ReviewReview

1500-18001500-1800

Early ExplorationEarly Exploration Spanish & Portuguese were firstSpanish & Portuguese were first Why?Why?

The “3 Gs” – gold, glory & gospelThe “3 Gs” – gold, glory & gospel North West Passage to Asia.North West Passage to Asia. Trade for Asian spices, silk, porcelainTrade for Asian spices, silk, porcelain

Treaty of Tordesillas, Treaty of Tordesillas, Pope negotiatedPope negotiated divides the New World divides the New World Portugal gets BrazilPortugal gets Brazil Spain gets most of the Americas: New SpainSpain gets most of the Americas: New Spain

English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 marks a English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 marks a shift in powershift in power

British, Dutch & French begin to influence the AmericasBritish, Dutch & French begin to influence the Americas

FrenchFrench Early explorers Early explorers

Champlain (1608, St. Lawrence River)Champlain (1608, St. Lawrence River) Marquette & de la Salle (explored length of Marquette & de la Salle (explored length of

Mississippi R)Mississippi R) Discover fishing grounds off Canadian (New Discover fishing grounds off Canadian (New

France) coastFrance) coast Realize the potential of the fur tradeRealize the potential of the fur trade Don’t establish large settlementsDon’t establish large settlements Trade with the IndiansTrade with the Indians Franco-Indian relations are strongFranco-Indian relations are strong

DutchDutch

Early explorersEarly explorers Henry Hudson (1609, Hudson River)Henry Hudson (1609, Hudson River) Settled in New Amsterdam (now NYC)Settled in New Amsterdam (now NYC) Patroon plantation systemPatroon plantation system

BritishBritish Early explorers Early explorers

Raleigh (Roanoke Island, Virginia)Raleigh (Roanoke Island, Virginia) Virginia Company, 1607. Virginia Company, 1607.

JamestownJamestown Gentlemen seeking gold & quick wealth Gentlemen seeking gold & quick wealth Saved by tobacco, John Smith, and John RolfeSaved by tobacco, John Smith, and John Rolfe Indenture system brought labour from EnglandIndenture system brought labour from England

Pilgrims on “Mayflower” to Plymouth, 1620 Pilgrims on “Mayflower” to Plymouth, 1620 Religious exilesReligious exiles Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact Small settlement of familiesSmall settlement of families

Massachusetts Bay CompanyMassachusetts Bay Company Puritans & Separatists Puritans & Separatists Religious exiles. 1630Religious exiles. 1630 John Winthrop (City on a Hill) John Winthrop (City on a Hill) Great Migration = 1630-42.Great Migration = 1630-42. Dissidents (Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson) from Mass. formed Rhode Island Dissidents (Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson) from Mass. formed Rhode Island

(1644), and Connecticut (1639, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut).(1644), and Connecticut (1639, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut). Maryland – haven for Roman Catholics.Maryland – haven for Roman Catholics. South Carolina – settled by English planters from Barbados.South Carolina – settled by English planters from Barbados. North Carolina – overflow from Virginia.North Carolina – overflow from Virginia. NY and NJ – captured from Dutch.NY and NJ – captured from Dutch.

British Colonies – Basic DifferencesBritish Colonies – Basic Differences

New England - harsh climate, infertile soils, small New England - harsh climate, infertile soils, small farms, lumber, fishing, shipbuilding. Heavy Puritan farms, lumber, fishing, shipbuilding. Heavy Puritan influence.influence.

Middle Colonies (NY, NJ, Penn, Del) – milder climate, Middle Colonies (NY, NJ, Penn, Del) – milder climate, fertile soils, mixed agriculture, ethnically mixed, Dutch, fertile soils, mixed agriculture, ethnically mixed, Dutch, German, British. Many Quakers.German, British. Many Quakers.

Chesapeake colonies (VA, MD) – tobacco plantations, Chesapeake colonies (VA, MD) – tobacco plantations, more aristocratic, Church of England, hot, wet, more aristocratic, Church of England, hot, wet, unhealthy.unhealthy.

