Review and New MaterialReview and New Material

Now that our class Now that our class has tested… its has tested… its times to move on times to move on BUT…. before we BUT…. before we do one last reviewdo one last review

The World’s OceansThe World’s Oceans

71% of the Earth’s surface is covered 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by ocean water.by ocean water.

The oceans contain 97% of the The oceans contain 97% of the earth’s water.earth’s water.

All the oceans and seas are actually All the oceans and seas are actually one continuous body of water.one continuous body of water.

OceansOceans

The oceans are the Atlantic, Pacific, The oceans are the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic .Indian, Arctic .

The Pacific Ocean is the largest The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean.ocean.

The area and volume of the Pacific The area and volume of the Pacific Ocean are greater than the Atlantic Ocean are greater than the Atlantic and Indian combined.and Indian combined.

Water CycleWater Cycle

The sun’s rays heat The sun’s rays heat the surface of the the surface of the ocean.ocean.

The heat causes the The heat causes the water to evaporate.water to evaporate.

The evaporating water The evaporating water (clean, fresh water) (clean, fresh water) enters the atmosphere enters the atmosphere as water vapor.as water vapor.

The salt remains The salt remains behind.behind.

Water CycleWater Cycle

Winds carry water Winds carry water vapor over land.vapor over land.

Some of the water Some of the water vapor condenses to vapor condenses to form clouds.form clouds.

The water in the The water in the clouds falls as clouds falls as precipitation.precipitation.

Water CycleWater Cycle

Some of this water Some of this water runs into rivers and runs into rivers and streams which flow streams which flow back into the back into the oceans.oceans.

Some of the water Some of the water seeps into the soil seeps into the soil and rocks become and rocks become part of the part of the groundwater.groundwater.

Properties of Ocean WaterProperties of Ocean Water

Ocean water is a mixture of gases Ocean water is a mixture of gases and solids dissolved in pure water.and solids dissolved in pure water.

Oceanographers believe oceans Oceanographers believe oceans contain all the natural elements on contain all the natural elements on Earth.Earth.

85 of 90 have been found in the 85 of 90 have been found in the ocean.ocean.

Major Elements in the OceanMajor Elements in the Ocean

Ocean water is 96% pure water.Ocean water is 96% pure water. Chlorine (1.9) and sodium (1.1) make Chlorine (1.9) and sodium (1.1) make

up the next largest concentration of up the next largest concentration of elements.elements.

Sodium chloride is table salt.Sodium chloride is table salt.

Sources of Salt in the OceanSources of Salt in the Ocean

When volcanoes erupt, rock When volcanoes erupt, rock materials and gases, such as materials and gases, such as chlorine, spew forth.chlorine, spew forth.

As rivers, streams and glaciers move As rivers, streams and glaciers move over rock and soil, they dissolve over rock and soil, they dissolve salts, such as magnesium, sodium salts, such as magnesium, sodium and potassium, in them.and potassium, in them.

As waves pound the shoreline, they As waves pound the shoreline, they dissolve salts from the rocks.dissolve salts from the rocks.

Salinity LevelsSalinity Levels The salinity is lower in areas where freshwater The salinity is lower in areas where freshwater

rivers run into the ocean. Salinity levels are also rivers run into the ocean. Salinity levels are also affected by animals such as clams and oysters affected by animals such as clams and oysters that use calcium salts to build their shells. They that use calcium salts to build their shells. They remove salt from the water.remove salt from the water.

In warm ocean areas where there is little rainfall In warm ocean areas where there is little rainfall and much evaporation, the amount of dissolved and much evaporation, the amount of dissolved salts is much greater. In polar regions, the salts is much greater. In polar regions, the salinity levels are high because temperatures are salinity levels are high because temperatures are cold enough for ocean water to freeze. Pure water cold enough for ocean water to freeze. Pure water is removed and salts are left behind.is removed and salts are left behind.

Gases in Ocean WaterGases in Ocean Water

The most abundant gases in ocean The most abundant gases in ocean water are nitrogen, carbon dioxide water are nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen.and oxygen.

The amounts of these elements vary The amounts of these elements vary with depth. They are more abundant with depth. They are more abundant at the ocean’s surface where sunlight at the ocean’s surface where sunlight causes more plant life.causes more plant life.

Temperature of Ocean WaterTemperature of Ocean Water

Warm water holds less dissolved gas Warm water holds less dissolved gas than cold water.than cold water.

When ocean water is cold, like in When ocean water is cold, like in polar regions, it sinks and carries polar regions, it sinks and carries oxygen rich water to the ocean oxygen rich water to the ocean depths.depths.

As a result, fish and other animals As a result, fish and other animals can live in deep parts of the ocean.can live in deep parts of the ocean.

Edges of the ContinentsEdges of the Continents

The shoreline is a boundary between The shoreline is a boundary between where the land and the ocean meet.where the land and the ocean meet.

The area where the underwater edge The area where the underwater edge meets of a continent meets the ocean meets of a continent meets the ocean floor is called a continental margin.floor is called a continental margin.

