
duc
tio
n
line
can
me
asu
re
to
any
spo
t
on
the
ma
chi
ne
Las
er-
trac
kin
g
dev
ice
s
suc
h
as
this
one
hav
e a
ran
ge
of
230
ft
wit
h
up
to
plusmn0
001
-in
acc
ura
cy
Th
e
bes
t
app
roa
ch
to
dig
itiz
ing
a
co
mp
lex
sha
pe
is
to
div
ide
it
int
o
sim
ple
zon
es
Zo
nes
1
to
5
and
7
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
usi
ng
a
par
alle
l-
pla
ne
tec
hni
que
Zo
ne
6
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
ers
e-
eng
ine
eri
ng
tec
hni
que
s
In
this
cas
e a
las
er
trac
ker
tem
por
aril
y
in
the
cen
ter
of
the
pro
duc
tio
n
line
can
me
asu
re
to
any
spo
t
on
the
ma
chi
ne
Las
er-
trac
kin
g
dev
ice
s
suc
h
as
this
one
hav
e a
ran
ge
of
230
ft
wit
h
up
to
plusmn0
001
-in
acc
ura
cy
Th
e
bes
t
app
roa
ch
to
dig
itiz
ing
a
co
mp
lex
sha
pe
is
to
div
ide
it
int
o
sim
ple
zon
es
Zo
nes
1
to
5
and
7
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
usi
ng
a
par
alle
l-
pla
ne
tec
hni
que
Zo
ne
6
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
chi
ne
Las
er-
trac
kin
g
dev
ice
s
suc
h
as
this
one
hav
e a
ran
ge
of
230
ft
wit
h
up
to
plusmn0
001
-in
acc
ura
cy
Th
e
bes
t
app
roa
ch
to
dig
itiz
ing
a
co
mp
lex
sha
pe
is
to
div
ide
it
int
o
sim
ple
zon
es
Zo
nes
1
to
5
and
7
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
usi
ng
a
par
alle
l-
pla
ne
tec
hni
que
Zo
ne
6
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
ing
a
co
mp
lex
sha
pe
is
to
div
ide
it
int
o
sim
ple
zon
es
Zo
nes
1
to
5
and
7
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
usi
ng
a
par
alle
l-
pla
ne
tec
hni
que
Zo
ne
6
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
wo
uld
be
sca
nne
d
wit
h a
3D
han
d-
sca
n
met
hod
to
co
mp
lete
ly
cap
tur
e
the
fill
et
rad
ius
If
you
can
mea
sure
an
obje
ct
you
can
reve
rse
engi
neer
it
The
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
key
is
mea
suri
ng
with
suffi
cien
t
accu
racy
to
capt
ure
the
degr
ee
of
deta
il
nece
ssar
y
for a
faith
ful
repr
odu
ctio
n
The
con
cept
behi
nd
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
(RE
) is
sim
ple
First
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
mea
sure
the
obje
ct or
part
The
n
tran
scri
be
dim
ensi
ons
into
a
digit
al or
CA
Dco
mpa
tible
for
mat
as
an
ima
ge
of
dots
stre
ami
ng
line
s or
wire
fra
mes
The
ima
ge
can
be
enh
ance
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
d
for
end
use
by
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
s
that
deal
with
surf
acin
g
stres
s
anal
ysis
hum
an
fact
ors
ergo
nom
ics
plan
t
layo
ut
or
prod
uct
flow
Sev
eral
exa
mpl
es
of
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
engi
neer
ing
sho
w
its
usef
ulne
ss
For
inst
ance
engi
neer
s in
a
steel
mill
nee
ded
to
repl
ace
an
agin
g
750
0-hp
mot
or
The
prob
lem
The
new
mot
or
wou
ld
not
fit
on
the
old
mou
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
nt
Rev
erse
engi
neer
ing
let
engi
neer
s
desi
gn
an
ada
pter
so
the
old
mou
nt
coul
d
acce
pt
the
new
mot
or
RE
also
recr
eate
s
dra
win
gs
for
old
part
s
For
exa
mpl
e a
blad
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
e on
the
imp
eller
of
an
air
com
pres
sor
brok
e off
after
year
s of
serv
ice
But
the
com
pres
sor
man
ufac
ture
r
aske
d
for
eigh
t
mon
ths
to
mak
e a
new
one
Plan
t
engi
neer
s
deci
ded
to
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
reve
rse
engi
neer
a
new
one
fro
m
the
orig
inal
and
mea
sure
d
the
dim
ensi
ons
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
blad
e
loca
tion
s
Shaf
t
and
bear
ing
dim
ensi
ons
wer
e
also
reco
rded
This
data
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
was
load
ed
into
a
CA
M
prog
ram
to
gen
erat
e a
mac
hini
ng
plan
The
new
imp
eller
was
mill
ed
fro
m
an
alu
min
um
blan
k
with
the
toug
hnes
s
and
corr
osio
n
resis
tanc
e at
least
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
equ
al to
the
orig
inal
Fro
m
start
to
finis
h
the
proj
ect
took
only
thre
e
wee
ks
Too
l
mak
ing
and
prod
uct
testi
ng
also
ben
efit
fro
m
reve
rse
engi
neer
ing
Usi
ng a
phy
sical
mod
el
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
dim
ensi
ons
can
be
take
n to
crea
te
ever
ythi
ng
fro
m
mol
ds
to
fixt
ures
for
robo
tic
wel
ders
The
sam
e
proc
ess
is
used
to
adju
st
tooli
ng
to
dial-
in
spec
ifica
tion
s
For
com
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
plex
auto
moti
ve
asse
mbli
es
fabr
icat
ors
hav
e
cut
alm
ost a
year
off
the
time
to
qual
ify
so-
call
ed
first
-
artic
le
part
s
A
part
recr
eate
d in
CA
D
can
also
bec
ome
a
test
obje
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
ct
For
inst
ance
the
digit
al
part
can
be
stres
s
anal
yze
d
chec
ked
for
flui
d
flow
and
repr
odu
ced
on
rapi
d-
prot
otyp
ing
equi
pme
nt
for
ergo
nom
ic
stud
ies
In
the
past
mea
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
suri
ng a
com
plex
shap
e
requ
ired
nov
el
tech
niqu
es
One
was
stic
k
buil
ding
Poin
ts
on
an
obje
ct
wer
e
mea
sure
d
usin
g
cali
pers
rule
s or
dept
h
gag
es
and
a
mod
el
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
was
built
with
stic
ks
each
repr
esen
ting
an
indi
vidu
al
mea
sure
men
t
Mo
del
accu
racy
dep
end
ed
entir
ely
on
the
skill
of
the
mod
el
mak
er
and
the
proc
ess
usua
lly
requ
ired
wee
ks
to
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
get
righ
t
Eve
ntua
lly
engi
neer
s
beg
an
usin
g
con
vent
iona
l
CM
Ms
to
digit
ally
capt
ure
obje
cts
Acc
urac
y
grea
tly
imp
rove
d
but
the
proc
ess
rem
aine
d
fairl
y
slo
w
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
beca
use
the
CM
M
had
to
be
prog
ram
med
for
each
diff
eren
t
shap
e
REs
tool
toda
y is
a
devi
ce
orig
inall
y
dev
elop
ed
for
qual
ity-
assu
ranc
e
dep
artm
ents
to
mak
e
fast
inpr
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
es
sphe
res
and
rods
Use
rs
spec
ify a
stan
dard
shap
e
fro
m a
men
u
mea
sure
seve
ral
poin
ts
and
let
the
soft
war
e
com
plet
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
ized
free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
and
the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
Alth
oug
h
the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
oces
s
qual
ity
chec
ks
The
port
able
CM
M is
base
d on
an
artic
ulati
ng
arm
with
joint
s
hou
sing
opti
cal
enc
oder
s
The
y
repr
odu
ce
the
X-Y-
Z
loca
tion
and
I-J-
K
orie
ntati
on
of a
styl
us
to
an
accu
racy
of
up
toplusmn0
000
2 in
The
arm
mov
es
freel
y
with
in a
sphe
re
defi
ned
by
its
own
reac
h It
capt
ures
data
rapi
dly
with
a
mea
suri
ng
pote
ntial
for
hun
dred
s of
poin
ts
per
min
ute
The
arm
reco
rds
mea
sure
men
ts as
indi
vidu
al
poin
ts or
stre
ami
ng
line
s for
CA
D-
com
pati
ble
soft
war
e
Soft
war
e for
port
able
CM
Ms
also
sim
plifi
es
data
gath
erin
g
Mos
t
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
mati
c
shap
es
such
as
arcs
circl
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Design by
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evaluations
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men
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indi
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al
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stre
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line
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CA
D-
com
pati
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soft
war
e
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war
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port
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CM
Ms
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plifi
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pose
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R
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M
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M2
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Cat
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Pro
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ST
EP
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VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
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materialhandling
systems or other
processes
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developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
part
s are
com
pose
d of
pris
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arcs
circl
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res
