Migration around the Worldand the Ice Ages

Review from last class:Where were the first humans from?

AfricaWhat is the climate like there?

Very hotDid they stay there forever?

No, they left and traveled around the worldWhat does the word migrate mean?

To move to another place

Review

Early Human MigrationThe Big Idea

As people migrated around the world, they learned to adapt to new

environments

Main Ideas

• People moved out of Africa as the earth’s climates changed due to the Ice Ages.

• People adapted to new environments by making clothing and new types of tools.

Ice ages caused people to migrate, or move, to new places.

The ice ages caused many animals and plants to die, which led to a shortage of food.

In search of better resources, early people migrated around the world.It took tens of thousands of

years for people to make it all around the world!

People moved out of Africa as the Earth’s climates changed.

Human Migration

About 1.6 million years ago, many places began to experience long periods of freezing weather, called the ice ages.

People had to adapt (adjust) to the changing environment . They needed more protection to survive in the colder weather. Made better, warmer types of

clothes and shoes

Created better types of shelters

Invented new stuff, like canoes and pottery

The Ice Ages

During the ice ages, huge sheets of ice covered much of the earth’s land.

The ice sheets were made of ocean water, so places that are now covered in water were then covered in solid ice or frozen land.

A land bridge, or strip of land connecting two continents, probably connected Asia and North America.

Land bridges are how people migrated from one continent to another. When the Ice Ages ended and the ice sheets melted,

the oceans levels rose and covered up the land bridges.

Land Bridge

Bering Land Bridge

South America

North America

Asia

Australia

Europe

Africa

yrs = years ago

South America

North America

Asia

Australia

Europe

Africa

yrs = years ago

• How many years ago did humans live in Africa?• 130,000 years ago

• What area did people move into approximately 67,000 years ago?• Asia

• What continent did people reach most recently?• South America. People only reached South America 13,000 years ago.

– His frozen body was found in 1991 in a glacier in the mountains of Europe

– Scientists think he lived more than 5,000 years ago!

– When he died, he was frozen in a glacier, so his body was preserved for thousands of years. His clothing and tools were also preserved.

– His outfit was made of three types of animal skins sewn together

– Had on leather shoes, a cape made of grass, a fur hat, and was wearing some sort of backpack

– Carried an ax, a dagger, and a bow with arrows

Ötzi the Iceman

Scientists think that he was murdered…

Ötzi the Iceman

Beginnings of Agriculture

The Big Idea

The development of agriculture brought great changes to human society.

The Main Ideas

People began farming, which made getting food

much easier.

People began to settle down in towns and villages – they had

permanent homes at last.

The time period when people’s lives began to change due to farming is called the Agricultural Revolution, or the Neolithic Revolution.

Learn more about it by watching this BrainPOP video!

Agricultural Revolution

Neolithic Period – New Stone Age

The Neolithic Period began about 10,000 years ago.

The Ice Ages started to end and a warmer climate began.

People began to domesticate or tame animals for human use. Animals provided meat, milk, and wool. They also carried goods and pulled carts.

Women scattered seeds they had collected only to find that the seeds sprouted into crops. People realized they could grow their own food

Before the Stone Age ended, humans started doing something that changed the way people lived – FARMING!

AgricultureAgriculture is a fancy word that

means FARMINGPeople in the New Stone Age

learned to make their own food instead of always hunting and gathering.

Farming provided a much more reliable and dependable supply of food.FARMING IS BETTER THAN

HUNTING AND GATHERING!They were able to begin living in

permanent settlements instead of always moving around and looking for food.

Domestication Farmers learned how

to make plants and animals more useful to humans.This is called

domestication.

Domestication of PlantsPeople learned they could plant seeds and

grow their own crops.

People learned to plant the biggest and sweetest crops for better food.

Domestication of AnimalsSheep and goats were used

for milk, food, and wool.

Larger animals were used to help by carrying heavy loads and pulling large tools used in farming.

Learning to use animals to help with farming increased people’s chances of surviving.

Farming Changed Their Lives!Farming meant that people usually had a

surplus of food – having a surplus means that they had more than enough.

People could now focus on other things besides just finding food.Specialization– People were able to “specialize”

in other jobs besides farming. They could make tools, pottery, cloth, jewelry, etc. This is sometimes called the division of labor because people divided up the jobs.

People gathered to perform religious ceremonies and built megaliths – huge stone monuments

Created governments (systems of rules over a group of people)

A megalith monument begun in the Neolithic age and finished in the Bronze Age

Located on the Salisbury Plain in England

The development of agriculture led to people settling down in one place.

Why did farmers build permanent homes?They needed to stay close to their fields to water

and care for the crops. They needed to watch the fields against wild

animals or theft.

Eventually, small farming communities grew into the first villages and towns.

Permanent Settlements

Physical features are the natural characteristics of the land that we live on. Mountains, rivers, and deserts are examples of physical features.

Certain physical features were necessary for the early human settlements. People needed to live near…Source of fresh water

Most important!All of the first civilizations started near rivers!

Fertile soilDirt that is good for growing crops

Mild/temperate climateNot TOO hot or TOO cold

Important Physical Features

Why is farming better than hunting and gathering?It creates a surplus (more than enough) of food.People have time to do other things besides look for

food (specialization)Permanent settlements could be established (no more

moving around all the time!)

We’re not Romans, but we’re roaming…

Summary

1. What caused early man to migrate out of Africa?

2. What adaptations did man have to make to survive the colder climates?

3. How did people cross from Asia into N. America?

4. What period of the Stone Age did farming begin?

5. Why was farming a better way of life than hunting and gathering?

6. What does the word surplus mean?

7. What physical features were necessary for the first permanent settlements?

EXIT TICKET: Choose THREE of the following questions. Write and answer the questions.

Farming Advertisement

Create a neat and colorful advertisement to convince hunters and gatherers to switch to agriculture (farming).

Include reasons WHY they should switch.

Be creative! This will be graded.

Write AND answer the following questions:

You Choose! Review Questions

1. What caused early man to migrate out of Africa?

2. What adaptations did man have to make to survive the colder climates?

3. How did people cross from Asia into N. America?

4. What period of the Stone Age did farming begin?

5. Why was farming a better way of life than hunting and gathering?

6. What does the word surplus mean?

7. What physical features were necessary for the first permanent settlements?