Reverse Osmosis Water System And Its Technologies
Chemistries and Physics of Water Purification
Topics
Contaminants in Water
Water Purification Technologies
Contaminants In WaterFeed Water
Contaminates
Inorganic Ions (Dissolved Solids)
OrganicsParticles
Microorganisms
Water Purification Technologies
Water Purification Technologies
Filtration
Chlorine removal
Scale Control
Reverse Osmosis
Ion Exchange
Ultra filtration Ultraviolet Storage Tank Distribution Loops Distillation
Filtration
Depth Filters - Entrapment
Screen Filters - Sieving,
Membranes
Depth Filter Media
Cotton Fibers, Glass Fibers Polypropylene, Nylon Filaments, Sand Grains
Pore Rating Nominal (98% Removal)
Range 0.5-1000um or combinations
Thickness 10-30mm
Membrane Micro Filter Media
Nylon, Teflon, Cellulose Esters
Pore Rating Absolute (100% Removal)
Range 0.1 to 10 um
Thickness 150um
Chlorine RemovalActivated Carbon Raw Materials
Coconut Shell, Wood, Lignite Oil / Plastic
Activation Heat, Chemical
Activation generates a highly porous structure with a large surface area for Wood, Lignite.
Surface area1000 m2 /gram
Remove ChlorineRemove Organics
Activated CarbonBead
Sodium Bisulfite Sodium Bisulfite (NaHSO3) is a reducing agent
capable of dechlorinating the feed water to a Reverse Osmosis System.
Dechlorination reactions NaHSO3+ CL2+ H2O NaHSO4+ 2HCl 1 ppm of chlorine (CL2) requires 1.46 ppm of
NaHSO3
To ensure complete Dechlorination Add 10% excess of sodium bisulphite
Ion Exchange
Ion Exchange Process
Ion Exchange Regeneration
Ion Exchange Regeneration
Reverse osmosis (RO) theory
raw water
High pressure
Feedwater
underpressure
Reject
water
Semi-perm
eablem
embrane
Permeate
water
drain or recycle
Low pressure
Purified water
Thin Film Composite Membrane
Thin Film Layer
Support Structure
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis Performance
95 - 99% Rejection of Inorganic Ions 99% Rejection of Organics 99% Rejection of Particles and
Microorganisms
Recovery 10 - 65% of Feed Water
Ion Exchange
Mixed Bed Exchange Process
Mixed Bed Exchange Process
Mixed Bed Regeneration
Mixed Bed Regeneration
Electro Deionization
Electro Deionization
Ultra-Filtration
Can be used for WFI or for Water For Final Rinsing for parenteral manufacturing (if permitted)
Removes organic contaminants, such as endotoxins
Operation at 80°C, and sterilization at 121 °C
Ultra-Violet
Oxidation of Organic Compound
Oxidation of Organic Compound
HCHO + 2OH. UV HCOOH + H2OFormaldehyde Formic Acid + Water
HCOOH+2OH. UV CO2 + 2H2OFORMIC ACID CORBONDIOXIDE+WATER
Storage Tank Design Considerations
Sized with Make-Up system Store water protected from bacterial growth Vent filter Sanitary Overflow Tank UV light or Spray Ball Conical bottom Steam or Ozone sterilization
Rupture Disk should always have monitor
Smaller the better
Typical Water Storage And Distribution Schematic
Water must be
kept circulating
Spray ball
Cartridgefilter 1 µm
Outlets
Hygienic pump
Optionalin-line filter
0,2 µm
UV light
Feed WaterHydrophobic air filter
& burst disc
Distribution LoopsDesign
Considerations
Effective control of bacteria
Most microorganisms are destroyed at 80°C which is a typical hot loop
temperatureWFI systems will incorporate heat exchangers and monitoring in the distribution loop to maintain 80°C
Some purified water systems will use heat at 80°C to perform
periodic sanitizations
Distribution Loops
Water scours deadleg
If D=25mm & distance X isgreater than 50mm, we havea dead leg that is too long.
Deadleg section<2D
Flow direction arrows on pipes are important
Sanitary Valve
D
X
There should be no dead legs
Stagnant water inside valve
Ball valves are unacceptableBacteria can grow when the valve is closedThe water is contaminated as it passes through the valve
Distribution Loops
Distillation
Thank You For Attending
Saima Muzaffar
2nd February, 2012