Southern colonies (NC, SC, Georgia) – NC more like Southern colonies (NC, SC, Georgia) – NC more like VA, but SC & Georgia big plantations, indigo, rice, VA, but SC & Georgia big plantations, indigo, rice, cotton, communication by river, horrible roads, cotton, communication by river, horrible roads, indentured labor followed by slaves.indentured labor followed by slaves.

British Colonial AttitudesBritish Colonial Attitudes Colonies exist for benefit of the Mother country.Colonies exist for benefit of the Mother country. Mercantilist policy reflects this belief.Mercantilist policy reflects this belief. Britain interested in status quo – colonies provide Britain with raw materials, Britain Britain interested in status quo – colonies provide Britain with raw materials, Britain

exports manufactured goods to colonies.exports manufactured goods to colonies. Britain busy with its own internal power struggles (Civil War, Glorious Revolution), Britain busy with its own internal power struggles (Civil War, Glorious Revolution),

and leave colonists to govern themselves (Salutary Neglect).and leave colonists to govern themselves (Salutary Neglect). France presents a danger to British colonies.France presents a danger to British colonies. Hence French & Indian War, 1756-63. Very expensive. Britain incurs debt. After Hence French & Indian War, 1756-63. Very expensive. Britain incurs debt. After

victory, Britain feels need to keep Redcoats on American soil as defensive force.victory, Britain feels need to keep Redcoats on American soil as defensive force. Britain wants to avoid unnecessary conflict with Indians ~ Proclamation of 1763, Britain wants to avoid unnecessary conflict with Indians ~ Proclamation of 1763,

limiting colonists from settling land west of Appalachian Mt ridge.limiting colonists from settling land west of Appalachian Mt ridge. Britain thinks it is only reasonable for colonists to help pay the debt incurred during Britain thinks it is only reasonable for colonists to help pay the debt incurred during

recent war ~ taxation of colonists.recent war ~ taxation of colonists. Britain argues that colonists have “virtual representation” in Br. Parliament.Britain argues that colonists have “virtual representation” in Br. Parliament. British govt. is contemptuous of colonial grievances, & respond with scorn.British govt. is contemptuous of colonial grievances, & respond with scorn. Impose Quartering Act (10,000 Redcoats).Impose Quartering Act (10,000 Redcoats). Impose Stamp Act (1765). Later repeal it due to colonial outrage.Impose Stamp Act (1765). Later repeal it due to colonial outrage. Next come Townshend Acts – indirect taxes. Townshend taxes repealed by Br., but Next come Townshend Acts – indirect taxes. Townshend taxes repealed by Br., but

tax on tea remains.tax on tea remains.

American Colonists’ AttitudeAmerican Colonists’ Attitude Puritans think it is lovely to be able to practice their faith Puritans think it is lovely to be able to practice their faith

without persecution.without persecution. Consider themselves “British” and loyal to the king.Consider themselves “British” and loyal to the king. But distance across the Atlantic is great, which over time But distance across the Atlantic is great, which over time

leads to a sense of difference and to misunderstandings.leads to a sense of difference and to misunderstandings. Communication to England is slow & infrequent.Communication to England is slow & infrequent. Over time the colonists become more ethnically mixed Over time the colonists become more ethnically mixed

(Dutch, Germans), and thus different from Old England.(Dutch, Germans), and thus different from Old England. Appreciate the period of Salutary Neglect, and begin to Appreciate the period of Salutary Neglect, and begin to

develop a sense of independence.develop a sense of independence. Some colonists influenced by Enlightenment ideas in Some colonists influenced by Enlightenment ideas in

Europe – democracy.Europe – democracy.

