REVIEW

COMBINATIONS

The combination both/and indicates that the two items are equally presented and included. The grammar is both A and B: • I like both chocolate and vanilla ice cream. • Both Greg and his wife are big Yankee fans. • We have a lot of time today, so we can both visit the

museum and see a movie.

REVIEW

COMBINATIONS

The combination either/or indicates that there is a choice between the two choices, and only one can be selected: • You can have either ice cream or cheesecake for

dessert, so please chose one. • Either Jack or Jim will go to the meeting next week. • We don’t have a lot of time today, so we can either

visit the museum or see a movie.

REVIEW

COMBINATIONS

The combination neither/nor indicates that neither of the two choices can be selected. In other words, neither choice is available: • You can have neither chocolate nor vanilla ice cream.

We have just strawberry left. • Neither Greg nor his wife are hockey fans. • We have no free time today, so we can neither visit

the museum nor see a movie.

REVIEW

COMBINATIONS

The combination not only/but also is similar to both/and because it shows that both items presented are included. However, the item after not only is normally something we expect the speaker to say, whereas the item after but also is often something unexpected: • I not only like to eat cake and cookies, but I also enjoy

baking. • Greg and his wife are not only big Yankee fans, but

they also route for the Rangers. • Not only is it raining, but it is also supposed to snow

later tonight.

At first To begin with

At the same time In the meantime Simultaneously The next step

Afterward

Likewise (as well) Instead

On the contrary However

Nevertheless On one hand In any case

Hence (from here) All in all In brief In short

Thus (so) To summarize

All things considered

REVIEW

EXPRESS IDEAS

SEQUENCE CONTRAST AND COMPARISON

SUMMARY/ CONCLUSION

ABILITY

CAN

POSSIBILITY

MIGHT, CAN, COULD

IMPOSSIBILITY

CAN’T

NECESSITY

HAVE TO, SHOULD, MUST

HYPOTHESIS

REVIEW

Grammar talk - Conditionals

• Talk about things that have an obvious or logical connection

• Talk about things that are generally accepted as truth

• If + simple present + simple present

ZERO CONDITIONAL:

• E.g.: Fish die if they stay out of water • If you press the button, the machine starts to work

REVIEW

Grammar talk - Conditionals

• Talk about possibilities for the future • Express the idea of cause and consequence • If + simple present + simple future

FIRST CONDITIONAL:

• E.g.: If I have money, I will buy a car. • If it doesn't rain, I will go to the beach

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Grammar talk - Conditionals

• Talk hypothetically about the present • Give people advice • Talk about unreal scenarios concerning the present

• If + simple past, subject + would/ could/ might/may + base verb

SECOND CONDITIONAL:

• E.g.: If I won the lottery, I would buy a farm • If I had a driver's license, I could go by car

REVIEW

Grammar talk - Conditionals

• Talk hypothetically about the past • Talk about unreal scenarios concerning the past

• If + past perfect + would have/could have/might have + past participle

THIRD CONDITIONAL:

• E.g.: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation

• They wouldn't have missed the opportunity if they had paid attention.

REVIEW

Present Perfect X Past Perfect

The present perfect and the past perfect talk about something that happened BEFORE a point in time (reference point).

In the present perfect, our reference point = present

In the past perfect, our reference point = past

Let’s look at some examples:

REVIEW Present Perfect X Past Perfect

PRESENT PERFECT

“I have been to Japan twice”

The reference point is the present, and the two trips to Japan are in the past – we don’t know exactly when, but they happened before the reference point (before the present)

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

REVIEW

Present Perfect X Past Perfect

PRESENT PERFECT

“My girlfriend has already eaten breakfast”

It means that she has eaten breakfast sometime in the past, before the present moment – which is our reference point.

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

REVIEW Present Perfect X Past Perfect

PAST PERFECT

“I have been to Japan twice by the time I was 10 years old”

In this case the reference point is in the past, I’m 30 years old in the present and in the past I was 10 years old. The 2 trips to Japan happened before I was 10 years old. Before the reference point in the past

PAST PRESENT (29 years old) FUTURE 10

years old

REVIEW Present Perfect X Past Perfect

PAST PERFECT

“When I woke up, I saw that my girlfriend had already eaten breakfast”

The reference point is now the moment in the past when I woke up and my girlfriend had eaten breakfast before this reference point in the past.

PAST PRESENT FUTURE I woke up

REVIEW

Present Perfect X Past Perfect

PRESENT PERFECT

HAVE/HAS + past participle = I have been / she has eaten

PAST PERFECT

HAD + past participle = I had been / she had eaten

REVIEW

Present Perfect X Past Perfect

PRESENT PERFECT – short form

HAVE/HAS + past participle = I’ve been / she’s eaten

PAST PERFECT – short form

HAD + past participle = I’d been / she’d eaten