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ges
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dou
blin
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repo
sitio
ning
the
m
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part
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icat
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rse
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join
the
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auto
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ve
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p
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the
tech
niqu
e to
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its
digit
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uses
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crea
te
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mirr
or
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ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
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IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
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G
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D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
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L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
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FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
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ges
)
Pol
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nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
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ges
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ng
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re
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)
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M
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filli
ng
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ng
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nal
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Ra
pid
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pro
tot
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ng
soft
war
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FE
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Erg
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re-
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me
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ng
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pes e
Ext
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ren
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soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
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war
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Aft
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ge
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por
tabl
e
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M
M
eng
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gra
ms
tra
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m
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ge
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re
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pes
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co
mp
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le
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mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
e
the
shap
e
Non
pris
mati
c
shap
es
can
be
digit
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free
han
d or
by
usin
g
one
of
seve
ral
loc
ked-
plan
e
scan
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch a
part
is
trac
ed
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the
soft
war
e
secti
ons
the
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
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al
secti
ons
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con
cent
ric
circl
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oug
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the
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nde
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a
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gn
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way
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ipul
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ges
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ning
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dard
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ize
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icat
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ve
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p
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its
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izes
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te
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ge
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R
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VE
RS
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GI
NE
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G
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D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
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TY
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CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
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den
sity
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ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
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ges
)
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ldi
ng
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re
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me
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sity
)
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gh
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sity
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M
soft
war
e
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pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
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ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
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sim
ulat
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Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
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me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
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war
e
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faci
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gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
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soft
war
e
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e
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ual
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ng
soft
war
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Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
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ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
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pro
tot
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war
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FE
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war
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ma
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fact
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war
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Aft
er
cap
turi
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por
tabl
e
C
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eng
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mp
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le
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s
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ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
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developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