Causes of Revolutionary WarCauses of Revolutionary War Proclamation of 1763 really upsets the colonists.Proclamation of 1763 really upsets the colonists. Also not pleased with Quartering Act.Also not pleased with Quartering Act. Taxes to pay off Fr & Ind. War peeves colonists. “No taxation w/o representation.”Taxes to pay off Fr & Ind. War peeves colonists. “No taxation w/o representation.” Colonists don’t believe in “virtual representation.”Colonists don’t believe in “virtual representation.” Impose boycott of British goods in response to Stamp Act.Impose boycott of British goods in response to Stamp Act. Colonists smuggling goods to avoid British taxes. British try to stop this. Various Colonists smuggling goods to avoid British taxes. British try to stop this. Various

nasty incidents, the worst of which is “Gaspee” incident.nasty incidents, the worst of which is “Gaspee” incident. Creation of Sons & Daughters of Liberty.Creation of Sons & Daughters of Liberty. John Dickinson writes “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania”, complaining of tax John Dickinson writes “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania”, complaining of tax

w/o rep. w/o rep. Tea tax continues to upset some.Tea tax continues to upset some. Tea Act (1773) gives Br. East India Co. monopoly on tea sales in colonies ~ Boston Tea Act (1773) gives Br. East India Co. monopoly on tea sales in colonies ~ Boston

Tea Party.Tea Party. British respond with Intolerable (Coercive) Acts to punish colonists.British respond with Intolerable (Coercive) Acts to punish colonists. Quebec Act misinterpreted by colonists as another anti-British act.Quebec Act misinterpreted by colonists as another anti-British act. First Continental Congress (1774) called to express dismay to king.First Continental Congress (1774) called to express dismay to king. Lexington & Concord, April 1775.Lexington & Concord, April 1775. Second Continental Congress, May 1775.Second Continental Congress, May 1775. Olive Branch Petition from Cont. Cong. to King George III.Olive Branch Petition from Cont. Cong. to King George III. King rejects Petition.King rejects Petition. Thomas Paine writes “Common Sense” (Jan. 1776) urging independence.Thomas Paine writes “Common Sense” (Jan. 1776) urging independence. Declaration of Independence (Jefferson prime writer), July 4, 1776.Declaration of Independence (Jefferson prime writer), July 4, 1776.

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation 1776-1787 : sovereignty of states over the federal 1776-1787 : sovereignty of states over the federal

govt; unicameral Congress; one vote one state govt; unicameral Congress; one vote one state (same as old Continental Congress); amendments (same as old Continental Congress); amendments only if unanimous agreement amongst the states; only if unanimous agreement amongst the states; empowered to make war ; make treaties ; admit empowered to make war ; make treaties ; admit new states ; new states ; BUT NOT empowered to levy taxes, BUT NOT empowered to levy taxes, raise troops, or regulate commerceraise troops, or regulate commerce..

Ratification of A of C delayed by arguments about Ratification of A of C delayed by arguments about status of western lands (Virginia held extensive status of western lands (Virginia held extensive holdings, but Maryland held no western lands. holdings, but Maryland held no western lands. What was fair ? Eventually Va. agreed to surrender What was fair ? Eventually Va. agreed to surrender all western land claims to the feds.)all western land claims to the feds.)

Financial disaster. Unable to tax. Printed Financial disaster. Unable to tax. Printed “Continentals” instead ~ massive inflation. Govt “Continentals” instead ~ massive inflation. Govt forced to rely on loans from foreign countries forced to rely on loans from foreign countries (France, Neth.). Rhode Island blocked an (France, Neth.). Rhode Island blocked an amendment to give Congress power to tax. Army amendment to give Congress power to tax. Army not paid, threatened to mutiny.not paid, threatened to mutiny.

Westward MovementWestward Movement

Wilderness RoadWilderness Road, 1775, Daniel Boone, through Cumberland , 1775, Daniel Boone, through Cumberland Gap, over the AppalachiansGap, over the Appalachians

• By 1790, 100,000 settlers in By 1790, 100,000 settlers in Ky & TennKy & Tenn. Indian troubles extensive. . Indian troubles extensive. British forts (Treaty of Paris ??) made matters worse for the settlers, British forts (Treaty of Paris ??) made matters worse for the settlers, as Br. Agitated the Indians to oppose the American advance. as Br. Agitated the Indians to oppose the American advance. Spanish in Florida reacted the same way.Spanish in Florida reacted the same way.

Land Ordinance of 1784Land Ordinance of 1784 (provided terr. Govt. and orderly (provided terr. Govt. and orderly system for terr. To progress towards statehood.system for terr. To progress towards statehood.