NEW MATERIALNEW MATERIAL

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

How does Climate and Ocean How does Climate and Ocean temperature affect Marine life?temperature affect Marine life?

What do different Ocean animals What do different Ocean animals need to survive?need to survive?

How do plants and animals adapt to How do plants and animals adapt to their environments?their environments?

How does exposure to tides affect life How does exposure to tides affect life forms?forms?

Ocean Life ZonesOcean Life Zones

Intertidal Zone (Splash Zone)Intertidal Zone (Splash Zone) Neritic Zone (Continental Shelf)Neritic Zone (Continental Shelf) Open Sea Zone –Open Sea Zone – Bathyal (Continental Slope) Bathyal (Continental Slope) Abyssal (Ocean floor)Abyssal (Ocean floor)

Ocean Life ZonesOcean Life Zones

The plant and animal life in the The plant and animal life in the ocean is affected by several factors.ocean is affected by several factors.

One factor is the amount of sunlight One factor is the amount of sunlight that penetrates the ocean.that penetrates the ocean.

Another factor is the temperature of Another factor is the temperature of the ocean water.the ocean water.

Water pressure is also a factor.Water pressure is also a factor.

Major Groups of Ocean LifeMajor Groups of Ocean Life

Plants and animals in the ocean are Plants and animals in the ocean are classified into three major groups classified into three major groups based on their habits and the depth based on their habits and the depth of the water in which they live.of the water in which they live.

The three major groups are plankton, The three major groups are plankton, nekton and benthos.nekton and benthos.

Under the SeaUnder the Sea

What’sUp?

Hi ThereYO YO YO!!!

PlanktonPlankton

PlanktonPlankton

Plankton float at or near the surface Plankton float at or near the surface where sunlight can penetrate.where sunlight can penetrate.

Most of the plankton are very small, Most of the plankton are very small, such as algae.such as algae.

These organisms drift with the These organisms drift with the currents or tides.currents or tides.

Plankton are the main food for many Plankton are the main food for many larger organisms. They account for larger organisms. They account for most of the organisms in the ocean.most of the organisms in the ocean.

NektonNekton

NektonNekton

Whales , seals , dolphins, squid Whales , seals , dolphins, squid octopuses, barracuda and other fish octopuses, barracuda and other fish are all nekton.are all nekton.

Nekton are free-swimming organisms Nekton are free-swimming organisms that feed on other nekton as well as that feed on other nekton as well as on plankton.on plankton.

Many have adaptations enabling Many have adaptations enabling them to function at depths that have them to function at depths that have great pressure and no light.great pressure and no light.

BenthosBenthos

BenthosBenthos

Organisms that live on the ocean Organisms that live on the ocean floor are benthos.floor are benthos.

The forms of these animals include The forms of these animals include crustaceans and shell fish.crustaceans and shell fish.

The deep bottom environments are The deep bottom environments are sparsely populated with benthos.sparsely populated with benthos.

Some benthos are plants that live on Some benthos are plants that live on the ocean floor in shallow waters the ocean floor in shallow waters where sun can penetrate.where sun can penetrate.

Ocean Life ZonesOcean Life Zones

The classification of the ocean into The classification of the ocean into life zones is based on the conditions life zones is based on the conditions in the ocean. These conditions vary in the ocean. These conditions vary widely.widely.

The classification includes the The classification includes the intertidal zone, the neritic zone and intertidal zone, the neritic zone and open-ocean zones.open-ocean zones.

Intertidal (Splash) ZoneIntertidal (Splash) Zone

This region is the most changeable in This region is the most changeable in the ocean.the ocean.

Anemones, crabs, clams, mussels Anemones, crabs, clams, mussels and plants such as seaweed live and plants such as seaweed live here.here.

They must be able to exist without They must be able to exist without water for periods of time.water for periods of time.

They must be able to anchor to keep They must be able to anchor to keep from being washed out to sea.from being washed out to sea.

Neritic ( Shelf) ZoneNeritic ( Shelf) Zone

This zone extends to a depth of 200 This zone extends to a depth of 200 meters and receives plenty of meters and receives plenty of sunlight.sunlight.

The water pressure is low and the The water pressure is low and the temperature is constant.temperature is constant.

This zone can support plankton, This zone can support plankton, nekton and benthos.nekton and benthos.

Marine life is most abundant here.Marine life is most abundant here.

Picture of UpwellingPicture of Upwelling

Definition of UpwellingDefinition of Upwelling

Upwelling is the Upwelling is the process in which process in which cold,nutrient-rich cold,nutrient-rich water from deep water from deep ocean rises to the ocean rises to the surface and surface and replaces warm replaces warm surface water. surface water.

Upwelling cont…Upwelling cont…

Upwelling is Upwelling is important to important to organisms because organisms because it brings nutrients it brings nutrients to plants and to plants and supports growth.supports growth.

Open Ocean ZonesOpen Ocean Zones

There are two open-ocean There are two open-ocean zones:bathyal and abyssalzones:bathyal and abyssal