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Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins
BiochemistryTHEME – Structure Dictates Function
Main Ideas
1)
2)
3)
structure
transmission of genetic info.metabolism
10.1 Introduction to CarbohydratesMono di oligo poly saccharides
10.1 Introduction to CarbohydratesGlucose:
___ C’s
aldehyde/ketone
Fructose
___ C’s
aldehyde/ketone
Stereoisomers# isomers = optionspositions
9.1 Review of Isomerism
10.2 MonosaccharidesRecognizing structural relations:For each of the following pairs of compounds, indicate whether the pair
consists of different compounds that are (1) constitutional isomers or (2) stereoisomers that are enantiomers or (3) stereoisomers that are diastereomers or (4) not isomers.
(a) D-Glucose and D-mannose
(b) D-ribose and D-xylulose
(c) D-fructose and D-arabinose
(d) D-sorbose and L-sorbose
(e) D-sorbose and D-fructose
(3) Diastereomers; they are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers
(1) Constitutional isomers; D-ribose is an aldopentose and D-xylulose is a ketopentose
(4) Not isomers; D-fructose is a hexose and D-arabinose is a pentose
(2) Enantiomers; they are nonsuperimposable mirror images
(3) Diastereomers; they are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers
10.3 Cyclic Hemiacetal Structures
Aldoses exist primarily as hemiacetals.
Fischer Projection
Haworth Projection
10.3 Cyclic Hemiacetal Structures
Ketoses exist primarily as hemiacetals.
Fischer Projection
Haworth Projection
10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides -
solubility in water ________________
phase at room temp. ________________
highly concentration solutions are ____________
solubility in alcohols ________________
solubility in ethers & hydrocarbons _______________
taste ________________
10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides
The Oxidation of the Aldehyde group/Benedicts TestAldose + Cu2+ carboxylic acid + Cu2O
-hydroxy ketones like fructose are converted to aldoses in the alkaline Benedicts soln, thus give a __________ test.
10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides
starch (a polymer) gives a ______________ test
Maltose (a disaccharide) gives a ___________ Benedict’s test.
,Linkages and Benedicts Test Review
Ch. 11-What you really need to know…
1) What is a lipid (recognize structure)?2) What is a fatty acid? (draw structure)3) Write the reaction for forming a triglyceride
and the saponification of a triglyceride.4) What’s the difference between a saturated
and an unsaturated fat? How does that relate to their m.p. and what phase they are at room temperature?
5)Fat soluble vs. water soluble vitamins?
Roles of BiomoleculesCarbohydrates & Lipids -
Proteins –
Nucleic Acids -
Provide energy, precursors to biomolecules, construct cell membranes
transmission of genetic info.
Catalytic, transport, regulatory, structural, contractile, protective, storage
Both Energy
fat 9.2 kcal/g carbs 4 kcal/g
Variety of roles due to complexity/diversity of structure in protein folding
KEY: Know structure of fatty acids and
triglycerides. The rest are simply “mostly
nonpolar”
11.2 Fatty AcidsFatty Acid -
Almost exclusively the linear (unbranched) acids with even #’s C’s
C=C almost always cis
11.2 Fatty AcidsTrans-fats?
11.3 The Structure and Physical Properties of Triacylglycerols
11.4 Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols
Hydrolysis:
Amino Acid Structure
12.2 The Zwitterion Structure of -amino acids
• amino acids can react with themselves to form a zwitterion
12.2 The Zwitterion Structure of -amino acids
• pH changes affect the structure of amino acids
12.3 PeptidesPeptide –
Polypeptide –
Protein –
peptide
formation:
a polyamide formed from amino acids linked by peptide bonds
a few to hundreds/thousands of amino acids
Usually 2+ polypeptides (along with other molecules or ions)
12.3 Peptides
12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins
Simple Protein –
Conjugated Protein
12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins
Levels of Structure
Primary (1º)
Secondary (2º)
Tertiary (3º)
Quaternary (4º) 3D relation among diff. proteins
Amino acid sequence
Conformation in a local region
When diff. 2 structures in diff. local regions interact
What gives rise to conformation stability1) Shielding of nonpolar amino acids from water
2) Hydrogen bonding between peptide groups
3) Attractive interactions between side groups of amino acids.
4) Attractive interactions of side groups of polar amino acids with water
5) Disulfide bridges
12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins3)Attractive interactions between side groups of
amino acids.
a. Hydrophobic attractions
b. Hydrogen bonding
c. Salt-bridge
4)Attractive interactions of side groups of polar amino acids with water
ex. globular proteins
fibrous proteins
12.5 The 3-D Structure of ProteinsWhat type of attraction would exist between side
chains of the following amino acids?
a)Pro-His
b)Ser-Tyr
c)Pro-Phe
d)Lys-Glu
e)Ser-Val
Positive Test ColorsTEST Positive Color
Iodine
Benedicts
Ninhydrin
Biuret
blue/black
red
blue
purple
For starch
For a-hydroxy aldehydes and ketones
For amino group on amino acids
For peptide group on proteins
Sudan III
Dissolves in nonpolar solvents (lipids)