trac
e as
para
llel
plan
es
radi
al
secti
ons
or
con
cent
ric
circl
es
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oug
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the
soft
war
e is
not
inte
nde
d as
a
desi
gn
med
ium
it
prov
ides
way
s to
man
ipul
ate
ima
ges
by
reve
rsin
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
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then
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icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
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izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
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ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
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sity
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ges
)
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ldi
ng
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re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
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me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
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soft
war
e
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pre
cis
e
vis
ual
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reat
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s)
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id-
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ng
soft
war
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Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
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pro
tot
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ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
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fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
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Ext
ern
al
ren
der
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war
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ma
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fact
ors
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war
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Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
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ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
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ng
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gra
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ge
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o
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pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
g
dou
blin
g or
repo
sitio
ning
the
m
Wh
en a
part
is
sym
metr
ical
stan
dard
prac
tice
is to
digit
ize
half
then
dupl
icat
e
and
reve
rse
or
mirr
or it
in
soft
war
e
and
join
the
two
halv
es
An
auto
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
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m
the
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ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
moti
ve
mod
el
sho
p
uses
the
tech
niqu
e to
cut
its
digit
izin
g
wor
k in
half
It
digit
izes
one
fend
er
then
uses
the
soft
war
e to
crea
te
the
mirr
or
ima
ge
A
FE
W
AP
PL
IC
AT
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
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Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
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pro
tot
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ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
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s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
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al
ren
der
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soft
war
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ma
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fact
ors
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war
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Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
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por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
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ng
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ge
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o
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pes
A
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co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
IO
NS
FO
R
RE
VE
RS
E
EN
GI
NE
ER
IN
G
EN
D
US
E
OF
IM
AG
E
TY
PI
CA
L
FO
R
M
AT
CO
M
M
ON
SO
FT
W
AR
E
PA
CK
AG
ES
To
oli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w-
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh-
CA
M
soft
war
e
and
NC
pro
gra
ms
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
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pro
tot
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ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
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re-
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me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
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war
pes e
Ext
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ma
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fact
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war
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Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
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ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
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ge
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o
mo
re
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sha
pes
A
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co
mp
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le
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mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
den
sity
ima
ges
)
Mo
ldi
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
(lo
w
den
sity
)
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
(hi
gh
den
sity
)
CA
M
soft
war
e
NC
pro
gra
ms
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Mo
ld-
filli
ng
sim
ulat
ors
Dig
ital
mo
deli
ng
Wi
re
fra
me
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CA
D
soft
war
e
Sur
faci
ng
pro
gra
ms
Re
nde
rin
g
soft
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
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s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
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m
the
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ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
war
e
(for
pre
cis
e
vis
ual
rec
reat
ion
s)
Sol
id-
mo
deli
ng
soft
war
e
Pro
tot
ype
test
ing
Pol
ygo
nal
sha
pes
CF
D
soft
war
e
Ra
pid
-
pro
tot
ypi
ng
soft
war
e
FE
A
soft
war
e
Erg
ono
mic
s
Wi
re-
fra
me
sha
Sur
faci
ng
soft
war
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
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turi
ng
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bas
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by
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por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
pes e
Ext
ern
al
ren
der
ing
soft
war
e
Hu
ma
n-
fact
ors
soft
war
e
Aft
er
cap
turi
ng
a
bas
ic
ima
ge
by
a
por
tabl
e
C
M
M
eng
ine
eri
ng
pro
gra
ms
tra
nsf
or
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
m
the
ima
ge
int
o
mo
re
use
ful
sha
pes
A
few
co
mp
atib
le
for
mat
s
incl
ude
CA
M2
Me
asu
re
X
Cat
ia
Pro
E
ST
EP
and
VD
A
Where Reverse Engineering Makes Sense
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures
RE works well in
Design by
adapting a
structure to a
mating surface and
to compress the
time-to-market
cycles
Development by
rapid prototyping
and prototype
testing for
ergonomic flow
testing or other
evaluations
Tool making by
reducing the time
required to
develop tooling
and improve tool
accuracy
Repair by creating
new parts from
old fractured or
worn originals
Fabrication by
creating elements
of
materialhandling
systems or other
processes
Manufacturing by
developing one-off
pieces of
equipment or
structures