Land Ordinance of 1785 (AKA N.W. OrdinanceLand Ordinance of 1785 (AKA N.W. Ordinance of 1785 - of 1785 - orderly surveying & distrib. of land in townships 6 miles square, orderly surveying & distrib. of land in townships 6 miles square, composed of 36 one-square mile sections, one of which to be composed of 36 one-square mile sections, one of which to be set aside for education.set aside for education.

N.W. Ordinance of 1787N.W. Ordinance of 1787 ( gave bill of rights for settlers, & ( gave bill of rights for settlers, & forbade slavery N. of Ohio River.)forbade slavery N. of Ohio River.)

These Ordinances were greatest successes of A of C.These Ordinances were greatest successes of A of C.

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems Still tied to old British trade patternsStill tied to old British trade patterns

• Nation needed time to change, or expand, its trade partners, and to Nation needed time to change, or expand, its trade partners, and to improve its export capabilities. improve its export capabilities.

• Farmers were obliged to accept British prices for agric. products, Farmers were obliged to accept British prices for agric. products, and to buy British manuf. goods.and to buy British manuf. goods.

Shay’s Rebellion, 1786Shay’s Rebellion, 1786• Western Mass. farmers are in desperate economic straits (high Western Mass. farmers are in desperate economic straits (high

taxes, state’s war debts). taxes, state’s war debts). • War vet. Daniel Shays leads a mob to shut down the courts which War vet. Daniel Shays leads a mob to shut down the courts which

are seizing farms due to farmer debts. are seizing farms due to farmer debts. • This disturbance causes panic in the East This disturbance causes panic in the East • Bostonians financed an army to march west & crush the “rebellion”Bostonians financed an army to march west & crush the “rebellion”• Many are left fearful that a weak federal govt without the power to Many are left fearful that a weak federal govt without the power to

raise an army will not survive. raise an army will not survive. • New Constitution ?New Constitution ?

ConstitutionConstitution Annapolis (Md) Convention, 1786. Only 5 states came. Annapolis (Md) Convention, 1786. Only 5 states came. Constitutional Convention, PhilaConvention’s proceedings Constitutional Convention, PhilaConvention’s proceedings secretsecret Wanted a system of Wanted a system of checks & balanceschecks & balances to avoid dictatorial abuses to avoid dictatorial abuses James Madison, “father of the Const.”James Madison, “father of the Const.” Virginia PlanVirginia Plan, bicameral, both based on pop., bicameral, both based on pop. New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan, unicameral, equal state rep, increased fed. powers., unicameral, equal state rep, increased fed. powers. Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) – Presidency, Senate Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) – Presidency, Senate

with equal rep, & H of Reps with rep based on pop.with equal rep, & H of Reps with rep based on pop. SLAVERY SLAVERY ? Neither endorsed nor condemned by Const. ? Neither endorsed nor condemned by Const. Three-Fifths Three-Fifths

Compromise Compromise (for apportioning reps, & taxation). (for apportioning reps, & taxation). Strong Presidency with veto power over Congress. Impeachment in Strong Presidency with veto power over Congress. Impeachment in

case of Pres committing crime. case of Pres committing crime. Electoral College to elect Pres Electoral College to elect Pres Began division of nation into factions, or parties. Began division of nation into factions, or parties.

• FederalistsFederalists in favour of strong fed. Powers in favour of strong fed. Powers• Anti-federalistsAnti-federalists in favour of stronger state powers. in favour of stronger state powers. • Federalist Papers (Hamilton, Jay, Madison) were newspaper articles Federalist Papers (Hamilton, Jay, Madison) were newspaper articles

designed to convince the public in favour of the Const. designed to convince the public in favour of the Const. • What about a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties ? What about a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties ?

