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REVIEWCHAPTER 32SECTION 1
The Ottoman Empire in Decline
Prepare for Notetaking
Copy the chart for the Ottoman Empire and take notes based on this presentation
This will go fast since it is reviewNotes on major developments in the period
Long term consequences
Political
Economic
Social
Military
Review Questions
1. What factors led to the territorial decline of the Ottoman Empire over the course of the nineteenth century? What territories were lost?
2. Compare the reforms of the Tanzimat era with the program of the Young Turks.
Are They Still Calling It an Empire?
Decline began in 16th centuryContinually fought Russians for control of
Balkans, Black Sea, and surrounding areasRussia won most conflicts (but not Crimean
War)By 19th Century, Ottoman Empire is smaller,
less powerful and in danger of collapseGreece, Egypt, and Arabia launch successful
independence movementsBritain and France try to keep Ottoman Empire
up (and gain influence in the region)
Military Decline Since 17th Century
Lagged behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, training
Janissary corps politically corrupt, undisciplined
Provincial governors gained power, private armies
Territorial Losses in 19th Century
Caucasus and central Asia to Russia
Western frontiers to Austria
Balkan provinces to Greece and Serbia
Egypt gained autonomy after Napoleon's failed campaign in 1798 Egyptian general Muhammad
Ali built a powerful, modern army
Ali's army threatened Ottomans, made Egypt an autonomous province
Economic Decline
Less trade as Europeans shifted to the Atlantic
Exported raw materialsImported European
manufactured goodsHeavily depended on
foreign loansForeigners began to
administer the debts of the Ottoman state by 1882
Capitulations
Extraterritoriality: Europeans exempt from Ottoman law
Operated tax-free, levy their own duties in Ottoman ports
Deprived empire of desperately needed income
Reform
Attempt to reform military led to violent Janissary revolt
Mahmud II
When Janissaries resisted, Mahmud had them killed
Cleared the way for reforms
Built an European-style army, academies, schools, roads, and telegraph
Tanzimat Era (1839-1836)
Ruling class sought sweeping restructuring to strengthen state
Broad legal reforms Modeled after Napoleon's
civic codeState reform of
education (1846)Free and compulsory
primary education (1869)
Undermined authority of the ulama, enhanced the state authority
Resistance to Reforms
Religious conservativesLegal equality for minorities resented by
someYoung Ottomans wanted freedom,
autonomy, decentralizationHigh-level bureaucrats wanted more power,
checks on the sultan's power
Cycles of Reform and Repression
1876, coup staged by bureaucrats who demanded a constitutional government
New sultan Abd al-Hamid II (1876-1909) - autocrat suspended constitution,
dissolved parliament, and punished liberals
Reformed army and administration: became source of the new opposition
The Young Turks
Called for universal suffrage, equality, freedom, secularization, women's rights
Forced Abd al-Hamid to restore constitution
Dethroned him (1909)Nationalistic: favored
Turkish dominance within empire, led to Arab resistance
Review Questions
1. What factors led to the territorial decline of the Ottoman Empire over the course of the nineteenth century? What territories were lost?
2. Compare the reforms of the Tanzimat era with the program of the Young Turks.
Next Up…..
Read Section 2 on Russia and complete a chart like the one below for Russia. Put notes in your own words so you can make sure you understood it.
Notes on major developments in the period
Long term consequences
Political
Economic
Social
Military