Federalist EraFederalist Era Congress dominated by Federalists in first few yearsCongress dominated by Federalists in first few years Bill of Rights (first 10 Amendments), 1791Bill of Rights (first 10 Amendments), 1791 Judiciary Act, 1789, set up Supreme Court (this is the Act that Judiciary Act, 1789, set up Supreme Court (this is the Act that

Marshall will find unconstit. in Marshall will find unconstit. in Marbury .v. MadisonMarbury .v. Madison).). Washington estab. a Cabinet (not mentioned in Const)Washington estab. a Cabinet (not mentioned in Const) Hamilton pushed for paying the national debt at face value (“at Hamilton pushed for paying the national debt at face value (“at

par”), plus fed assumption of state debts, estab of a Bank of the par”), plus fed assumption of state debts, estab of a Bank of the US, and tax & subsidy help to encourage American US, and tax & subsidy help to encourage American manufacturing. Get revenue from protective tariff, and from tax manufacturing. Get revenue from protective tariff, and from tax on distillers (Whiskey Rebellion)on distillers (Whiskey Rebellion)

Jefferson opposed much of Hamilton’s financial plan (enrich a Jefferson opposed much of Hamilton’s financial plan (enrich a small elite at the expense of the yeoman farmer)small elite at the expense of the yeoman farmer)

Federalists & Republican partiesFederalists & Republican parties beginning to form beginning to form Hamilton & Feds pushing the idea of “implied powers”Hamilton & Feds pushing the idea of “implied powers” Jeff & Reps pushing idea of “strict” interpretation of ConstJeff & Reps pushing idea of “strict” interpretation of Const

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

French Revolution. America “Neutral”. French Revolution. America “Neutral”. Citizen Genet a nuisance. Both Br & Fr Citizen Genet a nuisance. Both Br & Fr interfering with Am shipping. Jay’s Treaty, interfering with Am shipping. Jay’s Treaty, 1794, tried to settle matter with Br, but 1794, tried to settle matter with Br, but unpopular back home. unpopular back home.

Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain, 1795, by which Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain, 1795, by which Spain opened Mississippi as a trade route. Spain opened Mississippi as a trade route.

Indian troubles along the frontiers, with Indian troubles along the frontiers, with Britain, Spain stirring up trouble. General Britain, Spain stirring up trouble. General Wayne’s victory over Indians at Battle of Wayne’s victory over Indians at Battle of Fallen Timbers ~ Greenville Treaty ~ Ohio Fallen Timbers ~ Greenville Treaty ~ Ohio Valley opened up to American settlers.Valley opened up to American settlers.

Domestic IssuesDomestic Issues

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 • Western Penn. farmers balk at excise tax on Western Penn. farmers balk at excise tax on

whiskeywhiskey• terrorize tax collectors terrorize tax collectors • Washington sends federal militia of 15,000 – Washington sends federal militia of 15,000 –

excessiveexcessive• Young fed govt gains prestige.Young fed govt gains prestige.

New states (Ky, Tenn, Vermont) formed out New states (Ky, Tenn, Vermont) formed out West, thus strengthening political clout of the West, thus strengthening political clout of the WestWest

John Adams’ Presidency, 1797-John Adams’ Presidency, 1797-18011801

Adams defeated Jefferson in 1796Adams defeated Jefferson in 1796 Jefferson becomes V-PJefferson becomes V-P XYZ Affair,XYZ Affair, 1798 (French prove difficult to talk to, unless you’re 1798 (French prove difficult to talk to, unless you’re

loaded)loaded) Quasi-War,Quasi-War, 1798-99, with France. Result of XYZ Affair, and 1798-99, with France. Result of XYZ Affair, and

French interfering with Am shipping. Embargo on trade with French interfering with Am shipping. Embargo on trade with France, & Am ships ordered to shoot at armed French ships. France, & Am ships ordered to shoot at armed French ships. Napoleon eases the tension with treaty in 1800.Napoleon eases the tension with treaty in 1800.

Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798. Adams stifling foreign influences, . Adams stifling foreign influences, and stifling dissent of the opposition Republicansand stifling dissent of the opposition Republicans. .

Kentucky & Virginia ResolutionsKentucky & Virginia Resolutions. Reps think A & S Acts are . Reps think A & S Acts are unconstit, but who decides the constit of fed laws ? Jefferson & unconstit, but who decides the constit of fed laws ? Jefferson & Madison say “we” do, the states. They use John Locke’s Madison say “we” do, the states. They use John Locke’s “compact theory” to argue that states can freely “compact theory” to argue that states can freely nullifynullify fed laws fed laws which are obnoxious to the state. Ky & Va actually adopted the which are obnoxious to the state. Ky & Va actually adopted the Resolutions, but no one else did, and when A & S Acts were Resolutions, but no one else did, and when A & S Acts were nixed soon after, the issue died. But John C. Calhoun had been nixed soon after, the issue died. But John C. Calhoun had been listening, and he would pick up on the idea in the 1830s listening, and he would pick up on the idea in the 1830s nullification crisis, and the South would secede in 1861 on the nullification crisis, and the South would secede in 1861 on the same principle.same principle.

Beginnings to ConstitutionBeginnings to Constitution Even though the Albany Plan of Union was not successful, why was it an important Even though the Albany Plan of Union was not successful, why was it an important

precedent?precedent? For what three reasons did Native Americans side with France during the French and For what three reasons did Native Americans side with France during the French and

Indian War?Indian War? In what three ways did the Seven Years’ War directly affect the colonists’ growing In what three ways did the Seven Years’ War directly affect the colonists’ growing

discontent toward the British?discontent toward the British? How did the Sugar Act differ from the preceding Navigation Acts?How did the Sugar Act differ from the preceding Navigation Acts? How did colonial protest evolve? What steps were initially ineffective and what later How did colonial protest evolve? What steps were initially ineffective and what later

steps proved successful?steps proved successful? What poor choices made by the British eventually heightened the pre-Revolutionary What poor choices made by the British eventually heightened the pre-Revolutionary

era conflict?era conflict? In what ways did the colonies attempt to unite and/or share information?In what ways did the colonies attempt to unite and/or share information? Why could many colonists rightly claim that the conflict was primarily a Boston issue?Why could many colonists rightly claim that the conflict was primarily a Boston issue? What were the three main results of the First Continental Congress?What were the three main results of the First Continental Congress? What was the significance of the “shot heard ‘round the world”?What was the significance of the “shot heard ‘round the world”? John Adams once claimed that 1/3 of the colonists were for revolution, 1/3 were John Adams once claimed that 1/3 of the colonists were for revolution, 1/3 were

against, and 1/3 didn’t really care. What types of people fell into each category?against, and 1/3 didn’t really care. What types of people fell into each category? What documents were most influential during the Revolutionary Era? What was the What documents were most influential during the Revolutionary Era? What was the

purpose of each?purpose of each? What factors contributed to America being able to win the Revolutionary War?What factors contributed to America being able to win the Revolutionary War? What were the faults and the strengths of the Articles of Confederation?What were the faults and the strengths of the Articles of Confederation? What were the main events of the Critical Era?What were the main events of the Critical Era? What compromises needed to be made for the Constitution to be successful?What compromises needed to be made for the Constitution to be successful? What were the positions of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists?What were the positions of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists?

Washington to JeffersonWashington to Jefferson What were the precedents established by Washington What were the precedents established by Washington

during his presidency?during his presidency? How did Hamilton’s economic policies differ from those How did Hamilton’s economic policies differ from those

of Jefferson?of Jefferson? To what extent was did the French Revolution cause To what extent was did the French Revolution cause

dissension in America?dissension in America? What elements of Adams and Jefferson’s presidencies What elements of Adams and Jefferson’s presidencies

foreshadowed future conflicts between political parties foreshadowed future conflicts between political parties and geographic regions?and geographic regions?

How were the branches of the Federal Government How were the branches of the Federal Government strengthened during Jefferson’s Presidency?strengthened during Jefferson’s Presidency?

What was the relation between expansion and slavery? What was the relation between expansion and slavery? What attempts were made to postpone conflict?What attempts were made to postpone conflict?

Prior to the 1804 election what problem kept plaguing Prior to the 1804 election what problem kept plaguing the presidential election?the presidential election?

How did Jefferson’s interpretation of the role of Vice-How did Jefferson’s interpretation of the role of Vice-President differ significantly from that of Adams’s and President differ significantly from that of Adams’s and that used today?that used today?